Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7: Appendix I

Vedic Metre in its Historical Development c7

Language: English

c7.s1 85. B. Words Characteristic of the Rigveda Proper — 7 parts
c7.s2 86. C. Forms Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and Atharvaveda — 23 parts
c7.s3 87. D. Words Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and the Atharvaveda — 7 parts

Appendix I

The lists given in the following sections 84—87 are drawn up upon the mechanical principles described by the author in *Kuhn's Zeitschrift* N. F. xvii 4, pp. 436, 437, and give in a corrected and amplified form the lists on pp. 440—452 in the same article.

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References to the occurrences in the Rigveda are only given when they are not readily accessible in such works as Grassmann's *Wörterbuch zum Rigveda*, Lanman's *Noun-Inflection in the Veda*, and Avery's *Verb-Inflection in Sanskrit*.

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The *Vālakhilya* hymns are counted as hymns belonging to the eighth Maṇḍala, that is, as viii 49—59 inclusive. Consequently the remaining hymns of the Maṇḍala are counted as viii 60—103, not as viii 49—92. This reckoning agrees with Aufrecht's second edition of the Rigveda (Bonn, 1877), and with Max Müller's editions and Index.

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An asterisk * is prefixed to all references to passages in the popular Rigveda. An asterisk prefixed to a word or form denotes that it is found in the popular Rigveda only.

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A dagger † marks occurrences which depend upon correction of the text.

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Words and forms are accented when any of the occurrences are accented.

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In lists of compounds the Pada-pāṭha forms are often given for convenience of tabulation.

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In reckoning the number of occurrences Aufrecht's printed text is followed, so that the refrain stanzas and verses which are found in many hymns are as a rule only counted once. Where one or more verses are repeated many times in a single hymn, three occurrences are reckoned.

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The forms connected with metrical restoration are omitted here, as the subject is treated in the later chapters of this book.

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84. A. FORMS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RIGVEDA PROPER.

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1. From nouns in *-a*, the instrumental singular masculine or neuter in *-ā*. Masc. *ghanā* i 8 3b, 36 16a, 63 5d, ix 97 16c; *ghṛṇā* i 52 6a, 141 4d, iv 43 6b, v 73 5d, ix 107 20c; candrá †iv 48 1c; camasā x 25 4e; yajñā i 168 1a bis, vi 48 1a bis; himā x 37 10b, 68 10a. Neuter: ukthá iv 33 10a, kavitvá x 124 7a, ratnadhéya iv 34 1b, ráthiā i 53 9d, vírīa i 80 15b, vṛsatvá i 54 2d, sakhiá iv 16 20c, viii 86 1d, x 23 7a, sarvarathá v 35 5c, x 160 1b, suhávā *x 141 4b: in -tvaná; kavitvaná viii 40 3c, taranitvá i 110 6c, mahitvaná, vṛsatvaná viii 15 2c. The form mahitvá appears to remain longer in use. For details see Lanman's Noun-Inflection in the Veda, pp. 334--337: some of the instances are uncertain.

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2. Old declensional forms from radical stems in -ā, -a: viz. the dat. sing. in -e, in kīlālapé, dé, dhiyamdhé, paśu-ṣé, śucipé, śubhamyé, havirdé; the gen. and abl. sing. in -aḥ, -āḥ, in kṛṣṭipráḥ, jāspáti, jāspatyá, paśuṣáḥ; the voc. sing. in -ā, in ṛtupā, bhūridā, śukrapūtapā, śucipā, sutapā, somapā; the instrum. pl. in -ābhiḥ, in agrepābhiḥ, ṛtupābhiḥ, gopābhiḥ: the loc. pl. in -āsu, in átāsu: the dat. pl. in -ábhyaḥ, in bhūridábhyaḥ.

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3. Comparatives and superlatives in -ātara, -ātama, in aśvadá-, aśvasá-, indrapá-, ojodá-, madhupá-, ratnadhá-, varivodhá-, vasudá-. vājasá-, sadāsá-, sarvadhá-, sahasradá-, sahasrasá-, sugopá-, somapá-.

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4. The accusative singular mahām.

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5. The instrumental singular in -ī, text often -i, see § 158, in ácittī, áprabhūtī, *avyathī, áhutī, iṣáṇī, úpaśrutī, upábhṛtī, ūtī, ṛjunītī, cittī, *júṣṭī, tapanī, triviṣṭī, dídhitī, dūṣṭutī, duṣṭutī, dhītī, nítiktī, níśitī, páriviṣṭī, purójitī, pránītī, prábhūtī, práyatī, práyuktī, práyutī, matī, vartaní, vásatkṛtī, viṣṭī, vītī, vṛṣṭī, śáktī, śaktī, śámī, śruṣṭī, sadhástutī, sadhrī, sáhutī, sudītī, súnītī, supaptanī, supráṇītī, sumatī, *súmitī, suvrktī, suśámī, suśastī, suṣṭutī, smáddiṣṭī, hástacyutī, hetī.

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In some cases similar forms can be restored by the aid of the metre: viz. aśánī, navatī, návyasī, prámatī, saptatī, sumatī, hiraṇyáyī; for the occurrences see § 139 iii.

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6. The forms aryáḥ, ávyaḥ from stems in ari-, avi-.

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7. The locative sing. in -ā, before consonants, and at the end of the verse.

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8. The ablative or genitive singular in -vaḥ from -u stems, in mádhvaḥ, vásvaḥ.

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9. The neuter plural in -ū (-u is rarely correct, see § 159), in urú, ṛjú, cárū, tridhátū, purú (purú), *bahú, *mádhū, vásū, vīlú, sánū, sudátū, suhántū: and from a radical stem mayobhū.

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10. The form divé-dive.

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11. The vocative in -vaḥ, -maḥ from stems in -vant, -mant. From stems in -vant in adri-, ṛṣī-, gnā-, taviṣī-, niyut-, marut-, rayi-, vajri-, vīra-, śaktī-, śacī-, saras-, sahas-, svadhā-, hari-vaḥ: from stems in -mant in tuviṣ-, dyu-, bhānu-, mantu-, śuciṣ-, haviṣ-maḥ.

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12. The instrumental tuá (only in the phrase tuá yujá): compounds in tuā-, namely tuá-iṣita, -ūta, -datta, -dāta, -vṛdha, -hata, and índra-tuota, in which tuá- has instrumental meaning: also tuá-dūta, -níd, -vasu. So too yuvá-datta, -nīta, -yúj; yuṣmá-iṣita, -ūta, -datta, -nīta.

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13. The forms *máhya*, *túbhya*, *asmábhya*, sometimes found in the text in Sandhi combination, sometimes to be restored in accordance with the metre.

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The occurrences in which these forms are suggested by the metre are as follows: *máhya* i 22 8d; iv 5 2a, 42 2a; v 52 10c; vi 27 8b, 46 9c, 47 10a; viii 1 32a, 26 12c; ix 32 6b; x 39 6b, 49 1b. *túbhya* i 68 6a, 129 3d; iii 14 2b, 30 20c, 35 7d, 62 7c; iv 3 16a, 17 1a; v 6 5d, 29 5a; vi 20 13c, 40 1a; vii 29 1a, 32 21c, 90 2b; viii 2 30b, 39 3a; ix 88 1a; x 7 2a, 116 7a 7c, 148 4a. *asmábhya* i 10 8d, 48 9c, 63 8c, 81 6c, 114 5d, 117 2d; iv 55 8c; vi 53 5c = 6c = 7c, 71 6b; vii 74 5d, 78 1d, 79 4a, 81 6b; viii 67 19a, 84 6b; x 56 2b.

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14. The following pronominal forms: *yuvóḥ*, *ayá* (pronoun and adverb) *kád*, and *nákih*.

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15. Many monosyllabic stems remain in use in classical Sanskrit, but a large number are peculiar to the Rigveda. These include several common words, viz. *kṣá*, *tmán* (with *purutmán*), *níd* (with *devaníd*), *píḳṣ* (with *supíḳṣ*), *pít* (with *pṛtsutúr*), *máh* (with the adverb *maháḥ*), *vṛ́dh* (with the infinitive *vṛdhé*), and *sṛ́dh* (with *asṛ́dh*); and nearly all the words which are rare even in the Rigveda, viz. *ámh*, *árc*, *íḍ*, *úd*, *kíp*, *kṣáp*, *kṣíp*, *kṣú*, *kṣúbh*, *kṣmá* (in *kṣmáḥ*), *khá*, *gúh*, *gṛ́bh*, *gmá* (in *gmáḥ*), *jñáś*, *jmán* (with *jmayá*, the verb *jmāy* and *párijman*), *tár*, *túc*, *túj*, *túr*, *trá*, *dán*, *dá*, *dáś*, *dú*, *nádh*, *nábh*, *nāś*, *nábh*, *pāś*, *píś*, *púr*, *pṛ́c*, *psúr*, *bádh* (with *jñubádh*, *paribádh*, *somaparibádh*), *bhíd*, *bhíṣ*, *bhúj*, *bhráj*, *mít*, *míh*, *múr*, *mūṣ*, *mṛ́c*, *yú*, *rán*, *rít*, *ríp*, *ríṣ*, *rúp*, *ván*, *vás*, *víj*, *víd*, *víp*, *vít* (with *vṛtamśayá*), *vṛ́ś*, *vrá*, *śáś*, *sáh*, *sú*, *stár*, *stí* (with *stipá*), *stút*, *stúbh*, *sthá*, *srú*, *hrút*.

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16. Stems in *-así*: *atasí*, *dharṇasí*, 1 *dhásí*, 2 *dhásí*, *sānasí*.

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17. Stems in *-áyia*: *atasáyia*, *ahnaváyia*, *ākáyia*, *uttamáyia*, *trayayáyia*, *dakṣáyia*, *didhiṣáyia*, *nṛpáyia*, *panayáyia*, *panáyia*, *purumáyia*, *mahayáyia*, *maháyia*, *rasáyia*, *vitantasáyia*, *vidáyia*, *śraváyia*, *spṛhayáyia*. For *aláyia*, *kuṇḍapáyia*, *bahupáyia* cf. C 2, C 3 and C 22.

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18. Stems in *-īman*: *dārīman*, *dhārīman*, *pārīman*, *bhārīman*, *vārīman*, *sārīman*, *sāvīman*, *stārīman*, *hāvīman*.

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19. Stems of neuter nouns in *-tvaná*: *janitvaná*, *patitvaná*, *martiatvaná*, *mahitvaná*, *vasutvaná*, *sakhitvaná*. The instrumental forms, as *mahitvanā*, are included under No. 1.

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20. Pronominal stems in *-yát*, *-yá*, *-yú*, and *-vat*, in *tváyát*, *yuṣmayát*; *tváyā*; *asamayú*, *ahamyú*, *tváyú*, *yuvayú*, *yuváyú*, *svayú*; *tvávat*, *mávat*, *yuvávat*, *yuṣmávat*.

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21. In the case of heteroclite nouns, forms belonging to the following stems: *anarván*, *pūrú*, *bhúman*, *mánus* (with *mánurhita*, *viśvámanus*), *márta* (with *ámarta*, *martabhójana*), *mahá*, *yáman* (with *ákhidra-*, *ánusra-*, *iṣṭá-*, *usrá-*, *dyutád-*, *pṛthu-*, *pra-*, *pravád-*, *raghú-*, *śatá-*, *sahásra-*, *sú-yāman*), and *śárdha* (with *śárdhanīti*).

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²² Unaugmented forms of historic tenses. In the list given by J. AVERY in the *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, vol. xi, pp. 326—361, the following corrections are needed: add *tákṣat* i 127 4e, *vi* 12 5b, *dudrávat* v 50 4b, *navanta* *x 120 2d, *práthiṣṭa* x 61 5a, *bhárat* v 31 11c, *bhúvat* i 61 14d, *ruját* ix 34 1c, *vadat* viii 45 5a;

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omit rocata iv 10 5d. The whole number of these forms in the Rigveda appears to be 1043, of which 32 are in the ‘popular Rigveda’: in the independent parts of the Atharvaveda there are 29.

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23. The first person singular subjunctive in -se: arcase, ṛñjase, ohiṣe, kṛṣe, cárkṛṣe, gṛṇiṣé, puniṣé, yájase, stuṣé, hiṣe: sasāhiṣe appears to be 2 p. sing.

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24. All forms of the perfect subjunctive active. For details refer to Historical Vedic Grammar, pp. 328—330: here it will as a rule only be necessary to quote one form from each verb, namely cākánah, cikitah, cíketasi, jugurat, jujosah, jujuṣan, jūjuvat, tatánah (1 tan), tatanah (2 tan), dádāsaḥ, dídāyaḥ, dadhárṣat, papṛcāsi, pipráyaḥ, búbodhaḥ, jabhárat, mamandat, māmáhaḥ, mumucaḥ, mumocat, mumurat, rárāṇaḥ, vāvánah, vividat, vāvṛdhāti, śúśuvat, śúśravat, sāsáhaḥ, sūṣúdaḥ, paspárśat, jaghánaṭ.

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25. All subjunctive, optative, and imperative forms of the perfect middle, namely anāśāmahai, cākánanta, cákramanta, cakṣamīthāḥ, jagrasīta, tatánanta, tatápate, dadabhanta, dadhiṣvá, dadhidhvam, dadhidhvé, dudhuvita, pipráyasva, māmahanta, māmahasva, māmahantām, māmṛjīta, yuyójate, rurucanta, vāvṛdhāte, vāvṛdhánta, vāvṛdhásva, vāvṛdhīthāḥ, vāvṛdhasva, śasámate, śuśucīta, sāsahiṣthāḥ.

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26. Perfect participles without reduplication, except vidváms: namely khidváms, dāśváms, mīḷhváms (with mīḷhúṣmat), and sāhváms.

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27. Forms of the second person dual and plural of the root-aorist having strong stems, namely kartam, kárta, kártana; gantám, gánta, gántana; dháta, dhātana; yántana; vartam, varta; varktam; śrota; sóta, sotana; ahetana, heta. For the quantity of final vowels see § 159.

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28. The aorist imperative forms in -si, namely *kárṣi, jéṣi, jóṣi, dárṣi, dakṣi, dhákṣi, nakṣi, néṣi, párṣi, prási, bhakṣi, mátsi, māsi, yákṣi, yámsi, yāsi, yótsi, rátsi, rási, vákṣi, véṣi, śróṣi, sakṣi, sátsi, hoṣi.

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29. The aorist imperative form bodhí, whether from budh or bhū.

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30. All forms of the root-aorist imperative middle: kṛṣvá (for the quantity of the final vowel see § 158), krdhvam : trásvā, trádhvam; dhiṣvá, mátsvā, māsvā, yákṣvā, yukṣvá, rásvā, vámsvā, sakṣvā (sac), sākṣvā (sah).

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31. The active participle of the root-aorist : rdhánt (with rdhádrī, rdhádvārā), kránt, gmánt, citánt, dyutánt (in dyutád-yāman), dhrṣánt (including dhrṣán-manas, -varṇa, -vín), pánt (from pá ‘drink’), bhidánt, vidánt (in vidádvasu), vidhánt, vṛṣánt (in vṛṣadañji), sthánt.

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32. The middle participle of the root-aorist, in arāná, krāṇá (including krāṇá), cītāna, cyávāna, dyutānā, *dhrṣāṇá, nidāná, piśāná, píyāna, prathāná, budhānā, bhiyāná, manāná, yatāná, yátāna, yujāná, yodhāná, rucāná, vipāná, urāṇá, śubhāna, śvitāná, sacāná, sahāná, sána, sṛjāná, stubhāná, spṛdhāná, áhrayāṇa.

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One or two forms remain in use later, namely juṣāṇá, dyútāna, vidāná: for the last see also D 3. Whitney regards it as a present.

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33. The augmented passive forms of the root-aorist : ákāri, agāmi, áceti, áchedi, ájáni, ájñāyi, ádarśi, ádhāyi, ápāyi, ábodhi, ábhrāji, ámoci, ámyakṣi, ayāmi, áyoji, árādhi, aroci, avāci, ávāri, avedi, aśoci, áśrāyi, asarji, ásādi, asāvi, astāri, ástāvi, áhāvi. Cf. No. 22 above.

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34. The active participle of the a-aorist, in *kṛtádvasu*, *guhádavadya*, *tṛpánt*, *ríṣant*, *ríṣant*, *rudhánt*, *vṛdhánt*, *śiṣánt*, *śucánt*, *sadánt*, *sádádyoni*, *sánant* (and *sanádrayi*, *sanádvāja*), *huvánt*.

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35. The middle participle in *-sáná*, from the s-aorist, and participial adjectives of the same form: in *arca-*, *ūrdhva-*, *ṛñja-*, *oha-*, *jraya-*, *dhiya-*, *nama-*, *manda-*, *yama-*, *rabha-*, *vṛdha-*, *śava-*, *saha-sáná*.

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36. The infinitives in *-táye* and their derivatives: *iṣṭáye* (and *vasya-*); *pūrvácittaye*; *magháttaye*, *vásuttaye*, *havyádātaye*; *pītáye* (and *pūrvá-*, *sóma-pītáye*); *vītáye* (and *devá-vītáye*); *sātáye* (and *medhá-*, *vája-sātaye*).

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37. The infinitives in *-dhyai*, namely *iyá-*, *irá-*, *iṣá-*, *iṣáya-*, *īráya-*, *kṣára-*, *gáma-*, *cará-*, *jará-*, *taṃsayá-*, *tará-*, *duhá-*, *dhiyá-*, *nāśayá-*, *pība-*, *pṛṇá-*, *bhára-*, *mandá-*, *mandayá-*, *mādayá-*, *yája-*, *riṣayá-*, *vandá-*, *vartayá-*, *váha-*, *vājayá-*, *vṛjá-*, *vāvṛdhá-*, *śayá-*, *śucá-*, *sacá-*, *sáha-*, *stavá-*, *syandayá-*, *huvá-dhyai*.

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38. The infinitives in *-vane*: *turváṇe*, *dáváne*, *dhúrvaṇe*.

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39. The infinitives in *-se*, *-ase*: *arháse*, *ṛcáse*, *ṛñjáse*, *kṣádase*, *caráse*, *javáse*, *jiṣé*, *tujáse*, *doháse*, *dháyase*, *dhruváse*, *puṣyáse*, *prákṣe*, *bhiyáse*, *bhojáse*, *rājáse*, *vṛñjáse*, *vṛdháse*, *śobháse*, *śriyáse*, *stuṣé*, *spárase*, *spūrdháse*, *hárase*. But *cákṣase* and *jīváse* remain in use later.

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40. All verbal forms from certain conjugational stems, namely *íyar-*, *ī-* (in *īmahe*, *iyáná*), *jigā-*, *pipī-* (present), *páva-* (except the participle *pāvamána*), *yuvá-* (from *yu* ‘join’), *yuyó-* (from *yu* ‘separate’), *siṣac-saś-* (including *asaśát*, *ásaścat*), *sādh-* (not including the causative), *stáva-*: the perfect *pipī-* and its participle *pipīáná*: the aorist *pā-* ‘drink’ (except the augmented indicative), and the aorist optative *aśyá-*: the desiderative *vivāsa-*.

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With the flexional forms may be classed a number of pronouns and adverbs, as these also belong to the grammar of the language:—

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41. The pronoun *syá*, *tyá*.

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42. Adverbs in *-vát*, namely *aṅgiras-*, *atri-*, *atharva-*, *apnavána-*, *ṛṣi-*, *aurvabhṛgu-*, *kaṇva-*, *jamadagni-*, *jāmi-*, *nabhāka-*, *pāka-*, *pitṛ-*, *purāṇa-*, *pūrva-*, *priyamedha-*, *pratna-*, *bharadvāja-*, *bhṛgu-*, *manu-*, *manuṣ-*, *yayāti-*, *vasiṣṭha-*, *virūpa-*, *vyaśva-*, *sthūrayūpa-vát*.

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43. *ádha* (*ádhā*) in combination with other particles (of which *tmáná*, *dvitá* are themselves old, see No. 15 and below), namely *ádhā* *kím*, *ádhā* *ca*, *ádhā* *cid*, *ádha* *tmáná*, *ádha* *dvitá*, *ádhā* *nú*, *ádha* *smā*, *ádhā* *ha* (for the quantity of the final *a*, see § 161): *ānuṣák* (and *sānuṣák*), *tú* (*tú*), *dvitá*, *ná* ‘as,’ *makṣú* (and in *makṣúṃgamā*, *makṣú-javas*, *makṣúyú*), *sácā* (and in *sacábhú*), *sátrā* (and in *satrákārā*, *satrác*, *satrā-jít*, *-sáh*, *-sáhā*, *-há*, *-hán*), *sīm*.

85. B. Words Characteristic of the Rigveda Proper

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1. *aktú* ‘beam.’

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2. *atyá* ‘swift.’

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3. *ádri* ‘stone,’ and its compounds *adri-já*, *-jūta*, *-dugdha*, *-barhas*, *-budhna*, *-bhíd*, *-mātar*, *-śuta*, *-saṃhata*, *-sānu*.

c7.s1.4

4. *ándhas* ‘sap.’ Cf. D 12.
5. *abhíṣṭi* ‘help,’ and its compounds *abhiṣṭi-kṛt, -dyumna, -pá, -mát, -śavas, su-abhiṣṭi, su-abhiṣṭi-ṣumna*.
6. *abhíka* ‘face.’
7. *aráti* ‘minister.’
8. *aruṣá* ‘red,’ and *aruṣástūpa*.
9. *arj* (*ṛj, ṛñj*) ‘stretch.’
10. *árṇas* ‘stream,’ with *arṇasá, arṇovít, khádo-, gó-, dhánu-, mádhu-arṇas*.
11. *ávas* ‘help,’ except the form *ávase*, which remains in use later: also *avasy, avasyú, su-ávas*.
12. *avitár* and *avitṛ́* ‘helper.’
13. *ávya* ‘sheep,’ with *avyáya* and *ávyaya*.
14. *áśvia* ‘of horses.’
15. *asuría* (text *asuryà*) ‘lordly,’ and *asuryá* (text *asuryà*) ‘lordship.’
16. *āyú* ‘age,’ with *āyuṣák, ékāyu, viśváyu, viśváyupoṣas, viśvá-yuvepas*.
17. *índu* ‘drop.’
18. *uruṣy* ‘widen,’ *uruṣyá*, and *uruṣyú*.
19. *uśíj* (proper name) with *auśijá*.
20. *ūtí* (except the dative *ūtáye*, which remains in use later), with *án-, ánti-, itá-, urví-, śatám-, sadyá-, sahásra-, sahásram-, and su-ūtí*.
21. *ṛjiṣín* ‘direct.’
22. *ṛtay* ‘order,’ with *ṛtayá, ṛtayú, ṛtayát, ṛtayín, ṛtayú*.
23. *ṛbhukṣán, ṛbhukṣá* (proper name).
24. *ṛṣvá* ‘upright,’ with *ṛṣvá-ojas* and *ṛṣvávīra*.
25. *kā* ‘regard,’ with *ākāyía* (also included in A 17).
26. *kútsa* (proper name) with *kutsa-putrá, -vatsá*, and *kutsiá*.
27. *kṣití* ‘dwelling,’ with *uru-, dhārayát-, su-kṣití*.
28. *gábhasti* ‘arm,’ with *gábhasti-pūta*, and *pūrṇá-, sú-, su-,* and *syúma-gabhasti*.
29. *giráḥ* ‘songs’ in the plural: *gír* ‘voice’ remains in use in the singular. Also compounds of *gír*, namely *girávṛdh, gírvaṇas, gir-vaṇasyú, gírvāhas, muhurgír, samgír*, and *satyágirvāhas*.
30. *gómant* ‘rich in cattle.’
31. *cánas* ‘delight,’ with *canasy, cániṣṭha, cánohita*.
32. Compounds beginning or ending with *candrá* ‘gold’; namely *aśva-, puru-, viśvá-, su-, svá-, hári-candra: candrá-agra, -nirṇij, -budhna, -ratha, -vat*, and *-varṇa*. *candrá* itself remains in use later.
33. *camú* ‘cup,’ with *camūṣád*.
34. *carṣaṇí* ‘mortal,’ with *carṣaṇī-dhṛt, -prá, -ṣáh*, and *prá-* and *ví-carṣaṇi*. *viśvácarṣaṇi* remains in use later.
35. *júr* ‘aging,’ with *a-, amā-, ṛta-, dhiyā-, ni-, sanā-júr*, and *ájūryat*.

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36. *tánaya* ‘offspring.’ Cf. D 25.
37. *táviṣī* ‘strength,’ with *táviṣī-mat, -y, -yú, -vat* and *ánibhṛṣṭa-taviṣī*.
38. The verb and adjective *tuj* ‘grow,’ with *tujī, túji, tuñjá, tútuji, tūtujī, ātujī*. The noun *túj* remains in use later.
39. Compounds ending in *-tur* ‘conquering,’ namely *ap-, āji-, pṛtsu-, mithas-, rajas-, ratha-, radhra-, viśva-, vṛtra-, supra-túr*.
40. *turá* ‘strong,’ with **turá-gātu, turayá, turáṣáh*.
41. *turváśa* (proper name) and *turváśayádú*.
42. Compounds beginning with *tuvi-*, namely *tuvi-ójas, -kūrmí, -kūrmín, -kratu, -kṣá, -grá, -grábhá, -yrí, -grīva, -jātá, -deṣṇa, -dyumná, -nṛmná, -pratí, -bādhá, -brahman, -maghá, -manyu, -mātrá, -mrakṣá, -rádhas, -vāja, -śagma, -śúṣma, -śravas; tuvíṣṭama, túviṣmat; tuviṣvaṇás, -ṣváni, -ṣvan*; *tuví-magha, -ráva, -rávat*.
43. *damś* ‘excel,’ with *damśána, damśánā, damśánāvat, dámśas, dámśiṣṭha, dámśu, dámśujūta, dámśupatnī; purudámśa, purudámśas, sudámśas*.
44. *dasmá* ‘wondrous,’ with *dasmát, dasmávarcas, dásmia, puru-dasmá*.
45. *dasrá* ‘wondrous.’
46. *daśasy* ‘do worship,’ with *daśasyá*.
47. *dāś* ‘do worship,’ with *dāśú-adhvara, dāśuri, ádāśu, ádāśuri*. The participle *dāśváṃs* is already included in A 26, and the noun *dáś* in A 15.
48. *duroṇá* ‘house,’ with *duroṇa-yú* and *-sád*.
49. *dúvas* ‘worship,’ with *duvasy, duvasyú, duvoyá, duvoyú*.
50. *duṣtára* ‘hard to overthrow.’
51. *devátāt* and *devátāti* ‘divinity.’
52. Compounds beginning or ending with *dyumná* ‘brilliance,’ namely *abhiṣtí-, *rta-, tuvi-, tveṣá-, víbhūta-, su-dyumná; dyumná-vat, -várdhana, -śrávas, -sáh, -sáti, -hūti*; *dyumnín*. The simple noun *dyumná* remains in use later, and also the proper name **pāśadyumna*, for which see D 2.
53. Compounds ending in *-druh: a-, akṣṇayā-, antaka-, ánabhì-, abhi-, asma-, puru-, viṣu-drúh*.
54. *dhanv* ‘run.’
55. *dhītí* ‘insight,’ and *ṛtadhīti*.
56. *dhúni* ‘roaring,’ with *dhunay, dhúni-mat, -vrata, dhúnīcúmurī* and *dhunéti*.
57. *nárya* ‘heroic,’ and *náriāpas*.
58. *návya* and *návyas* ‘young.’
59. *nítya* ‘own,’ with *nítya-aritra, -stotra, -hotar*.
60. *niyút* ‘car,’ with *niyútvat* and *niyúdratha*. Cf. *anáḍvah* in D 2.
61. *nṛtama* ‘most heroic.’
62. *paty* ‘rule.’

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63. pāyú ‘protector.’
64. pavāká ‘brilliant,’ with pavāká-varcas, -varṇa, -śocis.
65. pītí ‘drink,’ with á-, pūrvá-, sá-pīti: most of the former are already included in A 36 above.
66. púramdhi (proper name), with púramdhivat.
67. puruspŕh ‘much desired.’
68. purūvásu ‘very wealthy.’
69. paúṃsia ‘heroic.’
70. pratná ‘ancient,’ with pratnáthā. pratnavát is included in A 42 above.
71. práyas ‘sustenance,’ with práyasvat, and ghṛtá-, su-, hitá-prayas.
72. prāśasti ‘plenty,’ with prāśastikṛ́t.
73. maṃh ‘be mighty,’ with maṃhánā, maṃhaneṣṭhá, maṃhayád-rayi, maṃhayú, māṃhiṣṭha, māṃhīyāṃs.
74. maghá ‘wealth.’
75. maghávan ‘lord,’ except as used of Indra.
76. matsará ‘excited,’ with matsarávat and matsarín.
77. mandrá ‘glad,’ with mandrá-ajani, -jihva, -yú, and purumandrá.
78. mánman ‘thought,’ with manmaśáh, manma-sádhana, and dur-, yajñá-, vípra-, satyá-, and su-mánman.
79. Compounds ending in -mahas ‘might’: citrá-, prá-, mitrá-, vājapra-, ví-, vidyút-, viśvá-, vṛddhá-, sú-mahas.
80. yajatá ‘worshipful,’ with yájatra, yájiṣṭha, and yájīyāṃs.
81. yahú ‘quick,’ with yahví.
82. raṇvá ‘pleasing,’ with raṇvásamḍṛś.
83. rádhas ‘wealth,’ with rādhaspati and rādhodéya, and the compounds anavabhrá-, áśva-, ghṛṣri-, citrá-, tuvi-, paṅktí-, vītí-, satyá-, su-, spārhá-rādhas. arādhas remains in use later.
84. vakṣ ‘grow.’
85. vanús ‘charm,’ with vanuṣy.
86. várivas ‘free room,’ with varivas-y, -yá; varivo-kṛt, -dhá, -víd.
87. vártis ‘path.’
88. várpas ‘wonder,’ with ghorá-, puru-, prátijūti-, bhúri-, hári-varpas.
89. vája ‘prize,’ with vājayát and vājayú, and the compounds citrá-, jyá-, tuví-, puru-, bharád-, bhárad-, śatá-, sanád-, sahásravāja: vāja-kṛtya, -gandhia, -jaṭhara, -dá, -dávan, -draviṇas, -pati, -patnī, -pastia, -peśas, -pramahas, -prasūta, -bandhu, -bharman, vājambhará, vája-ratna, -vat, -śravas, -śruta, -sáni, -sá, -sít. vājasāti is included in No. 104.
90. vājínīvasu ‘liberal.’
91. vára ‘hair, tail,’ with váravat, 1. puruvára, 1. vitávāra.
92. váhas ‘waggon,’ with the compounds ukthá-, gír-, nṛ-, bráhma-, mṛktá-, vípra-, satyágir-, sindhu-, stóma-vāhas. yajñávāhas is in use rather later.
93. vípra ‘poet,’ with vípra-jūta, -manman, -rájia, -vacas, -vāhas, -vīra : a-, sáma-, sú-vīpra.

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94. vītí ‘obtaining,’ with vītí-rādhas and -hotra, and ghaúri-, devá-, and rátha-vīti. vitáye is included in A 36.
95. vīrávat ‘rich in men.’
96. Compounds in -vṛkti, namely námo-, su-, and svá-vṛkti.
97. vṛdhá ‘furtherer’: vṛdhasnú; a-, kavi-, namo-, marúd-, and śé-vṛdha; sadávṛdha. tuávṛdha is included in A 12.
98. śáṃsa ‘praise.’
99. śávas ‘strength,’ with śavasāvat, śavasín, śavasí, śáviṣṭha; ápratidhṛṣṭa-, abhíṣṭi-, asāmi-, dví-, nákṣatra-, vṛddhá-, satyá-śavas.
100. śúṣṇa (proper name) and śúṣṇahátya.
101. Compounds ending in -śocis: ágrbhīta-, ajirá-, ūrdhvá-, citrá-, tigmá-, dīrghāyu-, duróka-, pavāká-, vṛddhá-, śirá-, śukrá-, śréṣṭha-, svá-śocis.
102. śrávas ‘glory,’ with śrávas-kāma, -y, -īā, -yá, -yú; suśravasyá; śráviṣṭha; śrava-eṣá, śravojít; upamá-, gāthá-, gūrtá-, citrá-, tuví-, dīrghá-, devá-, dyumná-, pṛthu-, prathamá-, prá-, bṛhát-, vásu-, vája-, vṛddhá-, satyá-, su-śrávas.
103. sátpati ‘master.’ Cf. D 6.
104. sātí ‘attainment,’ with arká-, árṇa-, toká-, dhána-, medhá-, vája-, śúra-sāti. sātáye is included in A 36.
105. sánu ‘back,’ with sānuká: also adri-, ūrdhvá-, pṛ́dāku-sānu: snú, ghṛtásnu, ghṛtasnú.
106. sukrátu ‘wise,’ with sukratūy and sukratūyá.
107. sumná ‘blessing.’
108. suvitá ‘prosperity.’
109. suvīria ‘heroism.’
110. sūra ‘sun,’ and sūracakṣas; asūrā.
111. sūrī ‘lord.’
112. stotár ‘singer.’
113. spārhá ‘desirable,’ with spārhárādhas, spārhávīra.
114. su-adhvará ‘happy in the sacrifice.’
115. sūarvat ‘glorious.’
116. haryatá ‘desirable.’
117. havīṣmat ‘bringing offerings.’

86. C. Forms Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and Atharvaveda

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1. All words containing the palatal ṭ (except vāṣaṭ, śráuṣaṭ, which are found in use earlier): namely araṭvá, *aghāṭí, iṭátaḥ, *káṭuka, kāṭá, kīkaṭa, kúta, *kúṭa, *kíṛpīta, kévata, bíriṭa, bekanāṭa, *mahāvaṭūrin, *reṇúkakāṭa, *vaṭūrin, *víkaṭa, *śákaṭī.

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2. Words containing ṇḍ: ākhaṇḍala, āṇḍá, kuṇḍapáyia, kuṇḍṛṇācī, *daṇḍá, *piṇḍa, *puṇḍárīka, *maṇḍúka, *maṇḍúkī, *maṇḍūradhāṇika, mārtāṇḍá, śáṇḍika, śāṇḍá, hiraṇyapiṇḍá.

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3. Words containing *l*, excepting the following, which are established in use in the Rigveda proper: *uloká*, *kaláśa*, *kīlā*, *kévala*, *jálāṣa*, *nīla*, *palitá*, *phaligá*, *bahulá*, *-miśla*, *valá*, *valg*, *viṣpálā*, *ślóka*. A list of other words containing *l* is given in *Historical Vedic Grammar*, pp. 258, 259: *álarṣi*, *álarti*, and *ávicācali* are to be added to it.

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4. Duals in *-au* before consonants or at the end of an even *pāda*. To the lists given in Lanman's *Noun-Inflection in the Veda* pp. 340, 341, 342, and 576 are to be added *aṣṭaú*, *kaú*, *dvaú*, *nau*. Before vowels (except *u*)-*āv* is found throughout the Rigveda: but see §§ 128, 129.

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5. Case-forms in *-yai* (-*iai*), *-yāh* (-*iāh*), *-yām* (-*iām*) from nouns with *-i* stems: *ánumatyāh*, *árātiāh*, *turyaí*, *deváhūtiai*, *nábhyāh*, *nírtyai*, *nírtyāh*, *puṣtyaí*, *pṛśnyāh*, *bhujyaí*, *bhṛtyaí*, *bhṛtyā́m*, *yuvatyā́h*, *yuvatyā́m*, *śrutyaí*, *sámgatyām*. Forms from *bhūmi*, *óṣadhi*, *hetí* are included in 10 and D 12, 52 below.

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6. The accusative *dívam*.

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7. The accusative plural *ápah*.

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8. The locative form *mayí*.

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9. Nouns adapted to stems in *-a*: (*a*) in *-anta*; *tarantá*, *dánta*, *pánta*, *vasantá*, *vaiśantá*, *sámanta*, *hemantá*; (*b*) compounds in *-akṣá* ‘eye’; *adhi-*, *an-*, *catur-*, *bhūri-*, *ṣad-*, *sam-*, *sahasra-*, *hiraṇya-akṣá*; (*c*) compounds in *-yājá*, *-rājá*; *ati-*, *anu-*, *jīva-*, *pra-yājá*; *adhirājá*, *rājaká*; (*d*) *pāda*, with *nipādá*, *pāñcapāda*, *pādaká*, *pādagṛhyā*; (*e*) *púruṣa*, with *puruṣí*, *paúruṣeya*, *púruṣa*, *púruṣād*, *púruṣaghná*, *apúruṣa*, *āpúruṣaghna* [the forms *puruṣátā*, *puruṣatrá*, *puruṣatvátā*, and *puruṣía* are established in the Rigveda proper, and should either be derived from a stem *púrus-* or treated as the beginnings of the transition]; (*f*) *māṃsá*, with *māṃsabhikṣá*; (*g*) *māsa*; (*h*) *hŕdaya*, with *hŕdayāvídh* and *hŕdayía*. For *svarājá* (conjecturally) see § 151 iii.

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10. Certain other noun-stems, namely *bhūmi* with *dyāvābhūmī* and *bhūmiá*; *śakúni*, *śakúnti* and *śakuntiká*.

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11. Forms of the 1st person singular conjunctive (or imperative) in *-āni*: *kárāṇi*, *gámāni*, *gāni*, *carāṇi*, *daviṣāṇi*, *dadhāni*, *náyāni*, *pacāni*, *brávāni*, *bhajāni*, *randhayāni*, *rájāni*, *vahāni*, *sṛjāni*, *stoṣāṇi*, *jaṅghánāni*.

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12. Subjunctive forms in *-sai*, *-tai*: *yajātai*.

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13. Imperative forms in *-ām*, *-rām*, *-ratām*: *duhám*.

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14. *má* with the aorist injunctive middle or passive. For the occurrences see Avery, JAOS. xi pp. 346, 347, 361, and add *má bíbhiṣathāḥ* viii 79 8b.

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15. Precatives in *-āsam*: *kriyāsma*, *bhūyāsam*.

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16. Future forms from stems in *-sya*, *-iṣya*, not including the participles, which are established in use (chiefly as desideratives) in the Rigveda proper: *jeṣyá-*, *vaksyá-* (vac), *kariṣyá-*, *janiṣya-*, *dhārayiṣya-*, *bhaviṣya-*, *maniṣyá-*, *vāsayiṣya-*, *saniṣya-*, *staviṣyá-*. Past tenses of this formation must be looked upon as desideratives: such too are *kariṣyáḥ* i 165 9d, iv 30 23b, *kariṣyási* i 1 6b.

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17. Causatives in -p: arpaya-, kṣepaya-, *glāpaya-, *dhāpaya- (1 dhā), dhāpaya- (2 dhā), *vāpaya- (1 vā), sthāpaya-, snāpaya-, átiṣṭhipa-, *jīhipa-.

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18. Augmented forms of the imperfect passive: ájāya-, anīya-, apṛcya-, ámucya-, aricya-, *ápaśya-.

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19. Absolutives in -tvá (-tuā): pítvā, bhittvá, *bhūtvá, mitvá, *mohayitvá, yuktvá, *vṛtvá, śrutvá, *snātvá, hatvá, hitvá.

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20. The imperfect forms ásīḥ, ásīt.

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21. All forms from the following verb-stems: *ṛchá-, *kurú-, *kṣiṇá-, *gṛhṇá-, nudá- (active), brávī-, bibhī-, muñcá-, mṛṇā-, hár- (hí-), including with the last the noun 2. háras ‘taking.’

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22. The pronoun adás, with its adverbs adáḥ, amútaḥ, and amuyá: the form etád, whether neuter singular or adverb: the pronoun ena (the adverb enā is earlier): and the pronominal words ádhara, adhamá, ítara, údac (údaktāt, udaktáḥ, and uccá are earlier: for uccaíḥ see No. 23): távat, tiryác and its derivatives, párāc (for parācaíḥ see No. 23), bahú (bahulá is earlier) with *bahu-anná, *bahutṛá, *bahudhā́, bahupáyia, *bahuprajā́, *bahusū́van: yatará, yátama: yávat with *yāvanmātrám: sárva ‘all’ (but not sárva ‘whole’), with *sarvátaḥ, *sarva-aṅga, *-hút, -híd.

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23. Adverbs in -aiḥ, namely uccaíḥ, nīcaíḥ, parācaíḥ, prācaíḥ, śánaíḥ, and śanakaíḥ: in -āt, namely apākāt, uttarāt, paścāt (and in ápaścāddaghvan); for adharāt see No. 22: in -taḥ, with the exception of átaḥ, ántitaḥ, abhítaḥ, kútaḥ, yátaḥ, and víśvátaḥ: and also the following: átho (§ 171), antarā́ (and antarābharā́), anyátra, evám, kathám, tátra, táthā, dūrám, vaí, sahá, and sāyám: and †va when required by the metre in place of iva (see below, § 129).

87. D. Words Characteristic of the Popular Rigveda and the Atharvaveda

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1. Names of the body and its parts: áṅga ‘limb,’ with *áṅgia, cátur-, vīlú-, *sarva- and su-áṅga; asthán ‘bone,’ with *anasthá, *anasthán, *asthanvát, and *aṣṭhivát ‘knee’; ūrú ‘thigh’; cákṣus ‘eye,’ with *ághora-, *víśvátaḥ-, *hradé-cakṣus, and *cákṣuṣmat; párus ‘limb’; *pṛṣtí ‘rib,’ with *pṛṣtí-āmayin; majján ‘marrow’; múkha ‘mouth,’ with viśvátomukha; śárīra ‘body,’ with bṛhaccharīra; *śrótra ‘ear.’

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2. Names of other objects of common life: *akṣá ‘die’; aghnyá ‘ox, cow’; anádvah ‘waggon’; áśvatthá ‘fig-tree’; *udaká ‘water,’ with *anudaká, ápodaka; ṛṣabhá ‘bull’; odaná ‘broth’; kumbhá ‘jug,’ with *kumbhín; *kṛsí ‘ploughed land,’ with ákṛsīvala; kṣīrá ‘milk,’ with kṣīrapāká; goṣthá ‘stall’; gráma ‘village,’ with áriṣta-, mahā-, śūra-grāma, grāma-jít, *-ṇí, and *grāmiá; carú ‘pot’; jāyā́ ‘wife,’ and *brahmajāyā́; *tṛ́ṇa ‘grass’; *darbhá ‘wisp’; *dundubhí ‘drum,’ nalá ‘reed,’ with nālí; nārī́ ‘woman’; páśa ‘snare,’ with *páśadyumna, pāśín, and bhūripāśa; púṃs (púmāṃs) ‘man’; pṛ́dāku ‘serpent’ in pṛdākusānu; vaśā ‘cow,’ with vaśánna; śván ‘dog,’ with śvápada, *śváyātu, and śúneṣita; *sarpá ‘serpent’; skambhá ‘post,’ with skambhādeṣṇa; strī ‘woman,’ with *straīṇa; sphātī ‘fattening.’

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3. Verbs of common life: compounds of ad ‘eat,’ *āmád, *ūrjád, karambhád, *kravyád, *pūruṣád, *madhu-ád, yavasád, *yavád, viśvád, suhutád, *sūyavasád, *somád, *havirád, havyád; an ‘breathe,’ with ávyanant, ānā, prāṇá, apiprāṇa, prāṇana; aś ‘eat,’ with *ánaśnant, áśna, prāśú, prāśávya, and *śāsánānaśaná; īks ‘see,’ with īkṣeṇia; khan ‘dig,’ with *khanitár, *khanítra, khanìtrima; *gup ‘watch’; *gopāy ‘tend’; ghas (jakṣ) ‘swallow,’ with *ghásī, jagdhá, *jagdhváya; crt ‘knot,’ with vicŕt and samcŕt; chid ‘break,’ with áchidyamāna, áchinnapatra, ukháchid, *chidrá (but áchidra and its compounds are established earlier); jīv ‘live’ (but jīváse is earlier); duṣ ‘pollute’; dviṣ ‘hate’; nart (nṛt) ‘dance,’ with nṛtí, nṛtú; naś ‘be lost,’ with *ánaṣṭapaśu, -vedas, and manánáś; nah ‘sew’; pac ‘cook’; pad ‘go,’ with *anipádyamāna; bandh ‘bind’ (but baddhá is earlier); ádhi brū ‘comfort’; mar (mṛ) ‘die’; muh ‘be bewildered’; vad ‘speak’; sam vidáná ‘possessed of’; vyadh ‘wound,’ with *ánāviddha and *hṛdayávidh; śap ‘curse,’ with *śapátha, *śapathía; śar, śir ‘break’; śiṣ ‘remain over’; *śuṣ ‘be dry’; sarp ‘creep’; sumanasy ‘be kind’; hīms ‘hurt,’ with áhīmsat, áhīmsāna, áhīmsyamāna, and *hīmsrá.

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4. Words connected with disease, magic, and popular belief: -áñjana ‘salve,’ in abhi-, *ā-, vi-áñjana, and *áñjanagandhi; apsarás ‘water-sprite’; aranyānī ‘forest-sprite’; ásura (hostile deity), with asurahán and *ásurá; kṛtyá ‘witchcraft’; gandharvá (proper name), with gandharví, gāndharvá; jarás, jarā ‘age,’ with jaráyu, jyótir-jaráyu; devajáná ‘troop of devas’; nírṛti ‘destruction’; piśāci ‘will o’ the wisp’; bráhmaṇā ‘by magic’; bheṣajá ‘medicine,’ with jálāṣa-, *víśvā-bheṣaja; *mṛtyú ‘death,’ with ámṛtyu and mṛtyu-bándhu; yákṣma ‘disease,’ with ayakṣmá, *ajñātayakṣmá, *rājayakṣmá; yamá (proper name), with *yamí and *yamárājan; yātudhána ‘wizard,’ with *yātudhānī; -rogá ‘disease,’ in *hṛdrogá; viśá ‘drug,’ with aviśá, *viśávant.

c7.s3.5

5. Technical terms chiefly of ritual and philosophy: ásat, ásat ‘non-existent’; ásu ‘existence,’ with *asutŕp, ásunīti, *gatásu; ájya ‘sacrificial butter,’ with pṛsadājyá; ātmán ‘soul,’ with *ātmadá, ātmanvánt, śatátman; áśā ‘zone’; gárhapatya ‘householdership,’ with sugārhapatyá; gāyatrí (the metre); *brahmacārín ‘student,’ with *vratacārín; cittá ‘thought’; chándas ‘hymn’; -jñānā ‘knowledge’ in *sam-, *suvi-jñānā; tápas ‘penance,’ with tápasvat; téjas ‘vital force’; díś and pradíś ‘region’; devátā ‘divinity’; devayána ‘directed to the devas’; dhátár ‘creator,’ with vidhátár; pāpá ‘sinful’ (but pāpatvá ‘feebleness’ is earlier); pitáraḥ ‘ancestors,’ with *pitr-yajñá, -yāna, and -vittá); prajápati (proper name); bráhmaṇá ‘Brahmin,’ with bráhmaṇa; bhávya ‘future’; bhágadhéya ‘portion’; bhūtá ‘past’; yájus ‘rite’; *rathamtará (a metre?); várcas ‘energy’; *viráj (a metre); viśvákarman ‘first cause’; viśvárūpa (proper name) and *viśvárūpī; śraddhá ‘faith’; sapta-ṛṣáyaḥ ‘seven singers’; sabhá ‘meeting,’ with sabhávat, *sabhāsáhā, sabhéya; sukṛtám ‘good work’; *svargá ‘heaven’; sváhā ‘amen,’ with sváhākṛta, sváhākṛti.

c7.s3.6

6. *ādhipati* ‘lord,’ in *ādhipatya*. Cf. B 103.
7. *ánumati* ‘reflection.’
8. *áyana* ‘going,’ in *\*ā-, ud-, upa-, \*nir-, \*ni-, \*parā-, \*vi-, suprā-, sūpa-ayana*.
9. *áranya* ‘strange,’ and *āraṇyá*.
10. *\*ákūti* ‘attention.’
11. *iṣu* ‘arrow,’ with *iṣu-kṛt, -dhí, \*-bala, -mat, \*-hasta; \*āsann-, kṣiprá-, \*tigmá-, and su-iṣú*; and in *\*aniṣavyá*. The group *iṣudhy, iṣudhyá, iṣudhyú* is earlier.
12. *óṣadhi* ‘herb,’ except in the form *óṣadhīṣu*. Cf. B 4.
13. *\*kaśyápa* (proper name).
14. *kīrtí* ‘glory.’ But *sukīrtí* belongs to the Rigveda.
15. *\*gandhá* ‘smell’: with *\*áñjana-, \*dhūmá-gandhi, sugándhi* and *sugandhí*.
16. *candrámās* ‘moon.’
17. *\*tarh* ‘destroy,’ with *\*tárhaṇa* and *dasyutárhaṇa*.
18. *\*tīkṣṇá* ‘sharp,’ with *\*tīkṣṇáśṛṅga*.
19. *abhī dās* ‘plot.’
20. The phrase *\*náma(ḥ) astu* ‘worship be done.’
21. *\*nāth* ‘need,’ and *\*anāthá*.
22. *páyasvant* ‘rich in milk.’
23. *paridhí* ‘enclosure.’
24. *\*púṇya* ‘fragrant,’ with *\*púṇyagandha*.
25. *prajá* ‘family.’ The compounds are common in the Rigveda. Cf. B 36.
26. *pratiṣṭhá* ‘rule, standard.’
27. *bhūtí* ‘subsistence.’
28. *bhrātṛvya* ‘clanship’ in *abhrātṛvyá*.
29. *maní* ‘jewel,’ and *maṇigrīvá*.
30. *\*rājanía* ‘of royal blood.’
31. *rātrī* ‘night,’ with *\*ati-, \*aho- rātrá*.
32. *rāṣṭrá* ‘royalty,’ with *\*abhīrāṣṭra*.
33. *rudh, rundh* ‘hinder.’
34. *-vatsará* ‘year’ in *pari-, sam-vatsará*; *pari-, sam-vatsarīṇa*.
35. *várman* ‘shield,’ with *vármanvat* and *varmín*.
36. *varṣá* ‘rain,’ with *varṣá-nirṇij, \*varṣía*.
37. *vaśín* ‘ruler.’
38. *vásas* ‘robe’: one or two compounds are earlier.
39. *vīrúdh* ‘herb.’
40. *vṛkṣá* ‘tree,’ with *vṛkṣákeśa*.
41. *\*śvásura* ‘father in law,’ with *\*śvaśrú*.
42. *ṣáṣ* ‘six.’
43. *sajátá* ‘related.’

c7.s3.7

44. *sapátna* ‘rival,’ with *asapatná*, sapatnahán, and sapátnī.
45. *sámiti* ‘meeting.’
46. *sam srj* ‘provide with,’ with *samsṛj*, *samsṛṣṭajít*, and *sám-sraṣṭar*.
47. *sénā* ‘army,’ with *áyuddha-*, *indra-*, *citrá-*, *deva-*, *mahá-*, *vṛddhá-*, *sárva-senā*, and *senānī*.
48. *stanayitnú* ‘thunder.’
49. *syoná* (*sioná*) ‘soft’: and *siona-kṛt*, *-śī*.
50. *svápna* ‘sleep,’ with *jāgratsvapná*.
51. 1 *háras* ‘heat,’ with *vilúharas*, *hárasvant*.
52. *hetí* ‘lance,’ with *tigmáheti*.

Linked texts (2)

Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
Aṣṭādhyāyī — Pāṇini, Sanskrit