A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day c23: Index
A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day c23
- Language
- English
Contents
Index
c23.1
Aachen, ivory panels at, 382. Abaci of Asoka's pillars, 59. Abanindro Nāth Tagore, artist, 348–50, 466. Abbās Shah, I and II, kings of Persia, 466. Abbasid Khalīfs, 392. Abdul Karīm, Mīr, 415. Abdul Samad, artist, 452, 453, 455, 470. Abhayagiri *dāgaba* in Ceylon, 17 note, 49, 55. Ābū, Mount, Jain temples at, 11, 28, 32–4, 270; sculptures at, 32, 202, 207. Abūl Fazl, on Indian art, 8, 304; on Konārak temple, 26; on calligraphy, 452; on story of Daswanth, 455; his list of artists, 469, 470. Abū Turāb, tomb of, 402. Adham Khān, execution of, 462. Ādīnāth, temple of, 32. Afzal Khān, poet, 446. Agesilaos, engineer of Kanishka, 356. Agra, buildings in Fort at, 408; other buildings at, 410–14; elephant statues at, 425; modern *pietra dura* work at, 441. *Ahadī*, defined, 456. Ahīn Pōsh *stūpa*, 99 note, 101; reliquary, 355. Ahmadābād, architecture of, 401–3; panels at, 432, 433; windows at, 432, 434, 435. Ahmad Shah, (1) Sultan of Gūjarāt, 401; (2) Durrānī, 497. Aihole, series of temples at, 24 note. Aix-la-Chapelle = Aachen, *q. v.* Ajantā frescoes, 6, 8, 10, 159, 272, 274–94; technique of frescoes, 277–9; sculptures of Gupta age at, 176–8. Ajātasatru, Rājā, 71. Aji Saka, in Java, 259. Ajmēr, mosque at, 391–4, 428. Ajodhya, picture of court of, 341. Akbar I, emperor, introduced Persian painting, 127, 303, 450; library of, 328; buildings of, 410; coins of, 422, 423; cenotaph of, 421, 430. II, titular emperor, 457 note. *Akbarnāmah*, 456, 458, 462, 464, 470, 474, 496, 498. Alagri Naidu, artist, 347. Alamgīr = Aurangzēb, *q. v.*, 419. Alā-ud-dīn, Khaljī Sultan, 396, 397, 437. Alexandrian influence, 379–82. Ali Mardān Khān, engineer, 416. Allahabad, Asoka pillar at, 59. Alphabet, introduction of, 377. Altamsh = Iyaltimish, *q. v.* Alu-vihari, paintings at, 345. Alwar State, art in, 338, 343. *A'mal*, explained, 462 note.
c23.2
Amarāvatī, position of, 132; sculptures of Kushān period at, 133, 148–56. Amarnāth (Ambarnāth), temple and sculptures at, 215, 218. Amar Singh, Rānā, 426. Ambusthāla, *dāgaba*, 54, 88. Amitābha Buddha, 315. *Amorini*, 384. Ampthill, Lord, bronzes exhibited by, 236 note, 249. Ānanda, colossal statue of, 243, 244. Ananta, serpent, 164. Anāthapinda, banker, 71. ‘Ancient West’, school of, 305–7, 314. Āndhra kings, 150, 155, 275. Anegundi, paintings at, 345. Angelico, Fra, compared with Ajantā artists, 292. Animals, in Indian art, 6, 388; on Asoka pillars, 59, 95; at Bharhut, 71; in Indo-Persian art, 495. ‘Annunciation’, at Fathpur-Sīkrī, 460. Antalkidas, king of Taxila, 65. Anūpchhatar, artist, 482. Anūp Rāi, (1) courtier, 424; (2) artist, 482. Anurādhapura, city, 49, 53–6, 92; statues, reliefs, &c., at, 241, 242, 245, 249, 250; early paintings at, 298, 301. *Anwār-i-Suhaili*, MS., 459 note. Apollo, Buddha in guise of, 99; Didymaeus, 101. Arahat, a Jain saint, 144. Arch, Hindu, 13; Muhammadan, 392, 394, 397, 398. Archipelago, *see* Malay Archipelago. Architecture, originality of Indian, 7; Jain, 11; Hindu styles of, 13–56; history of, begins with Asoka, 13, 57; Buddhist forms of, 14; theory of origins of, 18, 57; styles deduced from temples, 23; two leading styles, 24; Āryāvarta or Indo-Aryan style, 25; Bengal style, 28; modern style, 30; Gupta style, 30; Gūjarātī style, 32; Dravidian or Southern style, 32; Chalukyan, Deccan, or Mysore style, 39; Ballāri variety of Dravidian style, 44; Kashmīr style, 45; Nepalese style, 48; in Ceylon, 48, 52–6; no trace in India of Greek, 101; Indo-Muhammadan in Trichinopoly District, 232; in Java, 261; Indo-Muhammadan styles, 391–420; origin of Muslim, 392; Indo-Persian forms of, 405–18; decline of, 419; uniformity of Muhammadan, 421. Arjumand Begam = Mumtāz Mahall, *q. v.*, 414. Arjuna, relief of penance of, 221, 222. Armour, of Kanishka's time, 122, 123. Arsacidan dynasty of Persia, 158. Art, Asiatic, *see* Asiatic art; Chinese, *see* Chinese art;
c23.3
Fine, *see* Fine art; Indian, includes creative Fine Art, 6; plants and animals in, 6; originality of, 7; a by-product of religious emotion, 8; works on, 8, 12; history of, begins with Asoka, 57; naturalistic in early times, 58, 128; Hellenistic branch of, 97; in the Far East, 130; culminating point of, 155; Gupta revival of, 159, 170; mediaeval, 181, 208; in Tibet and Nepāl, 198, 314; in the South, 218; modern eclectic, 236; in Java, 259; scarcely noticed in Indian literature, 304; in Turkistan, 307; modern Europeanized, 346; minor Hindu, 351; Christian, 366; foreign influences on, 377; plant and animal forms in, 388; earliest Muhammadan, 391; decline in, 419; minor Muhammadan, 421; conventions of, 492; Industrial, *see* Industrial art; Japanese, *see* Japanese art; Persian, *see* Persian art. Aruna, personified Dawn, 188. Ārya Sūra, *Jātaka Mālā* of, 279 note. Āryāvarta, or Indo-Aryan style, 24-32. Āsaf Khan, nobleman of Shahjahān's court, 417, 446, 490. Asia Minor, schools of art, 378; Musalman sculpture in, 424. Asiatic art, 3, 314, 466. Asīrgarh, falcon medal of, 422, 423. Asit Kumār Haldar, artist, 350. Asoka, (1) emperor, preferred masonry buildings, 13; buildings of, 14; Piprāwā *stūpa* perhaps earlier than, 17; Lomas Rishi cave of, 20; monolithic pillars of, 20, 133; engineering skill in time of, 22; Anurādhapura buildings of time of, 49; history of Indian art begins with, 57; Buddhism the state religion of, 58; inscriptions and monolithic columns of, 59; Sārnāth capital the best sculpture of, 60; Bakhirā pillar of, 62; female statue of time of, 62, 63; sundry sculptures of time of, 64, 65; Bodh-Gayā railing later than, 67; lion sculptures of, 78; Ionic capitals of age of, 101; Allahabad pillar of, 160, 174; bell-capital of period of, 176; Tāranāth on art of, 304-6; Tibetan painting of, 315; dominant Persian influence in age of, 377; foreign artists of, 378; Greek influence on, 379; intercourse with Egypt of, 382; (2) tree, 136. Assos, relief of bulls fighting at, 282. Assyrian, prototypes of Indian design, 60. *Asura*, demon, 235. Atakūr, boar-fight relief at, 223. Atāla Devī mosque, 398, 399. Athos, Mount, manufacture of ikons at, 315. Atlas (Atlantes) figures, 104, 129, 216, 217, 227, 228, 384, 385. Aunda, brick temple at, 23 note. Aurangābād, sculptures of Gupta age at, 178, 179, 295; tomb of Aurangzēb at, 419. Aurangzēb, emperor, buildings of, 419; destroyed Delhi elephants, 426; librarian of, 452 note; library of, 457; portrait of, 489, 490. Austin de Bordeaux, legend of, 416. Avalokitesvara, images of, 185, 190, 256, 257, 308; litany of, 279. Avantipura, or Vāntpōr, 46. Avantivarman, king of Kashmīr, 46. *Avatār*, incarnation, 210. Awkana, colossal statue of Buddha at, 249. Azes I, coins of, 101, 116, 126, 356.
c23.4
Baalbec, Corinthian columns at, 102; art at, 386. Bābar, buildings of, 406. Bābū, artist, 328. Babylonia, enamelled tiles of, 441. Babylonian civilization in India, 377. Bacchanalian sculptures at Mathurā, 134-9, 179. Bacchus, triumph of, 360; Aachen figures of, 381, 382. Bactria = Chinese Tahia (*ta-hsia*), 155. Badakshān, patera from, 360, 361. Bādāmī, mediaeval sculpture from, 208-10. Badāonī, Akbar's hostile critic, 458. *Badshāh nāmah*, cited, 415, 418 note. Bāgh, sculptures of Gupta age at, 178; frescoes at, 159, 275, 294, 295. Baghdad, architecture at, 392. Bahādur Singh, artist, 492. Bahā-ul-hakk, tomb of, 442. Bahmani Sultanate, 404. Bahraich, tomb of Sayyid Sālār at, 420. Baitāl Dēval temple at Bhuvanesvar, 191, 193. Bajna, painter from Khotan, 131, 313. Bakhirā, Asoka pillar at, 22, 62. Baldēo, artist, 343. Bali, Indian colonies in, 259, 261. Ballāri District, temples in, 44; *see* Bellary. Bamboo, origin of curved roofs, 18, 28, 67. Bannī Singh, Mahārāja, art patron, 342. Barberini diptych, 384. Bargāon = Nālandā, *q.v.*, 184. Barhut = Bharhut, *q.v.*, 68. Bäsäklik monastery, paintings at, 313. Basāwan, artist, 455, 458, 470, 471, 476, 495. Basilica, Buddhist church like, 19. Bas-reliefs, origin of Indian stone, 379. Batanmārā, Yakshī image at, 73, 74. Bathang, bronzes of, 198. Batiya Tissa = Bhātika Abhaya, *q.v.*, 92. Bāz Bahādur, pictures of, 484. Bedsā, early sculpture at, 84, 86. Begūr, battle relief at, 223. Bell, Mr. H. C. P., *Reports* by, 49 note. Bellary District, Vijayanagar in, 39; Chalukyan temples in, 227; *see* Ballāri. Bellini, Giovanni, compared with Ajantā artists, 292. Belūr, temples at, 40, 44. Benares, MSS. of *Rāmcharitmānas* at, 338; Aurangzēb's mosque at, 419. Bengal, cornice, 18, 419, 420; style of architecture, 28, 30, 398, 400. Bengālī Nationalist school of painting, 348-50. Berār, Vākātaka kings of, 275. Bernier, on Delhi elephants, 426; on position of Indian artists, 458.
c23.5.1
Besnagar, Maurya sculptures at, 62–5; Heliodoros pillar at, 65; railing at, 66. Betavolu = Jaggayapata, *q. v.*, 86. Bhadrabāhu, scenes from life of, 270. *Bhagavad-Gītā*, quoted, 181. *Bhāgavata Purāna*, illustrations of, 338. Bhagavatī, chlorite statue of, 192, 193. Bhagwān Dās, Rājā, 425. Bhagwān Singh, modeller, 374, 376. Bhairava and Kālī, group, 210. Bhaisajya-guru, image of, 199. Bhājā, early sculpture at, 84, 86, 282. Bhaniyar, *see* Buniār. Bharhut, *stūpa* at, 68; sculptured rail at, 69–73; medallion of monster swallowing boat from, 322. Bhātgāon, temple at, 47, 48. Bhātika Abhaya, king of Ceylon, 92. Bhattiprolu, *stūpa*, 86, 355 note. Bhavavarman, Indian ruler in Cambodia, 261 note. Bhawānī, artist, 471, 472. Bhīlsā, ivory-carvers of, 58 note, 307, 372 note. Bhītargāon, early brick temple at, 13 note, 23, 28; terra-cottas at, 374, 375. Bhitari, Gupta pillar at, 174. Bhringi, attendant of Siva, 112. Bhuvanesvar, temples at, 25–8, 30; sculptures at, 190–3. Bibliothèque Nationale, Indo-Persian drawings in, 499. Bīdar, mosque at, 404. Bihār, mediaeval sculpture of, 183–90. Bihzād, artist, 451–3. Bījāpur, king of, 422; MS. from, 457 note; style of, 404, 405. Bijolia, portrait bust at, 208. Bikanīr, wall-paintings at, 304. Bilhari, Bengālī temple at, 30. Bilsar, Gupta sculptures at, 164 note. Bīmarān, casket or reliquary, 126, 356, 357. Bimbasāra of Magadha, artist, 304, 306. Bimbisāra, Rājā, 82. Bindings, Indo-Persian, 459. Bindusāra, Maurya emperor, 57. Binyon, Mr.
c23.5.2
L., on art of Ajantā, 292. Birbal, Rājā, portrait of, 480. Birdwood, Sir G., on Indian art, 2. Bīthā, Gupta sculptures at, 173. Bitpālo, artist of Bengal, 305–7. Black Pagoda, 26. Block-prints, Tibetan, 321. Blue pigment, 298, 301. Bodh-Gayā, bas-reliefs at, 67, 68. Bodhisattva images, in Gandhāra, 113, 114; at Mathurā and Sārnāth, 143, 144, 148; Siva, as, 261; Persian, from Khotan, 309, 310. Borneo, Indian colonies in, 259. Boro-Būdūr, monument and sculptures at, 181, 261–4. Bowls, silver, 360–4. Brahmā, god, 120. Brahmanical reaction, 183. Brambanam = Prambānam, *q. v.*, 261. Brass portrait statues at Tirupati, 237, 238. Brick temples, 23. Bricks, size of, a test of age, 241. British Museum, Indo-Persian drawings in, 498. Broadsword, Indian, 120, 144. Bronze, mediaeval artists in, 305–7. Bronzes, of Gupta age at Buddhavāni, 179, 180; from Ceylon, 51 note, 248–58; from Tinnevelly, 236 note, from Java, 266, 267; Fatimite, 424. Brush, single-hair, 462, 495. Buddha, image from Java, 2, 265, 266; Toluvila image, 6, 94; called Gautama, 10, 12, 60, 104; Hindu gods subordinate to, 51; no early images of, 10, 67, 79, 106; scenes in life of, 76; ‘Real Presence’ of, 80 note; visit of Bimbisāra to, 82; Ceylonese images of, 92, 241, 244, 258; figure of, in capitals, 102; with moustaches, 106; visit of Indra to, 83, 108, 352; emaciated, 110; Māyā, mother of, 119; nativity of, 120; Great Renunciation of, 122; evolution of type, 125; as *yogī*, 151, 153, 181; image at Sārnāth, 168;
c23.5.3
images at Mathurā, &c., 170, 171, 173, 174; traditional marks of, 174; images at Ajantā, 176; Bihār images of, 185, 190; Ajantā paintings of, 284; temptation of, 289; Tibetan figure of, 315; Amitābha, 315; holy name of, 321; gold statuette of, 356. Buddhapaksha, king, 306. Buddhas, former, 11; long line of, 78; various, 104; saints destined to become, 114; Tibetan, 200, 316. Buddhavāni, bronzes of Gupta age from, 179, 180. Buddhism, and art, 9; of ‘Great Vehicle’, 10, 104, 184; popular, 10, 134, 139, 295, 362; died out in India, 11; dominant to A. D. 100, 14; as state religion, 58; history of, 71, 345; spirit of, 72, 128, 181; Yakshas in, 115; in China, &c., 131, 313; an indigenous Indian religion, 133, 208; triumph of Hinduism over, 210; in Java, 260; Hīnayāna form of, 275; in Iranian lands, 310; Ukhtomskij collection of objects of, 318. Buddhist, image-makers, 8; no distinct style, 9, 140; formula of dedication, 12; *stūpas*, 14; Order, 18; church or ‘chaitya-hall’, 19; cave-temples, 22; *dāgabas* in Ceylon, 49; typical monastery in Ceylon, 50; shrines of Hindu gods, 51; railing, 53; Asoka a convert, 57; image of saint at Sānchī, 64; legends, 66, 67, 150; ancient art, 79; all Gandhāra sculptures, 99; scriptures, 104; adaptations of Ganymede, 118, 119; art in China, &c., 130; *stūpa* at Amarāvati, 133; pillars at Mathurā, 140; earliest images at Mathurā, 144; monasteries at Sārnāth, &c., 159; sculptures of Gupta period, 164, 175; pillars at Garhwā, 166;
c23.5.4
caves at Aurangābād, 178; bronze statuettes from Buddhavāni, 179; mediaeval sculpture, 182; Pāla kings, 184; sculpture rare in Orissa (*see* Addenda), 184; images from Bihār, 185; portrait statuettes of Tibet, 198; caves in Western India, 215; images from Ceylon and Java, 258 note; Chinese pilgrim, 259; remains in Java, 261; Pāli canon, 272; all Ajantā paintings, 279; Wheel of Life, 287; Tāranāth on art, 304-7, 314; Central Asiatic art, 310; buildings at Idiqūt-i-Shahri, 312; art in Far East, 313; painted portraits, 318; Nepalese pictures, 322; miniatures, 324; gems, 352. Budhagupta, pillar of, 174. Buland Darwāza, 410. Bull, symbolical meaning of, 60, 95. Bunēr, sculptures from, 98. Būniār, temple at, 46. Burhānpur, in Deccan, 414. Busts, portrait, in Rājputāna, 207, 208.
c23.6.1
Caliphs = Khalīfs, *q. v.*, 392. Calligraphy, on coins, 421-4; as decoration, 428, 430; as an art, 452-4. Cambodia, Indian migration to, 260, 267. Cambodian architecture in Ceylon, 56; supposed influence at Agra, 411. Camel, drawings of, 311, 312, 480. Cameo, Indo-Muhammadan, 424. Capital, forms of, in Ceylon, 55, 56; of Asoka columns, 59-62, 378; fan-palm, 65, 66; modified Persepolitan, 70, 86; lion, 76; elephant and dwarf, 78; Ionic and Romano-Ionic, 101, 386; Indo-Corinthian, 102, 103, 126, 386; bell, 160; Gupta, 175; true Persian, 377. Car, processional, 24. Caracalla, Baths of, 102. Cardinal points, deviation from, 32. Castro, Father de, 417. Cat, drawings of, 484, 486. Catacombs, illustrations of Gandhāra art from the, 106, 109, 122. Centaur, Indian, 67, 68, 82, 384. Ceylon, art almost wholly Indian, v; no building earlier than Asoka in, 13; *dāgabas* of, 14; Jetawanārāma *dāgaba* in 17; few buildings earlier than sixth century in, 22; architecture in, 48-56; stone railings in, 50; Buddhist and Hindu temples in, 51, 246; circular shrines in, 52, 53; circles of columns in, 54; Cambodian buildings in, 55; relations of Asoka with, 57; independent of Asoka, 58; stelae, &c., in, 82, 88; sculpture abundant in, 86; early and mediaeval sculpture in, 87; portrait statues of kings in, 88; Buddhas in, 92; early kings of, 92 note; Kapila relief in, 93-5; moonstones in, 95; drawing-schools in, 168; mediaeval sculpture in, 241-58; sundry statues in, 241-4; bas-reliefs in, 244, 245;
c23.6.2
*makara toraṇa* in, 246; bronzes, 236, 248-58; small bronzes from, 256; Jambhala of, 258 note; early painting in, 272, 273, 295-302; Anurādhapura paintings in, 279, 298, 301; Sigiriya frescoes in, 295-300; paintings at Tamankaduwā in, 302; mediaeval painting in, 345; intaglio seal from, 354; ivories, 372. Chaitanya, ancient portraits of, Addenda. 'Chaitya-hall', Buddhist church, 9, 19. Chalukya dynasty, 40, 44, 159, 275; style, 39, 42, 44. Chambā State, wood-carving in, 366, 368. Chāmuṇḍa Rāya, minister, 268. Chandaka, Buddha's groom, 120, 122. Chandi Sewa, in Java, 261. Chandragupta, (1) Maurya emperor, 13, 57, 270; (2) II, Vikramāditya, of Gupta dynasty, 158, 159, 164, 170, 172; coins of (2), 352, 353. Chang-kien, mission of, 130. Chera dynasty, 220; territory, 248. Chezarla, Buddhist church at, 19 note. Chhaj Mal, artist, 492. Chhaju Lāl, artist, 342. Chhargaon, Nāga statue from, 138. China, Buddhism in, 131; influence of, 377, 450. Chinese architecture in Nepāl, 48; art, 3, 8, 129, 292, 293, 304, 313, 314, 451; dynastic dates, 130 note; Turkistan, painting and sculpture in, 8, 130, 303, 307-14. Chinghiz Khān, MS. history of, 450. *Chīnī* = *Kāshī tiles, q. v.*, 444. Chīnī-kā-Rauza, enamelled tiles of, 445, 446. Chiqqan Kōl, archaic Indian pictures at, 313. Chitarman, artist, 482. Chitōr, Town of Victory at, 202; Mokaljī's temple at, 203, 204; Rānā Amar Singh of, 426; Jaimall and Paltā, heroes of, 426. Chola dynasty, 220, 223. *Chorten* = *stūpa, q. v.*, 14.
c23.6.3
Chosroes II = Khusrū Parvīz, *q. v.*, 290 note. 'Choultrie', at Madura, 233. Christian subjects in art, 366, 369, 463, 472. Chukalokā, Yakshī, 73. *Cire perdue* process, 172. Clay-slate, material of Gandhāra sculpture, 99; of Rājmahāl sculpture, 185. 'Cobra' pattern, 95. Cochineal, pigment, 462. Coimbatore District, 248. Coins, best Hindu, 351-3; Muhammadan with figure types, 422, 423. Colour, on Ceylonese sculpture, 88; on Amarāvatī sculpture, 156. Colours, at Ajaṇṭā, 278, 279; at Sīgiriya, 298; at Anurādhapura, 301; *see* Pigments. Columns, Buddhist and Jain, 20-2; at Ābū, 32, 34; in Ceylon, 54; of Asoka, 59, 64, 377; at Bharhut, 70; Indo-Hellenic, 101; Gupta, 174; spiral, 386; *see* Pillars. Comic scenes at Bharhut, 72. Composite style, 419. Conjeeveram = Kānchī, *q. v.*, 220. Constantinople, or Rūm, 417. Coomaraswamy, Dr., on Indian and Sinhalese art, 3, 12, 127, 128, 346. Copper, statue of Buddha, 171, 172; statuettes in Tibet, 198; vessels, 364. Copto-Alexandrian art, 380, 382. Corinthian capitals, 101; *see* Indo-Corinthian. Cornice, Bengālī curvilinear, 398, 419, 420; in Bījāpur style, 405. Cotton, Tibetan paintings on, 315; Mongol paintings on, 454.
c23.7
Cross, Descent from, 366, 369. Custard-apple, as decoration, 280. Cyrene, Buddhist mission to, 9, 57.
c23.8
Dāgaba = *stūpa*, *q. v.*, 14. Damayantī and Nala, 328. Dambulla, paintings at, 345. Dānavulapād, Jain sculptures from, 156, 157. Dandān Uiliq, ancient armour from, 122; paintings at, 308–12. Daniyāl, Prince, 422. *Dārābnāmah*, 451, 455. Dārā Shukoh, album of, 457, 463, 475, 477, 487, 488. Dārāsuram, sculptures at, 225–7. Daswanth, artist, 303, 452, 455, 458, 470, 472. Death, god of, *see* Yama. Deccan, or Chalukyan style, 39, 42; Sultans of, 228. Decorative art, Musulman, 421. Degal-doruva, paintings at, 346. Delhi, Iron Pillar at, 172, 174; Kutb mosque and mīnār at, 391, 394–7; Tughlak Sultans of, 398, 400, 422; Bābar's buildings at, 406; mausoleum of Humāyūn near, 408; palace at, 412, 415; great mosque at, 419; elephant statues at, 425, 426, 428; Fort at, 428; tracery at, 437; *pietra dura* at, 438; enamelled tile from, 447, 448; imperial library at, 456; albums at, 458; ivory miniatures of, 460. Demetrius, 'King of the Indians,' 126. Dēogarh, Gupta sculptures at, 162. Deoriyā, Gupta sculptures at, 173. Devadatta, enemy of Buddha, 108. Devānampiya Tissa, king of Ceylon, 88. Devapāla, king of Bengal, 305–7. Devathala, Vishnu image at, 190. Devil dances of Lamas, 122, 318. Dhamēkh *stūpa*, decoration of, 167, 168. *Dhanāsarī Rāginī*, picture, 332, 333. Dharanikota = Amarāvatī, *q. v.*, 148. *Dharma*, the Buddhist Law, 108. Dharmakuksha (?), Indian monk, 313. Dharmapāla, king of Bengal, 305–7. Dharmarāja Ratha, 36. Dharmrāja, picture of, 334, 336. Dhīmān of Varendra, artist, 305–7, 324. Dholkā, mosque at, 401. Dhyānī-Buddha, painting of, 316. Diddā, queen of Kashmīr, 305. Digambara sect of Jains, 11, 268. Dinājpur District, temples in, 30. Dionysus, procession of, 360. *Divyāvadāna*, scenes from, 261. Dīwān-i-Khās, at Delhi, 415. Dome, forms of, 392, 397, 400, 401, 404–6, 408, 416 note, 419. Domical roofs, 17, 18. Domitian, coin of, 355. Doric columns in Kashmīr, 46, 48, 101. Dravidian style, 24, 32, 36–9. Drona, Brahman, 222.
c23.9
Durgā, goddess, 222. Dutthāgāmini, king of Ceylon, 92, 272. Dwarfs, in ancient sculpture, 78, 88, 91; in painting, 301. 'Dying Princess', picture at Ajantā, 286.
c23.10
Earth spirits, 122. Earthquake, at Kāngrā, 325. Egypt, Asoka's relations with, 57; Musalman bronzes from, 424; marble inlay in, 437. Elephant, at Lomas Rishi cave, 20; at Halebīd, 40; at Bhātgāon, 48; at Sankisa, 60; symbolical meaning of, 59, 95; at Bharhut, 72; at Sānchī, 78; fish-tailed, 146; colossal, at Konārak, 196; at Māmallapuram, 222; and Srī at Polonnāruwa, 244; in Rāmgarh Hill painting, 273; in Ajantā frescoes, 284, 293; in 'mixed figures', 344; on Hindu seal, 352; on Gundlā *lotā*, 364; India the home of, 370; Indian treatment of, 388; sculptures on Mughal buildings, 425, 426, 428; in Lahore tile-pictures, 444; in Indo-Persian or Mughal paintings, 484, 492, 495. Elephanta, caves and sculptures at, 3, 215, 216. Elūra (Ellora), temples and sculptures at, 3, 39, 208, 210–14. Enamel, in Mughal decoration, 437. Enamelled tiles, *see* Tiles, enamelled. Encaustic tiles, *see* Tiles, enamelled. Endere, paintings at, 311, 312. Ephesus, Hellenistic art of, 378. Epirus, Buddhist mission to, 9, 57. Eran, monolithic Gupta pillar at, 174. Erotes, 104, 354. Euclid, Europeanized, 379 note. Eunuch's mosque at Gaur, 398, 400. European style, modern pictures in, 346, 347. Europeanized Indo-Persian pictures, 464–6.
c23.11
Fa-hien, Chinese pilgrim, 130, 158, 259. Fakīrullah Khān, Muhammad, artist, 488. Falcon, drawing of, 342. Famine, Lucknow figures of, 374–6. Far East, Buddhist art in, 130, 131. Fardāpur, town, 274. Farrukh, artist, 470. Farrukhsiyar, emperor, 484. Fathābād, Humāyūn's mosque at, 406. Fath Chand, Rāi, artist, 332. Fathpur in Kāngrā, 173, 174. Fathpur-Sīkrī, fresco of fighting bulls at, 282; city and Buland Darwāza of, 408–10; elephant gate at, 425; dado panels at, 430; tomb of Salīm Chishtī at, 435, 437, 441; inlay at, 437; other frescoes at, 459–61, 496. Fatimite sovereigns, 424. Fiesole = Angelico Fra, *q. v.*, 292. Finch, William, traveller, 425. Fine Art, in India, 1–6, 12, 421. Finot, M. L., on Indian gems, 352 note. Fīrōz Tughlak, Sultan of Delhi, 66.
c23.12
Flags, votive, 313. Florence, *pietra dura* at, 438. Foreign influences on Hindu art, 5, 8, 377–90. Foucher, M. A., on Indian art, 98, 131 note. Frescoes, Indian, 159, 273, 277–9; on Mughal buildings, 459–61, 496. Fry, Mr., on mediaeval art, 210.
c23.13
Gajabāhu I, king of Ceylon, 88. Galapāta vihāre, 56. *Gal-pota*, at Polonnāruwa, 244. Gal-vihāre, at Polonnāruwa, 244. Gandhāra, Hellenistic sculpture of, 97–131; territory defined, 98; Kanishka, king of, 99; sculptures described, 106–25; sculptures criticized, 125–31. Ganesa Ratha, at Māmallapuram, 36. Ganga territory, 224. Gangaikonda, title of Rājendra Choladeva I, *q. v.*, 224. Gangaikonda-[chola]puram, city, temple, and sculptures of, 36, 202, 224–6. Ganges, personified, 32, 160, 162; river, 224. Ganymede, group by Leochares, 117, 118. Garhwā, Gupta sculptures at, 166, 382. Garland, or roll motive, 104, 152, 153, 384–7. Garuda, image of, 66; enemy of snake tribe, 119. Gaur, buildings at, 398, 400; encaustic tiles from, 442. Gautama = Buddha, *q. v.*, 9, 10, 57. Gē (Gaia), motive, 384. Gems, Hindu, 352–4; Muhammadan, 424. Genre pictures unknown in India, 78. Geometrical patterns in Muslim art, 421, 432, 434, 437. Ghaznī, Sultanate of, 391. Ghulām Alī Khān, artist, 343. Ghulām Razā, artist, 336. ‘Gigantomachia’, 385. Gilding, on Gandhāra sculptures, 99. Gill, Major, artist, 276. Gingee = Jinjī, *q. v.*, 232. Gistubar, the Assyrian Hercules, 134. Glass mosaics, 441. Gobi desert = Taklamakān, *q. v.*, 130, 307. Gobind Ratan, ivory-carver, 372, 373. Gobind Singh, artist, 332. Gobind Singh, Rāo (? a different person), artist, 488. Gogonendra Nath Tagore, artist, 350. Gol Gumbaz, tomb, 405, 406. Gol Mandal, *pietra dura* at, 438. Gold, on images at Hidda, 100; wash, 462, 472. Golkonda style, 402, 404. ‘Good Shepherd’ picture, 464, 465. Gōp, temple at, 48. Graeco-Buddhist sculptures, 97; *see* Gandhāra. Graeco-Roman art, 384. Griffith, Mr., artist, 276. *Grisaille* drawings, 463, 465, 480. Grünwedel, Prof., explorations of, 307, 314. Guhila Rānas of Udaipur, 307. Gūjarāt, style of architecture, 11, 32, 403; traditions of emigration to Java from, 260, 267.
c23.14
Gulbarga = Kulbarga, *q. v.* *Gulistān*, in Alwar Library, 342. Gunavarman, prince of Kashmīr, 260. Gundlā, engraved *loṭā* from, 364. Gupta architecture, 32; period defined, 158; sculpture, 159–80; later style, 168; sculptures at Sārnāth, 168, 169, 176; at Mathurā, 170, 171; elsewhere, 171–6; columns and capitals, 174, 175; coins, 351–3. Gwalior, Jain sculptures at, 268; elephant gate of, 425; tiles at, 444. Gyān Chand, Ustād, artist, 490, 491.
c23.15
Hāfiz Rahmat, library of, 457 note, 458. Haidar Mirzā Dughlat, 454. Hakim Muhammad Khān, artist, 350. Halebid, temples at, 40, 43. *Hallīsaka*, a musical play, 295. Halos, plain in Kushān age, 148. Hampi, on site of Vijayanagar, 39. Hamzah, Amīr, Romance of, 454, 468, 470, 490. Han dynasty of China, 129, 130. Hands, in Indian art, 6, 180, 267. Hanguranketa, ‘floral moonstone’ from, 246. Hanna, Col., collection of, 460 note, 484. Hanumān, image of, 228, 230 note. Haribans, artist, 470. Hārītī, goddess, 114–16. Harsha Sīlāditya, king of Kanauj, 158, 306, 307. Hārūn-ar-rashīd, Khalīf, 392. Hāshim, Mīr, artist, 482. Hastings, Warren, collected pictures, 330. Hasurāja = ? Hasnarāja, 305, 306. Hāthī Gumphā cave, 84 note. Havell, Mr. E. B., on Indian art, 5, 12, 127. Hay, Mr., collection of, 331, 332. Hazāra, District, heads from, 100; Ramaswāmi temple, 229, 230. Heads, from Gandhāra, 100, 101. Hearn, Lafcadio, on Oriental art, 6. Heliodoros, Besnagar inscription of, 65. Hellenistic art, forms in India, 97, 134, 378–80, 384–7, 390. Hendley, Col., on Indian jewellery, 355 note. Herakles (Hercules), figure posed as, 124; and Nemean lion, 134. Herringham, Mrs., on Ajaṇṭā frescoes, 278, 293, 294. Hidda, images found at, 100. Hilāl Khān Kāzī, mosque of, 401. Hima = Kadphises II, *q. v.* Hīnayāna school of Buddhism, 275. Hindu, term includes Jain and Buddhist, vi, 5; alleged superiority of art, 4, 182; elements in Indo-Persian school, 6; characteristics of art, 6; indigenous styles, 7; no art literature, 8, 304; worship and art, 12; styles of architecture, 13–56; ordinary temple, 24; buildings in Muslim style, 30; gods in Buddhist temples, 51; civilization, 58; drama, 159, 379; exaggeration of female form, 162; canon of sculpture, 170; later mythology, 181; sculpture in Bengal, Bihār, and Orissa, 184, Addenda; dictionary of mythology at Chitōr, 202; dynasty of Vijayanagar, 228; temples in Ceylon, 246; art in Far East, 259; kingdom of Majapāhit, 261; early schools of painting, 272–302; pictorial tradition, 272; painting, mediaeval and modern, 303–350, Addenda; lost frescoes, 303; Rājās of Kāngrā, 325; mythological paintings, 328, 330, 338; skill in drawing animals and plants, 328; musical modes, 330; portraits of deities, 336; minor arts, 351–76; die-cutters, 351; gems and seals, 352; foreign influences on art, 377–90; mediaeval revival, 390; masons, 392; construction, 394, 397, 401; composite style, 419; artists, 424, 455, 469, 490; lattices, 432; tiles, 444; queen of Akbar, 459; perspective, 494; legends, 496.
c23.16
Hinduism, earliest Indian religion, 9; has no founder, 12; Brahmanical, 133; admirers of, 183; and later Buddhism, 184, 215; at Ellora (Elūra), 208; Tantric, 214; in Java, 260; hostile to Buddhist art, 305; a social system, 377.
c23.17
Hippocamps, 104, 384.
c23.18
Hiuen Tsang, Chinese pilgrim, 130, 155, 156 note, 184, 310.
c23.19
Hodgson, Mr. Brian, Tibetan drawings and paintings of, 316.
c23.20
Hog-deer, 72.
c23.21
Holbein, compared with Nanhā Rāi, 488.
c23.22
Horiūji temple, frescoes at, 293 note, 314.
c23.23
Hornblende-schist, material of Gandhāra sculptures, 99.
c23.24
Horse, symbolical meaning of, 60, 95; statue of, 428; in Indo-Persian art, 484, 495.
c23.25
Horus, Egyptian images of, 384.
c23.26
Hoysala dynasty, 40, 226.
c23.27
Hoysalesvara temple, 40, 42–4.
c23.28
Hsieh Chi, Chinese artist, 476.
c23.29
Hui Tsung, Chinese emperor and artist, 476.
c23.30
Humāyūn, emperor, library of, 303; buildings of, 406; tomb of, 408, 419; tiles on tomb of, 444.
c23.31
Humour in Bharhut sculptures, 72.
c23.32
Humphreys, Ozias, miniaturist, 460.
c23.33
Hun invasions and wars, 158, 159, 174, 175, 260.
c23.34
Husain Baiqara, Sultan, 451.
c23.35
Huvishka, Kushān king, 132; Mathurā sculptures of reign of, 134, 139, 140; coins of, 351–3, 355.
c23.36
Ibrāhīm, Rauza at Bījāpur, 404; Ādil Shah II, 404; son of Adham, 464, 496.
c23.37
Ichneumon = mongoose, *q. v.*, 266.
c23.38
Iconography, of Buddhism, 104.
c23.39
Idiqūt-i-Shahri, remains at, 312.
c23.40
Iggulden, Col., Tibetan paintings collected by, 316.
c23.41
Images, early Hindu use of, 79 note; prohibited by Koran, 421, 422, 455; occur rarely in mosques, 455 note.
c23.42
Indecent, *see* Obscene.
c23.43
India, has a character of her own, 7; Jains in, 11; dominance of Buddhism in, 14; curved roofs in, 17; Chandragupta Maurya master of, 57; no Greek architecture in, 101; intercourse of China with, 129; Hun power in, 158; emigration to Far East from, 259; mediaeval Jain sculpture in all, 267; long history of painting in, 272; mediaeval painting in, 303, Addenda; contact of other civilizations with, 308; Buddhist art of Far East derived from, 313; early coins of, 351; lapidaries of, 352; jewellery of, 354; reliquaries of, 355; copper vessels of, 364; wood-carving in, 364; ivory-carving in, 370; terra-cotta modelling in, 374; foreign influence on, 377; intercourse of Egypt with, 382; Muslim conquest of, 391; narrow-necked domes of, 408; Muhammadan figure sculpture in, 424; Persian painting introduced into, 450; calligraphy in, 452.
c23.44
India Office, Indo-Persian drawings in, 498.
c23.45
Indian, ambiguity of the term, 4; art, *see* Art, Indian.
c23.46
Indianization of Gandhāra style, 98, 124, 125, 127.
c23.47
Indigo blue, 301, 328.
c23.48
Indo-Aryan style of architecture, 24.
c23.49
Indo-Corinthian capitals, &c., 102, 103, 105, 124, 126.
c23.50
Indo-Doric columns in Kashmīr, 46.
c23.51
Indo-Hellenic (-Hellenistic) sculpture, 97–131.
c23.52
Indo-Muhammadan architecture, 391–420; decorative and minor arts, 421–49.
c23.53
Indo-Persian bowl, 362, 363; or Mughal painting, 450–500.
c23.54
Indo-Scythian = Kushān, *q. v.*
c23.55
Indra, visit to Buddha of, 83, 108, 109, 352; = Sakra, 120.
c23.56
Industrial art in India, 1, 2, 351, 421.
c23.57
Inlay, and mosaic, 437–41.
c23.58
Ionic temples, capitals, and columns, 101, 126.
c23.59
Iranian art, 450.
c23.60
Iron pillar of Delhi, 130 note, 174.
c23.61
Isfahan, fashions of, 412; artists of, 466.
c23.62
Ishwari Parshad, artist, 350.
c23.63
Ismail Shah, of Persia, 451.
c23.64
Isurumuniya Vihāra, 94, 95.
c23.65
Italian art and that of Ajantā, 291, 292; origin of *pietra dura*, 438.
c23.66
Itimād-ud-daula, tomb of, 411, 438, 439.
c23.67
Ivories, Indian, 370–3.
c23.68
Ivory-carvers of Bhilsā, 58 note, 307, 372 note.
c23.69
Iyaltimish, Sultan of Delhi, 378, 391, 392, 394–6.
c23.70
Jack-fruit, 72, 73.
c23.71
Jagannāth, temple of, 26, 192, 194; artist, 470, 472.
c23.72
Jaggayapeta *stūpa*, 86.
c23.73
Jahāngīr, emperor, conquered Kāngrā, 325; buildings of, 411, 412; coins of, 422–4; portraits of, 480–3; *see* Salīm, Prince.
c23.74
Jahāngīrī Mahall, date of, 408, 410.
c23.75
Jaimall, hero of Chitōr, 428 note; *see* Jayamalla.
c23.76
Jain, art included in Hindu, 5; style of architecture non-existent, 9, 32; religion, 10; architecture, 11; sculpture, 11; columns in Kanara, 22; ‘Indo-Aryan’ temples, 23; *stūpa* at Mathurā, 82, 144; caves in Orissa, 84; railing, 144; sculptures at Dānavulapād, 156; pillar at Kahāon, 174; mediaeval sculpture conventional, 180, 208, 268; colossi, 268; temple in Mysore, 270; paintings at Tirumalai, 344; temples of Gujarāt, 400. Jainism, origin of, 9; Mahāvīra founder of, 84; no trace in Gandhāra of, 99. Jains, once more numerous, 11; monastic institutions of, 18; cell temples of, 24; Sārnāth holy ground of, 133. Jaipur State, art in, 338, 342. Jalālābād, in Kābul valley, 100, 101. Jamālgarai, Graeco-Buddhist site, 97 note, 98, 99 note, 102. Jambhala = Kuvera, *q. v.*, 200, 257. Jāni Beg, Mīrzā, tomb of, 448. Japan, Buddhist missions to, 9; Buddhist art in, 130, 131, 313. Japanese art, 3, 313. Jaswant, artist, 328. Jāt style at Mathurā, 419 note. Jātaka tales, in Bharhut sculptures, 70; in Boro-Budūr sculptures, 262; in Ajaṇṭā frescoes, 279. Jaunpur, style of architecture, 398, 399. Java, Indian colonization of, 259–61; Boro-Budūr sculptures, &c., in, 262–7. Jawāhir Raqam, librarian, 452 note. Jaya, in Tibet, bronzes from, 198; Southern artist, 305, 306. Jayamalla, Nepalese champion, 48; *see* Jaimall. Jayavijaya cave, 84. Jesus, representations of, 106. Jetavana, monastery at Srāvastī, 71. Jetawanārāma, in Ceylon, 17, 49. Jewellery, Indian, 354. Jinanāthpur Bastī, sculptures at, 271. Jinjī, temple and sculptures at, 232. Jīwan, artist, 342. Jodhpur = Mārwār, *q. v.*, 305. Jogīmārā cave, paintings in, 273. Johnson, Mr. R., collection of Indo-Persian drawings made by, 331, 332, 458, 498 Jones, Sir W., on musical modes, 330–2. Jumna, personified, 32, 160.
c23.77
Kabodha (?), Indian monk, 313. Kābul, Graeco-Buddhist sculpture from, 97; Muhammadan occupation of, 391. Kachpura, Humāyūn’s mosque at, 406 note. Kadam Rasūl mosque, Gaur, 427. Kadphises, I and II, Kushān kings, 132; II, coins of, 351, 353, 355. Kadwār, temple at, 48. Kāfiristan, vine in, 386. Kahāon, Gupta Jain pillar at, 174. Kahār caste, painters of, 451 note, 455. Kah-gyur, MS. of, 324 note. Kailās, (1) temple at Elūra, 39, 213, 214; (2) Mount, 137, 210. Kailāsanātha, temple at Kānchī, 36. *Kakemonos*, painted silk strips, 321. Kālī, goddess at Elūra, 210, 211. Kali Bening, temples at, 261. Kālidāsa, date of, 159. Kalingapura = Polonnāruwa, *q. v.*, 49 note. Kalyān Dās = Chitarman, artist, *q. v.*, 482. Kāmrūp and Kāmtā, romance of, 484, 492. Kanara, Jain colossi in, 11, 268; Jain columns in, 22; Jain buildings in, 48. Kanarese sculptors, 48. Kanaruc = Konārak, *q. v.* Kanauj, conquered by Lalitāditya, 305. Kānchī, temples at, 36–8; Pallava dynasty of, 220; temple-paintings at, 344. Kāngrā, school of painting, 325–7, Addenda; Fort, 327. Kānha, artist, 328, 470. Kanishka, date of, 99, 126, 132; supposed conquest of Khotan by, 131; Mathurā and Sārnāth sculptures of reign of, 134, 143, 148; coins of, 351–3, 355; casket of, 356–8; enamelled tiles of, 442. Kankālī mound at Mathurā, 82. Kan-su, province of China, 313. Kanthaka, Buddha’s horse, 120, 122. Kāntonagar, temple at, 30. Kapila, relief sculpture of, 93–5. Kapilavastu, town, 120. Kapūr Singh, artist, 326, 327. Kari [*sic*] Abdul Rahmān, artist, 343. Kārkala, Jain colossus at, 268, 269. Kārlī, cave church at, 20. Karvati, florid sculptures at, 216, 217. *Kāshī* tiles, 444, 446. Kashmīr, style of architecture, 45–8; emigration to Java from, 260; art schools in, 305, 306; wooden mosques of, 392, 420. Kashmīr-Smats, wood-carvings from, 364–7. Kasiā, recumbent Buddha at, 176, 190. Kāsyapa, I, king of Ceylon, 95, 296, 298; V, ditto, 53. Katās, temple at, 46. Kāthiāwār, temples in, 48; included in Gupta empire, 159; mediaeval sculpture in, 216. Kauṇḍinya = Śrutavarman, *q. v.*, 260 note. Kedāresvara temple, 40, 42. Kermes, pigment, 462 note. Kesū (Kesava), I and II, artists, 451 note, 470, 472. Khairpur, tomb of Sikandar Lodi at, 397 note. Khajurāho, temples at, 23, 28, 30; sculptures at, 202. Khalifs, Abbasid, 392. Khams, a province of Tibet, 198. Khandagiri, caves at, 84. Khāndēsh, conquest of, 410. Khāravela, king, 84 note. Kharoshṭhī character, 70. Khemkaran, artist, 470. Khorāsān, enamelled tiles of, 441. Khotan, Buddhist art passed through, 106, 313; ancient armour in, 122; Indo-Scythian occupation of, 131; painters from, 131; worship of Kuvera in, 258 note; use of nimbus in, 308, 311; legends of, 310. Khudā Baksh library, 499. Khurram, Prince = Shahjahān, *q. v.*, 417, 424, 438.
c23.78
Khusrū and Shīrīn, romance of, 484. Khusrū Parvīz, king of Persia, 279, 290, 291. *Kinnara*, horse-headed female, 68, 82; another form of, 301. Kinsbergen, van, *Antiquities of Java*, 267. *Kīrtimukha*, grinning faces, 282. Kīrti Nissanka Malla, king of Ceylon, 49, 52, 55. Kīrti Srī Rāya Simha, king of Ceylon, 345. Kiruvatti, *see* Karvati. Kistna = Krishnā river, *q. v.*, 228. Konārak, temple at, 26, 192; sculptures at, 194-7; horses at, 195; elephant at, 196; chlorite statues at, 196, 197, 202. Kōnch, early brick temple at, 28. Kondānē, early sculpture at, 84, 86. Koranic prohibition of images, 421, 422, 455. Korea, Buddhist art in, 130, 131, 313. Kosala, frescoes in, 272. Kosam, Siva and Pārvatī at, 162. Krishna, (1) demigod, worship of, 164; pictures of, 336; and the Gopīs, 370, 371; (2) Deva Rāya, king of Vijayanagar, 228, 237, 238. Krishnā river, 228. *Kshitipati* = White-bearded Old Man, 321. Kufic inscriptions, 394, 428; script, 452. Ku K'ai-chih, Chinese artist, 129, 313. Kūkargrāma, Bacchanalian Nāga from, 138. Kulbarga, roofed mosque at, 392, 404. Kumāragupta I, king, 164, 172. Kundlah, *see* Gundlā. Kurkihār, Buddhist images from, 185, 186, 190. Kuruvatti, bracket figure from, 228. Kushān, kings and empire, 99 note, 126, 132; coinage, 126; sculpture, 132. Kutb mosque and mīnār, 391, 394-6. Kutb-ud-dīn (1) Ībak, 391, 392; (2) of Ūsh, 396. Kūtharā = Nachnā, *q. v.*, 164 note. Kuvera, king of the Yakshas, 114-16, 137, 200, 205, 206, 380; in Ceylon, 257, 258 note, 324. Kwang Wu-ti, Han emperor of China, 260.
c23.79
Labarum, symbol, 122. Laccadive islands, 223. Ladies, portraits of, 478 note. Lahore, tile-pictures on Fort, 444; Wazīr Khān's mosque at, 445, 446; square tiles from, 447-9. Laila and Majnūn, romance of, 484. Lāl, artist, 470. Lalitāditya, king of Kashmīr, 45, 305, 306. *Lalita Vistara*, scenes from, 261, 267. Lamaism, yellow, 200. Lamas, devil-dances of, 122, 318; portrait statuettes of, 198; as artists, 315; pictures of, 318-20. Landscape in Chinese and Indian art, 450, 496. Lankārāma *dāgaba* at Anurādhapura, 52, 54. Laos States, Indian emigration to, 260. Lapis lazuli, pigment, 279, 301, 462. Lāta = Gujarāt, *q. v.*, 260 note. Lattices, Hindu, 432; Muhammadan, 432-7. Lauriya-Nandangarh, Asoka pillar at, 20, 59, 62. Le Bon, M., on Indian art, 7, 12. Le Coq, Dr. v., explorations of, 307, 308, 313, 314. Leitner, Dr., on Graeco-Buddhist sculpture, 97. Leochares, Ganymede group of, 117, 118. Lhasa, images made at, 198. Libraries, imperial, &c., 456, 457. Line, in Asiatic art, 466, 468, 494. Lion, symbolical meaning of, 60, 95; in Oriental art, 78; at Amarāvatī, 153. Lithang, bronzes from, 198. Lokanātha = Avalokitesvara, *q. v.*, 185. Lomas Rishi cave, 20. Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, fresco by, 292. Loriyān Tangai, sculptures from monastery at, 108, 127. Lotan (Lattan) mosque at Gaur, 442. Lotus, at Amarāvatī, 152-4; in Indian art generally, 388, 389. Lucknow, clay statuettes from, 374, 376; buildings at, 419. Lumbinī garden = Rummindēī, *q. v.*, 60, 120.
c23.80
Macedonia, Asoka's relations with, 57. Mackenzie, Col., drawings of Amarāvatī by, 148. Madagascar, Hinduized colonies in, 259 note. Mādho I and II, artists, 470. Madukanda, Buddha from, 256. Madura, buildings at, 38, 39; sculptures at, 232-6. Magadha, frescoes in, 272. Māgalā, temple at, 45. Mahābalipur = Mamallapuram, *q. v.*, 223 note. *Mahābhārata*, story of Arjuna in, 222; *Razmnāmah* the Persian form of, 328; illustrations of, 330. Mahā Damala Saya shrine, paintings at, 345. Mahādēo and Pārvatī, pictures of, 332. Mahāfiz Khān, mosque of, 402, 403. Mahāmalla, surname of Narasimhavarman, *q. v.*, 36, 220. Mahāsena, king of Ceylon, 92. *Mahāvamsa*, paintings described in, 272. Mahāvellipore = Mamallapuram, *q. v.*, 223 note. Mahāvīra, founder of Jainism, 10, 84. *Mahāyāna*, or 'Great Vehicle', school of Buddhism, 104, 184; in Java, 261, 262, 267; at Ajantā, 275. Mahāyānist mythology, 181, 182, 184. Mahendra-varman I, Pallava king, 220. Mahesh, artist, 451 note, 470. *Mahishāsura*, demon, 219, 222. Mahmūd of Ghaznī, 200, 206, 391. Maitreya, supposed image of, 257. Majāpahit, kingdom in Java, 261. *Makara-toraṇa*, or 'dragon-arch', 167, 228. Malay Archipelago, Indian colonies in, 259, 267. Maldive islands, 223. Mallitamma, Kanarese sculptor, 44. Malōt, temple at, 46. Māmallapuram, Seven Pagodas at, 36; sculptures at, 220-2; correct form of name, 223 note. Mandasōr, Gupta sculptures near, 175. Mandōr, reliefs at, 164 note. Māndū, buildings at, 400; elephant gate of, 425; supposed *pietra dura* at, 438.
c23.81
Mango, in decorative work, 280. Manichean remains in Turkistan, 312, 313. Mañjuśrī, late Gupta image of, 175, 176; Tibetan statuette of, 200, 201; Javanese image of, 266, 267. Mankuwār, Buddha image from, 173. Manohar, artist, 482, 484, 485. Manrique, Father Sebastian, 417-19, 456 note. *Mansabdārs*, 456. Mān Singh, Rājā, (1) of Jodhpur, his portrait, 342, 343; (2) of Gwalior, 444; (3) friend of Akbar, 480. Mansūr, artist, 474-6. Manucci, portraits collected by, 492. Māra, the Buddhist Satan, 108. Marble, in Indo-Muhammadan buildings, 398, 408, 410-12. Mariam-uz-zamān, a queen of Akbar, 459. Mārīchī, images of, 182, 186, 188. Marine deities on a relief, 124. Mārkaṇḍeya legend in sculpture, 213, 214. Mārtand, temple, 45, 46. Maru (Mārwār), Sringadhara artist of, 305-7, 314. Masks, of Lama devil-dancers, 122, 318. Mātā Kunwar, group near Kasiā, 190. Mathurā, Jain *stūpa* and early sculptures at, 82-4; intermediate position of, 133; Kushān sculptures at, 134-47; Gupta sculptures at, 170, 171; terracotta from, 375; architecture a living art at, 419 note. Maurya dynasty, 13, 57. Māyā, mother of Buddha, 380. Medagoda, pillar from, 246. Mediaeval and modern sculpture, 181-271. Medirigiriya, circular shrine at, 52. Megasthenes, on Indian broadsword, 120. Mesopotamia, vaulted architecture of, 392; Musalman sculpture in, 424. Metallurgy, Indian skill in, 172. Mewār = Udaipur, *q. v.*, 307. Mihintalē, columns at, 54; portrait statue at, 92; 'stone-book' at, 244. *Mihrāb*, 437. Mīnārs (minarets), 396, 397, 404, 419, 446. Miniatures, Nepalese, 303 note, 324; meaning of term, 450, 468; on ivory, 460. Minneriya, life-size images at, 92. Mīrak (Āgā or Aqā), artist, 451, 464 note. Mirkula, wood-carving from, 366. Miskīn, Muhammad, artist, 462, 464, 470, 480. 'Mixed figures', 344. Modillions, in Gandhāra, 102. Mohan Singh, artist, 332, 336. Mokaljī, temple of, 203, 204. Monasteries, Buddhist, 9, 10, 18; Jain, 11. Mongolia, Buddhist art in, 130, 321. Mongols, the Apostle of the, 199. Mongoose, attribute of Sarasvatī, 266. Monkeys, at Bharhut, 72; at Ajaṇṭā, 287; in Indian art generally, 388. Monstrous forms, in Hindu art, 6, 182.
c23.82
Moonstones, in Ceylon, 88; at Amarāvatī, 151. Moor, *Hindu Pantheon*, 332, 334. Mosaic, 437-41. Mosques, characteristics of, 391, 392; images in, 455 note. Mother-of-pearl, inlay, 441. Moti Masjid, at Agra, 412, 414. *Muazzin*, defined, 396. Muchalinda, the Snake King, 80 note. Mūdābidri, Jain column at, 22. Mughal painting, *see* Indo-Persian painting. Muhammad, (1) prophet, death of, 391; (2) of Ghōr, 391; (3) bin Tughlak, 402; (4) Ādil Shāh, 404, 405; (5) Effendi, son of Īsā, 416, 418 note; (6) Sharīf, 416 note, 417; (7) prince Dārā Shukoh, 457 note, 458; (8) Latīf, author, 416 note, 420 note; (9) Ṣālih, author, 418 note; (10) Amīn, mosque of, 446; (11) Nishāpurī, calligraphist, 451; (12) Husain, calligraphist, 452; (13) Murād, calligraphist, 452 note; (14) Mīr, artist, 457 note, 492; (15) Miskīn, 464, 470; (16) Zamān, artist, 466, 467; (17) Khān, artist, 476; (18) Nādir of Samarkand, artist, 482; (19) Fakīrullah Khān, artist, 482, 488; (20) Afzal, artist, 488 note; (21) Fazl, artist, 492. Muhammadan, decorative work, I, 421; art, 5; details in Bengālī style, 30; hatred of images, 73, 184, 455; conquest, 184; princes of the Deccan, 228; rule in Java, 261; extension of power, 391; earliest monuments, 391; mosques, 392; domes and arches, 392, 394, 405; buildings at Ahmadābād, 401; architecture, 406; modern composite style, 419; architecture in Kashmīr, 420 note; character of architecture, 421; coins, gems, and seals, 422-4; lattice-work, 432; enamelled tiles, 441-8; spelling of 'Kahār', 451 note; artists in Abūl Fazl's list; *see* Muslim (Musalman) and Indo-Muhammadan. Mukramat Khān, 415. Muktesvara temple, (1) at Bhuvanesvara, 25, 191, 192; (2) at Kānchī, 38. Mukund, artist, 470. Mūla-Sarvāstivādin, school of Buddhism, 262 note. Multān, tiles from, 442, 446, 448. Mumtāz Mahall, empress, 414. Muni Bāva, temple, 216. Musical modes, 330-2. Muslim (Musalman), art alien in India, 5; armies, 159, 201; art in Orissa, 184; Sultans of the Deccan, 228; idol-hating sovereigns, 303; worship and architecture, 392, 400; summons to prayer, 396; *mīnārs*, 397; figure sculpture, 424-8; decorative sculpture, 428-32; inlay and mosaic, 437-41; artists, 456; MSS. in Paris, 460 note, 464, 499; Christian subjects, treatment of, 464; *see* Indo-Muhammadan and Muhammadan. Muttra = Mathurā, *q. v.*, 132. Mysore, Jain temples of, 11; style of architecture, 40, 44; palace sculptures, 236; wood-carving in, 364, 370; ivory-carving in, 372. Mythological, Hindu painting, 328-41.
c23.83
Nāchnā, Gupta sculptures at, 164 note. Nādirah Begam, 458. Nādir-uz-zamān, artist, 484. Nāga worship, 10, 80; images, 88, 138-40; artists, 304; king, 310; *see* Nāgas and Nāginī. Nāgārjuna, author of *Prajñā-Pāramitā*, 267; Nāga art of time of, 304-6. Nagarkōt = Kāngrā, *q. v.* Nāgas, at Ajaṇtā, 289; *see* Nāga and Nāginī. Nāginī, a female Nāga, 117, 119. Nālandā, monastery at, 184. Nanda Lal Bose, artist, 350. Nandangarh, tumuli at, 17. Nanhā, artist, 488. Nanhā Rāī, artist, 488. Nara temple, *see* Horiūji temple. Narasimha, king of Orissa, 26; statue, 228, 230 note; -varman I, Pallava king, 36, 220. Nāsik, rock-cut church at, 19, 20. Nastalik script, 452. *Naṭarāja* = Siva, dancing, *q. v.*, 249. Nathu in Yūsufzai, vine frieze from, 386, 387. Nathū Shah, artist, 343. Nativity of Buddha, relief, 120, 121, 380. Nats, worship of, 10. Naturalism of Asokan art, 58. Navy, of Chola kings, 223, 224. Nemean lion, groups, 134. Nepāl, architecture in, 47, 48; mediaeval sculpture of, 198-200; schools of art in, 305, 306; painting in, 314; *see* Nepalese. Nepalese miniatures in MSS., 303 note, 324; pictorial art, 322-5; *see* Nepāl. Nēwal, terra-cotta from, 375. Nicholas, St., of Moscow, 321. Nikawaewa monastery, 248. Nīlagiri, Orissa, caves in, 84. Nimbus, early use of, 65; to denote high rank, 308. Niranjana river, 82. Nissanka Malla, *see* Kīrti Nissanka Malla, 244. Nuggehalli, temple at, 40, 41. Nūrjahān, empress, 411, 438.
c23.84
Obscene sculptures, 190, 202. Okakura, Mr. Kakasu, on Gandhāra art, &c., 129, 314 note. *Opus sectile*, 438. Orcagna, compared with Ajaṇtā artists, 292. Originality, of Indian art, 7, 8, 390. Orissa, architecture of, 25-8; mediaeval sculpture of, 183, 184, 190-3, Addenda; ivory-carving in, 372. Orpiment, pigment, 279, 301. Osia, temples and sculptures at, 32, 35, 205, 206. Ottoman architects, 405, 406. Outline, in Ajaṇtā frescoes, 284, 292; in Indo-Persian drawings, 460.
c23.85
Padmapāṇi = Avalokitesvara, *q. v.*, 256. *Pailu*, Chinese = *toraṇa*, 76. Painting, merits of Hindu, 5, 6; obscure history of Indian, 8, 388; Buddhist subjects of, 78; Indo-Chinese school of, 131; eastern Bengal school of, 198; in Indian literature, 272; at Rāmgarh Hill, 273; at Ajaṇtā, 274-94; at Bāgh, 294; in Ceylon, early, 295-302; Hindu, mediaeval and modern, 303-50, Addenda; Tāranāth on, 304-7; in Chinese Turkistan, 307-14; in Tibet and Nepāl, 314-25, Addenda; in Kāngrā, 325-7, Addenda; eighteenth century, chiefly mythological, 328-43; in Southern India, 344; in Ceylon, 345; modern schools of, 346-50; animals and plants in Indian, 388, 472, 495; originality of Indian, 390; Indo-Persian or Mughal, 450-500; earliest examples, 450-2; connected with calligraphy, 454; patronized by Akbar, 456; frescoes, 459; technique, 460; Europeanized treatment of, 464, 494; 'miniature', 468; enormous output of Mughal school of, 469; criticism of Mughal, 492-7. Pāla dynasty, 183, 184, 189. Pāli, Gupta sculpture at, 164 note. Pālī Kherā, Bacchanalian group from, 136-8. Palitāna, massed Jain temples at, 11. Pallas Athene, statuette of, 116, 126. Pallava architecture, 36; dynasty, 220, 233, 275. Palmyra, Corinthian columns and capitals at, 102, 124; architecture at, 386. Paltā, hero of Chitōr, 428 note; *see* Phatta. Pan-chao, Chinese general, 130, 131. Panch-Mahall, at Fathpur-Sīkrī, 410. Pāndua, buildings at, 398. Pāṇḍya dynasty, 220. Panels, bronze, from Anurādhapura, 249; incised, 386; of mosques, 430-4. Pānīpat, Bābar's mosque at, 406. Paolo Zamān = Muhammad Zamān, *q. v.*, 466. Parākrama Bāhu, king of Ceylon, 49, 51; supposed statue of, 241; Awkana colossus ascribed to, 242. Parasurāmesvara temple at Bhuvanesvar, 191. Parkham, Yaksha statue at, 64. Parojaya, Southern artist, 305, 306. Pāroli, Gupta sculptures at, 164 note. Pārsī artist, 330. Pārsvanāth, Jain Tīrthankara, 84. Pārvatī, image from Kosam of, 162; marriage of, 215; at Gangaikonda-Cholapuram, 225, 226; bronze figures of, 239, 255; stone image of, 245. Pātaliputra, palace at, 13; capital of early Gupta kings, 158. Paterae, silver, 360-4. Pathāri, birth of Krishna at, 164, 165; monolithic column at, 175. Patna = Pātaliputra, *q. v.*, 13; Khudā Baksh library at, 499. Pattini Devī, goddess, 247, 248. Pāyer, shrine at, 46. Pearse, General, his collection of gems, 352, 424. Pediments, in Kashmīr, 45, 46. Pegu, Chola conquest of, 224 note; Indian traditions in, 259, 260. Pergamene style, 120. Pergamum, Hellenistic art of, 378, 384, 385.
c23.87
Persepolitan capital, 59, 70, 86, 102. Persia, dynasties of, 158. Persian art and influence, 3, 58, 60, 307-10, 328, 362, 377, 388, 391, 402, 405, 419, 422, 430, 441, 450, 452, 454, 460, 463, 466, 469, 496; painting introduced by Akbar, 127, 455; figures at Ajantā, 287, 289-91; artists at Rome, 466. Perso-Ionic capital, 101, 102. Perspective, Hindu, 67, 82; Indo-Persian, 464, 468, 492. Peshāwar District, sculptures from, 98; Kanishka's *stūpa* in, 356. Phattā, champion, 48, 428 note. Pidurāngala temple, 298. *Pietra dura*, inlay, 418, 437, 438. Pigments, in India and Ceylon, 279; Indo-Persian, 462; *see* Colours. Pilasters, in Gandhāra, 101, 336. Pillars, of Asoka, 20, 21; Jain, 22; in Ceylon, 52; of Heliodoros, 65; Gupta, 174; *see* Columns. *Pīpal* tree, 144. Piprāwa, *stūpa* at, 17, 355 note. Pirthīrāj Chauhān, 336. Pitalkhorā, early sculpture at, 84, 86. Plants, in Hindu art, 6, 386-9; in Indo-Persian art, 495. Polonnāruwa, bronzes from, 6, 249-56; city, 49, 51-5; sculptures and temples at, 241-6; mediaeval paintings at, 345. Pompeii, paintings at, 274. Portrait statues of founders, 86 note; of kings, 88; busts in Rājputāna, 207, 208; Tibetan statuettes, 198. Portraiture, the glory of the Indo-Persian school, 496. Poseidon, image of, 124. 'Potgul Vehera' monastery, 56 note. *Prajñā-Pāramitā*, Javanese image of, 264, 267. Prambānam, remains at, 261, 266. Prasenajita Rāja, 71. Prayāga = Allahabad, *q. v.*, 174. Prices, of pictures, 458. Pulakesin II, Chalukya king, 36, 158, 260, 275, 279, 290. Pulastipura = Polonnāruwa, *q. v.*, 49 note. Purchas, quoted, 425. Purī, temple of Jagannāth at, 26, 192, 194; group of mother and child at, 182, 194. Purushapura = Peshāwar, *q. v.*, 98. Pushyamitra tribe, 174.
First 91 of 112 passages. Read on