Kaṭha Upaniṣad 1.2.20

Kaṭhaprakāśikā (Raṅgarāmānuja) 1.2.20

Language: Sanskrit

1.2.20

eṣa te'gnirnaciketaḥ svargyo yamavṛṇīthā dvitīyena vareṇa |
etamagniṃ tavaiva pravakṣyanti janāsaḥ tṛtīyaṃ varaṃ naciketo vṛṇīṣva ||

pra.dī. - eṣa te'gniḥ iti | he naciketaḥ! dvitīyena vareṇa yaṃ varaṃ avṛṇīthāḥ tvam | te - tubhyam, eṣaḥ - pūrvoktaḥ, svargyaḥ - mokṣaprayojanakaḥ agniḥ upadiṣṭaḥ iti śeṣaḥ | janāḥ tavaiva nāmnā, etamagniṃ pravakṣyanti - nāciketam iti vakṣyanti | he naciketaḥ ! tvaṃ tṛtīyaṃ varaṃ vṛṇīṣva no cet aham ṛṇavān bhaviṣyāmi iti yāvat ||

1.2.20.p2

pra. - eṣa te'gnirnaciketaḥ svargyaḥ | upadiṣṭaḥ iti śeṣaḥ | yamavṛṇīthā dvitīyena vareṇa | spaṣṭo'rthaḥ | kiñca enamagnim ityādi | janāḥ tavaiva nāmnā enamagniṃ pravakṣyanti ityarthaḥ | tṛtīyam iti spaṣṭo'rthaḥ ||

1.2.20.p3

[ svargaśabdasya mokṣaparatvasamarthanam ]

1.2.20.p4

nanu etatprakaraṇagatānāṃ svargaśabdānāṃ mokṣaparatve kiṃ pramāṇam ? iti cet ; ucyate | bhagavataiva bhāṣyakṛtā svargyamagnim iti mantraṃ prastutya svargaśabdenātra paramapuruṣārthalakṣaṇa1mokṣo'bhidhīyate; svargalokā amṛtatvaṃ bhajante (ka.u.1-13) iti, tatrasthasya jananamaraṇābhāvaśravaṇāt | triṇāciketastribhiretya sandhiṃ trikarmakṛttarati janmamṛtyū (ka.u.1-17) iti ca1 prativacanāt | tṛtīyavarapraśne naciketasā kṣayiphalānāṃ1 nindiṣyamāṇatayā kṣayiphalavimukhena2 naciketasā kṣayiṣṇusvargaphalasādhanasya prārthyamānatvānupapatteśca, svargaśabdasya prakṛṣṭasukhavacanatayā niravadhikānandarūpamokṣasya svargaśabdavācyatvasambhavāt iti kaṇṭhataḥ tātparyata3śca pratipāditatvāt na śaṃkāvakāśaḥ |

1.2.20.p5

[ svargaśabdasya devalokaparatvaśaṃkā ]

1.2.20.p6

nanu - svarge loke na bhayaṃ kiñcanāsti na tatra tvaṃ na jarayā bibheti |

1.2.20.p7

ubhe tīrtvā aśanāyāpipāse śokātigo modate svargaloke ||

1.2.20.p8

sa tvamagniṃ svargyamadhyeṣi mṛtyo prabrūhi taṃ śraddadhānāya mahyam |

1.2.20.p9

svargalokā amṛtatvaṃ bhajanta etat dvitīyena vṛṇe vareṇa (ka.u.1-12,13)

1.2.20.p10

iti dvitīyavarapraśnamantradvaye caturabhyastasya4 svargaśabdasya mokṣaparatvaṃ, kiṃ mukhyayā vṛttyā5 ? uta amukhyayā ?

1.2.20.p11

nādyaḥ; svargāpavargamārgābhyām, svargāpavargayorekam, na svargaṃ nāpunarbhavam, sa svargassyāt sarvān pratyaviśiṣṭatvāt (pū.mī.4-3-15) ityādi prayogeṣu apavargapratidvandvi6vācitayā lokavedaprasiddhasya svargaśabdasya mokṣavācitvābhāvāt | dhruvasūryāntaraṃ yattu niyutāni caturdaśa |

1.2.20.p12

svargalokaḥ sakathito lokasaṃsthānacintakaiḥ (vi.pu.2-7-18)

1.2.20.p13

iti purāṇavacanānusāreṇa sūryadhruvāntarvartilokaviśeṣasyaiva svargaśabdavācyatayā tatraiva laukika-vaidikavyavahāradarśanena mokṣasthānasyāta7thātvāt |

1.2.20.p14

nāpi amukhyayeti dvitīyaḥ pakṣaḥ, mukhyārthe bādhakābhāvāt | kimatra praśnavākyagataṃ jarāmaraṇarāhityāmṛtattvabhāktvādikaṃ bādhakam ? uta prativacanagatajarāmṛtyutaraṇādi ? (uta) kṣayiṣṇusvargasya sarvakāmavimukhanaciketaḥ prārthyamānatvānupapattirvā ?

1.2.20.p15

nādyaḥ; svargalokavāsināṃ jarā-maraṇa-kṣut-pipāsā-śokādirāhityasya amṛtapānāt amṛtatvaprāpteśca purāṇeṣu svargasvarūpakathanaprakaraṇeṣu darśanāt, ābhūtasamplavaṃ sthānamamṛtattvaṃ 1 hi bhāṣyate (vi.pu.2-8-95) iti smaraṇāt, tatraiva1 ajīryatāmamṛtānāmupetya iti mṛtyāvapi amṛtaśabdaprayogadarśanācca, svargalokavāsināmeva brahmopāsanadvārā te brahmaloke tu parāntakāle (nā.u.a.12) iti śrutyuktarītyā amṛtattvaprāpteḥ sambhavena, svargalokā amṛtatvaṃ bhajante (ka.u.1-13) ityasya upapatteśca āpekṣikāmṛtatvaparatayā lokavedanirūḍhaupasaṃhārikāmṛta- śabdānusāreṇa prakramasthānanyathā2 siddhaviśeṣyavācisvargaśabdasya anyathānayanāsambhavāt | na hi devadatto'bhirūpaḥ ityukte abhirūpapadasvārasyānusāreṇa devadattapadasya atyantābhirūpayajñadattaparatvamāśrīyate |

1.2.20.p16

na dvitīyaḥ; triṇāciketastribhiḥ (ka.u.1-17) iti mantrasya svargasādhanasyaivāgneḥ trirabhyāse, janmamṛtyumaraṇahetubhūtabrahmavidyāhetutvamastītyetadarthakatayā svargaśabdasya mukhyārthaparatvābādhakatvāt | ata eva tattulyārthasya karoti tadyena punarna jāyate (ka.u.1-19) ityasyāpi na svargaśabdamukhyārthabādhakatvam |

1.2.20.p17

nāpi - kṣiyiṣṇoḥ svargasya phalāntaravimukhanaciketaḥ prārthyamānatvānupapattiḥ iti tṛtīyaḥ pakṣaḥ | svargasādhanāgnipraśnaṃ pratibruvatā hitaiṣiṇā mṛtyunā apṛṣṭe'pi mokṣasvarūpe, anantalokāptimatho pratiṣṭhām (ka.u.1-14) triṇāciketastribhiretya sandhi trikarmakṛttarati janmamṛtyū (ka.u.1-17) ityādinā upakṣipte, utpannā mumukṣā, anyaṃ varaṃ naciketo vṛṇīṣva iti pratiṣedhena dṛḍhīkṛtā | tasyāṃ ca daśāyāṃ kriyamāṇā kṣiyiṣṇuphalanindā prācīna1svargaprārthanāyāḥ kathaṃ bādhikā syāt ?

1.2.20.p18

kiñca - śvo'bhāvā martyasya ityādau martyabhoganindāyā eva darśanena svarganindāyāḥ adarśanāt; svargaśabdasya mokṣaparatve tasya jñānaikasādhyatayā tatprayojanakatvasya agnau abhāvāt upakramopasaṃhāramadhyābhyastasvargaśabdapīḍā2 prasaṅgācca1|

1.2.20.p19

santu vā prativacane bādhakāni; athāpi upakramādhikaraṇanyāyena prakramastha2 praśnavākyasthasvargaśabdasyaiva prabalatvāt | na ca- bhūyasāṃ syāt sadharmatvam (pū.mī.12-2-23) iti sūtre aupasaṃhārikabahvapekṣayā'pi mukhyasyaiva prābalyokteḥ |

1.2.20.p20

tasmāt svargaśabdasya mukhyārthaparityāge na kiñcit kāraṇamiti |

1.2.20.p21

atrocyate - svargaśabdasya mukhyayaiva vṛttyā mokṣavācitvam | svargakāmādhikaraṇe (pū.mī.6-1-1), nāgṛhītaviśeṣaṇanyāyena3 (pū.mī.sū.1-3-10) svargaśabdasya prītivacanatvameva; na prītiviśiṣṭadravyavācitā ityuktvā; nanu - svargaśabdasya nāgṛhītaviśeṣaṇānyāyena prativacanatve siddhe'pi dehāntarabhogyaprītivācitā na siddhyec | na ca - yasminnoṣṇam iti vākyaśeṣāt vidhyuddeśasthasvargaśabdasya prītiviśeṣavācitāniścayaḥ - iti vācyam ; prītimātravācitvena nirṇītaśaktikatayā sandehābhāvena sandigdhe tu vākyaśeṣāt4 (pū.mī.1-4-29) iti nyāyasyānavatārāt iti paricodya, yadyapi loka eva svargaśabdasya nirṇītārthatā ; tathāpi lokāvagatasātiśayasukhavācitve, tatsādhanatvaṃ jyotiṣṭomādīnāṃ syāt | tathā ca alpadhananarāyāsasādhye laukike tadupāyāntare sambhavati; na bahudhananarāyāsasādhye bahvantarāye1 jyotiṣṭomādau prekṣāvān2pravartata iti, pravartakatvaṃ jyotiṣṭomādividheḥ na syāt | ataḥ vākyaśeṣāvagate niratiśayaprītiviśeṣe svargaśabdasya śaktau niścitāyāṃ, vākyaśeṣābhāvasthale'pi yavavarāhādiṣviva sa evārthaḥ | laukike sātiśayaprītibharite guṇayogādeva vṛtterupapatteḥ na śaktyantarakalpanā | na ca - prītimātravacanasyaiva svargaśabdasya vede niratiśayaprītivācitvamastu - iti vācyam; niratiśayatvāṃśasya anyato'navagatatvena, tatrāpi śaktyavaśyaṃbhāvena svargaśabdasya lokavedayoḥ anekārthatā (hi) syāt (?)| yadā tu vaidikaprayogāvagataniratiśaya prītivācitā, tadā sātiśaye laukike prītitvasāmānyayogāt gauṇī vṛttiḥ - iti mīmāṃsakaiḥ niratiśayasukhavācitvasyaiva samarthitatayā, mokṣasya svargaśabdavācyatve vivādā'yogāt; pārthaśabdasya arjuna iva, taditarapṛthāputreṣu3 pracuraprayogābhāve'pi, pārthaśabdamukhyārthatvānapāyavat, svargaśabdasya sūryadhruvāntarvartilokagatasukhaviśeṣa iva, anyatra pracuraprayogābhāve'pi vācyatvānapāyāt |

1.2.20.p22

barhirājyādiśabdānām asaṃskṛtatṛṇaghṛtādiṣu āryairaprayujyamānānāmapi, astyeva tadvācitvam | keṣāñcidaprayogamātrasya śaktyabhāvāsādhakatvāt | ata tṛṇatvādijātivacanā eva barhirādiśabdāḥ iti barhirājyādhikaraṇe (pū.mī.1-4-8) sthitatvāt4 |

1.2.20.p23

taduktam vārtike -

1.2.20.p24

ekadeśe'pi yo dṛṣṭaḥ śabdo jātinibandhanaḥ |

1.2.20.p25

tadatyāgānna tasyāsti nimittāntaragāmitā ||

1.2.20.p26

(tantravā 1-4-10) iti | tataśca svargaśabdo mokṣasādhāraṇa eva |

1.2.20.p27

[ dārṣṭāntike dṛṣṭāntavairūpyākṣepaḥ ]

1.2.20.p28

nanu - barhirājyādiśabdeṣu asaṃskṛtatṛṇaghṛtādau āryaprayogābhāve'pi anāryaprayogasattvāt, asaṃskṛtavācitā, astu nāma | svargaśabdasya sūryadhruvāntarvartiprayogaviśeṣeṇa rūḍhatvāt, tasya ca udgātuḥ ekatvena, praitu hotuścamasaḥ prodgātṛṇām iti bahuvacanārthabahutvāsambhavāt, tadanvayārthaṃ rūḍhipūrvakalakṣaṇayā apasubrahmaṇyānām ekastotrasambandhināṃ trayāṇāṃ vā, sasubrahmaṇyānāṃ caturṇāṃ vā udgātrādīnāṃ chandogānāṃ grahaṇam ityetadvirudhyeta |

1.2.20.p29

tathā hi1 ahīnādhikaraṇe1 (pū.mī.3-3-8) - tisra eva sāhnasyopasadaḥ 2, dvādaśāhīnasya (tai.saṃ.6-2-4) ityatratya ahīna śabdasya ahnaḥ khaḥ ; kratau (vā.2722,2723) iti vyākaraṇasmṛtyā kha pratyayāntatayā, ahargaṇasāmānyavācitayā vyutpāditasyāpi, ahīnaśabdasya niyamane satre aprayogāt, ahargaṇaviśeṣarūḍhimaṅgīkṛtya, jyotiṣṭomasya ahargaṇaviśeṣatvābhāvāt ahīna2 iti yogasya3 rūḍhiparāhatatvena, yogena jyotiṣṭome vṛttyasambhavāt, jyotiṣṭomaprakaraṇādhītāyā api dvādaśāhīnasya iti dvādaśopasattāyāḥ ahargaṇaviśeṣe utkarṣaḥ3 - ityuktam4 |

1.2.20.p30

tathā, pāyyasānnāyyanikāyyadhāyyāmānahavirnivāsasāmidhenīṣu (pā.sū.3-1-129) iti vyākaraṇasmṛtyā sāmidhenīmātravācitayā vyutpāditasyāpi dhāyyāśabdasya, na sāmidhenīmātravacanatvam; nāpidhīyamānatvarūpayogārthavaśena dhīyamānamātravacanatvam; stuti1 śastrārthatayādhīyamānāsu ṛkṣu sāmadhenīmātre1 ca dhāyyāśabdaprayogāt; api tu, pṛthupājavatyau2 dhāyye bhavataḥ ityādivaidikaprayogaviṣayeṣu pṛthupājavatyādiṣveva dhāyyāśabdasya śaktiriti samidhāmānavatīṃ samidhyavatīṃ ca antareṇa dhāyyāssyuḥ (pū.mī.5-3-4) iti pāñcamikādhikaraṇe sthitam | evamādikaṃ sarvaṃ viruddhyeta | svargaśabde tvaduktarītyā prayogābhāve'pi, śaktisambhave udgātrādiśabdānāṃ ṛtvigviśeṣādiṣu rūḍheḥ akalpanīyatvāt - iti cet ;

1.2.20.p31

[ uktākṣepasya parihāraḥ ]

1.2.20.p32

satyam; yadi sarvātmanā tadatirikte svargaśabdaprayogo na syāt; tadā tadvyāvṛttā rūḍhiḥ abhyupagantavyā syāt | asti hi tatrāpi prayogaḥ | tasyāṃ hiraṇmayaḥ kośaḥ svargo loko jyotiṣāvṛtaḥ yo vai tāṃ brahmaṇo veda (tai.ā.1-27-115) tena dhīrā apiyanti brahmavidaḥ svargaṃ lokamita ūrdhvaṃ vimuktāḥ (bṛ.u.6-4-8) apahṛtya pāpmānam, anante svarge loke jyeye pratitiṣṭhati (ke.u.4-9) iti taittirīyaka - bṛhadāraṇyaka - talavakārādiṣu adhyātmaśāstreṣu prayogadarśanāt, paurāṇikaparikalpitasvargaśabdarūḍheḥ sāṃkhyaparikalpitāvyakta śabdarūḍhivat anādaraṇīyatvāt | asminneva prakaraṇe, tvaduktarītyā prayogābhāve'pi, śaktisambhave udgātrādiśabdānāṃ ṛtvigviśeṣādiṣu rūḍheḥ akalpanīyatvāt - iti cet ; triṇāciketastrayametadviditvā ya evaṃ vidvāṃścinute nāciketam | sa mṛtyupāśān purataḥ praṇodya śokātigo modate svargaloke || (ka.u.1-18) iti mantre, karmajñānasamuccayasādhyavācakatayā śrūyamāṇasya svargalokaśabdasya, sūryadhruvāntarvartilokavyatiriktavairājapada2 vācakatayā parairapi vyākhyātatvācca |

1.2.20.p33

nanu - sūryalokordhvavartilokatvasyaiva pravṛttinimittatayā, tasya ca vairājapade'pi sattvāt, na amukhyārthatvam iti cet - tarhi bhagavalloke'pi ūrdhvavartitvāviśeṣeṇa mukhyārthatvānapāyāt, svargāpavargamārgābhyām ityādivyavahārasya brāhmaṇaparivrājakanyāyena upapatteśca |

1.2.20.p34

astu - vā amukhyārthatvam ; mukhyārthe bādhakasattvāt | kimatra bādhakam?

1.2.20.p35

iti cet śrūyatāmavadhānena | svarge loke na bhayaṃ kiñca nāsti (ka.u.1-12) iti prathame praśnamantre na bhayaṃ kiñca nāsti iti apahṛtapāpmatvaṃ pratipādyate | (katham ?) svarge'pi pātabhītasya ityuktarītyā kena pāpena? kadā patiṣyāmi? iti bhītyabhāvaḥ pratipādyate | sa hi apahṛtapāpmana eva sambhavatiṃ na tatra tvaṃ na jarayā bibheti (ka.u.1-12) ityanena vijaratva - vimṛtyutve pratipādyete | ubhe tīrtvā aśanāyā'pipāse (ka.u.1-12) ityanena vijighatsattvāpipāsatve pratipādyete | śokātigaḥ iti1 viśokatvam | modate svargaloke ityanena sa yadi pitṛlokakāmo bhavati, saṃkalpādevāsya pitarassamuttiṣṭhanti | tena pitṛlokena sampanno mahīyate (chāṃ.u.8-2-1) iti śrutisandarbhapratipādye satyakāmatva - satyasaṃkalpatve pratipādyete| tataśca adhyātmaśāstrasiddhasya apahṛtapāpmatvādi brahma2guṇāṣṭakāvirbhāvasya iha pratīyamānatayā tasyaiveha grahaṇasambhave, paurāṇikasya3 svargalokagatāpekṣikajarāmaraṇādyabhāvasvīkārasya anucitattvāt |

1.2.20.p36

ata eva - saptame vidhyantādhikaraṇe (pū.mī.7-4-1) anupadiṣṭetikartavya-

1.2.20.p37

tākāsu sauryādivikṛtibhāvanāsu iti kartavyatākāṅkṣāyām, vaitānikakarmādhikāra-

1.2.20.p38

pravṛttatrayīvihitatvasāmānyāt, vaidikyeva darśa4paurṇamāsī itikartavyatā upatiṣṭhate-

1.2.20.p39

ityuktam | uktaṃ ca śāstradīpikāyām -

1.2.20.p40

vaidikī vaidikatvena sāmānyenopatiṣṭhate |

1.2.20.p41

laukikī tvasamānatvānnopasthāsyatyapekṣita || iti |

1.2.20.p42

na ca - yadyekaṃ yūpamupaspṛśet, eṣa te vāyāviti brūyāt iti vihitasya eṣa te vāyau iti vacanasya vaidikatvasāmānyena vihitavaidikayūpasparśanimittakatvameva syāt | na ca iṣṭāpattiḥ | laukike doṣasaṃyogāt (pū.mī.9-3-9) iti nāvamikādhikaraṇavirodhaprasaṅgāt - iti vācyam ; yūpo vai 1 yajñasya duriṣṭamāmuñcate tasmāt yūpo nopaspṛśyaḥ iti pratiṣidhya; yadyekaṃ yūpamupaspṛśet, eṣa te vāyāviti brūyāt iti, anantarameva vihitasyapratiṣiddhaprāyaścittasākāṅkṣalaukikasparśaviṣaya-

1.2.20.p43

tvāvaśyambhāvenavaidikaviṣayatvāsambhave'pi asati bādhake vaidikaviṣayatvasya yuktatvāt |

1.2.20.p44

ata eva - yāvato'śvān pratigṛhnīyāt tāvato vāruṇān catuṣkapālānnirvapet (tai.saṃ.2-312) iti vihiteṣṭiḥ vaidike eva aśvadāne; na tu na kesariṇo dadāti 1 iti niṣiddhe, prāyaścittasāpekṣe suhṛdādibhyaḥ snehādinā kriyamāṇe - iti nirṇītaṃ tṛtīye|

1.2.20.p45

tathā - yoginaḥ prati smaryete smārte caite (bra.sū.4-2-20) iti sūtre, smārtasya2 vedāntena pratyabhijñānam - ityuktaṃ paraiḥ | tataśca svarge loke (ka.u.1-12) iti mantre, adhyātmaśāstrasiddhasya apahatapāpmatvādibrahma2guṇāṣṭakasyaiva grahaṇam ucitam ; svargalokā amṛtatvaṃ bhajante (ka.u.1-13) iti dvitīyapraśne mantre amṛtattvabhāktvaśravaṇāt, amṛtatvaśabdasya adhyātmaśāstre mokṣa eva prayogāt, ajīryatāmamṛtānām (ka.u.1-29) ityatra amṛtaśabdasyāpi muktaparatvena āpekṣikāmṛtatvaparatvābhāvāt, uttaratra tato mayā nāciketaścito'gniranityairdravyaiḥ prāptavānasmi nityam (ka.u.2-10) abhayaṃ titīrṣatāṃ pāraṃ nāciketaṃ śakemahi (ka.u.3-2) iti, parasyaiva brahmaṇo nāciketāgniprāpyatvakathanena, svargaśabdasya prasiddhasvargaparatvāsambhavāt, nānyaṃ tasmānnaciketā vṛṇīte iti brahmetaravimukhatayā pratipāditasya naciketasaḥ, kṣayiṣṇusvargaprārthanānupapatteśca |

1.2.20.p46

mukhyaṃ vā pūrvacodanāllokavat1 (pū.mī.12-2-23) ityatra samasaṃkhyākayoḥ parasparavirodhe eva mukhyasya prābalyam | na hi alpavaiguṇye sambhavati, bahuvaiguṇyaṃ prayogavacanaṃ kṣamate | ataḥ yatra jaghanyānāṃ bhūyastvam, tatra bhūyasāṃ syāt svadharmatvam (pū.mī.12-2-22) iti nyāya eva pravartate - ityevaṃ mīmāṃsakaiḥ siddhāntitatvāt; pratardanavidyāyām, eṣa hyeva sādhukarma kārayati; (kau.śi.3-9) eṣa lokādhipatireṣa lokapālaḥ (kau.u.3-66) ānando'jaro'mṛtaḥ (kau.śi.3-62) iti aupasaṃhārikaparamātmadharmabāhulyena prakṛta2 śrutajīvaliṅgabādhasya prāṇastathānugamāt (bra.sū.1-1-29) ityatra pratipāditatvāt ityalamaticarcayā | prakṛtamanusarāmaḥ ||

1.2.20.p47

ā.bhā. - he naciketaḥ! svargyaḥ - mokṣasthānabhūtadeśaviśeṣaprayojanakaḥ agniḥ - agnividyā, te - tubhyam , upadiṣṭo mayā iti śeṣaḥ | yamagniṃ dvitīyena vareṇa avṛṇīthāḥ - vṛtavān, tvam iti śeṣaḥ | janāsaḥ - janāḥ ājjaserasuk 1 (pā.sū.7-1-50) iti asugāgamaḥ chāndaso bodhyaḥ | etam - madupadiṣṭam, agniṃ tavaiva - tvatsambandhinameva, pravakṣyanti - vadiṣyanti, arthāt tavaiva nāmnā sambaddhamimaṃ nāciketo'gniḥ ityevaṃ rūpeṇa vyavahariṣyanti lokāḥ | he naciketaḥ | ataḥ paraṃ tṛtīyaṃ varaṃ svābhīpsitaṃ vṛṇīṣva - prārthayasva, yāvattṛtīyaṃ varaṃ na dadāmi tubhyaṃ, tāvat, apūrṇapratijña2 eva ahaṃ syām iti bhāvaḥ ||

Linked texts (1)

Kaṭhopaniṣad — Sanskrit