India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c7.s4.2

c7.s4.2

1. Kamboja (IV.1.175). Gandhāra, Kapiśa, Bālhīka, and Kamboja are the four *janapadas* the relative positions of which should be clearly understood. Of these Gandhāra extended from Takshaśilā, its eastern capital, to the river Kunar, its western boundary, and from the river Kābul in the south to Swat in the north. Next to it was the kingdom of Kapiśa coinciding with modern Kafiristan and occupying the whole area between the river Kunar and the Hindukush. The latter mountain identified as Rohitāgiri separated Kapiśa from Bālhīka. Sometimes Kapiśa politically formed part of Gandhāra, as in the reign of Darius, and then the name Gandhāra was applied to both of them. In none of these three *janapadas* can Kamboja be included. It stands as a separate *janapada*, which Lassen correctly identified with the head-waters of the Oxus comprising the Ghalcha-speaking areas of Pamir.