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The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5.s11: M

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5.s11

Language
English

Contents

M

c5.s11.1

Machchha—Same as Matsya (*Anguttara Nikāya*, Tika Nipāta, ch 70, para 17)

c5.s11.2

Machheri—Alwar, which formerly appertained to the territory of Jaipur (see Matsya desa)

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Madana Tapovana—Same as Kamasrama (*Raghuvamsa*, xi, 13)

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Madguraka—Same as Modagiri (*Matsya P*, ch 113)

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Madhumanta—Same as Daṇḍakāraṇya (*Rāmāyaṇa*, Uttara, chs 92, 94)

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Madhumati—The Mohwar or Modhwar river which rises near Ranod and falls into the Sind about eight miles above Sonari in Malwa (*Mālati Mādhava*, Act IX, and *Arch S Rep*, II, 308).

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Madhupuri—Mathura, it was founded by Satrughna, the youngest brother of Rāma, by killing the Rākshasa Lavana, son of Madhu The town of the demon Madhu has been of the Mahendra range which abuts into the ocean and cross it to reach Laṅkā, or in other words, the island of Laṅkā, according to the Rāmāyaṇa, was situated to the south of the Cardamum Mountains which form the southern portion of the Mahendra range, while if Ceylon be the ancient Laṅkā, one is not required to cross the Tāmraparṇī river to go to the southern extremity of the Mahendra Mountain in order to reach that island by the Adam’s Bridge (or Setubandha Rāmeśvara); (2) Barāha-mihira, the celebrated astronomer, says that Ujjayinī and Laṅkā are situated on the same meridian, while Ceylon lies far to the east of this meridian; (3) Some of the works of the Pauranic times mention Laṅkā and Siṃhala (the corruption of which is Ceylon) as distinct islands (Brihat-Saṃhitā, ch. 14 and Devī P., chs. 42, 46). On the other hand, the Mahāvaṃśa, the most ancient history of Ceylon composed in the 5th century A.D., distinctly mentions that the island of Laṅkā was called Siṃhala by Vijaya after his conquest, and calls Duṭṭhagāmani and Parākramabāhu kings of Laṅkā or Siṃhala (Geiger’s Mahāvaṃśa, chs. VII, XXXI). The Rājāvalī also mentions the tradition of the war of Rāvaṇa in the island of Ceylon (Upham’s Rājāvalī, pt. I). Dhammakitti, the author of the Dāṭhāvaṃśa, who lived in the twelfth century A.D., in the reign of Parākramabāhu I, king of Ceylon, states that Siṃhala and Laṅkā are the same island. It is called Zeilan or Silan (Ceylon) by Marco Polo, who visited it in the thirteenth century A.D. (Wright’s Marco Polo). For other derivations of the name of Silan, see Col. Yule’s Travels of Marco Polo, vol. II, p. 254, note.

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Laṭa—1. Southern Gujarat including Khaṇḍesh situated between the river Mahi and the lower Tapti—the Larike of Ptolemy (Garuḍa P., ch. 55; Dowson’s Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology; Dr. Bhandarkar’s Hist. of the Dekkan, sec. XI, p. 42). It is mentioned in the Kāmasūtra of Vātsyāyana. It comprised the collectorates of Surat, Bharoch, Kheda and parts of Baroda territory (Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh by Burgess). According to Col. Yule, Lāḍa was the ancient name of Gujarat and Northern Koṅkan (Marco Polo, vol. II, p. 302 n). It is the Lāṭhikā of the Dhauli inscription and Rāṣṭikā (Riṣṭika) of the Girnar inscription of Aśoka. According to Prof. Bühler, Lāṭa is Central Gujarat, the district between the Mahi and Kim rivers, and its chief city was Broach (see Additional Notes, It-sing’s Records of the Buddhist Religion, by Takakusu, p. 217; Alberuni’s India, I, p. 205). In the Copperplate Inscription found at Baroda, the capital of Lāṭa or the kingdom of Lāṭeśvara is said to be Elapur (v. II). The inscription also gives the genealogy of the kings of Lāṭeśvara (JASB., vol. VIII, 1839, p. 292). But it is doubtful whether Lāṭa and Lāṭeśvara are identical kingdoms. Lāṭa was also called Lāḍa in the Biddhasālabhañjikā; Ollādeśa appears to be identical with Lāṭa (see Ollā). The Nāgara Brahmins of Lāṭa (Gujarat) are said to have invented the Nagri character. The Devanāgari character, however, is said to have been derived from the Brāhmi alphabet. 2. Rāḍha—the Lāḍa of Upham’s Mahāvaṃśa is a corruption of Rāḍha in Bengal (see Rāḍha).

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Latthivana—Same as Yaṣṭivana (Jātaka, Cam. ed., IV, p. 179; Mahāvagga, I, 22).

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Lavaṇā—The Lun (Looni) or Nun Nadī which rises near Paniar and falls into the Sind at Chandpursonari in Malwa (Mālatī-mādhava, act IX; Arch. S. Rep., vol. II, p. 308).

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Lavapura—Called also Lavakoṭa or Lavavarā afterwards called Lohāwar; Lahore, founded by Lava, the son of Rāmachandra (Tod’s Rajasthan, I, p. 224). The ruins of the ancient city still exist near the present city of Lahore. In the Jaina Inscriptions at Satruñjaya, it is called Lābhapura (Ep. Ind., vol. II, pp. 38, 54).

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Lilajana—The river Phalgū, but, in fact, the western branch of the river Phalgū, which joins the Mohānā few miles above Gaya, is called by that name. See Nilājana.

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Lodhra-Kanana—The Lodh-moona forest in Kumaun (*Râmâyaṇa*, Kishk., ch. 43); see Kármachala. It was the hermitage of Garga Ṛishi.

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Loha—Afghanistan (*Mbh.*, Sabhâ, ch. 26). In the tenth century of the Christian era, the last Hindu king was defeated by the Muhammadans, and Afghanistan became a Muhammadan kingdom. See Kamboja.

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Lohargala—A sacred place in the Himalaya (*Varâha P.*, ch. 15). It is perhaps Lohâghâṭ in Kumaun, three miles to the north of Champâwat, on the river Lohâ, as the place is sacred to Vishṇu (see Kûrmachala).

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Lohita-Sarovara—The lake Râwanhrad, which is the source of the river Lohitya or Brahmaputra (*Brahmâṇḍa P.*, ch. 51).

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Lohitya—1. The river Brahmaputra (*Mbh.*, Bhîshma P., ch. 9; *Raghuvamśa*, c. IV, v. 81; *Medinî*). For the birth of Lohitya, the son of Brahma, see *Kâlikâ P.*, ch. 82. Paraśurâma’s axe fell from his hand when he bathed in this river owing to the sin of killing his mother. According to Kâlidâsa, the river was the boundary of Prâgjyotisha or Gauhati in Assam (*Raghuvamśa*, IV, v. 81). For a description of the source of the Brahmaputra, see Sven Hedin’s *Trans-Himalaya*, vol. II, ch. 43.

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Lohitya-Sarovara—The source of the river Chandrabhâgâ or Chinab in Lahoul or Middle Tibet (*Kâlikâ P.*, ch. 82). It is a small lake now called Chandrabhâgâ.

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Lokapura—Chanda in the Central Provinces. It contained the temples of Mahâkâlî and her son Achaleśvara who was formerly called Jharpateśvara (*Skanda P.*).

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Lomaśa-Āśrama—The Lomasgir-hill, four miles north-east of Rajauli in the sub-division of Nowadah, in the district of Gaya; it was the hermitage of Lomasa Rishi (Grierson’s *Notes on the District of Gaya*, p. 27).

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Loṇâra—See Vishṇu-Gaya (*Padma P.*, Uttara, ch. 62; Cousen’s *Antiquarian Remains in the Central Provinces and Berar*, p. 77).

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Lumbini-Vana—Rummen-dei in the Nepalese Terai, two miles to the north of Bhagavânpur and about a mile to the north of Paderia. See Kapilavastu. The eight Chaityas or sacred places which are visited by Buddhist pilgrims are (1) The Lumbini Garden in Kapilavastu where Buddha was born; (2) Bodh tree in Bodh-Gaya where he attained Buddhahood; (3) Mṛigadâva in Benares where he preached his law for the first time; (4) Jetavana in Śrâvastî where he displayed miraculous powers; (5) Saṅkâsya in the district of Kanauj where he descended from the Trayastriṃśa heaven; (6) Râjagṛiha in Magadha where he taught his disciples; (7) Vaiśâlî where he spoke to Ānanda about the length of his life; (8) Kuśinagara where he died in a Śâla grove (*Mahâparinibbâna Sutta*, VI, 51-62; in *SBE.*, vol. XI).

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M

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Machehha—Same as Matsya (*Aṅguttara Nikâya*, Tika Nipâta, ch. 70, para. 17).

c5.s11.25

Machheri—Alwar, which formerly appertained to the territory of Jaipur (see Matsya-deśa).

c5.s11.26

Madana-Tapovana—Same as Kamâśrama (*Raghuvamśa*, XI, 13).

c5.s11.27

Madguraka—Same as Modagiri (*Matsya P.*, ch. 113).

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Madhumanta—Same as Daṇḍakâraṇya (*Râmâyaṇa*, Uttara, chs. 92, 94).

c5.s11.29

Madhumati—The Mohwar or Modhwar river which rises near Ranod and falls into the Sind, about eight miles above Sonari in Malwa (*Mâlatî Mâdhava*, Act IX, and *Arch. S. Rep.*, II, 308).

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Madhupurî—Mathurâ; it was founded by Śatrughna, the youngest brother of Râma, by killing the Râkshasa Lavana, son of Madhu. The town of the demon Madhu has been identified by Growse with Maholi, five miles to the south-west of the present town of Mathurâ. In Maholi is situated Madhuvana (or forest of Madhu), a place of pilgrimage (Growse's *Mathurâ*, pp. 32, 54).

c5.s11.31

Madhurâ—Same as Mathurâ (see *Ghaṭa-Jâtaka* in the *Jâtakas* (Cam. ed.), IV, p. 50; it is a distortion of the story of Kṛiṣhṇa).

c5.s11.32

Madhuvana—See Mathurâ.

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Madhyadeśa—The country bounded by the river Sarasvatî in Kurukshetra, Allahabad, the Himâlaya, and the Vindhya; the Antarveda was included in Madhyadeśa (*Manu Saṃhitâ*, ch. II, v. 21). The boundaries of Majjhimadeśa of the Buddhists are:—east the town Kajaṅgala and beyond it Mahâsâla; south-east the river Salâvatî; south the town Setakannika; west the town and district Thuna; north Usiradhvaja Mountain (*Mahâvagga*, V, 12, 13). Kâmpilya was originally the eastern limit of Madhyadeśa (Weber's *History of Indian Literature*, p. 115, note). The countries of Pañchâla, Kuru, Matsya, Yaudheya, Paṭachchara, Kunti and Sûrasena were included in Madhyadeśa (*Garuḍa P.*, I, ch. 55). Madhyadeśa includes Brahmarshi-deśa which again includes Brahmâvartta (Max Müller's *Rig-Veda*, vol. I, 45).

c5.s11.34

Madhyamarâṣhṭra—Same as Mahâkośala or Dakṣhiṇa-Kośala (Bhaṭṭa Svâmin's Commentary on *Kauṭilya's Arthaśâstra*, bk. II, Koshâdhyaksha).

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Madhyameśvara—A place sacred to Śiva on the bank of the Mandâkinî (*Kûrma-P.*, Pûrva, ch. 33). See Pañcha-Kedara.

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Mâdhyamika—Nâgari near Chitore in Rajputana, which was attacked by Menander; he was defeated by Vasumitra, grandson of Pushyamitra and son of Agnimitra of the Suṅga dynasty, Agnimitra being the viceroy of Vidiśâ (Kâlidâsa's *Mâlavikâgnimitra*, Act V; Vincent A. Smith's *Early History of India*, p. 199). Same as Sibi. But according to the *Mahâbhârata* (Sabhâ P., ch. 32), Mâdhyamika and Sibi are two different countries, though their names are mentioned together.

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Madhyârjuna—Tiruvidaimarudûr, six miles east of Kumbhaconum and 29 miles from Tanjore, Madras Presidency; it was visited by Śaṅkarâchârya (Ânanda Giri's *Śaṅkaravijaya*, ch. 4, p. 16; *Arch. S. Rep.*, 1907-8, p. 231). It is celebrated for its temple.

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Madra—A country in the Panjab between the Ravi and the Chinab. Its capital was Sâkala. Madra was the kingdom of Râjâ Śalya of the *Mahâbhârata* (Udyoga, ch. 8), and also of Râjâ Aśvapati, father of the celebrated Sâvitrî, the wife of Satyavâna (*Matsya P.*, ch. 206, v. 5; *Mbh.*, Vana P., ch. 292). Some suppose that Madra was also called Bâhika. Bâhika, however, appears to be a part of the kingdom of Madra (*Mbh.*, Karṇa P., ch., 45). Madra was also called Ṭakkadeśa (Hemachandra's *Abhidhâna-chintâmaṇi*).

c5.s11.39

Magadha—The province of Bihar or properly South Bihar (*Râmâyaṇa*, Âdi, ch. 32; *Mbh.*, Sabhâ P., ch. 24). Its western boundary was the river Sona. The name of Magadha first appears in the *Atharva-saṃhitâ*, v, 22, 14; xv, 2. The ancient capital of Magadha was Girivrajapura (modern Rajgir) at the time of Jarâsandha, who was killed by Bhîma, one of the five Pâṇḍavas. The capital was subsequently removed to Pâṭaliputra, which was formerly an insignificant village called by the name of Pâṭaligrâma, enlarged and strengthened by Ajâtaśatru, king of Magadha and contemporary of Buddha, to repel the advance of the Vrijjis of Vaiśâlî. Udayâśva, the grandson of Ajâtaśatru, is said to have removed the capital from Râjagṛiha to Pâṭaliputra (*Vâyu P.*, II, ch. 37, 369). The country of Magadha extended once south of the Ganges from Benares to Monghyr, and southwards as far as Singhbhum. The people of the neighbouring districts still call the districts of Patna and Gaya by the name of Magī, which is a corruption of Magadha In the Lalita-vistara (ch 17) Gayāśirsha is placed in Magadha It was originally inhabited by the Cheras and the Kols, who were considered Asuras by the Aryans After the Andhrabhṛityas of Pataliputra (see Patna), the Guptas reigned in Magadha According to Cunningham the Gupta era commenced in 319 A D, when Mahārāja Gupta ascended the throne, whereas according to Dr Fleet (Corp Inscrip Ind, vol III, p 25), it commenced in 320 A D, when Chandra Gupta I ascended the throne of Magadha The Guptas were destroyed by the Ephthalites known in India as the Huns whose leader Lachih (Lakhan Udayāditya of the coins) had wrested Gandhāra from the Kushans and established his capital at Sākala His descendants gradually conquered the Gupta territories and subverted their kingdom The capital of the Guptas was at first Pataliputra, and though after Samudra Gupta's conquest it was still regarded officially as the capital, yet, in fact the seat of government was removed to different places at different times

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Magādhi—The river Sone (Ram, I, 32) See Sumāgadhi

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Mahābalipura—Same as Banapura

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Mahābodhi—See Uravilva (Matsya P, ch 22)

c5.s11.43

Mahāchīna—China was so called during the mediæval period (see China)

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Mahā Gaṅgā—The river Alakānandā in the Himālaya (Vishnu Samhita ch 85, SBE, vol VII, p 257 note)

c5.s11.45

Mahakausika—It is formed by the seven Kosīs of Nepal, which are the Milamchi, the Sun Kosī (Sona Kosī) or the Bhotea Kosī, the Tamba Kosī, the Likhu Kosī, the Dudh Kosī, the Aruna (Padma P, Svarga, ch 19, Mbh, Vana, ch 84) and the Tamor (Tamra of the Mbh, Vana, ch 84) The union of the Tamor, the Aruna and the Sun Kosī forms the Triveni, a holy place of pilgrimage The Triveni is immediately above Varāha kshetra in Purnea above Nathpur, at the point where or close to which the united Kosīs issue into the plains (JASB, XVII, pp 638, 647, map at p 761) See Baraha-kshetra. Of the seven Kosīs, the Tamba or Tamar, and Likhu are lost in the Sun Kosī and the Barun in the Aruna (Ibid, p 641 note)

c5.s11.46

Mahā-Kosala—Mahā Kosala comprised the whole country from the source of the Narbada at Amarakantaka on the north to the Mahānadī on the south, and from the river Wain Gaṅgā on the west to the Hasdo and Jonk rivers on the east, and it comprised also the eastern portion of the Central Provinces including the districts of Chhatisgar and Rayapur (see Tivara Deva's Inscription found at Rajim in the Asiatic Researches, XV, 508) Same as Dakshina Kosala (Cousen's Antiquarian Remains in the Central Provinces and Berar, p 59, Cunningham's Arch S Rep, vol XVII, p 68) It was the kingdom of the Kalachuris (Rapson's Indian Coins, p 33)

c5.s11.47

Mahālaya—1 Same as Omkāranātha or Amaresvara (Kurma P, pt II, ch 3) 2 In Benares (Agni P, ch 112)

c5.s11.48

Mahānadī—1 The Phalgu river in the district of Gaya (Mbh, Ādi P, ch 215, v 7—Nīlakaṇṭha's commentary, Vana, chs 87, 95) 2 A river in Orissa (Padma P, Svarga, ch 3)

c5.s11.49

Mahānal—Same as Mahānadī (K Ch, p 83, Vangavāsī ed)

c5.s11.50

Mahānandī—A place of pilgrimage in the Karnul district (Ep Ind, vol I, p 368)

c5.s11.51

Mahāpadma Saras—Same as Aravalo, the lake derives its name from the Nāga Mahāpadma The Wular or Valur lake in Kasmir (Dr Stein's Rājatarangiṇī, vol I, p 174, note).

c5.s11.52.1

Maharashtra—The Maratha country (Vâmana P., ch. 13), the country watered by the Upper Godâvarî and that lying between that river and the Kṛishṇa. At one time it was synonymous with the Deccan. At the time of Asoka, the country was called Mahâraṭṭha; he sent here the Buddhist missionary named Mahâdhammarakkhita in 245 B.C. (Dr. Geiger’s Mahâvaṃsa, ch. XII, p. 85 note). Its ancient capital was Aśmaka or Assaka at the time of Buddha (see Aśmaka). Its ancient capital was Pratishṭhâna (Paiṭhân) on the Godâvarî. It was the capital of the junior princes of the Andhrabhṛitya dynasty of the Purâṇas, who were also called Śâtakarṇis or in the corrupted form of the word Śâlivâhanas (see Dhanakaṭaka). The most powerful of the Andhrabhṛitya kings was Pulumâyi, who reigned from 130 to 154 A.C. He overthrew the dynasty of Nahapâna who probably reigned at Jîrṇanagara (Juner). After the Andhrabhṛityas, the Kshatrapa dynasty was in possession of a portion of the Deccan from 218 to 232 A.D., and after them the Âbhîras reigned for 67 years, that is up to 399 A.D.; then the Râshṭrakuṭas (modern Râthors) called also Raṭṭhis or Râshṭrikas, from whom the names of Mahâ-raṭṭis (Mah-râṭṭâ) and Mahâ-râshṭrika (Mahârâshṭra) are derived, reigned from the third to the sixth century A.D. Then the Chalukyas reigned from the beginning of the sixth century to 753 A.D. Pulakesi I, who performed the asvamedha sacrifice, removed his capital from Paiṭhân to Bâṭâpipura (now called Bâdâmi).

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His grandson Pulakesi II was the most powerful king of this dynasty. He was the contemporary of Khusrau II of Persia. He defeated Harshavarddhana or Silâditya II of Kanauj. During his reign Hiuen Tsiang visited Mahârâshṭra (Mo-ho-la-cha). Dantidurga of the later Râshṭrakuṭa dynasty ascended the throne in 748 A.C., by defeating Kîrttivarman II of the Chalukya dynasty. Govinda III was the most powerful prince of the later Râshṭrakuṭa dynasty. His son Amoghavarsha or Sarva made Mânyakheta (modern Malkhed) his capital. The Râshṭrakuṭa dynasty was subverted in 973 A.C., by Tailapa of the later Chalukya dynasty. Âhavamalla or Someśvara I, who reigned from 1040 to 1069, removed his capital from Mânyakheta to Kalyâṇa in Kuntala-deśa. His son Tribhuvanamalla Vikramâditya II was the most powerful king who reigned from 1076 to 1126 A.C. In his court flourished Vijñâneśvara, the author of the Mitâksharâ, and Bilhaṇa, the author of the Vikramâṅkadeva-charita. The throne was usurped by Vijjala of the Kalachuri dynasty, who had been a minister of Tailapa II, in 1162 A.C., but the dynasty became extinct in 1192, and the Yâdavas became the sovereigns of the Deccan. Bhillama of this dynasty founded the city of Devagiri, modern Daulatâbad, and made it his capital in 1187 A.C. Siṅghana was the most powerful king of this dynasty. In his court flourished Chaṅgadeva, the grandson of Bhâshkarâchârya (born in Saka 1036=A.D. 1114), and son of Lakshmîdhara, who was his chief astrologer.

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In the reign of Râmachandra, Hemâdri, was probably called Hemadpant and who was the author of the Chaturvarga-chintâmaṇi, was his minister. He is said to have constructed in the Deccan most of the temples of a certain style called Hemadpanti temples. Vopadeva, the author of the Mugdhabodha Vyâkaraṇa, flourished also in the court of Râmachandra. Dr. Bhau Daji, however, is of opinion that there were many persons of the name of Vopadeva: one the author of the Mugdhabodha, another the author of the Dhâtupâṭha or Kavikalpadruma, and a third the commentator of Bhâshkarâchârya’s Lîlâvatî, who was the son of Bhîmadeva, while Keśava was the father of the author of the grammatical treatise. According to Bhau Daji, the last flourished in the court of Râmachandra (Râmachandra Ghosha’s Literary Remains of Dr. Bhau Daji, ch. viii, pp. 149, 150). Râmachandra or Râmadeva was the last of the independent Hindu sovereigns of the Deccan. Alâuddîn Khilji defeated Râmachandra, killed his son Śaṅkara and absorbed his dominions into the Muhammadan empire in 1318 A.C. (Dr. Bhandarkar’s Early History of the Dekkan. sec, xv).

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Mahāśāla—It is mentioned in the Padma P. (Sṛiṣṭi Kh ch 11), and Matsya P. (ch. 22), as a tirtha or a place of pilgrimage on the Godāvarī. Śāla is mentioned as a tributary of the Godāvarī (Brahma P., ch 106, vs 20 22). It is the Maisolus of the Greeks. As Ptolemy places the mouth of the river Maisolus in the district called Maisolia, it may be identified with that portion of the Godāvarī which lies between the Pranahita or rather Wain Gangā and the ocean. See Maisolia. In the Mahāvagga (V, 13, 12 in SBE, XVII, 38) Mahāśāla is described as a border country on the east of South India.

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Mahāsāra—Masār, a village six miles to the west of Arrah in the district of Shahabad visited by Hiuen Tsiang in the seventh century.

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Mahāsthāna—Mahāsthāna gada in the district of Bagura in Bengal (Devī Bhāgavata, VII, ch 38). It contained the celebrated temple of Mahādeva called Ugramādhava at the time of Vallala Sena, king of Gauda (Ananda Bhaṭṭa's Vallala charitam, ch VI). It is seven miles to the north of Bogra (town). See Ballālapuri. Its ancient name was Śila Dhāpa (Śila Dhātugarbha) and contained four Buddhist stupas, but the name was changed into Śila Dvipa after the revival of Hinduism (List of Ancient Monuments of Bengal in JASB, 1875, p 183).

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Mahati—The river Mahi, a branch of the river Chambal in Malwa (Vayu P., I, ch 45, v. 97).

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Mahatnu—The river Argesan in Afghanistan which joins the Gomal river or Gomatī (Rig Veda, X, 75). Same as Mehatnu.

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Mahāvana—Same as Braja. See Gokula (Chaitanya charitāmṛita, II ch 18).

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Mahāvana Vihāra—1. Piṅkotai, near Sunigram in Buner, about twenty six miles south of Manglaur or Mangalore, the old capital of Udyana (Dr Stein's Archaeological Tour with the Indian Field Force in the Indian Antiquary of 1899). It was visited by Hiuen Tsiang. 2. Mahāvana Kuṭigāra was situated in the suburb of Vaiśālī, it was also called Mahāvana-vihāra (Spence Hardy's Manual of Buddhism, p 313).

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Mahendra—The whole range of hills extending from Orissa to the district of Madura was known by the name of Mahendra parvata. It included the Eastern Ghats and the range extending from the Northern Circars to Gondwana, part of which near Ganjam is still called Mahendra Malai or the hills of Mahendra (Raghuvamsa, IV, vs 39, 10). It joins the Malaya mountain (Harshacharita, ch VII). Parasurāma retired to this mountain after he was defeated by Ramachandra. The Rāmāyaṇa (Kishk, ch 67, Lankā, ch 4) and the Chaitanya charitāmṛita apply the name specially to the Eastern Ghats, and the hermitage of Parasurāma is placed by the Chaitanya charitāmṛita at the southern extremity of the range in the district of Madura. The Raghuvamsa (VI, v 51) places it in Kalinga, so also the Uttara Naishadha Charita (canto XII, v 21). The name is principally applied to the range of hills separating Ganjam from the valley of the Mahanadī.

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Mahoṣmatī-Maṇḍala—Mandala in Central India. It was also called Mahesamaṇḍala or Mahesmatī (Arch S Rep, vol XVII, p 51). Its capital was Māhishmatī (JRAS, 1910, p 425).

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Maheśvara—Mahes or Chuli Maheśvara on the bank of the Nerbuda (Matsya P., ch 189, Sthavirāvalicharita, XII), same as Mahishmatī.

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Māheya—The country which lies between the rivers Mahi and Nerbuda. The Māheyas lived on the bank of the Nerbuda (Vāyu P., II, 45).

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Māhī—1. The river Māhī in Malwa (Mārkaṇḍeya P., ch 57). Near its mouth Andhaka, a daitya, was killed by Śiva in a cavern (Śiva P., I, chs 38, 43). 2. The river Māhī, a tributary of the Gandak (Sutta nipāta, I, 2: Dhaniyasutta, Trenckner's Milinda Pañha, p. 114, *SBE.*, XXXV, p. 171). It rises in the Himalaya and flows into the Great Gandak about half a mile above its junction with the Ganges, but practically into the Ganges near Sonpur (*Statistical Account of Bengal*, vol. XI (1877), p. 358 ; *JRAS.*, 1907, p. 45].

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Mahisha—1. According to Bhaṭṭa Swāmī, the commentator of the *Arthaśāstra* (bk. II, Koshādhyaksha), Mahisha was the country of Māhishmatī (*Harivaṃśa*, I, ch. 14). 2. Same as Māhishaka.

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Māhishaka—According to Dr. Bhandarkar, Māhishaka was the name of the country on the Nerbuda, of which Māhishmatī was the capital. (*Early History of the Dekkan*, sec. iii ; *Padma P.*, Ādi Kh., ch. 6; *Mbh.*, Bhīshma P., ch. 9). Griffith identifies it with Mysore (see his *Rāmāyaṇa*, Kishk., ch. 41). The *Padma P.* [Svarga (Ādi), ch. 3] mentions Māhishaka as the country of Southern India, and therefore it is the same as Mahishamaṇḍala which has been identified by Mr. Rice with the Southern Mysore country (Mahishamaṇḍala ; see also Wilson’s *Vishnu P.*, vol. II, p. 178 note). But this identification is incorrect. See Dr. Fleet’s *Mahishamaṇḍala and Māhishmatī* in *JRAS.*, 1910, p. 440.

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Mahishamaṇḍala—Same as Māhisha and Māhishmatī (see Fleet, *JRAS.*, 1910, p. 429). Mahādeva was sent as a missionary to Asoka (*Mahāvaṃśa*, ch. XII; *Ep. Ind.*, vol. III, p. 136). According to the *Dīpavaṃśa*, Asoka sent missionaries to Gandhāra, Mahisha, Aparāntaka, Mahāraṣṭra, Yona, Hemavata, Suvarṇabhūmi and Laṅkādīpa (*JASB.*, 1838, p. 932). According to Mr. Rice, Mahishamaṇḍala was the Southern Mysore country, of which Mysore was the principal town (*JRAS.*, 1911, pp. 810, 814), but Dr. Fleet disagrees with this identification. According to the latter, it was also called Mahāmaṇḍala or Mahesha-rāṣṭra, where the people called Māhesha lived (*ibid.*, p. 833).

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Māhishmatī—Maheśvara or Mahesh, on the right bank of the Nerbuda, forty miles to the south of Indore. It was the capital of Haihaya or Anūpadeśa, the kingdom of the myriad-handed Kārtya-vīryārjuna of the Purāṇas, who was killed by Paraśurāma, son of Jamadagni and Reṇukā and disciple of Subrahmanya (*JASB.*, 1838, p. 495; *Bhāgavata P.*, IX, ch. 15). It was founded by Mahishmān according to the *Harivaṃśa* (I, ch. 30), and by Mahisha according to the *Padma P.* (Uttara, ch. 75). It is also called Chuli Maheśvara (Garrett’s *Classical Dictionary*). It has been correctly identified by Mr. Pargiter (*Mārkaṇḍeya P.*, p. 333 note) with Māndhātā on the Nerbuda (*JRAS.*, 1910, pp. 445-6); see Oṃkāranātha. It is the Māhissati of the Buddhists. The country, of which Māhishmatī (Māhissati) was the capital, was called during the Buddhist period Avanti-Dakshināpatha (D. R. Bhandarkar’s *Ancient History of India*, pp. 45, 54). Maṇḍana Miśra, afterwards called Viśvarūpa Āchārya, who was born at Rājgir resided here, and it was at this place that he was defeated in controversy by Śaṅkarāchārya (Mādhavāchārya’s *Śaṅkaradigvijaya*, ch. 8). The *Anargharāghava* (Act VII, 115) says that Māhishmatī was the capital of Chedi at the time of the Kalachuris. According to the *Mahā-Govinda Suttanta* (*Dīgha Nikāya*, XIX, 36) Mahissati or Māhishmatī was the capital of Avanti (Malwa).

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Māhissati—See Māhishmatī..

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Mahitā—Same as Mahī (*Mbh.*, Bhīshma, ch. 9).

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Mahoba—The capital of Jejabhukti or Bundelkhand (see Mahotsavanagara). The *Prabodha Chandrodaya* was written during the reign of Kīrtti Varman in the second half of the eleventh century A.D. (*Hemakosha*; *Rāmāyaṇa*, bk. I).

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Mahodadhi—The Bay of Bengal (*Raghuvaṃśa*, IV, v. 34; *Vāyu P.*, Pūrva, ch. 47).

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Mahodaya—Kanauj (*Hemakosha*; *Rāmāyaṇa*, bk. I, ch. 32).

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Mahotsava-Nagara—Mahoba in Bundelkhand. The whole Bundelkhand was anciently called Mahoba from this town. It was the capital of the Chandel kingdom which is universally said to have been founded by Chandra Varman who was born in Samvat 225; he built 85 temples and erected the fort of Kālañjar. The Chandel kingdom was bounded on the west by the Dhasan river, on the east by the Vindhya mountain, on the north by the Yamuna, and on the south by the source of the Kiyan or Kane river. It appears from the inscriptions that the Chandel kings from Nannuka Deva, the founder of the dynasty, to Kirat Singh, reigned from 800 A.D. to the middle of the sixteenth century. It was in the reign of Kirtti Varma Deva, the twelfth king from Nannuka, who reigned from 1063 to 1097 A.D., that the Prabodha Chandrodaya Nāṭaka was composed by Kṛishṇa Miśra (Arch. S. Rep., vol. XXI, p. 80). The town stands on the side of the Madan Sāgar lake, which was excavated in the twelfth century. The Kirat lake is of the eleventh century.

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Maināka-Giri—1. The Sewalik range (Kūrma P., Uparibhāga, ch. 36; Mbh., Vana, ch. 135), extending from the Ganges to the Bias. 2. The group of hills near the eastern source of the Ganges in the north of the Almora district (Pargiter's Mārkaṇḍeya P., ch. 57, p. 288). 3. A fabulous mountain situated in the sea, midway between India and Ceylon (Rāmāyaṇa, Sundara K., ch. VII). 4. A mountain on the west of India in or near Guzerat (Mbh., Vana, ch. 89).

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Maisolla—The coast between the Kṛishṇā and the Godāvarī (Ptolemy). It is the Masalia of the Periplus. See Mahāsāla.

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Māgadhi—See Sumāgadhi (Rāmāyaṇa, I, ch. 32).

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Majjhima-Desa—See Madhyadesa (Mahāvagga, V, 12, 13).

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Mākandī—See Pañchāla.

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Makula-Parvata—Kaluhā-pāhāḍ which is about 26 miles to the south of Buddha-Gaya and about sixteen miles to the north of Chatra in the district of Hazaribagh, is evidently a corruption of the name of the Makula Parvata (see Bigandet's Life of Gaudama). Buddha is said to have passed his sixth vassa (or rainy season retirement) on the Makula mountain, which forms the western boundary of a secluded valley on the eastern bank of the Lilajan river, containing a temple of Durgā called Kuleśvarī (Kula and Īśvarī). But the place abounds in Buddhist architectural remains and figures of Buddha. On a plateau just in front of the hill on which Kuleśvarī's temple is situated, and on the eastern side of the ravine which separates the plateau from the hill, there is a temple which contains a broken image of Buddha in the conventional form of meditation. There are also two impressions of Buddha's feet on the top of the highest peak of a hill on the northern side of the valley called the Ākāśalochana, and figures of Buddha carved in the central part of the hill with inscriptions which have become much obliterated by time and exposure. The large bricks found at this place also attest to the antiquity of the place. The letter "Ma" of Makula must have dropped down by lapse of time, and kula was corrupted into Kaluhā. There can be no doubt that the Brahmins appropriated this sacred place of the Buddhists and set up the image of Durgā at a subsequent period after the expulsion of Buddhism [see my article on the Kaluhā Hill in the District of Hazaribagh in JASB., vol. LXX (1901), p. 31], but as Dr. Stein does not approve the above identification (see Indian Antiquary, vol. XXX, p. 90), the Kaluhā-pāhāḍ may be, as is locally known, the Kolāchāla mountain of the Purāṇas.

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Mālā—A country situated to the east of Videha and north-west of Magadha, and on the north of the Ganges (Mbh., Sabhā, ch. 29), including evidently the district of Chapra, Malada—A portion of the district of Shahabad (*Râmâyaṇa*, Bâla, ch. 24). It was on the site of the ancient Malada and Karusha that Viśvâmitra’s âśrama was situated; Viśvâmitra-âśrama has been identified with Buxar. It is mentioned among the eastern countries conquered by Bhîma (*Mbh.*, Sabhâ, ch. 29).

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Malakûṭa—The Chola kingdom of Tanjore; it is mentioned by Hiuen Tsiang and also in the Tanjore inscription (Dr. Burnell’s *South Indian Palaeography*, p. 47, note 4; Sewell’s *Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India*, p. 14).

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Mâlava—1. Malwa (*Brahmâṇḍa P.*, Pûrva, ch. 48); its capital was Dhârâ-nagara at the time of Râjâ Bhoja. Its former capital was Avantî or Ujjayinî (*Brahma P.*, ch. 43). Before the seventh or eighth century, the country was called Avantî (see Avantî). Halâyudha flourished in the court of Muñja (974—1010 A.D.); Bâgbhaṭa, the author of the celebrated medical treatise called after his name, flourished in the court of Râjâ Bhoja (Tawney’s *Prabandhachintamaṇi*, p. 198), and Mayura, the father-in-law of Bâṇabhaṭṭa, flourished in the court of the elder Bhoja (*Ind. Ant.*, I, pp. 113, 114). For the origin of the name (see *Skanda P.*, Maheśvara, Kedâra Kh., ch. 17). 2. The country of the Mâlavas or Mallas (the Mallis of Alexander’s historians) the capital of which was Multan (*Mbh.*, Sabhâ P., ch. 32; *Cunningham’s Arch. S. Rep.*, V, p. 129; *Bṛihat-saṃhitâ*, ch. 14). The “Mâlavarâja” mentioned in the *Harshacharita* (ch. 4) was perhaps the king of the Mallas of Multan (see *Ep. Ind.*, vol. I, p. 70). See Malla-deśa.

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Malaya-Giri—The southern parts of the Western Ghâṭs, south of the river Kâverî (Bhavabhûti’s *Mahâvîra-charita*, Act V, v. 3), called the Travancore Hills, including the Cardammum Mountains, extending from Koimbatur gap to Cape Comorin. One of the summits bearing the name of Pothigei, the Bettigo of Ptolemy, was the abode of Ṛishi Agastya (McCrindle’s *Ptolemy*, VII, ch. 1, sec. 66 in *Ind. Ant.*, XIII, p. 361; *Chaitanya-charitâmṛita*, Madhya, ch. 9); it is also called Agasti-kûṭa mountain or Potiyam, being the southernmost peak of the Anamalai mountains where the river Tâmraparṇî has its source.

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Malaya-Khaṇḍam—See Mallâra.

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Malayâlam—Malabar (*Râjâvalî*, pt. I). The Malayâlam country included Cochin and Travancore, and it was anciently called Chera afterwards Kerala (see Chera and Kerala). According to some authorities, it was the ancient name of Travancore (Schoff, *Periplus of the Erythræan Sea*, p. 234; Da Cunha’s *Hist. of Chaul and Bassein*; Caldwell’s *Drav. Comp. Gram.*, 3rd ed., p. 16). The entire Malayâlam country originally comprised Tuluva, Mushika, Kerala and Kuva. For the history of Malayâlam, see Mackenzie Manuscripts in *JASB.*, 1838, p. 132.

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Mâlinî—1. Champanagar near Bhagalpur (*Hemakosha*; *Matsya P.*, ch. 48). 2. The river Mandâkinî. 3. The river Mâlinî flows between the countries called Pralamba on the west and Apartâla on the east, and falls into the river Ghagra about fifty miles above Ayodhyâ. It is the Erineses of Megasthenes. The hermitage of Kaṇva, the adoptive father of the celebrated Śakuntalâ, was situated on the bank of this river (Kâlidâsa’s *Śakuntalâ*, Acts III, VI). Lassen says that its present name is Chukâ, the western tributary of the Sarayu (*Ind. Alt.*, II, p. 524; *Râmâyaṇa*, Ayodhyâ K., ch. 68). See Kaṇva-âśrama.

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Malla-Deśa—1. The district of Multan was the ancient Malla-deśa or Mâlava (*q.v.*), the people of which were called Mallis by Alexander’s historians and are the Mâlavas of the *Mahâbhârata* (*Mbh.*, Sabhâ P., ch. 32). Its ancient capital was Multan (Cunningham’s *Arch S Rep*, V, p 129) Lakshmaṇa's son Chandraketu was made king of Malla deśa by his uncle Rāmachandra (*Rāmāyaṇa*, Uttara K, ch. 115) 2 The country in which the Parasnath hills are situated (*McCrindle's Megasthenes and Arrian*, pp 63, 139), that is, portions of the districts of Hazaribagh and Manbhum The *Purāṇas* and the *Mahābhārata* (Bhīshma, ch 9) mention two countries by the name of Malla, one in the west and the other in the east 3 At the time of Buddha, the Mallas lived at Pāvā and Kusinagara where he died The ruins at Aniruddha near Kasia (ancient Kusinagara) in the district of Gorakhpur have been identified with the palaces of the Malla nobles (see also *Mbh*, Sabhā, ch. 29)

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Malla-Parvata—The Pārasnath hill in Chhota Nagpur, the mount Maleus of the Greeks (*McCrindle's Megasthenes and Arrian*, pp 63, 139) See Samet-śikhara. Mount Maleus has perhaps been wrongly identified with the Mandara hill in the district of Bhagalpur in the Bihar province (*Bradley Birt's Story of an Indian Upland*, p 21)

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Mallāra—Travancore, it is a contraction of Malabar (*Chaitanya charitāmṛta*, pt II, ch 9) Travancore is also called Malaya khaṇḍam

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Mallārāshṭra—Same as Mahārāshṭra (*Garett's Class Dic*, *Mbh*, Bhīshma, ch 9)

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Mallāri-Liṅga—Belapur in the Raichur district, Nizam's territory, where Śiva killed Mallāsura (*Arch S Lists Nizam's Territory*, p 35) See however, Maṇichuḍā.

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Mallikārjuna—See Śrī śaila (*Ānanda Giri's Śaṅkaravijaya* ch 55, p 180)

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Mālyavāna-Giri—1 The Anagundi hill on the bank of the Tuṅgabhadrā According to the Hemakosha, it is the same as Prasravaṇa giri, but according to Bhavabhūti, Mālyavāna-giri and Prasravaṇa-giri are two different hills (*Uttara Rāmacharita*, Act I), see Prasravaṇa-giri. Its present name is Phaṭika (Sphaṭika) Śila, where Rāmachandra resided for four months after his alliance with Sugrīva (*Rāmāyaṇa*, Araṇya, ch 51) According to Mr Pargiter, Mālyavāna and Prasravaṇa are the names of the same mountain or chain of hills, but he considers that Prasravaṇa is the name of the chain and Mālyavāna is the peak (*The Geo of Rāma's Exile in JRAS*, 1891, pp 256, 257) 2 The Karakorum mountain between the Nīla and Nishadha (q v) mountains (*Mbh*, Bhīshma, ch 6)

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Mānasa—1 Lake Manas sarovar, situated in the Kailasa Mountain in Hūṇadeśa in Western Tibet (*JASB*, XVII, p 166, *Rāmāyaṇa*, Bala K, ch 21) Its Hunnic name is Cho Mapan It has been graphically described by Moorcroft in the *Asiatic Researches*, vol XII, p 375, see also *JASB*, 1833, p 316, and *Ibid*, 1848, p 127 According to Moorcroft's estimate, it is fifteen miles in length (east to west) by eleven miles in breadth (north to south) The circumambulation of the lake is performed in 4, 5 or 6 days according to the stay of the pilgrims in the eight Gumbas or guard houses on the bank of the lake (*JASB*, 1848, p 165) On the south of the lake is the Gurla range Sven Hedin says, "Even the first view from the hills caused us to burst into tears of joy at the wonderful magnificent landscape and its surpassing beauty The oval lake lies like an enormous turquoise embedded between two of the finest and most famous mountain giants of the world, the Kailās in the north and Gurla Mandatta in the south and between huge ranges, above which the mountains uplift their crowns of bright white eternal snow" (Sven Hedin's *Trans Himālaya*, II, p 112) There are three approaches from the United Provinces to the Holy lakes and Kailāsa,—over the Lipu Lekh Pass, Untadhura Pass, and the Niti Pass, the first being the easiest of all (*Shorring's Western Tibet*, p 149) 2 Uttara Mānasa and Dakshiṇa-Mānasa are the two places of pilgrimage in Gaya (*Chaitanya Bhāgavata*, ch 12).

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Mânasa-Sarovara—Same as Mânasa.

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Mândâgora—Mândâḍ, originally Mândâgaḍa, situated in the Rajapuri creek near Kudem in the Bombay Presidency (McCrindle’s *Ptolemy*, VII, ch. I, sec. 7; but see W. H. Schoff’s *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, p. 201). Bhandarkar also identifies it with Mândâḍ (*Early Hist. of the Dekkan*, sec. viii). It has also been identified with Mandangar fort in the Ratnagiri district, Bombay (*Bomb. Gaz.*, vol. I, pt. I, 541-546), and with Mândal in Kolaba district (*ibid.*, vol. I, pt. II).

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Mandâkinî—1. The Kâligaṅgâ or the Western Kâlî or Mandâgni, which rises in the mountains of Kedâra in Garwal (*Matsya P.*, ch. 121; *Asia. Res.*, vol. XI, p. 508). It is a tributary of the Alakânandâ. 2. Cunningham has identified it with the Mandâkin, a small tributary of the Paisuni (Payasvinî) in Bundelkhand, which flows by the side of Mount Chitrakûṭa (*Arch. S. Rep.*, vol. XXI, p. 11; *Matsya P.*, ch. 114).

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Maṇḍapa-pura—Mandu in Malwa (Lalitpur Inscription in *JASB.*, p. 67). The seat of government was transferred to this place from Dhâr by the Mahomedan conquerors of Malwa in the fifteenth century.

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Mandâra-Giri—1. A hill situated in the Bâukâ sub-division of the district of Bhagalpur, two or three miles to the north of Baṃśî and thirty miles to the south of Bhagalpur. It is an isolated hill about seven hundred feet high with a groove all around the middle to indicate the impression of the coil of the serpent Vâsuki which served as a rope for churning the ocean with the hill as the churn-staff, the gods holding the tail of the serpent and the Asuras the head. The groove is evidently artificial and bears the mark of the chisel. Viṣṇu incarnated as the tortoise (*Kûrma-avatâra*) and bore the weight of the mountain on his back when the ocean was being churned (*Kûrma P.*, I, ch. 1; *Vâmana P.*, ch. 90). There are two Buddhist temples on the top of the hill now worshipped by the Jainas. On a lower bluff on the western side of the peak was the original temple of Viṣṇu called Madhusûdana (*Garuḍa P.*, I, ch. 81), now in ruins, on the western side of which is a dark low cave containing an image of Nṛisiṃha carved on the rock, and near it are situated a natural cavity in the rock containing a large quantity of pure limpid spring-water called the Âkâśa-Gaṅgâ and a colossal image of Vâmana Deva and a huge sculpture of Madhu Kaiṭabha Daitya (for a description of the figure, see *JASB.*, XX, p. 272). At the foot of the hill and on its eastern side are extensive ruins of temples and other buildings, and among them is a very old stone building called Nâth-thân, which was evidently a monastery of the Buddhist period now appropriated by the Hindus. There are also ruins of buildings on the hill, and there are steps carved on the rock for easy ascent almost to the top of the hill. These ruins are said to belong to the time of the Chola Râjâs, especially of Râjâ Chhatar Singh (Martin’s *Eastern India*, vol. II; Râshbihâri Bose’s *Mandâra Hill* in *Ind. Ant.*, I, p. 46). There is a beautiful tank at the foot of the hill called Pâpa-hâriṇî where people come to bathe from a long distance on the last day of the month of Paush, when the image of Madhusûdana is brought to a temple at the foot of the hill from Baṃśî. This tank was caused to be excavated by Konadevî, the wife of Âdityasena who became the independent sovereign of Magadha in the seventh century after the Kanauj kingdom had been broken up on the death of Harshavardhana (*Corp. Inscrp. Ind.*, vol. III, p. 211). This shows that Aṅga was still under the domination of Magadha. The hill is sacred to Madhusûdana, but the image is now kept at Baṃśî, the Bâlisa of the *Mandâra-mâhâtmya*, where the temple was built in 1720 A.D. For the sanctity of the hill, see Varāha P, ch 143, Yoginī Tantra, pt II, ch. 4, Nṛsiṃha P, ch 65 The Varāha P, (ch 143) says that Mandāra is situated on the south of the Ganges and on the Vindhya range 2 A portion of the Himalaya mountain to the east of Sumeru in Garwal The Mahābhārata (Anuśāsana P, ch 19, Vana P, ch. 162), however, does not recognise any other Mandāra except the Mandāra of the Himalaya range (see Kūrmāchala) In some Purāṇas, the Badarikā āśrama containing the temple of Nara and Nārāyaṇa is said to be situated on the Mandāra mountain, but in the Mahābhārata (Vana, ch 162, 164), Mandāra mountain is placed to the east and perhaps a part of Gandhamādana and on the north of Badarikāśrama Mahādeva resided here after his marriage with Pārvatī (Vāmana P, ch 14)

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Mangala—Called also Mangali or Mangalapura, the capital of Uḍyāna, identified by Wilford with Mangora or Manglora It was on the left bank of the Swat river (JASB, vol VIII, p 311) Cunningham thought it could be identified with Minglaur (JR AS, 1896, p 656)

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Mangala giri—See Pānā Nṛsiṃha (Wilson's Mackenzie Collection p 139)

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Mangalaprastha—Same as Mangala giri (Devī Bhāgavata, pt VIII, ch 13)

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Mangipattana—It has been identified by Dr Burgess with Pratiṣṭhāna, the capital of Sālivāhana (Burgess' Antiquities of Bidar and Aurangabad, p 54) It is also called Mungi Paithan (see Pratiṣṭhāna)

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Maṇicuḍā—A low range of hills, on the western extremity of which is situated the town of Jejuri, 30 miles east of Poona, where the two Asura brothers Malla and Malli molested the Brāhmaṇs They were killed by Khandoba (Khando Rao), an incarnation of Śiva (Brahmāṇḍa P, Khetra K, Mallari māhat as mentioned in Oppert's On the Original Inhabitants of Bhāratavarsha or India, p 158, note) See Mallari linga

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Māṇikapura—Māṇikalya in the Rawalpindi district of the Punjab, 14 miles to the south of Rawalpindi, is celebrated for the Buddhist topes, where Buddha in a former birth gave his body to feed seven starving tiger cubs (Arch S Rep, vol XIV, p 50, Punjab Gazetteer, Rawalpindi District, p 11) Māṇikalya is also called Māṇikāla The Buddhist story has been transformed into the legend of Rasalu The inscriptions confirm the idea that the "body offering" or "Huta murta" stupa was at this place General Cunningham supposes that it owes its ancient name to Manigal, the father of Satrap Jihonia under Kujula Kara Kadphises The principal tope was built by Kanishka in the first century A D (JASB, XVIII, p 20), and according to some, in the second century B C It is six miles from Takhtpuri, and said to contain about eighty houses built upon the ancient ruins (JASB, XXII, 570) For the Indo Sassanian coins discovered at Māṇikalya, see JASB, 1837, p 288, ibid, II, 1831 p 436

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Maṇikarṇa—Maṇikaran, a celebrated place of pilgrimage on the Pārvatī, a tributary of the Bias in the Kulu valley (JASB, 1902, p 36, Bṛhat Dharma P, I, ch 6) See Pārvatī and Kuluta There are boiling springs within a Kuṇḍa or reservoir, 8 or 10 cubits in diameter, called Maṇikaran or Maṇikarṇikā The pilgrims get their rice and pulses boiled in this Kuṇḍa It is a contraction of Maṇikarṇikā

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Maṇikarṇikā—1 Same as Maṇikarṇa 2 A celebrated ghāṭ in Benares

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Maṇimahesa—The temple of Mahadeva Maṇimahesa or Manamahesa—an image of white stone with five faces, a celebrated place of pilgrimage, situated at Barmawar which was the ancient capital of Chamba (Champā or Champāpurī of the Rājatarangiṇī) in the Punjab on the bank of the Ravi near its source (Cunningham's Arch S Rep, vol XIV, p 109;

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*Anc. Geo.*, p. 141). According to Thornton (see his *Gazetteer of the Countries adjacent to India* s.v. Ravee note), Maṇimaheśa or Muni-muhis is a lake in which the river Boodhill takes its rise; it is according to Vigne the real Ravi.

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Maṇimatipurī—Same as Ilbalapura (*Mbh.*, Vana, ch. 96).

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Maṇipura—It was the capital of Kaliṅga, the kingdom of Babhruvāhana of the *Mahābhārata* (Aśvamedha P., ch. 79). Lassen identifies it with Manphur-Bunder and places it to the south of Chikakole, but this identification has been disapproved by Dr. Oppert (*On the Weapons of the Ancient Hindus*, pp. 145, 148), who identifies it with Manalūru near Madura (see also Oppert’s *On the Original Inhabitants of Bhāratavarsha or India*, p. 102). But the situation of the capital of Kaliṅga as described in the *Mbh.* (Ādi, ch. 215), and the *Raghuvaṃśa* (VI, v. 56) as well as the name accord with those of Maṇikapattana, a seaport at the mouth of the Chilka lake. See Kaliṅga-nagarī. It has been identified by Mr. Rice with Ratanpur in the Central Provinces (*Mysore Inscriptions*, Intro., XXIX). But see Ratnapura.

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Mañjulā—See Bañjulā.

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Mañjupātan—Two and half miles from Katmandu; it was the capital of Nepal named after its founder Mañjuśrī (*Svayambhū P.*, ch. 3, p. 152; Smith’s *Asoka*, p. 77). The present town of Pātan or Lalita-pātan was founded by Asoka on the site of Mañju-Pātan as a memorial of his visit to Nepal (Smith’s *Early History of India*, p. 162). See Nepāla. The great temple of Svayambhūnātha stands about a mile to the west of Katmandu on a low, richly wooded detached hill, and consists of a hemisphere surmounted by a graduated cone (Hodgson’s *Literature and Religion of the Buddhists*). Same as Mañjupattana.

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Mañjupattana—Same as Mañjupāṭan.

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Mānyakshetra—Malkhed, on a tributary of the river Bhīmā in the Nizam’s territory about 60 miles south-east of Sholapur. Amoghavarsha or Sarba, the son of Govinda III of the later Rāshṭrakūṭa dynasty, made it his capital in the ninth century A.D. It was also called Mankir (Bhandarkar’s *Hist. of the Dekkan*, sec. XI).

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Mārapura—Another name for Pradyumna-nagara, the modern Pāṇḍuā in the district of Hughli in Bengal. Pāṇḍu Śākya, the son of Buddha’s uncle Amitodana, became king of Kapilavastu after the death of Suddhodana, Buddha’s father. He fled from Kapilavastu, retired beyond the Ganges and founded a town called, in Upham’s *Mahāvaṃśa* (ch. VIII), Morapura which is evidently a dialectical variation or mislection for Mārapura, a synonym of Pradyumna-nagara (see also Turnour’s *Mahāvaṃśa*, ch. V). Pāṇḍu appears also to have been called Mahānāma (*Avadāna-kalpalatā*, ch. 11; Spence Hardy’s *Manual of Buddhism*, p. 293). See *JASB.*, 1910, p. 611.

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Mārava—Marwar; same as Marusthala (*Padma P.*, Uttara Kh., ch. 68).

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Mārakaṇḍa—Samarkand; see Śākadvīpa (Rawlinson’s *Five Great Monarchies*, vol. IV, p. 56).

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Mārkaṇḍeya-Tīrtha—At the confluence of the Sarayu and the Ganges where Mārkaṇḍa Rishi performed asceticism (*Padma P.*, Svarga, ch. 16). But the *Mahābhārata* places the hermitage of the Rishi at the confluence of the Gomatī and the Ganges (Vana P., ch. 84). According to tradition Mārkaṇḍeya performed asceticism near “the southern ocean” at Tirukkaḍavur in the Tanjore district, Madras, and obtained the boon of immortality from Śiva (*Brihat-Śiva P.*, Uttara, ch. 33; T. A. Gopinatha Rao’s *Iconography*, vol. II, pt. I, p. 158).

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Mārttaṇḍa-Bavan (Bhavana) or Martan or Matan, five miles to the north-east of Islamabad in Kasmir. It is the birth-place of Viṣṇu Sūrya or the Sun (god). About one mile to the north-west of the temple lie the sacred springs of Mārttaṇḍa-tīrtha and among them are the celebrated springs called Vimalā and Kamalā. The temple of Mārttaṇḍa is said to have been built by the Pāṇḍavas, but General Cunningham considers that it was built in 370 A.D. In the Rājatarangiṇī it is called Siṃharotsikā. For a description of the temple, see Matan in Thornton's Gazetteer of Countries adjacent to India.

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Mārttikāvata—There were a town and a country of this name. The country was also called Śālva (q.v.). The Bṛihat-saṃhitā (ch. 16) places it in the north-western part of India. Its capital was Śālvapura or Saubhanagara now called Alwar. According to Prof. Wilson, it was the country of the Bhojas by the side of the Parṇāśā (Banas) river in Malwa (Viṣṇu P., IV, ch. 13). It was situated near Kurukshetra (Mbh., Maushala, ch. 7). Marta, Merta, or Mairta in Marwar, 36 miles north-west of Ajmer and on the north-west of the Aravali mountain, was evidently the ancient town of Mārttikāvata. It contains many temples (Tavernier's Travels, Ball's ed., vol. I, p. 88). The country of Mārttikāvata therefore comprised portions of the territories of Jodhpur, Jaipur, and Alwar, as indicated by the identifications of its two principal cities Mārttikāvata (modern Marta) and Śālvapura (modern Alwar). See Mṛittikāvatī.

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Maru—Rajputana, an abode of death, i.e., a desert (Katyāyana's Vārttika; Kunte's Vicissitudes of Aryan Civilization, p. 378). Same as Marusthalī and Marudhanva.

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Marubhūmi—Same as Marusthalī (Viṣṇu P., IV, 21; Wilson's translation, p. 474).

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Marudvṛidha—1. The Chandrabhāgā, the united stream of the Jhelum and the Chinab (Ragozin's Vedic India, p. 451 and the Ṛig-Veda, X, 75). 2. The Marubardhana, a tributary of the Chinab, which joins the latter river near Kishtawar (Thornton's Gazetteer, s.v. Chenaut).

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Marudhanva—1. Marwar (Bhavishya P., Pratisarga P., pt. III, ch. 2). 2. The ancient name of Rajputana (Mbh., Vana, ch. 201). It lay on the route between Hastināpura and Dvārakā (Ibid., Aśvamedha, ch. 53).

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Marusthala—Same as Marava and Marusthalī (Padma P., Uttara Kh., ch. 68).

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Marusthalī—The great desert east of Sindh (Bhavishya P., Pratisarga P., pt. III). Marwar is a corruption of Marusthalī or Marusthan (Tod's Rājasthān—Annals of Marwar, ch. 1). It is called Maru in the Prabandhachintāmaṇi (Tawney's trans., p. 172). It denotes the whole of Rajputana; see Maru and Marudhanva.

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