Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s4: U

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s4

Language: English

U

v1.c6.s4.1

**UTTAMA-NAVA-TĀLA**—A sculptural measurement ; in this system the whole height of an image is divided into 112 equal parts which are proportionately distributed among the different parts of the body from head to foot. The measurement of breadth of the various limbs is not included in these 112 parts. The measurement of the arms is also excluded from these.

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For details see M. LIX. 14—64, under *Tāla*.

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**UGRA-PĪṬHA**--A ground-plan in which the whole area is divided into 36 equal squares.

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(M. VII, 7 ; see further details under *Pada-vinyāsa*).

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**UCHCHHRAYA**—A kind of pillar.

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Giri-śikhara-taru-talāṭṭālakopatalpa-dvāra-śaraṇochchhraya—

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raised places of shelter, (Kielhorn quotes also Drs. Indraji and Bühler who translate ‘śaraṇa’ by ‘shelter’ and ‘uchchhraya’ by ‘pillars of victory’).
> (Junagadh rock Inscrip. of Rudradaman, line 6, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. p. p. 43, 46 and note 3).

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**UTTAMA-DAŚA-TĀLA**—A sculpural measurement in which the whole height of an image is generally divided into 120 equal parts. See details under *Tā'a* (M. LXV. 2—179).

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**UTTAMBHA**—A kind of rectangular building.

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UTTARA—A rectangular moulding. It is used sometimes to signify the whole architrave or the beam i.e. the lowest division of the entablature, which extends from column to column; also applied to the moulded frame which bounds the sides and head of a door or window opening. It also denotes a particular member of the pedestal and entablature and resembles the corona or the square projection of the upper part of the cornice, having a broad and vertical face generally plain. (cf: Rām Rāz. Ess. Arch. Hind. p. 25).

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(1) Mānasāra : A crowning moulding of the pedestal : Uttaraṁ chāṁśakaṁ chordhve kshepaṇārdhādhikāmbujam । Uttaraṁ chārdha-kampaṁ syāt tad-ūrdhve cha saro-ruham । (M. XIII. 67, 76 etc. see the lists of mouldings under *Upapīṭha*).

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A similar moulding of the column : Adhishṭhānoparishṭ(h)āt tu chottarādho'vasānakam । Upapīṭhoparishṭ(h)āt tu janmādau chottarāntakaṁ । Pādāyāmāvasānaṁ cha-adhishṭhānodayena cha । (M. xv. 7—9).

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A similar moulding of the entablature : Uttarordhve chatush-pañcha-shaṭ-saptāshṭakaṁ bhavet । Pūrva-bhāgika-mānena chottarochchaṁ guṇāṁśakaṁ । (M. XVI. 30, 59, etc. see the lists of mouldings under ‘Prastara’).

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Its synonyms (or terms of similar signification) : Uttaraṁ bhājanam ādhāraṁ ādheyaṁ śayanaṁ tathā । Uddhṛitaṁ cha mūrdhakaṁ chaiva mahātauli svavaṁśakam । Prachchhādanasyādhāraṁ etat paryāyam īritam । (M. XVI. 56-58).

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(2) Vāstu-vidyā, ed. Ganapati Śāstri, IX. 1 : Atha vakshyāmi saṁkshepāt pāda-mānaṁ yathāvidhi । Uttaropānayor madhya-gatam etat prakīrtitam ॥ (3) Kāmikāgama (\textsc{liv}. see under *Stambha*): The moulding at the top of the entablature.

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(4) Suprabhedāgama (\textsc{xxxi}. 107, see under *Stambha*): A crowning moulding of a column.

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UTTAROSHṬHA—(see under '*Stambha*')—The upper lip, the ovolo or the moulding above the cavetto or mouth (see Gwilt. *Encycl. fig.* 867, and also the list of mouldings in the five orders, e.g. *art.* 2553).

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Stambhaṁ vibhajya navadhā vahanaṁ bhāgo ghaṭo syābhāgo'nyāḥ।\
Padmaṁ tathottaroshṭhaṁ kuryād bhāgena॥
@H (Bṛihat-saṁhitā, \textsc{liii}. 29).

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UTTĀNA-PAṬṬA—A pavement.

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Vyūḍhaṁ chottāna-paṭṭaṁ sakala-kanakhale...........yaś chakāra—\
"who made a broad pavement of (stone) slabs in the whole of Kanakhala."
@H (An Abu inscrip. of the reign of Bhumadeva \textsc{ii}, v. 9., Ind. Ant. vol. \textsc{xi}. pp. 221, 222).

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UTSAVA—(see *Utsedha*)—The height of a draught animal (*vāhana*) in comparison with that of the principal idol.

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(1) Mūla-bera-vaśaṁ mānam utsavodayaṁ īritam।

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Brahmā-vishṇu(ś cha)-rudrāṇāṁ buddhasya ja(ji)nakasya cha।\
Anyaiś cha . . . . . vā mānaṁ tu saṁgraham।\
Evaṁ tu chotsavādīnāṁ sthāvara(ṁ)-jaṁgamādīnām।
@H (M. \textsc{lxiv}. 91-93).

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Vihaṁga-rāja-mānaṁ cha lakshaṇaṁ vakshyate'dhunā।\
Mūla-bera-samottuṅga(ṁ) tat-tri-pādārdham eva vā।\
Utsavochcha-samaṁ vāpi dvi-guṇaṁ tri-guṇaṁ tu vā।\
Tri-guṇaṁ vādhikaṁ vāpi tach-chatur-guṇam eva vā।\
Evaṁ navodayaṁ proktam uttamādi trayaṁ trayam।
@H (M. \textsc{lxi}. 1-5).

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Vṛishasya lakshaṇaṁ samyag vakshyate'dhunā।\
Vāyor abhimukhaṁ sthāpyaṁ pīṭhe vā chotsave'pi vā।\
Vimāne maṇḍape vāpi chāropari parinyaset।
@H (M. \textsc{lxii}. 1-3).

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Three types :
Mūla-berodayam śreshṭha(ṁ) tri-pādaṁ madhyamaṁ bhavet ।
Tuṅgārdhaṁ kanyasaṁ proktaṁ tri-vidhaṁ chotsavodayam ।
(M. LV. 35-36).
Berotsedha-samaṁ śreshṭhaṁ karṇāntaṁ madhyamaṁ bhavet ।
Bāhvantaṁ kanyasaṁ proktaṁ utsavaṁ vṛishabhodayam ।
(M. LXII. 10-11).

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Nine kinds :
Evaṁ liṅga-vaśāt proktaṁ vishṇu-bera-vaśo(ād u)chyate ।
Mūla-bera-samaṁ vāpi netrāntaṁ vā puṭāntakam ।
Hanvantaṁ bāhu-sīmāntaṁ stanāntaṁ hṛidayāntakam ।
Nābhyantaṁ meḍhra-sīmāntaṁ nava-mānaṁ chotsavodayam ।
Tad-ardhaṁ kautukotsedhaṁ kanyasādi trayaṁ trayam ।
(M. LXIV. 24-28).
Athavā tena mānena shoḍaśāṁśaṁ vibhājite ।
Ekaikāṁśakaṁ tasmāt pañcha-viṁśāṁśakāntakam ।
Kanyasād uttamāntaṁ syān nava-mānaṁ utsavodayam ।
Athavā mūla-berasya keśāntaṁ tu bhruvāntakam ।
Netrāntaṁ nāsikāgrāntaṁ hanvantaṁ bāhu-sīmakam ।
Stanāntaṁ hṛidayāntaṁ cha nāvyantaṁ cha navodayam ।
Kanyasād uttamāntaṁ syāt nava tad utsavodayam ।
Utsave chārdha-mānena kautukódayam īritam ।
Tan-mānaṁ chāshṭa-bhāgaikaṁ nava-bhāgāvasānakam ।
Kanyasād uttamāntaṁ syān nava-mānaṁ kautukodayam ।
(M. LV. 37-46).

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It is measured in the idol's finger :
Mūla-berāṅgulaṁ chaiva mānayed utsavodayam ।
(M. LV. 55).
Tat-tan-māna-vaśāt kechin mūla-bera-vaśān nayet ।
Utsave chotsavaṁ proktaṁ aṅgulaṁ māna-viśvataḥ ।
(M. LXI. 21-22).

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UTSAVA-MAṆḌAPA—A festive hall. See under *Maṇḍapa* and cf :

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Gopura-prākārotsava-maṁṭapair upachitaṁ Śrīrāmabhadrāya cha ।
(Koṇḍavīḍu Inscrip. of Krishṇarāya, v. 27, Ep.
Ind. vol. vi. pp. 237, 231).

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UTSAVA-VIGRAHA—Images for procession, idols to be carried in procession.

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Utsava-vigrahāla samarpimchi—presented idols to be carried in procession.

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(Kondavidu Inscrip. of Krisnaraya, v. 28, lines 118-119, Ep. Ind. vol. vi. pp. 231, 232, 237).

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UTSEDHA—(see *Māna*)—The height, called *śāntika*, *paushṭika*, *jayada*, *sarvakāmika* or *dhanada*, and *adbhuta*; they are respectively equal to the breadth, 1¼, 1½, 1¾, and twice of it.

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(See Mānāsāra, xxxv. 22-26, under *adbhuta*).

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The height of a building is stated to be measured from the basement to the top of the dome :

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Utsedhaṁ janmādi-stūpikāntam (M. xxxv. 26).

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The technical names of the proportions of the height are significant. The first one is called *śāntika* or peaceful. In this proportion the height is equal to the breadth (ibid. 22); and this is æsthetically a graceful proportion. The second one is called *paushṭika* which might be rendered as strong, eminent, rich, complete, or perfect. In this proportion the height is 1¼ of the breadth (ibid. 22); and this would give the building a good stability. The third one is called *jayada* or joy-giving. In this proportion the height is 1½ of the breadth (ibid. 22); and this gives a pleasant appearance to the building. The fourth one has two names, *sarvakāmika* or good in every way, and *dhanada* or wealth-giving. In this proportion the height is 1¾ of the breadth (ibid. 23); and according to the literal meaning of the term, *sarvakāmika*, this would make the building strong as well as beautiful. The fifth or last one is called *adbhuta* or marvellous. In this proportion the height is twice the breadth (ibid. 22); and this would give a wonderful loftiness and gorgeous look to the building.

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The comparative height of the component members of an architectural structure is technically called *gaṇya-māna*. The details thereof will be found under Gaṇya-māna.

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Six kinds of measurement are prescribed for an image: *māna* (full height of the image), *pramāṇa* (breadth), *parimāṇa* (width or circumference), *lambamāna* (length by the plumb-lines), *unmāna* (thickness) and *upamāna* (measurement of the interspace, e.g. between the two feet) (M. lv. 3-9, see under *māna*). Of these, *māna* or height is stated to be compared with nine objects such as the adytum, door, basement, and the height of the worshipper etc. (ibid. 11-14, see under *māna*). In each case, the height of the idol admits of nine kinds as it is made equal to nine successive parts of the object (ibid. 15-33). When compared with the worshipper, it is equal to his full height, reaches his hair-limit (on the forehead), nose-tip, chin, arm-limit (to the shoulder), breast, heart, navel and sex-organ :

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Kanyasād uttamāntaṁ syād yajamānodayaṁ param ।
Keśāntaṁ nāsikāgrāntaṁ hanvantaṁ bāhu-sīmakam ।
Stanāntaṁ hṛidayāntaṁ cha nābhyantaṁ meḍhra-sīmakam ।
Navadhā kanyasāntaṁ syāt sthāvaraṁ jaṅgamodayam ।
(M. lv. 30-33).

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The height of the riding animals (vāhana) of the gods is divided into two kinds, *utsava* and *kautuka* (see details under these terms). The latter is stated to be half of the former, and it does not seem to bear any other independent signification. The former is compared with the height of the main idol, exactly in the same way as the idol is compared with the height of the worshipper (see e.g. M. lxiv. 24-28, lv. 40-43, under *utsava*).

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UDAPĀNA—A well, a pool or pond near a well.

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Ima-kshāyamada-pushkaraṇināṁ paśchima-pushkaraṇiṁ, udapāna, ārāma, stambhaḥ ।
(Mathura inscriptions, no. 1, line 2, Cunningham, Arch. Surv. Reports. vol. iii, p. 30).

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See Bhagavad-gītā, ii. 46.

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UDUMBARA—The threshold of a house, a door.

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(1) Uchchhrāyāt pāda-vistīrṇā śākhā tad-vad udumbaraḥ—"the side frame of the door has a breadth of ¼ of the altitude;

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like wise the threshold.” Śākhā-dvaye'pi kāryaṁ sārdhaṁ tat syād udumbarayoḥ—“the thickness of the two side frames of a door is as many digits (aṅgulas) as the altitude numbers cubits, one and a half that measure gives the thickness of the threshold and upper timber.”
(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 26; LVI. 13, Kern, J. R. A. S., (N. S.), vol. VI. pp. 284, 318).

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(2) Garbha-gṛiha-udumbara-pramāṇa—measures of the central hall and the threshold.

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(Prāsādamaṇḍana-Vāstuśāstra of Sūtradhāra Maṇḍana, III. M.S., Egg. 3147, 2253 fol. 15a).

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(3) Plaksha-dvāraṁ bhavet pūrvaṁ yāmye chodumbaraṁ bhavet—the back-door should be at the east and the *udumbara* or front-door at the south.

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(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 264, v. 15).
Tathā dvi-guṇa-vistīrṇa-mukhas tad-vad udumbaraḥ।
(*Ibid.* chap. 270, v. 20.

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(4) Vistārād dvi-guṇaṁ dvāraṁ kartavyaṁ tu suśobhanam।

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Udumbarau tad-ūrddhvaṁ cha nyasech chhāṣṇaṁ (?) sumaṅgalaịḥ॥
Dvārasya tu chaturthāṁśe kāryau chaṇḍa-prachaṇḍakau॥
Viśvak senāvat sadantau śikhārddhodumbara-śriyaṁ॥
(Agni-Purāṇa, chap. 42, v. 19-20).

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(5) Bhavishya-Purāṇa (chap. 130, v. 20) has the same verse as (1) except that it reads ‘udumbarī’ in place of ‘udumbaraḥ’ in the Bṛihat-saṁhitā.

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(6) See jamb ornaments, Chalukyan Architecture, Arch. Surv. new Imp. series, vol. XXI, plates CL, figs. 2, 3.

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UDDHṚITA—A synonym of uttara or a crowning fillet.

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(M. XVI. 56-58, see under *uttara*).

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UDBHUTA—A kind of Phallus.

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UDYĀNA—(cf. Ārāma)—A pleasure-garden.

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Eshā nātipratītā me puṇyodyānā yaśasvinī |
Ayodhyā dṛiśyate dūrāt . . . . . ||

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*Ibid.* 22-26 :

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Udyānāni hi sāyāhne krīḍitvoparatair naraiḥ ||
Samantād vipradhāvadbhiḥ prakāśante mamānyathā |
Tānyadyānurudantīva parityaktāni kāmibhiḥ ||
Araṇya-bhūteva purī sārathe pratibhāti mām |
Nahyatra yānair dṛiśyante na gajair na cha vājibhiḥ ||
Niryānto vābhiyānto vā nara-mukhyā yathā purā |
Udyānāni purā bhānti matta-pramuditāni cha ||
Janānāṁ rati-saṁyogeshvatyanta-guṇavanti cha |
Tānyetānyadya paśyāmi nirānandāni sarvaśaḥ ||

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*Cf. ibid.* ii. 67, 19 :

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Nārājake jana-pade vāhanaiḥ śīghra-vāhibhiḥ |
Narā niryāntyaraṇyāni nārībhiḥ saha kāminaḥ ||

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(2) Līlodyāna or pramādodyāna—pleasure-garden, on the Dhārāgiri hill, the scene of the second Act.

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(Dhar Praśasti of Arjunavarman, lines 6, 12, 31, verse 30, lines 36, 75, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. pp. 99-100).

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UNMĀNA—(see *Māna*)—The measurement of thickness or diameter.

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(M. LV. 3-9, see under *Māna*).
Ataḥ-paraṁ pravakshyāmi mānonmānaṁ viśeshataḥ |
(Matsya-Purāṇa, chap. 258, v. 16).
Mānaṁ tad-vistaraṁ proktaṁ unmānaṁ nāham eva cha ||
Pramāṇaṁ dīrgham ityukaṁ mānonmāna-pramāṇataḥ ||
(Suprabhedāgama, XXXIV. 35, 36).

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UPAKĀNTA—A class of the six-storeyed buildings.

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(M. XXIV. 16, see under *prāsāda*).

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UPATULĀ—(see Tulā)—A part of the column.

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(Bṛihat-saṁhitā, LIII. 30, see under *Tulā*).

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UPATALPA—An upper storey, a room on the top of a house.

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(Raghuvaṁśa, XVI. 11, etc).

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UPADVĀRA—The smaller door. See Mānasāra. ix. 306, 309, 354, 360 under *dvāra*. Upadvāro(ramu)ktavat kuryād vishṇu-dhiṣṇaṁ-tupaśchime। (M. ix. 109). Chatur-dikshu chatur dvāram upadvāram antarālake। (M. xxxi. 77).

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UPAPĀDA—The upper or dwarf pillar which is subordinate to a larger column. Upapādāni sarveshāṁ pūrva(?mūla)-pāde tu yojayet। Ekopapāda-saṁyuktaṁ dvi-try-upapādena saṁyutam। Vedopapāda-saṁyuktaṁ brahma-kāntam īritam। (M. xv. 239, 242, 244, see also 245, 247).

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UPAPĪṬHA—(cf. Pīṭha)—The pedestal, the upper pedestal, the outer surface, a ground-plan. The pedestal is the lowest division in an order of columns, called also stylobates and stereobates. It consists of three principal parts the die, the cornice, and the base.

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(1) “The pedestal is not only placed under the base of a column or pilaster, but frequently employed, both singly and together with the latter, as a pavement for temples and porticoes, over cornices of edifices consisting of several storeys in height and also as a platform for thrones, and as seats for statues.” In a Tamil fragment of a manuscript, purporting to be a translation of Mayamata, it is said that “the height of the shaft or pillar is to be divided into four parts, and one to be given to the base which may or may not be accompanied by a pedestal, and in the case where a pedestal is joined to the base, the height of the pedestal may be either equal to that of the base, or twice or three times as much. Here, the greatest height, given to a pedestal, namely, three times that of the base, is equal to a little more than a third part of the highest column, which is not perhaps a bad proportion.” (Rām Rāz, Ess. Arch. Hind. pp. 23, 26).

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(2) Kāmikāgama, xxxv : Tad-varddhitopapīṭhaṁ vā tad-varddhita-masūrakam ॥ 115 Adhishṭhānādi-shaḍ-vargaṁ tan-mānaṁ upapīṭhake ॥ 122

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Pīṭhasya tri-guṇaṁ garbhaṁ ta(t)-tri-bhāgaika-bhittikam ।
Saṁvīkshya sama-bhūmiś ched upapīṭhaṁ prakalpayet ॥

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(4) Mānasāra : A ground-plan in which the whole area is divided into 25 equal squares (see under *Padavinyāsa*) :

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Pañchamaṁ pañcha-pañchāṁśaṁ upapīṭham iti smṛitam ।
(M. VII. 6).

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Evaṁ sūtra-sthitān devān padasthāṁś chopapīṭhake । (*ibid.* 70). In connection with foundation :

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Ekāṁśaṁ koshṭha-bhittyuchchhra(ya)ṁ ghanaṁ prāg-uktavan-nayet ।
Upapīṭhaṁ pade devān koshṭhaṁ chokta-kramaṁ nyaset ।
(M. XII. 38-39).

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In connection with the ‘pīṭha’ or yoni part of the Liṅga :

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Athavā kumbha-dig-bhāgaṁ padma-tuṅga(ṁ) yugāṁśakam ।
Śeshaṁ prāg-ukta-vat kuryād upapīṭhaṁ prakalpayet ।

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The pedestal of the column (M. XIII. 2-156) : Its situation :

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Adhishṭhānonnate deśe chopapīṭham hi saṁśritam । 2

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Its heights (cf. also Mayamata, quoted above) :

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Ete tattvam adhishṭhānaṁ tach-chatur-aṁśakaṁ ।
Vibhajet tvādimāṁśena ekaikāṁśaṁ vivardhanāt ।
Tad ashṭāṁśāvasānaṁ syāj janmādi-paṭṭikāntikam ।
Evaṁ tu chopapīṭhochchaṁ navabhir bhedam īritam ।
Athavā kshudra-harmye tu chatur-bhāgāṁśam unnatam ।
Dvi-bhāgaṁ vā tri-bhāgaṁ vā chatur-bhāgam athāpi vā ।
Pañcha-daśodayaṁ vāpi ri(śā)ntikādi-śarodayam ।
(3-9, see also 10-15 under *Utsedha*).

v1.c6.s4.92

The general description :

v1.c6.s4.93

Bhāga-pādādi-sarveshāṁ udgrīvas tu vaśā(n) nyasyet ।
Pādānām api sarveshāṁ patrajāty(ly)air alaṅkṛitam ।
Antare nāṭakair yuktaṁ padmānāṁ tu dalair yutam ।

v1.c6.s4.94

Chatur-aśrākṛitiṁ chaiva prathamādiṁ kampa-vājanaiḥ |
Athavā ratna-pushpaiś cha patrādyair alaṅkṛitam |
Anyair yuktaṁ svalaṅkṛitya prativājana-deśake |
Prativājanakaṁ teshāṁ kṛiteḥ karkarīkṛitam |
Anyena vāntaraṁ chaiva vyāla-siṁhādi-rūpakaiḥ |
Khaḍgeva śroṇī-saṁyuktaṁ vṛittāsraṁ pushpakair yutam |
Anyānuktaṁ cha sarveshāṁ yuktyā tatraiva yojayet | (145-154).

v1.c6.s4.95

Sixteen types of pedestals are described under three technical names, details whereof are given below (37-127).

v1.c6.s4.96

The various types:

v1.c6.s4.97

(The mouldings are arranged in the successive order, as given in the text, from the bottom upwards).

v1.c6.s4.98

I. Vedībhadra (27-53) :

v1.c6.s4.99

(*a*) 24 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.100

| (1) | Upāna (plinth) | .... 5 | | (4) | Kampa (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (2) | Kampa (fillet) | .... 1 | | (5) | Vājana (fillet with | |
| (3) | Grīva (dado) | .... 12 | | | greater projection).... | 4 |
| | (6) Kampa (fillet) .... | | | | .... 1 | |

v1.c6.s4.101

(*b*) 12 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.102

| (1) | Janman (plinth) | .... 2 | | (5) | Kshepaṇa (projection) | 1½ |
| (2) | Padma (cyma) | .... 1 | | (6) | Padma (cyma) | .... 1 |
| (3) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ | | (7) | Paṭṭikā (fillet) | .... ½ |
| (4) | Kaṇṭha (dado) | .... 5 | | (8) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ |

v1.c6.s4.103

(*c*) 12 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.104

| (1) | Pāduka (plinth) | .... 1½ | | (5) | Kshepaṇa (projection) | ½ |
| (2) | Abja (cyma) | .... 1½ | | (6) | Padma (cyma) | .... ½ |
| (3) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ | | (7) | Vājana (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (4) | Grīva (dado) | .... 5½ | | (8) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ |

v1.c6.s4.105

(*d*) 12 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.106

| (1) | Upāna (plinth) | .... 1 | | (5) | Paṭṭika (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (2) | Abja (cyma) | .... 1 | | (6) | Kandhara (dado) | .... 5 |
| (3) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ | | (7) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ |
| (4) | Karṇa(ear) | .... ½ | | (8) | Vājana (fillet) | .... 2 |
| | (9) Kampa (fillet) | | | | .... ½ | |

v1.c6.s4.107

These are suitable for all kinds of buildings :

v1.c6.s4.108

Sarva-harmyeshu yogyam syād vedībhadraṁ chaturvidham। (52).

v1.c6.s4.109

II. Pratibhadra (53—89) :

v1.c6.s4.110

(*a*) 26 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.111

| (1) | Janman (plinth) | .... | 3 | (6) | Kampa (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (2) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | 1 | (7) | Ambuja (cyma) | .... 2 |
| (3) | Abja (cyma) | .... | 2 | (8) | Kampa (fillet) | .... 3 |
| (4) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | 1 | (9) | Antarita (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (5) | Grīva (dado) | .... | 11 | (10) | Prativājana (cavetto) | 1 |

v1.c6.s4.112

(*b*) 32 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.113

| (1) | Janman (plinth) | .... | 2 | (12) | Kandhara (dado) | .... 10 |
| (2) | Kshepaṇa (projection) | ½ | | (13) | Kampa (fillet) | .... ½ |
| (3) | Padma (cyma) | .... | 2½ | (14) | Padma (cyma) | .... ½ |
| (4) | Kshudrābja (small cyma) | .... | ½ | (15) | Kampa (fillet) | ½ |
| | | | | (16) | Kandhara (dado) | .... 1 |
| (5) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (17) | Uttara (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (6) | Kandhara (dado) | .... | 2 | (18) | Kshepaṇa (projection) | ½ |
| (7) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (19) | Ambuja (cyma) | .... ½ |
| (8) | Abja (cyma) | .... | ½ | (20) | Kapota (corona) | .... 3 |
| (9) | Paṭṭika (fillet) | .... | 2 | (21) | Āliṅga (fillet) | .... ½ |
| (10) | Padma (cyma) | .... | ½ | (22) | Antarita (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (11) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (23) | Prativājana (cavetto) | 1½ |

v1.c6.s4.114

(*c*) 33 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.115

| (1) | Janman (plinth) | .... | 3½ | (9) | Dala (petal) | .... 1½ |
| (2) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (10) | Gala (dado) | .... 5 |
| (3) | Padma (cyma) | .... | 3 | (11) | Uttara (fillet) | .... 2 |
| (4) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (12) | Ardha-kampa (halffillet) .... | .... 7 |
| (5) | Kandhara (dado) | .... | ½ | | | |
| (6) | Kampa (fillet) | .... | ½ | (13) | Saroruha (cyma) | .... 1 |
| (7) | Ambuja (cyma) | .... | ½ | (14) | Kapota (corona) | .... 3 |
| (8) | Vajrakumbha (round pitcher) | .... | 2 | (15) | Āliṅga (fillet) | .... ½ |
| | | | | (16) | Antarita (fillet) | .... 1 |
| (17) | Prativājana (cavetto) | .... | | | | .... 1½ |

v1.c6.s4.116

(*d*) 33 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.117

| (1) Janman (plinth) .... | 2½ | (13) Ambuja (*cyma*) ... | 1 |
| (2) Kampa (fillet) .... | ½ | (14) Kshepaṇa (projection) | 1½ |
| (3) Padma (*cyma*) .... | 3 | (15) Kaṇṭha (dado) .... | 11 |
| (4) Kampa (fillet) .... | ½ | (16) Uttara (fillet) .... | ½ |
| (5) Karṇa (ear) .... | ½ | (17) Ardha-kampa (half-fillet) .... .... | ½ |
| (6) Kampa (fillet) .... | ½ | (18) Ambuja (*cyma*) .... | 2 |
| (7) Ambuja (*cyma*) .... | ½ | (19) Kapota (corona) .... | 1½ |
| (8) Ratna-paṭṭa (jewelled fillet) .... .... | ½ | (20) Āliṅga (fillet) .... | 1½ |
| (9) Dala (petal) .... | ½ | (21) Antarita (fillet) .... | 1 |
| (10) Kshepaṇa (projection) | ½ | (22) Prativājana (cavetto).... .... | 1 |
| (11) Karṇa (ear) .... | 1 | | |
| (12) Kshepaṇa (projection) | ½ | (23) Vājana (fillet) ... | 1½ |

v1.c6.s4.118

These are suitable for temples, buildings of the Brāhmaṇas, and palaces (91).

v1.c6.s4.119

III. Mañchabhadra (90—124) :

v1.c6.s4.120

(*a*) 30 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.121

v1.c6.s4.122

(Cf. last three members of the next type).

v1.c6.s4.123

(*b*) 31 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.124

| (1) Upāna (plinth) .... | 3 | (5) Kampa (fillet) .... | ½ |
| (2) Kampa (fillet) .... | ½ | (6) Karṇa (ear) .... | ½ |
| (3) Saroruha (*cyma*) .... | 3½ | (7) Ambuja (*cyma*) .... | ½ |
| (4) Kshepaṇa (projection) | 1½ | (8) Gopāna (beam) .... | 2½ |

v1.c6.s4.125

| (9) Prativājana (cavetto) | 3 | (13) Abja (cyma) | ½ |
| (10) Gala (dado) | 8 | (14) Kapota (corona) | 3 |
| (11) Uttara (fillet) | 1 | (15) Āliṅga (fillet) | ½ |
| (12) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (16) Antarita (fillet) | ½ |
| \multicolumn{c}{(17) Prativājana (cavetto) .... 1½} |

v1.c6.s4.126

(*c*) 32 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.127

| (1) Upāna (plinth) | 2 | (14) Kampa (fillet) | ½ |
| (2) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (15) Ambuja (cyma) | ½ |
| (3) Mahāmbuja (large cyma) | 2½ | (16) Ardha-kampa (half-fillet) | ½ |
| (4) Kshudrābja (small cyma) | 1½ | (17) Prativājana (cavetto) | ½ |
| | | (18) Antarita (fillet) | ½ |
| (5) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (19) Karṇa (ear) | 3 |
| (6) Antarita (fillet) | 2 | (20) Uttara (fillet) | 1 |
| (7) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (21) Kampa (fillet) | ½ |
| (8) Padma (cyma) | ½ | (22) Padma (cyma) | ½ |
| (9) Paṭṭika (fillet) | 1 | (23) Kapota (corona) | 3 |
| (10) Padma (cyma) | ½ | (24) Āliṅga (fillet) | ½ |
| (11) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (25) Antarita (fillet) | ½ |
| (12) Gala (dado) | 5 | (26) Gala (dado) | 2 |
| (13) Uttara (fillet) | ½ | (27) Uttara (fillet) | 1 |

v1.c6.s4.128

(*d*) 34 parts :—

v1.c6.s4.129

| (1) Janman (plinth) | 3 | (9) Padma (cyma) | ½ |
| (2) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (10) Aṁśuka (filament) | 2½ |
| (3) Abja (cyma) | 3½ | (11) Kapota (corona) | 1½ |
| (4) Kshudra-padma (small cyma) | ½ | (12) Antara (fillet) | 6 |
| | | .(13) Karṇa (ear) / (14) Uttara (fillet) | 1 |
| (5) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | (15) Kampa (fillet) | ½ |
| (6) Gala (dado) | 7 | (16) Abja (cyma) | ½ |
| (7) Antara (fillet) | 1 | (17) Gopāna (beam) | 3 |
| (8) Kampa (fillet) | ½ | | |
| \multicolumn{c}{(18) Vājana (fillet) .... 2} |

v1.c6.s4.130

Projections (125—144) :

v1.c6.s4.131

The projection of the plinth (and other members) is equal to the moulding, larger by one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths, or twice :

v1.c6.s4.132

v1.c6.s4.133

The projection of the cyma is not up-to twice of it :

v1.c6.s4.134

Tuṅgaṁ tat-samam evaṁ vā pādādhikyārdham adhikam |
Pādona-dvi-guṇaṁ vāpi padmam evaṁ tu nirgamam |
(139—140)
Upamānasya mānena yuktyā padmam(sya) tu nirgamam | (142)

v1.c6.s4.135

The projections of the other mouldings are (generally) equal to them :

v1.c6.s4.136

Kshudra-padmāni kampāni tat-samaṁ vātha nirgamam |
Paṭṭikādīni sarvāṇi tat-samaṁ nirgamaṁ bhavet | (143-144)

v1.c6.s4.137

The projection of the (whole) pedestal (20-35) :

v1.c6.s4.138

The height of the pedestal is divided into 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 equat parts ; of these 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 parts are projections (20-26). But the choice of that proportion which would make it look beautiful is left to the discretion of the artist :

v1.c6.s4.139

Pūrvam nirgamam proktam yan-mānoramyam ānayet | (26)

v1.c6.s4.140

The extent of projection :

v1.c6.s4.141

Nirgamaṁ chopapīṭhaṁ(ṭhasya) syāt pāda-bāhyāvasānakam |
(34)

v1.c6.s4.142

These pedestals of the Indian architecture may be compared, in the following pages, with those of the early European orders, for a general knowledge of the subject.

v1.c6.s4.143

(5) " Whether the pedestal is to be considered a component part of an order is of little importance. There are so many cases that arise in designing a building, in which it cannot be dispensed with, that we think it useful to connect it with the column and entablature. Vitruvius, in the Doric, Corinthian, and Tuscan orders, makes no mention of pedestals, and in the Ionic order he seems to consider them rather as a necessary part in the construction of a temple than as belonging to the order itself." (Gwilt, Encycl. art. 2601).

v1.c6.s4.144

" The height of the podium, or pedestal, with its cornice and base, from the level of the pulpitum, is 1/12th part of the diameter of the orchestra (in a theatre). The columns on the podium, with their capitals and bases, are to be ¼ of its diameter high. The architraves and cornices of those colums are ⅕th of their height. The upper pedestal, including the base and cornice, is half the height of the lower pedestal. The columns on this pedestal are ¼th less in height than the lower colums".

v1.c6.s4.145

The architrave and its cornice are ⅕th of the columns. If there is to be a third order, the upper pedestal is to be half the height of that under the middle order and the architrave and cornice ⅕th of the columns." (Vitruvius, book v, chapter VII).

v1.c6.s4.146

Tables showing the height of pedestals in ancient and modern works :

v1.c6.s4.147

| | Plinth (base) in minutes | Mouldings above plinths | Die | Cornice | | Total |
| Doric :— | | | | | | |
| Palladio .... .... | 26 | 14 | 80 | 20 | = | 140 |
| Scamozzi .... .... | 30 | 15 | 88 3/7 | 22½ | = | 156 1/14 |
| Ionic : — | | | | | | |
| Temple of Fortune Virilis | 44 | 19¾ | 93¾ | 23¼ | = | 180¾ |
| Coliseum .... .... | 33¼ | 9½ | 81⅚ | 17 | = | 141 7/12 |
| Palladio .... .... | 28⅔ | 14⅓ | 97¾ | 21½ | = | 162¼ |
| Scamozzi .... .... | 30 | 15 | 82½ | 22½ | = | 150 |
| Corinthian :— | | | | | | |
| Arch of Constantine .... | 17½ | 29 | 153 | 29½ | = | 229 |
| Coliseum .... .... | 23 | 11½ | 78 | 19¼ | = | 131¾ |

v1.c6.s4.148

| | Plinth (base) in minutes | Mouldings above plinths | Die | Cornice | | Total |
| Palladio .... | 23½ | 14½ | 93 | 19 | = | 150 |
| Scamozzi .... | 30 | 15 | 132½ | 22½ | = | 200 |
| Composite :— | | | | | | |
| Arch of Titus .... | 55 | 30 | 141 | 29 | = | 255 |
| Arch of the Goldsmiths | 46 | 25¼ | 144½ | 25¼ | = | 241 |
| Arch of Septimus Severus .... | 30 | 30⅚ | 140½ | 29⅚ | = | 231⅓ |
| Palladio .... | 33 | 17 | 133 | 17 | = | 200 |
| Scamozzi .... | 30 | 15 | 112½ | 22½ | = | 180 |

v1.c6.s4.149

“The minutes used in the above table are each equal to 1/60 of the diameter of the shaft.” (Gwilt, Encycl. art. 2600).

v1.c6.s4.150

PEDESLALS

v1.c6.s4.151

| | Heights in parts of a module | Projection from the axis of column in parts of a module |
| I. In the Tuscan order (Art. 2555) :— | | |
| .Cornice cyma- / tium 6 parts | 2 parts | 20 |
| | .... | 4 |
| Die 44 parts ....3. Die or dado 3 modules / and / 4. Congé or apophyge. | 4 .... 2 ,, | 16½ 16½ |
| Base 6 parts ....5. Fillet .... .... / 6. Plinth .... ..... | 1 part 5 parts | 18½ 20½ |
| II. In the Doric order (Art. 2665) :— | | |
| Cornice 6 parts1. Listel .... .... / 2. Echinus .... .... / 3. Fillet .... .... / 4. Corona .... .... / 5. Cyma reversa ..... | ½ part 1 ,, ½ ,, 2½ parts 1½ ,, | 23 22¾ 21¾ 21 18½ |
| Die .... | | |

v1.c6.s4.152

| | | | Heights in parts of a module | Projection from the axis of column in parts of a module |
| Base .... | 7. & Congé & .... & .... / 8. & Fillet & .... & .... / 9. & Astragal & .... & .... / 10. & Cyma (inverted) & .... / 11. & Second plinth & .... / 12 & First plinth & .... | 1 & part / 1 & ,, / 1 & ,, / 2 & parts / 2 1/2 & ,, / 4 & ,, | 17\phantom1/4 / 18\phantom1/4 / 18 3/4 / 19\phantom1/4 / 21\phantom1/4 / 21 1/2 |

v1.c6.s4.153

III. In the Ionic order :—

v1.c6.s4.154

| | | | Heights in parts of a module | Projection from the axis of column in parts of a module |
| Cornice 11¾ / parts .... | $1. & Fillet & .... & .... / 2. & Cyma reversa & .... / 3. & Corona & .... & .... / 4. & Fillet of the drip & .... / 5. & Ovolo & .... & .... / 6. & Bead & .... & .... / 7. & Fillet & .... & .... / 8. & Congé & .... & .... | 2/3 & part / 1 1/3 & parts / 3 & ,, / 1/2 & part / 3 & parts / 1 & part / 1 & ,, / 1 1/4 & parts | 35\phantom / 34 3/4 / 33 1/2 / 30\phantom / 29 1/2 / 27\phantom / 26 1/4 / 25\phantom$ |
| Die (4 modus) .... | 9. Die .... .... | 12¾ ,, | 1 mod. 7\phantom{....} |
| Base 10 parts.... | 10. & Congé & .... & .... / 11. & Fillet & .... & .... / 12. & Bead & .... & .... / 13. & Cyma reversa & .... / 14. & Fillet & .... & .... / 15. & Plinth & .... & .... | 2 & ,, / 1 & part / 1 1/3 & parts / 3 & ,, / 2/3 & part / 4 & parts | 25\phantom1/4 / 27\phantom1/4 / 28\phantom1/4 / 27 1/2 / 31 2/3 / 33\phantom1/4 |

v1.c6.s4.155

IV. In the Corinthian order (Art. 2582) :—

v1.c6.s4.156

| | | | Heights in parts of a module | Projection from the axis of column in parts of a module |
| Cornice 14¼ / parts .... | $1. & Fillet & .... & .... / 2. & Cyma reversa & .... / 3. & Corona & .... & .... / 4. & Throat & .... & .... / 5. & Bead & .... & .... / 6. & Fillet & .... & .... / 7. & Frieze & .... & .... / 8. & Bead & .... & .... | 2/3 & part / 1 1/3 & parts / 3 & ,, / 1 1/4 & ,, / 1 & part / 3/4 & ,, / 5 & parts / 1 1/4 & ,, | 33 1/2 / 33 1/4 / 32\phantom / 30 3/4 / 26 1/2 / 25 3/4 / 25\phantom / 26 7/8$ |

v1.c6.s4.157

| | | | | | Heights in parts of a module | Projection from the axis of column in parts of a module |
| Die 91½ parts.... { | 9. | Fillet | .... | .... | ¾ part | 26¼ |
| | 10. | Congé | .... | .... | 1½ parts | 25 |
| | 11. | Die | .... | .... | 87¼ ,, | 25 |
| | 12. | Fillet | .... | .... | 1½ ,, | 25 |
| | 13. | Congé | .... | .... | ¾ part | 26¼ |
| Base 14¼ parts { | 14. | Bead | .... | .... | 1¼ parts | 27¼ |
| | 15. | Inverted | cyma | reversa | 3 ,, | 26⅚ |
| | 16. | Fillet | .... | .... | 1 part | 30¾ |
| | 17. | Torus | .... | .... | 3 parts | 32½ |
| | 18. | Plinth | .... | .... | 6 ,, | 32½ |

v1.c6.s4.158

V. In the Composite order (Art. 2591) :—

v1.c6.s4.159

| Cornice 14 parts { | 1. | Fillet | .... | .... | ⅔ part | 33 |
| | 2. | Cyma reversa | | .... | 1⅓ parts | 32¾ |
| | 3. | Corona | .... | .... | 3 ,, | 31½ |
| | 4. | Cyma recta | | .... | 1⅓ ,, | 28½ |
| | 5. | Fillet | .... | .... | ½ part | 26¼ |
| | 6. | Cavetto | .... | .... | 1 ,, | 25¼ |
| | 7. | Frieze | .... | .... | 5 parts | 25 |
| | 8. | Bead | .... | .... | 1 part | 27 |
| Die 94 parts .... { | 9. | Fillet | .... | .... | 1 ,, | 27¼ |
| | 10. | Congé | .... | .... | 1¼ parts | 25 |
| | 11. | Die | .... | .... | 88¾ ,, | 25 |
| | 12. | Apophyge | .... | .... | 2 ,, | 27 |
| | 13. | Fillet | .... | .... | 1 part | 27 |
| | 14. | Bead | .... | .... | 1 ,, | 27¾ |
| | 15. | Inverted | cyma | reversa | 3 parts | 30¼ |
| | 16. | Fillet | .... | .... | 1 part | 31¼ |
| | 17. | Torus | .... | .... | 3 parts | 33 |
| | 18. | Plinth | ... | .... | 4 ,, | 33 |

v1.c6.s4.160

On the comparison of the pedestals employed in the early periods of Indian and European architecture, Rām Rāz and others are of opinion that “the most finished specimens of them (Indian pedestals) may be justly said to surpass anything of the kind in the Grecian or Roman orders, both in the beauty of their proportions and the richness of their ornament.” (Rām Rāz, p. 23).

v1.c6.s4.161

(6) See Ranganātha inscription of Sundarapāṇḍya (verse 19, Ep. Ind. vol. III. pp. 13, 16).

v1.c6.s4.162

The ends of the ring (of the Konkadara plates of Allava-Dodda) are secured in the crescent shaped base of an oblong *pedestal*, which bears a recumbent figure of the sacred bull Nandin, with the symbols of the sun and the moon in front of it. (Ep. Ind. vol. v. p. 53).

v1.c6.s4.163

(7) “One lower pedestal (upapīṭha), on which this image stood, set with jewels (and measuring) one muṟam and eleven viral in length, three quarters (of a muṟam) and five viral in breadth, and seven viral in height.” (Inscription of Rajaraja, no. 34, para 6, H. S. I. I. vol. II. p. 144).

v1.c6.s4.164

(8) “One pedestal (having or called) an auspicious mark (bhadra).” “The word *bhadra* occurs in two other inscriptions in the description of a pedestal (above, p. 223, paragraph 4; p. 225, paragraph 4).” (V. S. I. I. vol. II, no. 79, paragraph 4, page 398, note 2).

v1.c6.s4.165

(9) See Essay on arch. of Hind. Rām Rāz, plate I. fig. 1-12.

v1.c6.s4.166

(10) See pedestal of statue inside the great temple at Gaya, Cunningham, arch. surv. Reports, vol. I. plate v. p. 6, ibid. vol. IX. plate III (plan and section of pedestal for statues).

v1.c6.s4.167

UPABHAVANA—A sub-temple.

v1.c6.s4.168

“Caused to be erected a sub-temple (upabhavana) adorned with the images of Hari and Gaṇeśa.” (Ep. Carnat. vol. v. part 1. Arsikere Taluq no. 79, Transl. p. 142, last two lines).

v1.c6.s4.169

UPAMĀNA—The measurement of the interspace.

v1.c6.s4.170

(M. LV. 3, 9, see under Māna).

v1.c6.s4.171

UPALEPANA—Plastering.

v1.c6.s4.172

Tad-vasati-sambandhi-nava - karmmottara-bhāvi-khaṇḍa-sphuṭita-sammārjjanopalepana-paripālanādi ।

v1.c6.s4.173

(Konnur Inscrip. of Amoghavarsha I. line 37, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 31, 36).

v1.c6.s4.174

Deva-gṛihaṁ karāpya punas tasya upalepana ।

v1.c6.s4.175

(Buchkalā Inscrip. of Nāga Bhaṭṭa, lines 17-18, Ep. Indic. vol. IX. p. 200).

v1.c6.s4.176

UPAVANA—A pleasure-garden, a planted forest.

v1.c6.s4.177

Upavanam atha chakre tena megheśvarasya sphurita-kusuma-reṇu-śreṇi-chandrātapa-śrī ।
Avirata-makaranda-syanda-sandoha-varshair ddhṛita-rati-pati-līlā-yantradhārāgṛihatvam ॥

v1.c6.s4.178

(Two Bhuvaneśvar Inscriptions, no. A of Svapneśvara, v. 26, Ep. Ind. vol. VI. p. 202).

v1.c6.s4.179

UPAVEDI—The upper or the smaller pedestal, a seat or dais.

v1.c6.s4.180

Śuddha-toyena saṁpūrya vedikopari vinyaset ।
Upavedyopari sthāpya choktavach chāshṭa-maṅgalaṁ ।

v1.c6.s4.181

(M. LXX. 41, 45).

v1.c6.s4.182

UPASTHĀNA—(cf. Āsthāna-maṇḍapa)—A reception-room.

v1.c6.s4.183

“The meritorious gift of a reception room (upasthāna) by the two men”.

v1.c6.s4.184

(Junnar Inscriptions, no. 2, Arch. surv. new Imp. series, vol. IV. p. 92).

v1.c6.s4.185

UPASTHĀNA-BHŪMI—A hall of audience.

v1.c6.s4.186

Yasyopasthāna-bhūmi —— ‘whose hall of audience.’

v1.c6.s4.187

(Kahaum stone pillar inscrip. of Skandagupta, line 1, C. I. I. vol. III. F. G. I. no. 15, p. 67).

v1.c6.s4.188

UPĀNA—A rectangular moulding; it corresponds, in the import of the term and the purpose to which it is applied, to the plinth or the lower square member of the base of a column or the projecting base of any moulding (cf. Rām Rāz, Ess. arch. Hind p. 25).

v1.c6.s4.189

Atha vakshyāmi saṁkshepāt pāda-mānaṁ yathā-vidhi ।
Uttaropānahor madhya-gatam etat prakīrtitam ॥
Apparently, ‘upānaha’ is used in the sense of ‘upāna’.

v1.c6.s4.190

(Vāstuvidyā, ed. Gaṇapati Śāstri, IX. 1).

v1.c6.s4.191

The bottom of the foundation-pit:

v1.c6.s4.192

Tat-pāda-mūle deśe vā tathopāna-pradeśake ।
Kuḍya-stambhe gṛiha-stambhe harmya-garbhaṁ vinikshipet ।
(M. XII. 130-131).

v1.c6.s4.193

The moulding (plinth) at the bottom of a pedestal, it is also called *janman*:

v1.c6.s4.194

Utsedhe tu chatur-viṁśat pañchāṁśaṁ upānam īritam ।
Ekena kampam ityukaṁ grīvochchaṁ dvā-daśāṁśakam ।
Kampam ekaṁ tu vedāṁśaṁ vājanaṁ kampam aṁśakam ।
Vedibhadram iti proktaṁ athavā dvā-daśāṁśakam ।
Janma dvayāṁśakaṁ padaṁ kampaṁ ardhena kārayet ।
(M. XIII. 36-40, see the lists of mouldings under ‘Upapīṭha’).

Linked texts (20)

Mānasāra — Sanskrit
Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
Raghuvaṃśa — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit
Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
Bhagavadgītā — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Agnipurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Kāmikāgama — Sanskrit
Matsyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Suprabhedāgama — Sanskrit
Mayamata — Maya, Sanskrit
Bhaviṣyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Prāsādamaṇḍana — Sūtradhāra Maṇḍana, Sanskrit
Epigraphia Indica
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
Epigraphia Carnatica
Bhuvaneśvar inscription of Svapneśvara, of the time of Aniyaṅkabhīma — Sanskrit
An Ābu Inscription of the reign of Bhīmadeva II., dated Samvat 1265 — Sanskrit
Bannahalli plates of Kṛishṇavarman II. The seventh year (ed. Kielhorn 1901) — Sanskrit
Śevilimeḍu Inscription of the Sixteenth Year — Sanskrit
Kanker copper plate of Pamparājadeva, [Kalachuri] Samvat 966 — Sanskrit