Cosmography and Geography in Early Indian Literature c6.s5.33

c6.s5.33

111. Raghu first went to the east and reached the lands near the Eastern Ocean. There he received the submission of the Suhma (Rāḍha), defeated the Vaṅga in the tract watered by the mouths of the Bhāgīrathī and crossed the Kapiśā river (modern Kaśāi in the Midnapur District) and the land of the Utkala to reach the Kaliṅga country. After defeating the Kaliṅga king called the lord of Mt. Mahendra, Raghu went to the south to the valleys of the Kāverī and the Malaya and Dardura mountains and defeated the Pāṇḍya, frightened the Kerala and crossed Mt. Sahya and the Muralā river in order to subjugate the Aparānta. From there, he took the land-route to the west through the Yavana territory and defeated the Pārasika, called Pāścātya or the Western people. Thereafter Raghu turned towards the north and defeated first the Hūṇa in the valley of the Vamkṣu or Oxus and then the Kāmboja. Next he went up the Himalayas and defeated the Utsavasaṅketa near the land of the Kinnara and, after crossing the Lauhitya (i.e. the upper course of the Brahmaputra), received the voluntary submission of the king of Prāgjyotiṣa. In the description of Latitāditya's digvijaya, Kalhaṇa's Rājatarangiṇī (iv. 171) also places As regards the passages in the Rāmāyaṇa referring to the Suvarṇa-Rūpyaka-dvīpa (Suvarṇa-dvīpa and Rūpyaka-dvīpa, the same as Chryse and Argyre of the Classical writers) and to the Nara-vyāghra, which are also found in a few other sources, we have to point out that some versions read Suvarṇa-kuḍyaka-dvīpa (the same as ‘the Island of the wall of Gold’ of the Chinese and Tibetan writers) and Samudra-dvīpa (cf. the name of Sumatra derived from Samudra) respectively.¹¹²