Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages c17: General Index
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages c17
- Language
- English
Contents
- c17.35 — 5 parts
General Index
c17.1
Abhijñāna-śākuntala (Kālidāsa), 234 Ābhīras, 183n.83, 185 *ācāras* (customary laws), 240, 251 Achaemenian empire, 13, 28, 46, 52, 210n.66 acute-angled script. *See* Siddhamātṛkā "Additions to Bactrian Numismatics, and Discovery of the Bactrian Alphabet" (Prinsep), 211 additive/multiplicative system of numerical notation, 56–57, 61n.193, 63–64, 217 *adhika-māsa* (intercalary month), 178 *adhika-tithi* (intercalary day), 178 Ādil Shāhīs [Ādil Shāh/Ādil Shāhīs], 100 administrative documents, 123, 124, 159–60, 231–32 Adzhina Tepe, 153 Afghanistan, 142, 152–53 Greek and Aramaic inscriptions, 107, 108 Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions, 44, 45, 78, 211 pottery inscriptions, 131 undeciphered script, 71 Africa, 5 Agathocles (Indo-Greek king), 206 Agra inscription, 144 Agrawal, Jagannath, 261 Agrawal, V. S., 250 agriculture, 232 Āguptāyika era, 194 Ahom, 108 Ahom kings, 104, 108 Airikiṇa (Eraṇ), 250 Ajaṇṭā, 246 Ajayapaladeva (Cāhamāna king), 120 Ājīvikas, 138, 140, 243–44 *ājñā*/*ājñapti*, 117 Akbar (Mughal emperor), 195, 243 *ākhyāyikā*, 236 *akṣara*, 15, 16n.34, 46n.132, 163, 212n.72 Alam Bridge, 143 *alaṃkāras*, 238 Al-Bīrūnī, 39n.111, 184, 186, 188 Alexander the Great, 22 Allchin, F. R., 133 alphabetic script type, 15 alphabetic syllabary, 20 alphabets. *See specific languages and scripts* Alsdorf, Ludwig, 133 altered plates. *See* spurious inscriptions *amānta* months, 177, 182, 184, 186–87, 188, 191, 193 Amareśvara temple, 237 Amlī era, 195 Amoghavarṣa (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 148 Amṛta (sculptor), 247 Aṃśuvarman (king of Nepal), 191 Aṃtalikita (king). *See* Antialkidas Ānandacandra (king of Arakan), 154 Anantavarman (Eastern Gaṅga king), 62, 187
c17.2
Anantavarman (king of Kaliṅga), 197 Anantavarman (Maukhari king), 200, 201 Andersen, P. K., 133 Andhra Pradesh, 34, 254–55, 255–56 Brāhmī inscriptions, 144–45 copper plates, 146 *khaṇḍa-kāvyas*, 237 Marathi inscriptions, 100 Oriya inscriptions, 101 Aṅgalipi, 9 Angkor Thom, 156 Angkor Vat, 156 *aṅka* years (dating system), 171n.27 *Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy*, 253 Anstey, Lavinia Mary, 219n.115 anthologies, 236, 255–57 Antialkidas (Indo-Greek king), 141, 210 Antimachus (Indo-Greek king), 210, 211 *Antiquities of Chamba State, Part II* (Chhabra), 103 *anusvāra*, 14, 16, 30, 55, 72, 89, 96, 162, 163, 204 Apabhraṃśa, 103 Apollodotus (Indo-Greek king), 210 Arabia, 23 Arabic, 16n.34, 29, 99, 103n.80, 104, 106–7, 149, 150, 212, 252 Arakan, 154 Aramaeo-Iranian, 107 Aramaic language and script, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 51, 107 comparison with Indic scripts, 25t Mauryan/Aśokan inscriptions in, 28, 54, 136, 152–53 relation to Brāhmī, 28, 309 relation to Kharoṣṭhī, 51, 52–54, 64 Archaeological Survey of India, 218–19, 222, 252, 253 architecture, 247–48 Ardha-Māgadhī, 74, 76 Ariano-Pali script (Kharoṣṭhī), 50, 59, 213 ARIE. *See Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy* Arivarman (Western Gaṅga king), 114n.6 Armenian, 108 artisan lineages, 247 Aryans, 20 *Ārya-siddhānta*, 179 Āryaśūra (poet), 120, 235 Āryā verses, 80 *āṣāḍhādi* years, 193 ASI. *See* Archaeological Survey of India Aśoka, 10, 13, 14, 21, 138, 199–200n.2 Bairāṭ rock edict, 241–42 Brāhmī invention hypothesis, 28, 54 dates, 227 Girnār rock edicts, 145 identification by G. Turnour, 215n.92 pilgrim's records, 140 regnal years, 136, 171, 172 use of Prakrit as epigraphic language, 86, 136 Aśokacalla (king), 194n.159 Aśokan inscriptions, 17, 108, 111, 133–40 Aramaic, 52, 136, 152–53 Brāhmī, 17–19, 21, 26, 30–31, 136 Buddhist content, 133, 138, 139, 140, 241–42, 250 cave inscriptions, 136, 138 correction indications, 68 dating, 27, 28, 136, 171–72 decipherment, 164, 199, 213, 215 discoveries, 202, 219 early attempt at decipherment, 204, 205, 208 eastern dialect, 73–74, 76, 77, 136 editions, 222 forgeries, 165 geographical designations, 229 Greek, 136 interpretation problems, 136, 164, 208 from Karnataka, 44 languages, 136 map of sites, 135 minor pillar edicts, 136, 140, 152n.101, 222 minor rock edicts, 73, 136, 137–38, 194n.159, 215, 219, 222 northwestern dialect, 74–75, 136 numbers and numerical signs, 57 orthography, 219 paleography, 30 pillar edicts, 17, 73, 126, 136, 138–39, 222 Prakrits, 73–76, 86, 136 punctuation, 67 Queen's Edict, 139, 171, 204 regnal years, 136, 227 rock edicts (separate), 136, 137, 138, 241–42 rock edicts, 27, 31, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76, 77, 135, 136–37, 208, 219, 227 rock edicts (Kharoṣṭhī), 46, 209n.60, 213 Schism Edict, 139 script chart, 18t study of, 221–22, 249 symbols, 67 western dialect, 74, 76–77, 136 writing prior to, 10, 12, 13 Assam, 183, 256 Assamese, 104 Assamese-Bengali script, 41 *aṣṭadhātu* mask, 129 *Aṣṭādhyāyī* (Pāṇini), 11 astronomical systems, 78, 173, 175, 177–78, 180, 190 Aśvaghoṣa (poet), 233, 235 *aśvamedha* (horse sacrifice), 92, 131, 239 *atīta* (expired) years, 176 Audumbaras, 47 Aulikaras, 146, 229 auspicious signs, 67, 68, 112
c17.3
Bhīṭā, 124, 222 *Bibliography of Studies in Indian Epigraphy* (Chaudhuri), 259 Bihar, 136, 148, 188, 193, 256 bilingual inscriptions, 70, 109 in Afghanistan, 153 in Burma, 154 in Cambodia, 156 as decipherment tool, 209–15 Gujarati, 102 Hindi, 102, 103 Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian coins, 209, 210 Islamic languages, 107, 109, 149, 150 Kannada, 106, 148 Leiden plates, 149 Marathi, 100 Nepali, 104, 108, 152 New Indo-Aryan language, 99, 109 Oriya, 101 Sanskrit, 91, 109, 148, 149, 155 in Southeast Asia, 150, 155, 159 “true” bilinguals, 109 in Vietnam, 157 birch-bark manuscripts, 45, 78n.23 biscript inscriptions, 39, 44n.127, 47, 70–71, 143, 156, 215 Bloch, J., 73, 133 Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 218 Boṛiyā (Gujarati) script, 102 Borneo, 158, 159 boustrophedon, 23, 27–8, 151 box-headed script, 34, 39, 69, 203 Boyer, A. M., 159 Brahmā, 8, 10 Brahmagupta, 183–84 Brahmanical/Hindu tradition, 88, 91, 93, 94, 111, 114, 117 cultic inscriptions, 122, 128 inscribed ritual bricks, 131 pilgrims’ records, 121 royal patronage, 238 sectarian traditions, 239–41 *Brahma-siddhānta*, 178–79 Brāhmī, 17–41, 83 Aśokan, 17–19, 21, 26, 30–31, 136 Bhaṭṭiprōlu variety biscripts, 70–71, 215 calligraphic varieties, 69–70 central Asian, 132, 153, 154, 160 characteristics, 14–16 coin legends, 27, 45, 207 connections with Indus script, 10–16, 17, 20–21 dating of, 8, 9, 10, 12, 181 decipherment, 199–200n.2, 204–9, 212–13, 214 derivatives, 33–42 development in Southeast Asia, 42, 158 development in Sri Lanka, 28, 151 direction of writing, 27–28, 48, 151 early, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 31–38 early readings of, 201 early southern, 36–37 extra-Indian derivatives, 41–42 Gupta inscriptions, 145–46 Indo-Scythian period, 143–44 ivory and bone seals, 132 Kharoṣṭhī, connections with, 22, 23, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56 late, 38–41 Mauryan, 30–31, 34, 140–41 middle, 37–39 name, 17, 19 northern, 40–41, 143–44, 147 numerical signs, 56–64, 216–17 in Old Tamil inscriptions, 35 origin, 17, 19–30, 59 paleography, 31–42, 55 parent of modern Indic scripts, 7, 17, 40–41 regional differentiation, 37–41 Semitic scripts, comparison, 25t southern, 36–37, 42, 144–45 Śuṅga period, 141–42 brass (as inscriptional material), 129 Bṛhaspati. *See* Jupiter bronze (as inscriptional material), 129, 160, 195 Brough, J., 78, 159 Buddha, 8, 120, 140, 240 as *avatāra*, 240 birthplace, 250 relics, 140 Buddha-Nirvāṇa era, 194 Buddhism, 8, 21, 46, 85, 241–42 Aśokan inscriptions, 133, 138, 139, 140, 241–42 canon formation, 11, 241–42 copper plate donations, 114 doctrinal developments and cultic practices, 242–43 Gāndhārī manuscripts, 78n.23 Pāli inscriptions, 80–81 royal patronage, 238–39 sectarian and monastic organizations, 241 Buddhist creed, 81, 123, 124, 130, 153, 154, 155 Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, 81, 83, 85–86, 94 Buddhist inscriptions, 9, 11, 64, 80, 143–44, 257 Afghanistan, 153 *āyāgapaṭas*, 126 of Buddhist creed, 123, 153 Burma, 81, 123, 130, 154–55, 242 Cambodia, 81, 156 canonical texts, 122–23, 241–42 China, 123, 160 on clay, 130 donative, 118 images and statuary, 128 Indonesia, 123, 135, 159 Kharoṣṭhī, 47, 48 label, 120 Laos, 158 Malaysia, 158 Mathurā, 88 memorials, 119, 120 on metals, 129, 130 Nāgārjunakoṇḍa, 77 Nepal, 152 pilgrims' records, 121 on portable objects, 128 on pottery, 131 Sanskrit, 91, 94 seals and sealings, 124 Sinhalese, 105 Sino-Tibetan, 108–9 Sri Lanka, 81, 123, 135, 151 Śuṅga period, 141, 142 Thailand, 81, 155 Vietnam, 157 *See also* *stūpas* Buddhist Sanskrit, 94 Buddhist script lists, 8–9, 17, 50 Budhagupta (Gupta king), 145, 175
c17.4
Bühler, Georg, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 28, 34n.100, 35, 40, 50, 51, 151, 217n.105, 219, 220, 221, 222, 258, 259 *Indische Palaeographie*, 221, 258, 259 Kharoṣṭhī, dating of, 46, 48 on Kharoṣṭhī-Aramaic connections, 52, 53, 54 on Kharoṣṭhī-Brāhmī connections, 54 on literary inscriptions, 233, 235 North Semitic hypothesis, 26–27, 29–30, 35, 59 on numerical characters, origins of, 57, 59–60 *Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient*, 253 Burgess, James, 144, 206, 219, 220 Burma Buddhist inscriptions, 81, 123, 130, 154–55, 242 copper plate inscriptions, 113n.5 gold leaf inscriptions, 130 Burmese language and script, 42, 108, 109 Burnell, A. C., 11, 28, 59n.190, 221, 259 Burnouf, Eugène, 215 Burrow, T., 79, 83, 94, 159 Burt, T. S., 204, 205, 215
c17.5
Cāhamānas (Chauhāns), 120, 147, 149, 237 Caillat, Collette, 133 Caitra (*caitrādi*) years, 176, 177, 182, 184, 186, 188, 192, 193, 197 *caitya*-cave, 131 calendrical systems, 178–80, 182 calligraphic ornamentation, 38, 40, 42, 68–70, 71, 122 Cālukyas, 191 of Bādāmi, 148 forged inscriptions, 166 of Gujarat, 147, 149, 184, 193, 195 inscriptions, 39, 146, 234 irregular dates, 178n.58 of Kalyāṇa, 147, 149 Śaka era dates, 182–83, 227 Cālukya-Vikrama era, 191–92 Cambodia, 155–57 Pāli inscriptions, 81 Śaka era used in, 61, 183 Sanskrit inscriptions, 92, 155–57, 237n.30 stele inscriptions, 128
c17.6
Cambodian script, 42 Cambyālī, 103 Campā, 157 *campū* style, 92, 236 *Cāṇakya-nīti*, 7n.2 Candellas, 149, 229 Candragupta I (Gupta king), 168, 186, 205 Candragupta II (Gupta king), 129, 145, 172, 175, 186 Candragupta Maurya, 194, 199–200n.2 Candra kings of Arakan, 154 Candras (of East Bengal), 149, 239 Carlleyle, A. C., 218 carnelian (as inscriptional material), 132 Casparis, J. G. de, 158 Caṣṭana (Western Kṣatrapa king), 45, 89, 144, 183 Cauṣaṭh-yoginī temple (Bheṛāghāṭ), 120, 248 cave inscriptions Aśokan, 136, 138 Bādāmi, 106 central Asia, 160 early studies of, 216 Jogīmārā, 76 Kārle, 89 Maharashtra, 144 Nāgārjunī, 140 Nānāghāṭ, 57 Nāsik, 67, 69 Pabhosā, 84 painted labels, 120 Rāmgaṛh hill, 141 royal donative/panegyric inscriptions, 111, 114 Sri Lanka, 28, 42, 151 Tamil Nadu, 35–36 Cedi era. *See* Kalacuri-Cedi era Central Asia, 41, 44, 45–46, 47–48, 51, 55, 56, 64, 79, 130 Indian inscriptions, 153–54, 159–60 painted label inscriptions, 120 Ceylon. *See* Sri Lanka Chakraborti, Haripada, 261 Chakravarti, N. P., 223 Cham, 157 Chamba, 103, 196 Champollion, Jean-François, 210n.66 Chancellery Language (eastern Aśokan dialect), 73–74, 76 Chandellas, 147 Chandra, Pramod, 244n.51, 245 Chandraketugaṛh, 71 charters. *See* copper plate charters Chatterjee, Asim Kumar, 243 Chatterjee, B. R., 158 Chatterjee, C. D., 53 Chaudhuri, Sibadas, 259 Chauhāns. *See* Cāhamānas *chāyāstambha* (image pillars), 119 Chhabra, B. Ch., 61, 103, 113, 115n.10, 155, 158, 196n.170, 223, 255, 261 Chilas, 44, 107–8, 109, 122, 143 China, 7 Brāhmī inscriptions, 120, 160 Buddhist inscriptions, 123 Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions, 45, 46, 47, 48 Chinese inscriptions, 109 Chinese numerals, 60 Chinese Turkestan, 159 Choudhary, R. K., 104 Christian era, conversion of inscriptional dates to, 176–77 Christian inscriptions, 107 chronograms, 173 chronological analysis, 169, 226–27 of art works, 244–46 of literature, 233 *citrakāra* (artist), 247 *citra-kāvya*, 238 Cittapa, 122, 237 civil days, 178 Clarke, Walter Eugene, 63n.201 clay (as inscriptional material), 130, 153, 154, 155 Cleopatra, 210n.66 cloth (as inscriptional material), 132 Coedès, G., 61, 155 coins bilingual (as decipherment tool), 209–15 countermarks, 46n.131 dated (Western Kṣatrapa), 45, 57, 58 and direction of Brāhmī writing, 27 of Gondophernes, 214 Greek legends, 45, 47, 108, 209–12 Indo-Greek, 45, 47, 209–12, 213 Indo-Scythian, 209–12, 218 Kharoṣṭhī legends, 45, 47, 48 Kuṣāṇa, 47, 211 reversed legend, 27 types mentioned in inscriptions, 251
c17.7
Western Kṣatrapa, 207, 216 *See also* numismatics Coḷas, 105, 148, 149, 150, 171 epigraphic records, 231, 232 Colebrooke, Henry T., 201, 202–3, 217 collateral suppression, 228 columns. *See* pillar inscriptions comparative paleography, 169 computers (use in epigraphic studies), 165, 224 conch shell (auspicious symbol), 68, 70 consonantal clusters (Prakrit), 75–76 consonantal conjuncts, 14, 16, 21, 30 in Aśokan inscriptions, 18 development of for Sanskrit, 37 in Kharoṣṭhī, 43, 48–49, 55–56, 213 *Contributions of Sanskrit Inscriptions to Lexicography* (Tewari), 98, 249 copper plate charters, 39, 61, 62, 80, 113–18, 129 abbreviations, 67 in Ahom, 108 in Assamese, 41 in Bengali, 41 bilingual, 91, 100, 103, 105, 148 corrections, 68 Deccan, 148 donees, 128, 130, 142, 156 early articles on, 216 early readings of, 200, 202, 203 Eastern Gaṅga, 62 elements, 115–18 embellished signatures, 69, 70 findspots, 229 forgeries, 114n.6, 118, 165–68 geographical identifications, 250 Gupta feudatory and allied dynasties, 146, 147 in Hindi, 101, 102–3 Hun, 146 Islamic period, 150 in Kannada, 105, 106, 148 in Malayalam, 106 in Marathi, 100, 101 Nepal, 152 in Newari, 104, 108 numerical figures in, 216–17 in Oriya, 101 Pallava, 114, 146 Paramāra, 147 in Prakrit, 114, 146 reissues, 118, 166 Śālaṅkāyana, 114 in Sanskrit, 114, 115 seals, 124n.36, 125, 129 in semiliterate Sanskrit, 95 in Tamil, 105, 148, 149 technical terminology, 164 toponyms in, 249, 250 Coptic alphabet, 22 *Corpus of Dedicatory Inscriptions from Temples of West Bengal* (Bhattacharyya), 224 Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 219–20, 222, 254 corrections and omissions, 68 cotton (as inscriptional material), 132 Court, A., 213 "Court Mask," 129 Cretan Linear B syllabary, 205 criminal law, 251 crystal (as inscriptional material), 130 cultic inscriptions, 122–23, 124, 126, 131 Buddhist, 140, 242–43 Vedic sacrifices, 111n.3, 128, 131, 239 *See also* relic cult cuneiform, 59, 209, 210 Cunningham, Alexander, 19, 44, 50n.147, 59, 207n.47, 213–14, 216, 218, 223 Archaeological Survey of India, 218 *Bhilsa Topes, The*, 216 *Inscriptions of Aśoka*, 219 current years, 176 in Śaka era dates, 176 in Vikrama era dates, 182 cursivization, 40, 52, 55 Cust, R. N., 24n.67
c17.8
Daisios (Macedonian month), 174 Daji, Bhau, 217, 218 *dakṣiṇā*, 239 *dakṣiṇāyana-saṃkrānti*, 175 damaged inscriptions, 164, 165 Damais, L.-C., 158 Daman and Diu, 108 Dāmodaravarman (Pallava king), 91 Damoh district, 102 Damsteegt, Th., 81, 86 *dānaśāsana* (copper plate charter), 114 dance, 248
c17.9
Dani, A. H., 29, 37, 38, 60, 63n.202, 170, 258 Dantidurga (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 62n.199 Darius (Achaemenid king), 210n.66 *Daśakumāra-carita*, 246 Daśaratha (Mauryan king), 76n.16, 140, 208 Das Gupta, C. C., 54nn.173, 174, 59, 259 dating techniques geographic data, 228–31 lists of inscriptions, 260 symbols, 68, 124 *See also* era years; *specific names*
c17.10
Early Nāgarī (Siddhamātṛkā) script, 159
c17.11
Gāhaḍavālas, 149, 166 Gai, G. S., 223, 255, 257, 261 Gandhāra, 44, 45 Gāndhāran sculpture, 143, 246 Gāndhārī, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50n.147, 52, 78, 142–43 Aśokan inscriptions, 74–75, 136 Central Asia, 79, 153, 154, 159 dialects, 77–79, 215 “Gāndhārī écrite, Gāndhārī parlée” (Fussman), 260 Gaṇeśa, 153 Gāṅga (Gāṅgeya) era, 187–88 Gaṅgādhara (poet), 234 Gaṅgas, 62 Gaṛhwāl, 103 Garrick, H. R. W., 218 Garuḍa (deity), 68, 111 *garuḍa-dhvaja*, 141 *gata* (expired) years, 176 Gauḍī (Proto-Bengali) script, 41, 101 Gaur, A., 113 Gaurīśvara-stotra, 237 Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi (king), 144, 183n.79 Gautamīputra Śrī-Yajña Sātakarṇi, 90n.51 Geiger, Wilhelm, 79, 104 genealogy, 226, 227–28 dynastic seal inscriptions, 124 geographical data, 228–31, 249–50 *Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions* (Gupta), 260 *ghaṭikās* (hours), 175 Ghaṭotkaca (Gupta king), 186 Ghaznī, 153 Gilgit, 122, 143 Girikaṇḍi-caitya, 151 *Gītagovinda* (Jayadeva), 234, 235 glass (as inscriptional material), 130 Gnoli, R., 151 Goa, 108, 180 gold (as inscriptional material), 123, 130, 143, 154, 158 Gona, 119 Gonda, Jan, 255 Gondophernes (Indo-Parthian king), 143, 173, 214 Goonetileke, H. A. I., 151 Gopalan, S., 100, 195 Goparāja, 119–20 Govindacandra (Candra king), 239 Goyal, S. P., 13, 228 graffiti Hebrew, 107–8 Kharoṣṭhī, 44 prehistoric, 10 Sīgiri, 151 grammatical inscriptions, 126–27 Grantha script, 40, 41, 42 inscription from Burma in, 155 grants. *See* copper plate charters Greek alphabet, 9, 16n.33, 22, 29, 136 Aśokan inscriptions, 152–53 Brāhmī linked with, 22, 23 coin legends, 45, 47, 108, 209–13 loanwords, 78, 79 Greek historians, 11 Greek kings, 210, 227 Greeks, 46, 240 Greek script, 22, 28 Bactrian, 210, 211 Grotefend, C. L., 210, 211, 214 Grotefend, G. F., 210, 210n.66 Guhilas, 149 Gujarat, 82, 93, 101, 144, 146, 183, 216, 230, 256 Cālukyas of, 147, 149, 184, 193, 195 Gujarati, 41n.115, 101–2 Gupta, Parmanand, 260 Gupta era, 90n.50, 188, 191 dating system, 169, 172–73, 174n.34, 175, 197 founder of, 168 historical origins, 186–87 precise epoch, 186–87 Guptas, 3, 38–39, 186, 197, 219 calligraphic scripts, 69–70 decipherment of inscriptions, 204, 205, 219 genealogical dating, 228 inscriptions, 145–46 *kāvya* style, 233 post-Gupta inscriptions, 146–48 punctuation use, 66 Sanskrit, adoption of, 84, 92–93, 94 Sanskrit copper plate charters, 115 sculpture, dating of, 244 seal inscriptions, 124 *See also* Gupta era; Gupta-Valabhī era Gupta script (late Brāhmī), 19, 37, 38–41 Gupta-Valabhī era, 186–87 Gurjara-Pratīhāras, 147, 148, 172, 184, 227, 228, 230, 233–34 Gurmukhī script, 41 *Gvālīyara Rājya ke Abhilekha* (Dvivedī), 260 Gwalior, 102, 125, 230
c17.12
Hāla (poet), 235 *halanta*, 14, 17nn.36, 37 *Halāyudha-stotra* (devotional hymn), 122, 237 Halévy, J., 22, 23, 27, 46, 52, 53, 54 Hall, Fitz-Edward, 216 Hall, Kenneth R., 232 *haṃsapīḍa*, 68 Hanumakoṇḍa, 237 *Harakeli-nāṭaka* (drama), 80, 123, 237 Harappa, 20n.47 Harihara (deity), 111 Hariṣeṇa (inscriptional poet), 111, 236 Harṣa (king), 69, 166n.17, 188, 230, 238 signature, 70 *Harṣa-carita*, 235 Harṣa era, 147, 169, 188–90 Härtel, Herbert, 140n.74 Haryana, 256 Hashtnagar, 46 Hastivarman (Eastern Gaṅga king), 62 head marks, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40 Telugu and Kannada scripts, 41 Hebrew, 16n.33, 107–8 Hēliodōros, 76n.18, 126, 141, 240 Hellenistic kings. *See* Greek kings Hemacandra, 195 hero-stones, 128 hieroglyphic writing. *See* Egyptian writing Hijrī (Islamic) era, 173, 189, 195 Hilka, Alfons, 251 Hill, G. F., 46n.131 Himalayas, 41, 103, 108, 129, 229 Himyaritic inscriptions, 23, 107 Hīnayāna, 242 Hindi, 101, 102–3, 109, 154 bilingual inscriptions, 149 Hindu cultic inscriptions, 122, 128 Hinduism. *See* Brahamnical/Hindu tradition Hindu Kush, 44 Hinüber, Oskar von, 12, 54, 224 Hira Lal, 260
c17.13
*Historical Geography from Inscriptions* (Sankalia), 250 *Historical Inscriptions of Southern India, The* (Sewell), 260 historiography epigraphic sources, 5, 217, 226–51 eras, 172–73, 194–98 geography, 249–50 spurious grants, detection of, 167 synchronizations as dating technique, 169, 170, 172, 227 *History and Palaeography of Mauryan Brāhmī Script* (Upasak), 258 *History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara* (Sastri), 258 *History of the Imperial Guptas, A* (Goyal), 228n.5 Hodgson, B. H., 205 Hoysaḷas, 149, 192n.148, 247 Hsüan Tsang, 230, 238 Hultzsch, Eugen, 29, 73, 133, 219, 220, 221, 222 Humbach, H., 51 Huns royal inscriptions, 146 script of, 9 Hunter, G. R., 20, 21 hunting exploits, mentioned in inscriptions, 125n.39 Hunza, 122 Hunza-Haldeikish, 109, 143 Huviṣka (Kuṣāṇa king), 88, 144, 174 hybrid Sanskrit, 37, 81, 83–94, 120, 249 hymns, 237 hypercorrection, 163–64
c17.14
*IA. See Indian Antiquary* iconography, 248 Ikṣvākus, 69, 90, 94, 145, 171, 174 Ilāhī era, 195 illustrations (in inscriptions), 68 image enhancement (computer), 165 images. *See* sculpture *Imperial Gazetteer of India, The* (Fleet), 257 *Inde classique, L’* (Renou and Filliozat), 257 *Indian Antiquary, The*, 219, 222, 253 initial publication, 219
c17.15
*Indian Ephemeris* (Swamikannu Pillai), 177 *Indian Epigraphical Glossary* (Sircar), 98, 223, 249, 259 *Indian Epigraphy* (Ramesh), 257 *Indian Epigraphy* (Sircar), 257 *Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts* (Sivaramamurti), 269 “Indian Epigraphy and the Language Medium” (Ramesh), 98 *Indian Historical Quarterly*, 253 *Indian Palaeography* (Dani), 258 *Indian Palaeography* (Pandey), 258 Indic scripts Aramaic connections, 52 biscripts, 70–71 comparison with North Semitic scripts, 25t direction of writing, 48 languages of, 72–109 numbers and numerical notation, 56–64 origins of modern, 40–41 undeciphered, 71 *See also* Brāhmī *Indische Palaeographie* (Bühler), 221, 258, 259 Indo-Bactrian script (Kharoṣṭhī), 50 Indo-China, 221 Indo-Greeks, 46, 55, 142–45 Brāhmī inscriptions, 143–4 coins, 45, 47, 209–12, 213 dating systems, 174 Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions, 142–43, 209 *See also* Greek kings Indonesia, 61, 150 Buddhist inscriptions, 123, 159 copper plate inscriptions, 113n.5 gold leaf inscriptions, 130 Sanskrit inscriptions, 158–59 Indo-Pali script (Kharoṣṭhī), 17 Indo-Parthians, 46, 55 Indo-Scythians, 45–46, 47, 55, 142–45, 219 bilingual coins, 209, 210–13 dating system, 174 Indra (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king of Gujarat), 230 Indraji, Bhagvānlāl, 57, 59, 144, 151, 193, 194, 206, 217, 218, 219 Indrarāja III (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 234
c17.16
Indravarman (Eastern Gaṅga king), 62, 143, 188 Indravarman (Indo-Scythian prince), 119 Indravarman I (Campā king), 157 Indus River, 42, 44, 107, 108 Indus Valley script, 10–16, 17, 20–21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 71, 143 inherent vowel. *See* vowel system *Inscriptions de Piyadassi, Les* (Senart), 219 *Inscriptions of Ancient Assam* (Sharma), 224 *Inscriptions of Aśoka* (Cunningham), 219 revised edition (Hultzsch), 222 *Inscriptions in the Central Provinces and Berar* (Hira Lal), 260 “Inscriptions of the Deccan: An Epigraphical Survey” (Naik), 260 *Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings* (Fleet), 145, 221 interpretation (of inscriptions), 136, 164–65 “Introduction to Indian Epigraphy and Palaeography” (Sircar), 257 *Introduction to Indian Epigraphy [With Special Reference to the Development of the Scripts and Languages]* (Gai), 257 *Inviting Death* (Settar), 243 invocatory verses, 112, 115 Iran, 13, 28 Iranian languages, 51, 210, 211 (*see also* Old Persian cuneiform; Persian) iron (as inscriptional material), 129–30 irregular dates, 178, 179–80, 182n.75 Islamic era. *See* Hijrī (Islamic) era Islamic languages, 7, 99, 102 bilingual inscriptions, 109, 149, 150 inscriptions, 66, 93, 106–7, 148–50 iron weapon inscriptions, 130 Īśvaradatta (Ābhīra king), 185 Īśvaradeva (Ābhīra king), 183n.83 Īśvararāta (king), 114 Īśvarasena (Ābhīra king), 185 ivory and bone (as inscriptional materials), 132
c17.17
Jacob, LeGrand, 216 Jacobi, H., 176, 177–78, 179n.61 Jacques, C., 156 Jaggayyapeta, 144–45
c17.18
Jain, Muni Uttam, 243 Jaina era, 12n.20, 194 Jaina inscriptions, 102n.74, 111, 128 anthologies, 257 *āyāgapaṭas*, 126 on cloth, 132 cultic, 122 dating of, 181, 195 donative, 118 Mathurā, 88 memorial, 120 on metals, 129 pilgrims' records, 121–22 Prakrit, 80 Sanskrit, 150 Jaina monastic organization, 85 Jaina script lists, 9, 17, 50 Jaina texts, 9, 83, 114, 247 Jainism, 8, 243–44 copper plate donation records, 114 *Jains, The* (Dundas), 243 Jaisalmer, 189 Jaiswal, Suvira, 239n.36 Janamejaya (legendary king), 167 Janert, Klaus, 133 Japan, 7 *Jātakamālā* (Āryaśūra), 120, 235 *jātakas*, 11, 120, 141 (*see also Vaṭṭaka Jātaka*) Java, 158, 159 footprint inscriptions, 126 Śaka era used in, 183 Javanese, 113n.5 Jayadeva (poet), 234, 235 Jayadevamalla (king of Nepal), 191 Jayasimha (Kashmiri king), 196 *jayastambha*, 111 Jayatilaka, D. B., 79, 104 Jayavarman VII (Khmer king), 156, 158 *JBBRAS*. *See Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Asiatic Society* Jenkins, R., 203 *JESI*. *See Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India* *jihvāmūlīya*, 59n.185, 163 Jñānacandra, Yati, 203 Johnston, E. H., 154 Jones, Sir William, 201–2 Jośī, H., 152 *Journal of Ancient Indian History*, 253 *Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society*, 253 *Journal of the Bihar (and Orissa) Research Society*, 253 *Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Asiatic Society*, 216, 218, 219 *Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India*, 223, 252–53 *Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society*, 216 *Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society*, 253 Julian calendar, 177n.52 Junnār, 144 Jupiter (Bṛhaspati), 177, 181, 197, 198 twelve-year cycle of, 173, 186, 197 sixty-year cycle of, 173, 184, 186, 192, 197–98 Jvālāmukhī-Bhavānī, 234, 237
c17.19
Kabul, 44 Kabulian script (Kharoṣṭhī), 50 Kabul River Valley, 42, 44 Kacch, 101, 144 Kacchapaghātas, 149 Kadambas dating system, 192n.148, 197 of Goa, 180, 181 inscriptions, 39, 114, 146 *kākapāda* (cross-shaped mark), 68 Kākatīyas, 149 Kalacuri-Cedi era, 61, 90n.50, 177, 183, 184–86, 195 Kalacuri era, 61 Kalacuris, 149, 184, 185, 186, 247 of Ratanpur, 184 of Tripurī, 240 Kaḷacuryas, 192n.148 Kālāmukhas, 240 Kalhaṇa, 4, 196 Kālidāsa, 7n.2, 233, 234 Kali era, 180, 190, 196 Kaliṅga, 137, 187, 197 Kaliyuga era, 173, 180–81 Kambojī, 71 Kampuchea. *See* Cambodia Kanauj, 147, 188 Kāṅgrā, 44, 196 Kāṇherī, 144, 257
c17.20
Kaniṣka (Kuṣāṇa king), 88, 143, 144, 174, 228, 246 portrait statue, 84, 121 as Śaka era founder, 183 Kannada, 105, 106, 148, 216 bilingual inscriptions, 100, 148, 149 Cālukya-Vikrama era inscriptions, 191 hunting exploits mentioned in inscriptions, 125n.39 trilingual inscriptions, 109 Kannada script, 41, 100 Kāntideva (king of Harikela), 117–18 Kāpālikas, 240 Kapilavastu, 250 *karaṇa* (half-tithi), 175 *karaṇa*/*karaṇika* (scribe), 65 *karaṇas* (dance poses), 248 Karas, 148 Karashima, Noboru, 231, 232, 259 Kara Tepe, 153 Kārdamakas, 144 Karkkarāja I (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 115, 148 Karkkarāja II (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 147 Kārle, 144 cave temple dating, 245 Karnataka, 230, 244 architecture, 247 Aśokan inscriptions, 44, 222 Cālukya-Vikrama era, 191–92 coin-types, references to in inscriptions, 251 copper plates, 146 forged inscriptions, 166 Marathi inscriptions, 100 memorial stone inscriptions, 120 *Kārttikādi* years, 177, 182, 185, 186–87, 191, 197 Kashgar, 50–51 Kashmir, 256 era dating, 196 historical tradition, 4 Śāradā script, 40 Kasiā, 247 Kāśīputra Bhāgabhadra (Śuṅga king), 141 Katapayādi numbering system, 173n.32 Kathiawar, 101, 144, 192, 193, 256 Kathika era, 90n.50, 194–95 Katti, Madhav N., 224 Kauśāmbī style, 37, 38 *kāvya* (poetry), 147, 164, 233, 235, 236–37 *kāyastha*. *See* scribe Kaye, G. R., 62n.199 Kāyethī script, 41n.115 Kedah, 158 Kerala, 189–90 Kern, Henrik, 222 Kesanapalli (excavations at), 145 Khaḍgas, 149 *khaṇḍa-kāvya*, 123, 237 Khandalavala, Karl, 245 Kharaosta (king), 51 Kharaposta, 51 Kharatara-gaccha, 243 Khāravela (Mahāmeghavāhana king), 67, 77, 111, 142, 164 *Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions with the Exception of Those of Aśoka* (Konow), 222, 260 Kharoṣṭhī, 9, 42–56 administrative documents, 124 Aśokan inscriptions, 64, 74–75, 136 biscripts, 70–71, 215 Brāhmī connections with, 22, 23, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56 central Asian, 44, 45–46, 55, 132, 153, 154 central Asian documents, 47–48, 51, 56, 58, 64, 79, 125, 130, 160 character derivations, 52 characteristics, 14–16, 17, 48–49, 55, 215 China, 159–60 chronological range, 46–47 coin legends, 45, 47, 48 consonantal conjuncts, 43, 48–49, 52–53, 54 dating of, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 46–47, 55, 181 decipherment, 209–15, 215–16, 218 decline of, 47 direction of writing, 48–49, 52 forgeries, 165, 166 Gāndhārī inscriptions, 78, 79, 249 geographical range, 42, 44–46 gold plate and silver inscriptions, 130 inscriptional materials, 131 inscriptions of Indo-Greek/Indo-Scythian era, 142–43 limited calligraphic development, 69n.221 map, 45 name of script, 50–51 numerical notation, 58, 59, 63–64, 218 origin, 28, 46, 51–54 paleography, 48–49, 55–56, 64 punctuation, 67 relic dedications, 66 Semitic scripts, comparison with, 25t study of, 218, 222, 249 uses of, 47–48 Kharoṣṭī. *See* Kharoṣṭhī Khmer, 155, 156 Khmer empire, 155, 158 Khotan, 45, 78n.23 Kielhorn, Franz, 89, 95, 147, 173, 179, 182, 185, 189–90, 191, 192, 193, 196, 217, 219, 220, 221, 259, 260 *List of the Inscriptions of Northern Indian from About A.D. 400*, 221, 259 *List of Inscriptions of Southern India from About A.D. 500*, 259–60 *Kirātārjunīya*, 234–35 Kirgizstan, 154 *Kīrtikaumudī* (Someśvaradeva), 234 *kīrtistambha*, 111 Kīrttivarman II (Cālukya king), 71 Kittoe, M., 215 *Kleine Schriften* (Kielhorn and Lüders), 260 Kokāsa, 247 Kollam (Quilon), 190 Kollam era, 189–90 Konākamana Buddha, 140 Konkan, 100 Konow, Sten, 44, 47, 77, 78n.24, 142, 166, 181, 260 Government Epigraphist for India, 222 Kopp, Ulrich Friedrich, 24 Kosambī (Kauśāmbī), 92, 138n.73, 139 Krishnan, K. G., 150, 255 Kroraina, 45, 79, 160 Krorainic, 79 Kṛṣṇa I (Rāṣṭrakūṭa king), 148 Kṛta era, 182 (*see also* Vikrama era) Kṣatrapas, 45, 57, 58, 82, 94, 143 donative cave inscriptions, 114, 144 Sanskrit inscriptions, 88–90, 93 *kṣatriyas*, 114 *kṣaya-māsa* (expunged month), 178 *kṣaya-tithi* (expunged lunar day), 178 Kṣemaṅkaradeva (Bhauma-Kara king), 190 Kubja (inscriptional poet), 236
c17.21
Kuchean language, 47 Kumāragupta (Gupta king), 118, 182, 228, 233n.16 Kumāragupta III (Gupta king), 124 Kumārapāla (Gujarat Cālukya king), 195 Kuṇindas, 47 Kuṣāṇas, 46, 47, 57, 82, 153, 225 Buddhist inscriptions, 241 central Asian inscriptions, 153–54 coins, 47, 211 dating system, 174 genealogical problems, 228 hybrid Sanskrit inscriptions, 86, 143, 144 inscribed statues, 120 inscriptional dates, 183–84n.87 Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions, 143 Śaka dates, 183 Sanskrit inscriptions, 87, 88, 143, 144 script, 37, 55 Kuṭila (Siddhamātṛkā) script, 39n.111
c17.22
label inscriptions, 120, 121, 142 verses quoted in, 235 Ladakh, 44, 107 *lagna*, 175 Lahaḍacandra (Candra king), 239 Lake Sudarśana, 113, 145 Lakṣmaṇasena (Sena king), 193 Lakṣmaṇasena era, 177, 193–94 Lal, B. B., 10 *Lalitavigraharāja-nāṭaka* (drama), 80, 123, 237 *Lalitavistara*, 8, 9, 17, 50 Lamotte, Étienne, 83, 84, 86, 133, 242 land grant charters. *See* copper plate charters *Land System and Feudalism in Ancient India* (Sircar), 232 land tenure, 232, 251 Langdon, S., 20 *Language of the Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Chinese Turkestan* (Burrow), 79 Laṅkā time, 179 Lanstsha script, 160 Laos, 158 Lao script, 42 Lassen, Christian, 206, 209, 212, 214, 217 Later Guptas, 147
c17.23
Latin inscriptions, 108 Lauṛiyā-Ararāj, 205 law, 4, 165, 251 documents, 123–24, 131 terminology, 164, 249 Law, Bimala Churn, 241 leather (as inscriptional material), 159 legal documents, 123–24, 131 legal principles, 4 legal terminology, 164, 249 *lekhaka* (scribe), 65 *Lekhapaddhati*, 95n.57 Lenormant, François, 23 Lévi, Sylvain, 50–51, 86, 151 lexicography, 249 Licchavi era, 191 Licchavi period, 152 lineation, 42 linguistics, 248–50 *lipikāra* (scribe), 65 *lipikāreṇa*, 44, 46, 136n.67 *Lipiśālāsaṃdarśana* (in *Lalitavistara*), 8 *List of Brahmi Inscriptions from the Earliest Times to About A.D. 400* (Lüders), 260 *List of Inscriptions of Southern India from About A.D. 500* (Kielhorn), 259–60 “List of Kharoṣṭhī Inscriptions, A” (Majumdar), 260 *List of the Inscriptions of Northern India from About A.D. 400* (Kielhorn), 221, 259 *List of the Inscriptions of Northern India in Brahmi and Its Derivative Scripts, from About 200 A.C., A* (Bhandarkar), 260 literature, 233–38, 255 inscription preserving specimens of works, 234–35, 236–37 inscriptions as chronological/dating framework, 233–34, 235 literary inscriptions, 123, 126, 156–57, 234–35, 235–38 standard genres, 236–37 *See also praśasti* logographic script type, 15 Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J. E., 245, 246 Lokāyatas, 244 Lorenzen, David N., 240
c17.24
lotus (auspicious symbol), 68 Lou-lan, 132, 159 Luce, G. H., 154 Lüders, Heinrich, 34n.100, 96n.61, 120, 181, 222n.121, 260 *Bhārhut Inscriptions*, 223 *Mathurā Inscriptions*, 82, 144, 223 Ludwig, Alfred, 51 Lumbinī, 250 lunar cycle, 174–75, 177n.57, 178–80 lyrical inscriptions, 125 Lysias (Indo-Greek king), 211, 211n.71
c17.25
Macedonian months, 174 Mackenzie, Colin, 203 Madhya Pradesh, 101, 102–3 Madras, 107 Magadha, 76 Māgadhī, 75, 80, 141 Māgha (poet), 234 Maghas of Kauśāmbī, 92, 174 *Mahābhāṣya*, 233 Mahadevan, Iravatham, 36–37 *mahākāvya*, 123, 236, 237 Mahalingam, T. V., 35, 259, 260 *mahāmātras*, 139 *Mahāmāyūrī*, 51 Mahāmeghavāhanas, 142 Mahānāman, 39 Maharashtra, 82, 93, 100, 256 cave temple inscriptions, 144 Māhārāṣṭrī, 80, 122n.27 *Mahāvastu*, 83 Mahāyāna, 242, 246 Mahendrapāla (Gurjara-Pratīhāra king), 148, 233–34 Mahendravarman I (Pallava king), 248 Maithili, 104 Maithili script, 41 Maitrakas of Valabhī, 147, 186 Majumdar, N. G., 169, 193, 260 Majumdar, N. P., 223 Majumdar, R. C., 147, 149, 156, 157, 158, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 228 *mala-māsa* (intercalary month), 178 Mālava era, 182 (*see also* Vikrama era) Malayalam, 41, 106, 189 Malaysia, 132, 158 Malla era, 108, 195
c17.26
Malwa style, 38 Mānadeva (king of Nepal), 152 *maṅgala* (invocatory verses), 112, 115 Maṅgaleśa (Cālukya king), 111 Manipuri, 108 Mansion, Joseph, 85 *mantras*, 123 Manu, 117 *Manu-smṛti*, 165 Marathi, 99, 100, 101, 249 bilingual inscriptions, 149 Marshall, Sir John, 47, 222 masks (inscribed), 129 Masson, Charles, 209, 210n.65, 214 Master, A., 100 Māt, 84, 120 Mathurā, 256 Brāhmī inscriptions, 143–44 Brāhmī/Kharoṣṭhī biscript, 70 Buddhist inscriptions, 241 calligraphic inscriptions, 69 early Sanskrit inscriptions, 87–88, 89, 93, 94 "Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit," 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 143
c17.27
Nāgārjunakoṇḍa, 38, 65n.208, 69, 77, 82, 90–91, 93, 94, 144 excavations at, 224 footprint, 126 memorial, 119 stone inscriptions, 145 *nāgas*, 9, 241, 248 Nahapāna (Western Kṣatrapa king), 45, 88–90, 144, 183, 245 Naik, A. V., 100, 260 nail-headed script (Siddhamātṛkā), 40 *nakṣatra*, 117, 175, 180, 196 *Nalacampū*, 234 Nālandā, 41n.116, 118, 122, 124, 222 Nalas, 146 Nānāghāṭ, 144 Nanda era, 195 Nandi (Śiva's bull), 68 Nandi-nāgarī script, 41 Nandivarman (Śālaṅkāyana king), 91 *Nāradasmṛti*, 8n.3 Narain, A. K., 181 Narasiṃha (inscriptional poet), 67, 237 Narasiṃhagupta (Gupta king), 124 Narasiṃha II (Eastern Gaṅga king) Naravarman (king of Gwalior), 125 Naravarman (Paramāra king), 149 Nārāyaṇapāla (Pāla king), 200n.7 Narendradhavala (Bhañja king), 95 narrative sculptures, 120 Nāsik, 57, 67, 69, 82, 114, 144, 185 decipherment of inscriptions from, 216, 217 literary inscriptions, 233 *nāṭaka* (drama), 80, 123, 237 Nayapāla (Pāla king), 150 Nearchos, 11, 12, 13 Nepal, 5, 104, 151–52 Aśokan minor pillar edicts, 140, 222, 250 copper plate inscriptions, 113n.5, 152 eras used in, 108, 188, 191 Newari inscriptions, 108 Sanskrit inscriptions, 92, 151, 152 Nepali, 104, 152, 160 Nepali (Newari) era, 108, 191 Newari, 104, 108, 152 *New Indian Antiquary*, 253 New Indo-Aryan, 99–105, 109, 120, 149 bilingual inscriptions, 149 iron weapon inscriptions, 130 linguistic significance of, 249 NIA. *See* New Indo-Aryan *Nidāna-sūtra*, 122 Niklas, U., 133 Nilakanta Sastri, K. A., 258 *niroṣṭhya-kāvya*, 237 Niya documents, 47, 79, 159 Niya River, 159 Non-Indo-Aryan languages, 105–9 Norman, K. R., 13, 83, 133 Norris, Edwin, 213, 214, 215, 216 North Semitic scripts, 24–28, 29–30, 35, 59 Northwestern Prakrit (Gāndhārī), 77–78 North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan), 44 numbers and numerical notation, 56–64, 194n.159 Brāhmī, 56–64, 216–17 chronograms, 173 Kharoṣṭhī, 58, 59, 63–64, 218 place-value notation, 60–63 numismatics, 1, 209–14, 215, 251 (*see also* coins)
c17.28
official terminology and titles, 232, 257 Ojhā, Gaurīśaṅkara Hīrācamda, 11, 20, 53, 59, 193, 221, 258 Old Ardha-Māgadhī, 74 Old Indo-Aryan incriptions, 99 Old Javanese language and script, 158 Old Malay, 159 Old Persian cuneiform, 28, 209, 210, 210n.66 Old Śaka era, 46, 181 Old Sinhalese (Sinhalese Prakrit), 79–80, 104, 151 Old Tamil inscriptions. *See* Tamil Brāhmī inscriptions omissions. *See* corrections and omissions omitted hundreds, 246 onomastics, 250–51 “On the Ancient Sanskrit Numerals” (Prinsep), 216 “On the Genealogy of Modern Numerals” (Bailey), 59 *On the Origin of the Indian Brāhma Alphabet* (Bühler), 26 oral tradition, 7–8 *Origin of Brāhmī Script* (Rastogi), 21
c17.29
Orissa, 77, 95, 99, 100, 101, 148, 187, 188, 256 aṅka years, 171n.27 Bhauma-Kara kings, 190–91 era dating (Amlī era), 195 Oriya language, 99, 101, 249 bilingual inscriptions, 103, 109 trilingual inscriptions, 101, 109 Oriya script, 34, 41 Ornate Brāhmī, 70, 71, 122
c17.30
Pagàn, 155 Pahlava era, 181 Pahlavi inscriptions, 107 painting, 1
c17.31
Perumal, A. N., 248 Petech, Luciano, 191 Phalgudeva (father of Dhanadeva of Ayodhyā), 86 phantom eras, 195–96 *Philologica Indica* (Lüders), 260 Philoxenos (Indo-Greek king), 211n.71 Phoenician language and script, 24–28, 26, 27, 28, 29, 59 photographic reproductions, 161, 162 pictographic-acrophonic system, 19 pilgrims' records, 102, 107, 108, 121–25 private donative inscriptions, 118 Priyadarśin. *See* Piyadasī proper names, transliterated (as decipherment method), 210n.66 Proto-Bengali (Gauḍī) script, 41, 101 Proto-Kannada script, 19 Proto-Śāradā script, 40 Proto-Sinhalese, 104 Proto-Telugu-Kannada script, 71 Przyluski, Jean, 51 pseudo-inscriptions (Vikramkhol), 10, 20 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 227 Ptolemy [V], 210n.66 Pulakeśin II (Cālukya king), 95, 111, 147, 230 *pulli*, 16n.36, 37n.106 punctuation, 66–68, 163 Punjab, 188 Punjabi, 103, 154 Punjabi (Gurmukhī) script, 41, 188 Purlē plates, 62 Pūrṇavarman (king of Java), 159 *pūrṇimānta* months, 182, 184, 186, 188, 197 Pūrṇṇāditya, 69 *pūrvā* (“preceding [date]”), 98 *pūrvā* (“preceding [*praśasti*]”), 235 Pūrvavidehalipi, 9 Puṣpalipi, 9 Puṣyamitra (Śuṅga king), 86n.44 Pyu, 154
c17.32
Qunduz, 44, 153 Quseir (Egypt), 160 Qyzyl, 160
c17.33
Rādhākānta Tarkavāgīśa, 202 Radiah, 205 *rāgas*, 248 Rāghavacaitanya, 234 Raghudeva (Gajapati king), 115 *Raghuvaṃśa*, 233, 234 Rajamundry copper plates, 115 Rājanyas, 47 *Rājapraśasti-mahākāvya* (at Udaypur), 123, 126, 149, 237 Rajasthan, 90, 102, 103, 188, 189, 256 Bhāgavata cult, 240 medieval Sanskrit inscriptions, translations, 203 memorial stone inscriptions, 120
c17.34
Rājasthānī language, 102, 103 *Rājātaraṅgiṇī* (Kalhaṇa), 4, 196, 199n.1 Rājendra I Coḻa, 116, 149 Rājendravarman (Khmer king), 156 Rājghāṭ, 124 Rājīvalocana temple, 69 Rajputs, 147, 189 Rajula (Mahākṣatrapa of Mathurā), 143 Rāma, 117 Rāmagupta, 145 Rāmalóchan Paṇḍit, 202 Ramesh, K. V., 98, 168, 170, 257 Rāmgaṛh hill, 141 Raṇachoḍa (poet), 123 Rao, Madhava, 205 Rao, N. Lakshminarayanan, 223 Rapson, Edward J., 46n.131, 137, 159, 222n.121 *rāśi* (zodiacal sign), 175, 197 Rastogi, N. P., 21 Rāṣṭrakūṭas, 62n.199, 148, 172, 197, 227, 230, 234 Ratanpur. *See under* Kalacuris Rathoḍas, 149 *Rāüla-vela* (Roḍa), 103 Ravenshaw, E. C., 203 Ravikīrti (inscriptional poet), 111, 233, 234–35 Regmi, D. R., 152 regnal years, 171–72, 173, 174, 192n.148, 227 relic cult, 129, 130, 140, 142, 143 religion, 238–44, 248 inscriptional anthologies, 257 *See also specific religions* Renou, Louis, 86, 239, 257 reproductions of inscriptions, 161–62 *Researches in Indian Epigraphy and Numismatics* (Agrawal), 261 revenue systems, 232 Ṛg Veda, 11 Rice, B. Lewis, 168, 219, 220, 254 Ritter von Oppolzer, Th., 175 rock edicts. *See under* Aśokan inscriptions Roḍa (inscriptional poet), 103 Roman transliteration, 162–63 Royal Asiatic Society, 216 royal donative inscriptions. *See praśasti* royal edicts. *See* Aśokan inscriptions; *other specific rulers* royal genealogies. *See* genealogy royal patronage, 238 royal seals, 124 *Ṛtusaṃhāra*, 233n.16 rubbings (technique), 161–62 Rudradāman (Western Kṣatrapa king), 86, 89, 93, 111, 137, 144, 145, 199–200n.2, 208, 217, 233 Rudrapuruṣadatta (Western Kṣatrapa king), 94 Rudrasiṃha I (Ikṣvāku king), 90 *rūpakāra* (artist/engraver), 65, 247 rural writing style, 170
c17.35.1
Sabaean, 23–24 sacrifice. *See* Vedic sacrifices *Saduktikarṇāmṛta*, 193n.154, 234, 236 *Sahagamana*. *See satī*-stones Śāhīs, 153 Sáh Kings. *See* Western Kṣatrapas Śailodbhavas, 149 Śaiva inscriptions, 90–91, 156, 157 Śaivism, 238, 239, 240 Śaka era, 90n.50, 182–84, 188 Cambodian inscriptions, 61, 156 date formulation, 183, 196n.168 place-value dates, 61, 174 used together with other eras, 173, 175, 180–81, 182, 189, 191, 192, 195, 198 Vietnamese inscriptions, 157 Śaka Kṣatrapas, 86, 87 Śakas, 182, 184 *śākhā*, 239 Śāktism, 241 Śālaṅkāyanas, 91, 114, 146 Saletore, B. A., 244 Sālihuṇḍam excavations, 145, 224 inscribed conch shells, 132 Śālivāhana, 183n.79 Samāpā, 137 *Samavāyāṅga-sutta*, 9 Saṃgrāma (Khmer general), 157 Saṃkarṣaṇa (deity), 87, 240 *saṃkramaṇa* (*saṃkrānti*), 116, 175, 177 Samudragupta, 186 Allahabad inscription, 66, 111, 145, 229, 233 early translations of inscriptions, 204, 205 Sanskrit inscriptions, 92 spurious copper plates of, 118, 166, 167, 168 *saṃvatsara*, 186 *saṃvid* (decree), 251 *sana* (year), 195 Sāñcī, 77, 82, 118, 128, 141, 144 donative inscriptions, early readings, 207–8, 209 Sander, Lore, 259 sandhi rules, 84, 96, 97 Sankalia, H.
c17.35.2
D., 250 Śaṅkara-Nārāyaṇa (deity), 157 *śaṅkha* (conch shell), 60, 70 Śaṅkhalipi (shell characters), 70, 71 Sannati excavations, 137, 145, 224 Sanscrit College, 205 Sanskrit, 10, 13, 86–98 bilingual inscriptions, 91, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 148, 149, 150, 154, 156, 157, 159, 191, 213 Brāhmī adapted for, 30, 143–44 “Buddhist Hybrid,” 81, 83, 85–86, 94 classical, 95–96, 98, 147 copper plate charters, 114, 115, 144 Deccan inscriptions, 148 Dravidian languages supplanting, 148 earliest long inscription, 144 early inscriptions, 86–88, 90–92, 141 early readings of inscriptions, 199–203 editing of inscriptional texts, 162–64 emergence in inscriptions, 72 as epigraphic language, 86–98 first major literary inscription, 86 functional varieties, 95, 96–98 grammatical inscriptions, 125–26 Gupta period inscriptions, 145, 146 hybrid, 37, 81–86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 143, 249 influence on inscriptional Prakrits, 72, 81, 82, 84 informal varieties, 250 inscriptions from outside India, 92, 151–60, 183 in Kharoṣṭhī script, 47n.38, 56 late inscriptions, 149–50, 195 lexicographical data, 249 linguistic characteristics, 94–98 literary, 4, 89–90, 94, 98, 157, 249 literature, 233–38 memorial inscriptions, 119–20 mixed.
c17.35.3
*See subhead* hybrid (*above*) oral tradition of, 8 poetic-style inscriptions, 89, 171 post-Gupta inscriptions, 147–50 private donative inscriptions, 118 semiliterate, 95 status value, 86 toponyms, 250 trilingual inscriptions, 109 vocabulary, 97–98 Śāntivarman (Kadamba king), 111, 146 Saptarṣi era, 190, 196–97 Śarabhapurīyas, 146 Śāradā script, 103 in Afghanistan, 153 biscript inscription, 71 development of, 40 Sarasvatī, 8 Sārnāth, 81, 82, 144 excavations at, 222 *Śārṅgadhara-paddhati*, 234 *sarpabandha*, 125–26, 127 Sarvāstivādin era (alleged), 181 Sarvāstivādins, 143 *śāsana*, 165 Śāstrī, Bhavadatta, 255 Sastri, H.
c17.35.4
Krishna, 223 Sātavāhanas, 90, 114, 120, 144, 145, 171, 174, 183n.79, 239 Sathyanarayana, R., 248 *satī*-stones, 68, 103, 120, 128 *Sattasaï* (Hāla), 235 Śaurasenī, 76, 80 Saurashtra, 183, 207 Schneider, Ulrich, 133 Schopen, Gregory, 224, 241, 242 *Schrift im alten Indien* (Falk), 258 scribal errors, 83, 87, 163 scribes, 65, 66, 85, 117, 136n.67 sculpture, 84, 120, 121, 128, 143, 145, 160, 235 epigraphy as aid in study of, 244–47 Scythians, 45, 46, 47, 82, 86, 89, 93, 181 Scytho-Parthians, 143 seals and sealings, 123–24, 250 biscripts, 70–71 on copper plate charters, 124n.36, 125, 129 Gupta, 145 legends, 124 materials, 130, 131, 132 season dating, 174, 175, 176 *Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, I and II* (Sircar), 147, 223, 255 *Select Inscriptions of Bihar* (Choudhary), 104 *Selections from Sanskrit Inscriptions* (Diskalkar), 255 Seleukid era, 181 Semitic languages and scripts, 16, 19, 21, 23–28, 107–8, 210 as Brāhmī prototype, 23–28, 29–30, 34, 35, 54, 59 early Indic script comparison, 25t inscriptions from India, 107–8 Kharoṣṭhī connections, 52–54, 211 Sen, Sukumar, 73n.2 Senart, Émile, 77, 89, 133, 159, 219, 221, 222 Senas, 149, 193 Sengupta, Gautam, 245n.54 Set-Mahet, 144 Settar, S., 243 Seven Sages (constellation), 196 Sewell, R., 176, 180, 260 Shah, Umakant P., 195 Shāh kings (Nepal), 104 Shams-i Sirāj ‘Afīf, 199 Shan-shan (Kroraina) kingdom, 45, 79, 160 Sharma, G. R., 141 Sharma, Mukunda Madhava, 224 Sharma, R.
c17.35.5
K., 120 Sharma, Tej Ram, 251 Shastree, Ball Gungadhur, 216 Shatial region, 107 shell (as inscriptional material), 132 shell characters (Śaṅkhalipi), 70, 71, 122 Siddha-hema-kumāra era, 195 Siddham. *See* Siddhamātṛkā script *siddham* (auspicious word), 67, 115 Siddhamātṛkā script, 19, 39–40, 41, 156 biscript, 71 calligraphic embellishment, 69 decipherment, 201 *dhāraṇī* inscriptions, 160 Siddharāja Jayasiṃha (Gujarat Cālukya king), 193, 195
c17.36
Sīgiri, 151 *sigloi* (Achaemenian coins), 46n.131 signatures ornate script, 69, 70 painted inscriptions, 120 SII. *See* South Indian Inscriptions Śilāhāras, 41, 100, 149 *śilākūṭa* (engraver), 65 Śīlavarman (king), 92, 239 silk, 118, 132 *śilpin* (artist), 247 Siṃha era, 173, 192–93, 195, 196 Singam, S. Durai Raja, 158 Singh, Jai Prakash, 243 Singh, P. G., 108 Sinhalese, 104–5, 151, 249 Prakrit, 79–80, 104, 151 Sinhalese script, 42 Sinology, 4 Sino-Tibetan languages, 108–9
c17.37
Stein, Burton, 231, 232 Stein, Marc Aurel, 222 stele inscriptions, 128, 156, 157, 158 Stevenson, J., 206, 209, 216, 217 Stirling, A., 203 stone (as inscriptional material), 126–28, 144–45 *stotras* (devotional hymns), 122, 234, 237 Strabo, 11 Stroobandt, R., 260 *Struggle for Empire, The* (Majumdar, ed.), 149 *Studies in Ancient Indian History* (Mirashi), 261 *Studies in Ancient Indian Seals* (Thapyal), 124 *Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra* (Sundaram), 232 *Studies in Indian Epigraphy*. *See Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India* *Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy and Culture* (Gai), 261 *Studies in Indology* (Mirashi), 261 *Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India* (Sircar), 238, 241 *stūpas*, 34, 64, 77, 118, 120, 128, 140, 141, 142, 144 Subandhu, 63n.201, 235 *Subhāṣitaratnakośa*, 236 Subrahmanyam, R., 101 Subramanian, T. N., 258 suicide, 120 Suketuvarman (king), 183 Sukthankar, V. S., 40–41, 62n.199 Sumatra, 158, 159 Sundaram, K., 232 Śuṅgas, 31–37, 86n.44, 141–42, 226, 227 *śūnyabindu* (zero-sign), 63n.201 Sūrya, 122 *Sūrya-siddhānta*, 179 Sūryavaṃśī Gajapatis, 101, 149 Śutanukā, 141 *sūtradhāra* (artist/engraver), 65, 247 Suvarṇṇahala, 166 *svasti* (auspicious word), 112 *svastika* (auspicious sign), 67 Śvetāmbaras, 194, 243 Swamikannu Pillai, L. D., 177 Swat region, 108, 242 Swat River, 42, 44 syllabary, 20, 205 syllabic script type, 15 Syriac, 107
c17.38
Tajikistan, 44, 142–43, 154 Ṭākarī script, 103 Takla Makan Desert, 159 Talain (Mon), 155 Tamil Brāhmī inscriptions, 35–36, 40, 160 Tamil language and script, 31, 35–36, 40, 41, 105–6, 148 bilingual inscriptions, 101, 148, 149, 155 inscriptions from outside India, 150, 155 Kollam era dating, 189–90 vowel cancellation marker. *See puḷḷi* Tamil Nadu, 189 cave inscriptions, 35–36 inscriptions recording performing arts, 248 Tamluk, 71 *tāmrapaṭṭa* (copper plate charter), 114 *tāmraphalī* (copper plate charter), 114 *tamraśāsana* (copper plate charter), 114 *Tāṇḍava-lakṣaṇa*, 248 Tanjore Marathas, 100 Tarim Basin, 45, 47, 79 *Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī*, 160 taxation, 232 Taxila, 44, 47, 107 (*see also* Pakistan) Taylor, Isaac, 23–24, 52 technical terminology, 98, 164, 249 Telugu Coḷas, 106 Telugu-Kannada script, 40, 41, 42, 71 Telugu language and script, 106 bilingual inscriptions, 100, 149 characteristics, 34 Oriya inscriptions in Telugu script, 101 trilingual inscriptions, 109 Termez, 153, 154 terra-cotta (as inscriptional material), 71, 130 Terrien de Lacouperie, 17, 50 Tessitori, L. P., 103 “test letters,” 170 Tewari, S. P., 98, 249 Thailand, 81, 155 Thai script, 42 Thaplyal, Kiran Kumar, 124, 147 Thomas, Edward, 52, 59, 215, 217 Tibet, 41, 123
c17.39
Tibetan language and script, 41, 108–9, 160, 206 tin (as inscriptional material), 130 *tithi*, 117, 170, 174–75, 177n.53, 178–80 calculation of, 178 Tocharian, 79 Tod, James, 203 Tokri Ṭīlā pedestal inscription, 88 Tomaras, 149 tombstones, 108 *Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States, A* (Mahalingam), 260 toponyms, 249, 250 Toramāṇa (Hun king), 146, 171 tortoise shell inscriptions, 132, 240 Tosalī, 137 trade, 232 *Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cōḷas* (Hall), 232 Traikūṭakas, 146, 184 transcripts, 162–64 transfer of merit, 242 translation (of inscriptions), 164, 200–203 transliteration systems, 162–64, 202, 205, 210n.66 travelers’ records. *See* pilgrims’ records “tree-in-railing” symbol, 67 Tribhuvanacūḍāmaṇi-caityālaya, 247 trilingual inscriptions, 101, 102, 109 Tripathi, K., 101, 259 Tripura, 104 Tripurī Kalacuri kings, 240 triskele (auspicious symbol), 67 Trivikramabhaṭṭa (poet), 234 Troyer, A., 205 Tuḷpuḷe, Śaṃ. Go., 99, 100 Tuḷu, 106 Turamāyo (Ptolemy), 227 Turkestan, 159 Turnour, George, 215n.92 *Twenty-five Sanskrit Inscriptions for Use in Universities* (Gonda), 255
c17.40
Uccakalpas, 146, 184 Udayādityavarman (Khmer king), 155 Udayasena (king), 169 *Uktivyaktiprakaraṇa*, 95n.57 Umā-Maheśvara (deity), 153 Umāpatidhara (poet), 111, 234, 236 undeciphered scripts, 71 *upadhmānīya*, 59n.185, 163 Upādhyāya, Vāsudeva, 258 Upasak, Chandrika Singh, 258 urban writing style, 170 Urdu, 103, 106–7, 252 Ursa Major (constellation), 196 Uṣavadāta (Western Kṣatrapa prince), 89, 144 Uṣṇīṣavijaya-dhāraṇī, 160 Utararakhita, 142 Utkṣepalipi, 9 *Uttamaśikhara-purāṇa*, 122 *Uṭṭaṅkita Sanskrit Vidyā Araṇya Epigraphs*, vol. 2 (Krishnan), 255 *uttarāyaṇa-saṃkrānti*, 175 Uttar Pradesh, 102 Uzbekistan, 44, 130, 131, 142–43, 153–54
c17.41
Vaiṣṇavism, 156, 157, 239–40 Vaiśravaṇa (king of Kauśāmbī), 92 Vajrācārya, Dh., 152 Vākāṭakas, 39, 91, 146, 171, 172, 239 Valabhī era, 148, 173, 186, 186–87, 188, 195 (*see also* Gupta-Valabhī era) Vaṅgalipi, 9 Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J. E., 245–46 Varmalākhya/Varmalāta (king), 234 Varmas, 149 *varṇanāgakṛpāṇikā* (“alphabetical snake scimitar”), 125–26 *vartamāna* (current) years, 176 *Vāsavadattā* (Subandhu), 63n.201, 135 Vāsiṣka (Kuṣāṇa king), 88 Vāsiṣṭhīputra Puḷumāvī, 77, 144, 174, 233 Vāsiṣṭhīputra Śrī-Sātakarṇi, 90 Vāsudeva (deity), 87, 240 Vatsabhaṭṭi (inscriptional poet), 236 Vatsarāja (Gurjara-Pratīhāra king), 147, 230 *Vaṭṭaka Jātaka*, 151 Vedic literature, 7, 11, 20 Vedic period, 21 Vedic religion, 239 Vedic sacrifices, 111n.3, 128, 131, 239 Venkatasubbiah, A., 177n.57, 178, 179, 180 Ventris, Michael, 205
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