Karnatakabhashabhushana 3

English (machine translation) 3

Language: English

3.1 — 2 parts
3.2 — 2 parts
3.3 — 11 parts
3.4 — 18 parts
3.5 — 21 parts
3.6 — 18 parts
3.7 — 10 parts
3.8 — 5 parts
3.9 — 6 parts
3.10 — 16 parts
3.11 — 5 parts
3.12 — 6 parts
3.13 — 15 parts
3.14 — 10 parts
3.15 — 5 parts
3.16 — 8 parts
3.17 — 4 parts
3.18 — 14 parts
3.19 — 16 parts
3.20 — 12 parts
3.21 — 10 parts
3.22 — 9 parts
3.23 — 9 parts
3.24 — 6 parts
3.25 — 10 parts
3.26 — 9 parts
3.27 — 14 parts
3.28 — 14 parts
3.29 — 6 parts
3.30 — 5 parts
3.31 — 7 parts
3.32 — 9 parts
3.33 — 6 parts
3.34 — 6 parts
3.35 — 11 parts
3.36 — 11 parts
3.37 — 12 parts

3.1.1

A meaningful form that does not express an action and ends in a primary suffix is a nominal base.

3.1.2

A meaningful linguistic form other than that which expresses an action, and that which ends in a primary suffix, receives the technical term nominal base.

3.2.1

From that [arise] case inflections.

3.2.2

Following after that which has the technical term nominal base, case inflections are derived.

3.3.1

They are: m, am, im, ke, at, at, [and] oḷ.

3.3.2

Those, moreover, are to be recognized as the seven case inflections: m, am, im, ke, at, at, [and] baḷ.

3.3.3

As follows:

3.3.4

nelaṁ;

3.3.5

nelanaṁ;

3.3.6

neladiṁ;

3.3.7

nelake;

3.3.8

neladattaṇiṁ;

3.3.9

nelada;

3.3.10

neladoḷ.

3.3.11

The tree stood; take the tree; / make the elephant from the tree; pour water for the tree; / I came from the tree; / that fruit belongs to the tree; stay in the tree, sprout, O tree!

3.4.1

In the dual and plural, gaḷ [comes] first.

3.4.2

At the beginning of those case inflections, when duality or plurality is intended to be expressed, there is the augment gaḷ.

3.4.3

In duality:

3.4.4

kaṇgaḷ;

3.4.5

kaṇgaḷaṁ;

3.4.6

kaṇgaḷiṁ;

3.4.7

kaṇgaḷge;

3.4.8

kaṇgaḷattaṇiṁ;

3.4.9

kaṇgaḷa;

3.4.10

kaṇgaḷoḷ.

3.4.11

In plurality:

3.4.12

kuruḷgaḷ,

3.4.13

kuruḷgaḷaṁ,

3.4.14

kuruḷgaḷiṁ,

3.4.15

kuruḷgaḷge,

3.4.16

kuruḷgaḷattaṇiṁ,

3.4.17

kuruḷgaḷa,

3.4.18

[and] kuruḷgaḷoḷ.

3.5.1

[The augment] avu [is attached] at the end of pronouns and words denoting quality.

3.5.2

When the domain of duality or plurality is intended, [the augment] avu occurs at the end of pronouns and of words denoting quality, when case inflections follow.

3.5.3

With a pronoun:

3.5.4

ellavu,

3.5.5

ellavaṁ,

3.5.6

ellavaṟiṁ,

3.5.7

ellavarkke,

3.5.8

ellavaṟattaṇiṁ,

3.5.9

ellavaṟa,

3.5.10

[and] ellavaṟoḷ.

3.5.11

With a word denoting quality:

3.5.12

iniyavu,

3.5.13

iniyavaṁ,

3.5.14

iniyavaṟiṁ,

3.5.15

iniyavarkke,

3.5.16

and so forth; piriyavu,

3.5.17

piriyavaṁ,

3.5.18

piriyavaṟiṁ,

3.5.19

and so forth.

3.5.20

Because it is under consideration, [the plural marker] gaḷ also occurs in some cases [with a pronoun]:

3.5.21

nīṅgaḷ.

3.6.1

After [stems] denoting female or male persons, ir, ar, dir, and vir [occur] in some cases.

3.6.2

At the beginning of case inflections following words denoting female and male persons, these [elements]—ir, ar, dir, vir—are prescribed in some cases as exceptions to gaḷ.

3.6.3

peṇḍir,

3.6.4

toḻtir,

3.6.5

naṇṭar,

3.6.6

nallar,

3.6.7

magaḷdir,

3.6.8

tammandir,

3.6.9

tāyvir,

3.6.10

[and] tandivir.

3.6.11

[The marker] gaḷ also occurs in some cases:

3.6.12

ayyaṅgaḷ,

3.6.13

abbegaḷ.

3.6.14

In some cases both [occur]:

3.6.15

māvandir,

3.6.16

māvaṅgaḷ;

3.6.17

attevir,

3.6.18

attegaḷ.

3.7.1

After these, kaḷ [is added] in the stem's own meaning.

3.7.2

After these, kaḷ occurs in the stem's own meaning [pleonastically].

3.7.3

paṇḍitarkaḷ,

3.7.4

sutarkaḷ,

3.7.5

vicārapararkaḷ,

3.7.6

tāyvirkaḷ.

3.7.7

It also occurs in some cases after the bare [stem]:

3.7.8

makkaḷ,

3.7.9

tāḻkaḷ,

3.7.10

kōḻkaḷ.

3.8.1

After a numeral, [the augment] va [occurs].

3.8.2

At the beginning of case inflections following a word denoting a numeral, the phoneme va occurs as an augment.

3.8.3

orvar,

3.8.4

irvar.

3.8.5

mūvar.

3.9.1

After an a-ending [stem], [there is] anusvāra in place of the nominative singular.

3.9.2

Following a nominal stem ending in short a, the substitute for the nominative singular case inflection is anusvāra.

3.9.3

maraṁ,

3.9.4

naraṁ,

3.9.5

dharmaṁ,

3.9.6

dānaṁ.

3.10.1

After any other, [there is] elision.

3.10.2

Following a nominal stem that does not end in short a, elision of the nominative singular case inflection takes place.

3.10.3

hari,

3.10.4

kari,

3.10.5

bidi,

3.10.6

nadi,

3.10.7

madhu,

3.10.8

vadhu,

3.10.9

vidhu,

3.10.10

sisu,

3.10.11

pitr̥,

3.10.12

savitr̥,

3.10.13

keṟe,

3.10.14

toṟe,

3.10.15

tōḷ,

3.10.16

bāḷ.

3.11.1

In the case of [a word] expressive of a quality, before [the suffix] -avu, [there is elision of the portion] extending up to the penultimate.

3.11.2

When -avu follows a word expressing a quality, elision of the portion extending up to the penultimate takes place.

3.11.3

kiṟiyavu,

3.11.4

piriyavu,

3.11.5

asiyavu.

3.12.1

Also in the case of a pronoun beginning with tad-.

3.12.2

When -avu follows [items] designated as pronouns, elision takes place of the portion extending up to the penultimate, and of the word avu, etc.

3.12.3

avu,

3.12.4

avaṁ,

3.12.5

avaṟiṁ,

3.12.6

and so forth; ivu and so forth; uvu and so forth.

3.13.1

After [a stem] ending in short a, the augment n- [is inserted] prior to gaḷ.

3.13.2

Prior to gaḷ, following a word-form ending in short a, the augment n- occurs.

3.13.3

gajaṅgaḷ,

3.13.4

hayaṅgaḷ.

3.13.5

Because of the governing rule of diversity (bahuḷa), [it is] optional in some cases:

3.13.6

maraṅgaḷ,

3.13.7

maragaḷ;

3.13.8

koḷaṅgaḷ,

3.13.9

koḷagaḷ.

3.13.10

Why [is it said] "after [a stem] ending in short a"?

3.13.11

maḍigaḷ,

3.13.12

maḍugaḷ,

3.13.13

manegaḷ,

3.13.14

ūrgaḷ,

3.13.15

sālgaḷ.

3.14.1

Before [an ending] beginning with a vowel, the augment n- [occurs] in the masculine.

3.14.2

When an inflection group beginning with a vowel follows a word ending in short a, the augment n- occurs when the masculine gender is intended to be expressed.

3.14.3

dēvanaṁ,

3.14.4

dēvaniṁ,

3.14.5

dēvanattaṇiṁ,

3.14.6

dēvana,

3.14.7

dēvanoḷ;

3.14.8

arasanaṁ kaṇḍar [("they saw the king")],

3.14.9

sacivaniṁ muñce [("before the minister")],

3.14.10

keḷeyana baladoḷ [("beside the friend")].

3.15.1

In the neuter gender, d- [occurs].

3.15.2

After a word ending in a, when the neuter gender is to be expressed and a case inflection group beginning with a vowel follows, the augment d occurs.

3.15.3

manadiṁ bēgaṁ

3.15.4

vanadattaṇiṁ bandaṁ

3.15.5

jagadoḷ sandaṁ

3.16.1

Before am, m and n optionally.

3.16.2

When am, the singular of the second case inflection, follows after a neuter word ending in a, m and n occur optionally. In Sanskrit loanwords identical in form, only m occurs.

3.16.3

polamaṁ

3.16.4

polanaṁ

3.16.5

nelamaṁ

3.16.6

nelanaṁ

3.16.7

kulamaṁ

3.16.8

balamaṁ

3.17.1

And in place of an anusvāra.

3.17.2

When a vowel follows, m and n occur in place of this anusvāra occurring at the end of a word.

3.17.3

ivanadhikabalaṁ

3.17.4

haranagamintidu

3.18.1

After a stem ending in u, the augment in occurs variously before the third and following case inflections.

3.18.2

After a nominal stem ending in u, when the case inflection group beginning with the third follows, the augment in occurs variously.

3.18.3

guruviniṁ nītijñaṁ

3.18.4

manaviniṁ migil

3.18.5

pempinoḷ suranagaṁ

3.18.6

guruvina mataṁ

3.18.7

manuvina kulaṁ

3.18.8

Because of the mention of 'variously', in some instances it does not occur:

3.18.9

guruva mataṁ

3.18.10

manuva kulaṁ

3.18.11

Because of the mention of 'variously', in some instances it is obligatory:

3.18.12

manuvinoḷ

3.18.13

guruvinoḷ

3.18.14

maḍuvinoḷ

3.19.1

In numerals, pronouns, and qualitative nouns, aṟ in place of u.

3.19.2

When a case inflection group beginning with the third follows, the substitute aṟ occurs in place of the final ending in u belonging to numerals, pronouns, and qualitative nouns.