An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c30: C

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c30

Language: English

C

v2.c30.1

**Calicut**, Dt Kozhikode. A Megalithic rock-cut cave [4.17.10] near Calicut with an urn with pointed bottom. *AI*, 12, 1956, pp. 101, 111.

**Campā**, Dt Bhagalpur, 5 km w. of Bhagalpur, present-day Champanagar to the n. of Nathnagar railway station. The extensive mound is largely overbuilt by modern buildings. Campā was the capital of Aṅga, one of the *mahā-janapadas* annexed by Bimbisāra of Magadha in the 6th century B.C. Excavation started in 1969-70 and continued thereafter by the author (*IAR 1969-70*, p. 2; *1970-1*, p. 4; *1971-2*, p. 4) has revealed a defensive fortification surrounded by a deep moat and the bed of the Ganga. The trenches across the fortification and in areas within it near the confluence of the Champa-nala and the old bed of the Ganga have revealed that the city was occupied from 500 B.C. as no occupational layer prior to the NBPW [11.16] has been traced, though due to the subsoil water table the lowest levels of the NBPW could not be reached. (Elsewhere, 4.18.3, the author has calibrated ¹⁴C dates, which would take the beginning of the NBPW to an earlier date.)

v2.c30.3

Pd I has yielded the finest varieties of the NBPW in all brilliant colours, some in double colours and some painted with circular dots, sigmas, horizontal lines and yellow paint, and also the associated black ware, black slipped ware [11.13] and grey, red and black-and-red [11.6.4] wares. Quantitatively the largest number of NBPW sherds have been found in the earliest layers. A number of soapstone jewellers’ moulds inscribed with human and animal designs and a beautiful ivory (?) female figurine with articulate limbs and grooves for fitting the loose limbs, copper ear ornaments and stone beads are significant discoveries pointing to the richness of industrial crafts of the city during this Pd. Another important find is an exceedingly well-built plastered drain in the village outside the fortified area; it empties into the Champa-nala even today. The drain runs in an e.-w. direction and has been traced to a length of 4·90 m with a gap of 2·20 m caused by robbing. The width of the drain at the top is 35 cm and at the bottom 25 cm, the depth being 52 cm. The drain, sealed by a layer which yields good varieties of the NBPW and associated sherds, can on stratigraphic and ceramic grounds be placed in the 4th century B.C. While no structural remains of the Pd and its subphases could be positively traced, some evidence of brick-built structure at its top levels has been detected in one trench. Another interesting find in the late NBPW phase is the sprinkler in the same ware. The Śuṅga and Kushan periods are well represented by remains of numerous brick-built house-complexes, characteristic Śuṅga terracottas, particularly plaques of mother goddess [12.6] with weapons around the head. A female figure with a peculiar head dress of w. Asian type and a winged female figure are noteworthy finds.

v2.c30.4

Trenches across the rampart have revealed two clear phases of its construction. The gushing out of the subsoil water has not allowed the tracing of the foundation level of the rampart wall but by pumping out the water the natural soil of yellowish hue mixed with *kankar* has been touched. Overlying this is a deposit of dirty brownish and black soil surface from which have been picked up a number of crude black-and-red ware sherds unassociated with the NBPW. It may suggest an earlier flimsy occupation of the black-and-red ware people before the advent of the NBPW, to the last phase of which the first phase of the rampart may be placed. The rampart is characterized by a thick wall of blackish soil with a gentle slope on the outer side. A few copper cast coins [3.1], terracotta sling balls, charcoal showing fibres of burnt bamboos and a number of red ware, Black-slipped Ware and a very few late NBPW sherds are the important finds. The second phase is characterized by a massive construction: the rampart wall was built by the dumping over of yellow and red soil to form a thick wall and it was raised against a 3·80 m wide embankment of brick debris possibly to prevent scouring by water. The maximum height traced is 5.80 m. Further w. of the debris-built embankment a high brick wall was raised right over the rampart to strengthen the overall defensive system of the fort; however this wall has been completely robbed. Characteristic Śuṅga antiquities including miniature pots, cast copper and punch-marked coins [3.1] with silver coating and numerous weapons like bone arrowheads, socketed arrowheads, socketed iron spearheads and terracotta plaques have been discovered. This phase may be placed in 150-50 B.C. Associated with it is a rammed brick floor with six post-holes, which may represent the provision of a watchman’s room on the rampart.

v2.c30.5

—B.P. SINHA

v2.c30.6

**Caradepootoor**, Dt Chingleput. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site on the river Naranavaram. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 172.

v2.c30.7

**Chabala Hill**, Dt Anantapur. Neolithic mealing stone [4.6.8] of basalt. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras.

v2.c30.8

**Chabal Khurd**, Dt Amritsar. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c30.9

**Chachai Falls**, Dt Rewa. Microlithic [4.5] and Neolithic [4.6] site. Megalithic stone circles [4.17.3] were also found. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras. *IAR 1957-8*; *1963-4*.

v2.c30.10

**Chachana** (22°25′; 71°50′), Dt Surendranagar. Late Harappa [4.10] site corresponding to RANGPUR II B. *AI* 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963, p. 205.

v2.c30.11

**Chacho Nawatoli**, Dt Ranchi. Prohistoric site yielding a triangular polished celt [4.6.4]. *Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.*, 2, 1916, p. 66.

v2.c30.12

**Chadiala-Khanpur**, Dt Rupnagar. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c30.13

**Chagatur, Chagataru**, Dt Mahbubnagar. Megalithic dolmenoid cists [4.17.7]. See SIRSAILAM. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c30.14

**Chagollu**, Dt Prakasam. Lower [4.2] and Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] tools found on the surface just n. of Madagapalem. The tools comprise Abbevillian and Acheulian handaxes, scrapers, awl-like tools and worked flakes. Aiyappan, A., *Manley Collection of Stone Age Tools*, Mem. ASI, 68, p. 9.

v2.c30.15

**Chaibasa** (22°36′; 85°48′), Dt Singhbhum. Palaeoliths [4.2-4] and microliths [4.5]. See CHAKRADHARPUR. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c30.16

**Chainpur**, Dt Ranchi. Middle and Late Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c30.17

**Chajoli**. See 9.2.

v2.c30.18

**Chak 11**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths and Harappa pottery [11.3]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.19

**Chak 15**, Dt Ganganagar. Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] from Chak 15/1; Rang Mahal Ware, terracotta bull, bead and shell bangles from Chak 15/2; microliths and Harappa [11.3] and Rang Mahal Wares from Chak 15/3; and PGW [11.14], perforated pottery and terracotta ball from chak 15/4. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.20

**Chak 21**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths and Harappa Ware [11.3]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.21

**Chak 39**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] and Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] from Chak 39/1; and microliths, PGW, painted Rang Mahal sherds, terracotta figures and shell and terracotta bangles from Chak 39/2. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.22

**Chak 40**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] and Rang Mahal Ware [11.24]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.23

**Chak 40-Tibba**, Dt Ganganagar. Rang Mahal Ware [11.24]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.24

**Chak 43**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths and Harappa Ware [11.3]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.25

**Chak 41**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths and Harappa [11.3] and Rang Mahal Wares [11.24]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.26

**Chak 58**, Dt Ganganagar. One or two doubtful Harappa sherds [11.3] and Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] from Chak 58/1; Rang Mahal Ware from Chak 58/2; and a few non-descript sherds reminiscent of Rang Mahal Ware and microliths from Chak 58/3. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.27

**Chak 58-Tibba**, Dt Ganganagar. Non-descript pottery reminiscent of Rang Mahal Ware [11.24]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.28

**Chak 59**, Dt Ganganagar, PGW [11.14], Rang Mahal Ware [11.24], terracotta beads and ball. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.29

**Chak 71**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths, PGW [11.14], Rang Mahal Ware [11.24], faïence [16.6] bangles, terracotta toy wheels and a glass bead. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.30

**Chak 71-Tibba**, Dt Ganganagar. Microliths, Harappa Ware [11.3] and faïence bangles. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.31

**Chak 72/1**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] impressed pottery, Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] and faïence [16.6] bangles. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.32

**Chak 72/2**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14], impressed pottery, Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] and shell bangles. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.33

**Chak 72/3**, Dt Ganganagar. Harappa Ware [11.3] and faïence bangles [16.6]. Unpublished.

v2.c30.34

**Chak 74**, Dt Ganganagar, PGW [11.14], impressed pottery, Rang Mahal Ware [11.24] and a faïence bangle fragment [16.6]. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. Unpublished.

v2.c30.35

**Chak 75**, Dt Ganganagar. Harappa [4.9] site. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY.

v2.c30.36

**Chak 77**, Dt Ganganagar. A large number of non-descript potsherds and microliths. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. *Unpublished.*

v2.c30.37

**Chak 80**, Dt Ganganagar. Harappa Ware [11.3] and Rang Mahal Ware [11.24], two copper coins including one seemingly punch-marked [3.1], faïence bangle, a brick and a chert blade. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. *Unpublished.*

v2.c30.38

**Chak 86** (29°14'; 73°14'), Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] site in the SARASVATĪ VALLEY. *AI*, 10 & 11, 1954 & 1955, p. 139.

v2.c30.39

**Chak 87**, Dt Ganganagar. PGW [11.14] and impressed pottery. See SARASVATĪ VALLEY. *Unpublished.*

v2.c30.40

**Chakadoba**, Dt Midnapur. Handaxes and large scrapers [4.2-3]. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c30.41

**Chakalia**, Dt Panch Mahals. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c30.42

**Chakalpet**, Dt Chandrapur. A number of stone circles [4.17.6]. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c30.43

**Chakannagar Kheda**, Dt Etawah. Site (Cakranagara of the *Mahābhārata*) on the right bank of the Yamuna yielding sherds of the PGW [11.14] and NBPW [11.16] as well as terracotta figurines of the early Christian era. *IAR 1969-70.*

v2.c30.44

**Chak-Bhammi**, Dt Chandrapur. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.45

**Chakiaro**, Dt Panch Mahals. See CHAMPANER.

v2.c30.46

**Chakki Khapa**, Dt Nagpur. Megalithic stone circles [4.17.6]. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c30.47

**Chakkur**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic site with cairns and stone circles [4.17.8]. *Mysore Arch. Rep. 1947-56*, p. 51.

v2.c30.48

**Chakla**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c30.49

**Chakond**, Dt Banda. A large number of polished stone celts with pointed butt, splayed edge, convex sides and lenticular cross-section [4.6.3] were found. *IAR 1954-5.*

v2.c30.50

**Chak-Patna**, Dt Saharanpur. PGW [11.14] and associated wares. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c30.51

**Chakrabada**, (**Chakrabanda**), Dt Kolar. Megalithic site with cairn circles and cists [4.17.8]. *IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c30.52

**Chakradharpur** (20°42'; 85°30'), Dt Singhbhum, on the left bank of the Sanjai, known for a long time for its rock-paintings [13] and, with its neighbourhood further e., covering CHAIBASA and SINI, for its yield of Stone Age artefacts (Ball, 1865, pp. 118-20; Anderson, 1917, pp. 349-52; Ghosh, 1932; etc.). The first systematic exploration of the valley was undertaken by Ghosh, 1966, 1970, 1971, on behalf of the Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Calcutta, who identified in the Pleistocene [9.8.2] deposits of the river section three Palaeolithic [4.2.4] industries, successively: (i) a chopper-biface industry (Abbevillian), with crude choppers, Acheulian I, predominantly with handaxes and crude side-scrapers, Acheulian II with true cleavers, and Acheulian III with an advance over the preceding stage; (ii) flake industry, with limited handaxes but with a preponderance of scrapers; and (iii) a flake-blade industry, with end-scrapers and burins as characteristic types. Anderson, 1917, in *Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.*, 3, pp. 349-72. Ball, B., 1865, in *Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal*, pp. 127-8. Ghosh, A.K., 1966, in *Actes du VIIᵉ Congrès International des Sciences préhistoriques et protohistoriques, 1966*, Prague; 1970, in *Trans. American Philosophical Soc.*, New Series, 60; 1971, *Arch. & Physical Anthropology in Oceania*, 6, 2, pp. 87-101. Ghosh, M., 1932, *Rock-paintings and other Antiquities of Prehistoric & Later Times*, Mem. ASI, 24.

v2.c30.53

**Chakranahalli**, Dt Kolar, Megalithic burial site [4.17.8]. *IAR 1969-70.*

v2.c30.54

**Chakrasil**, Dt Dhenkanal. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c30.55

**Chakrigarh**, Dt Saran. Structural remains, the size of the bricks being 45·7×25·4×7·6 cm. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c30.56

**Chakulia**, Dt Singhbhum. Microliths [4.5] and neoliths [4.6.4]. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c30.57

**Chak-Vithalwada**, Dt Chandrapur. Microliths and Megalithic ± stone circles [4.17.6]. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c30.58

**Chalaganahalli**, Dt Kolar. Megalithic site with stone circles [4.17.8], Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] and red ware. *IAR 1972-3.*

v2.c30.59

**Chalala**, Dt Junagadh. Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c30.60

**Chalpa-khurd**, Dt E. Nimar. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c30.61

**Chamak**, Dt Amravati. Early historical site yielding black-and-red ware. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.62

**Chamarajanagar Taluk**, Dt Mysore. Cairn circles and cists [4.17.8]. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c30.63

**Chamba**, Dt Lohit, Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] site on the terraces of the Kamlang river between 914·4 and 1219·5 m in height yielding choppers, a protohandaxe, cleavers, scrapers, flakes and cores. A few neolithic implements [4.6.6] including a shouldered celt were also found. Bopardikar, B.P., 1971, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar*, Nagpur. *IAR 1969-70.*

v2.c30.64

**Chamba-ghat**, Dt Kangra. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site in the BEAS VALLEY. Sankalia, H.D., 1962, *Prehistory & Protohistory of India & Pakistan*, Bombay, pp. 16-20.

v2.c30.65

**Chambal valley**, more than 100 rock-shelters [13] were discovered together with Palaeolithic and Microlithic sites. Basai and Narsinga yielded tools of Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) and Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]). At Parmar-Kheri microliths [4.5] were found while Tungni, Metwas, Takraoda, Maori, Ghata-Bilod, Betnia and Pseva (Pewa) had painted pottery. *IAR 1956-7; 1958-9.*

v2.c30.66

**Chimdiha**, Dt Mirzapur (?). Middle Stone Age tools (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) comprising blades, flakes, scrapers and cores. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.67

**Chamkaur**, Dt Rupnagar. Harappa pottery [11.3] and PGW [11.14]. *IAR 1953-4.* Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 122.

v2.c30.68

**Chammakhandi**, Dt Ganjam. Microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c30.69

**Champa**, Dt Keonjhar. Tools of Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) comprising bifacial handaxes, cleavers, scrapers, choppers and chopping tools of almost all types showing the different techniques of manufacture and stages of technical development. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) included points, scrapers, borers, burins, blades, cores and flakes. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c30.70

**Champakheri**, Dt Chittaurgarh. White-painted black-and-red ware [11.6.2] site in the Wagan valley. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.71

**Champala**, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1960-1.*

v2.c30.72

**Champanagar**, Dt Bhagalpur. See CAMPĀ.

v2.c30.73

**Champaner**, Dt Panch Mahals. A medieval capital of Gujarat on the Pavagarh hill, in the vicinity of which Stone Age tools have been discovered at BHAMARIA, CHAKIARO, GOKALPURA and JHANKHARIA, on the banks of the streamlets Karad, Jorvan and others. A handaxe in the make-up of a medieval wall at Champaner itself gave the clue for further investigation. Large rhyolite cores, scrapers or choppers, handaxes, cleavers and flakes form the earliest, Lower Palaeolithic [4.2], group occurring in the lowest gravel. Smaller flakes of a later series (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) with a preference for crypto-crystalline material occur much higher up in the Black Cotton Soil [9.1], the formation of which might be coeval with the tools. Microliths are available on the Black Cotton Soil as well as on the loessic banks of nullahs, rivers and dunes around. Mehta, R.N., 1977, *Prehistoric Champaner*, Vadodara.—H.P. RAY

v2.c30.74

**Chamu**, Dt Jodhpur. Microlithic site on a high dune on the n.-e. side of the road near the village of Chamu. Agrawal, D.P., 1978, in *Man & Environment*, 2, p. 75.

v2.c30.75

**Chamundagarh**, Dt Muzaffarpur. Early historical remains comprising remnants a fort wall and moat, besides sherds of the NBPW [11.16] grey and red wares. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c30.76

**Chanahta**, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.3]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.77

**Chanat**, Dt Hissar. Chanat-I (Dahar ka kheda), Chanat-II (Karasana) and Chanat-III (Bhimala) yielded pre-Harappa [4.8] and Harappa [4.9] remains. Silak Ram, 1972, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c30.78

**Chanchoda**, Dt Guna. Late Stone Age tools (Mesolithic [4.5]). *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c30.79

**Chandabila**, Dt Midnapur. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] tools. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c30.80

**Chanda-Kheri**, Dt Ambala. Grey ware, Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and black-painted red ware. *IAR 1963-4.*

v2.c30.81

**Chandala**, Dt Chandrapur. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site. *IAR 1970-1.*

v2.c30.82

**Chandala Bhata**, Dt Sagar. Microliths [4.5] and rock-shelters [13] were found 3 km from SAGAR. *IAR 1958-9.*

v2.c30.83

**Chandal-no-Ghod**, Dt Banas-Kantha. Painted red ware. *IAR 1964-5.*

v2.c30.84

**Chandanapalya**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic cist burials [4.17.8]. *IAR 1961-2.*

v2.c30.85

**Chandanpur**¹, Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. See ANVERI. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c30.86

**Chandanpur**², Dt Kanpur. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1968-9.*

v2.c30.87

**Chandapur**, Dt Dharwar. Early historical [4.18.11] site. See ANVERI. *IAR 1959-60.*

v2.c30.88

**Chandatari**, Dt Allahabad. Painted rock-shelter [13]. *IAR 1969-70.* Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 55.

v2.c30.89

**Chandauli**, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red Ware [11.6.3]. *IAR 1962-3.*

v2.c30.90

**Chandausi**, Dt Moradabad. Some antennae swords and one anthropomorphic figure [4.11]. Allahabad Museum, National Museum, Sanskrit Univ., Varanasi, Collections.

v2.c30.91

**Chandavaram**¹, Dt Nellore. Site yielding Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3], red and all-black wares. Remains of *stūpas*, earthen bunds and fortifications were also noticed. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c30.92

**Chandavaram**², Dt Prakasam. Buddhist site with sculptures carved in the AMARAVATI idiom situated on the right bank of the Gundlakamma river. Many *stūpas* and adjoining *vihāras* were also found. An inscription in Brāhmī characters of the 2nd century A.D. and sherds of the Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] red-slipped wares were also noticed.

v2.c30.93

**Chandavolu**, Dt Guntur. Early historical [4.18.10] site. Rea, A., 1894, *ASI New Imperial Series*, 15.

v2.c30.94

**Chandawa**, Dt Allahabad. Painted rock-shelter [13]. *IAR 1969-70*. Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 55.

v2.c30.95

**Chande**, Dt Pune. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c30.96

**Chandegaon**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Series II tools (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and early historical remains. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c30.97

**Chandera**, Dt Sagar. Palaeoliths [4.2-4] and microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c30.98

**Chanderi**, Dt Guna. Early and Middle Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] tools. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c30.99

**Chandgadh**, Dt Bhavnagar. Red Polished Ware [11.23] site in the Shetrunjī valley. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c30.100

**Chandgarh**, Dt E. Nimar. Rock-shelter [13] with tools of the Middle and Late Stone Ages (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) in the vicinity. *IAR 1960-1*; *1961-2*.

v2.c30.101

**Chandigarh** (30°42′; 76°54′), capital of the Union Territory of that name, where in 1969 in the course of digging the foundations of a shopping complex in sector 17C the remains of a Harappa [4.9] cemetery were brought to light below 1 to 2 m thick deposit of alluvium. The Panjab Univ. conducted excavation in the area and a regular cemetery was discovered but the report is awaited. Next year, nearly 100 m to the e., Harappa pottery [11.3], stone querns, pestles [6.19] and a few other sundry objects came up along with the earth excavated for an underground structure. As it had been noticed at HARAPPA, ROPAR and KALIBANGAN—all Harappa sites—that the habitation area lies to the e. of the cemetery, seven trenches were laid here by the author and others of the ASI (*IAR 1970-1*, p. 39) in the expectation of the discovery of a Harappa settlement.

v2.c30.102

After digging through silt the habitational deposit though devoid of habitational horizons of layers was encountered. The pottery and other objects were deeply embedded in brown silt and water-borne pebbles. A sandy deposit separated the natural soil which was loamy interspaced with thin bands of *kankar* and over which lay the pottery-bearing strata.

v2.c30.103

The pottery shapes and painted motifs represent three traditions: SOTHI/KALIBANGAN I [11.2], Harappa and BARA. There are the Harappa shapes such as the dish-on-stand, cup-on-stand, pointed goblet, button-base goblet, dish, beaker, lid, basin, trough, storage jar and ring stand. On a funnel-shaped vessel and on two other sherds inscriptions in Harappa characters [20.4.1] are available. The small-sized vase providing an easy grip for use, lid with central knob and basin with ridged incisions inside are analogous to the pre-Harappa shapes. Some of the painted motifs, such as latticed triangles, lenticulars, loops or meanders enclosed within bands, plant motif like twig and leaf and the curled motif which may be a variant of bucranium are also found on the SOTHI ware.

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From the same deposit sherds betraying Cemetery H shapes, fabric and hue and a few sherds of the burnished grey ware akin to that used by the n.-w. Neolithic folk [4.61] have been recovered. An object of animal bone with serrated edge recalls a BURZAHOM find. The other finds include bull figurines, beads, bangles, toy-cart frames [16.17], wheels in terracotta [16.19], faïence [16.6] and copper bangles, beads of paste and agate and stone objects such as querns, pestles and sling balls. Ghosh, N.C., 1970, in *Conflux*, Sept.—N.C. GHOSH

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**Chandil**, Dt Singhbhum. Microliths tools [4.5] and neoliths [4.6.4]. See CHAKRADHARPUR. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Chandipur**, Dt Bhagalpur. Middle Stone Age (Middle palaeolithic [4.3] site. *IAR 1965-6*.

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**Chandoli** (19°10′; 73°58′), Dt Pune, a Chalcolithic site in village Chandoli Khurd, 5 km e. of Manchar, on the right bank of the river Ghod, a perennial stream. The site was discovered in 1957 (*IAR 1957-8*, p. 67). The surface collection consisted of JORWE [11.11] and Malwa [11.10] wares, red/grey sherds and polished stone tools. Excavation was conducted by the Deccan College in 1960 with a view to knowing more about the upper Deccan Chalcolithic culture [4.14.6] and to augment the evidence of NASIK, JORWE and NEVASA. As the site has been very much disturbed by natural and human agencies a small area of about 60 m sq was available for digging. The 1·4 m thick habitational debris lies over the Black Soil [9.1] which in turn caps the yellow silt and is divided into two layers. Layer 1 is without any burnt clods, while layer 2 has such clods bearing bamboo matting impressions, indicating the wall material.

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Though no complete house plan has been found, a fair idea can be had by piecing together the available evidence. The houses were rectangular on plan and walls constructed of bamboo screen plastered with mud. There were wooden posts to support the wall screen and thatched roof. An extant continuous floor, 2·4 × 4·8 m is rammed and plastered, with a saddle quern [6.19] embedded and storage jars partly buried in it. Hearths, one of them measuring 30 × 30 × 25 cm, are sunk in the floor, their sides and bottom plastered, with a mud column constructed over a flat stone placed in the centre of the hearth. The cooking pot was evidently placed on the top of the column with fire all around. Similar hearths have been noticed at NEVASA and at INAMGAON. Circular mud platforms, 25 to 30 cm in diameter, are possibly meant to hold pots. Such circular mud platforms of larger dimensions have been found at INAMGAON, where the local people still make similar platforms and place storage bins over them. The area surrounding the floor being disturbed, the house to which it pertained could have been bigger. The saddle-quern indicates the practice of crushing grains on it with a rubber stone but the diet must have been supplemented by hunting, fishing and killing of domesticated animals.

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The houses were lit with boat-shaped terracotta lamps [6.11] common at all the Chalcolithic sites in the Deccan. Of the pottery storage jars and cooking and drinking vessels of red/grey ware or coarse red ware are generally plain. Painted vessels of the Jorwe and Malwa fabrics were evidently for special use and rituals. The burial urns are in red/grey ware.

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The Jorwe Ware is turned thin on wheel and baked at a high temperature. The prominent types are: the tubular-spouted pot; carinated and convex-sided bowl with or without spout; globular pot with narrow and constricted neck, bowl; and dish-on-stand. The designs painted on the red surface are bands, zigzags, diamonds and triangles either solid of filled in with lattice or slant lines, and antelopes. The designs appear mostly on the shoulder portion of the pots.

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In the Malwa Ware the clay is coarse and is coated with a thick red slip. The shapes are: the convex-sided rimless bowl; globular pot with out-turned rim; bowl with channel-spout; goblet; and a bowl with three legs. The black-painted designs on the shoulder portion are vertical lines, latticed and hatched triangles and solid diamonds.

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The cream-slipped ware and Lustrous Red Ware [11.9] are represented by a few sherds. The former is a typical ware of the Malwa culture [4.14.5] while the latter is found in RANGPUR II C and III. Some sherds of black ware representing the bowl with inconspicuous and featureless rim have also been found.

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Coarse red ware is second to the Jorwe Ware in bulk. The shapes are: the spherical pot; bowl with short channel-spout; convex-sided bowl; storage jar; and dough plate. The decorations are pinched and punctured applied bands, incised lines and human figures. Red/grey ware is represented by utilitarian pots, such as: the globular pot with wide mouth useful as a cooking pot; convex-sided bowl; lid with knobbed handle; globular pot; bowl with tubular spout; dough plate; *kuṇḍā*; boat-shaped lamp; lamp with a handle; and square lamp-on-stand. The globular pot sometimes bears post-firing painting with red ochre on the rim and is decorated with finger-tip depressions and cuts on applied bands.

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The tools and weapons are made generally of stone and rarely of copper. Axes, adzes and chisels used for working wood are of strong blackish stone (dolerite) and are ground and polished, particularly on the cutting edge. Smaller tools and weapons are made from blades removed from chalcedony/agate cores. The required portions are retouched to convert them into points for arrowheads, knife-blades, saw-blades and lunates for making sickles and barbed spears. Copper is used sparingly but a few tools and weapons such as antennae-hilted daggers, axes, chisels and fish-hooks have been found. Beads of semiprecious stones like carnelian, agate, chalcedony and jasper, as also of copper, were strung on a thread of flax for making necklaces. Anklets, bangles and rings of copper were ornaments for legs, wrists and fingers.

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The dead were buried in an extended posture in a grave dug in the living floor with a n.-to-s. orientation with the head towards the n.; the feet below the ankle were chopped off. Children were buried in two vessels placed mouth to mouth in a burial pit with the same orientation but their feet were spared. The vessels were kept in the grave possibly with some food and drink. Sometimes the dead were buried with their ornaments on.

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The presence of Malwa, Jorwe and Rangpur Wares, red/grey ware and polished stone tools and the burial custom indicate that the people had contacts with the people from Malwa, Saurashtra and s. India.

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The ¹⁴C dates for layer 2 at Chandoli are 1330 ± 70 B.C. and 1300 ± 70 B.C. (Pennsylvania laboratory) and are not far removed from Phase IV at NAVDATOLI the date of which is 1440 ± 130B.C.

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Deo, S.B., & Ansari, Z.D., 1965, *Chalcolithic Chandoli*, Poona.—Z.D. ANSARI

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**Chandpur¹**, Dt Bulandshahr. OCW [11.5], PGW, [11.14] and red ware of the Śuṅga-Kushan period. *IAR 1970-1*.

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**Chandpur²**, Dt Gorakhpur. Black-and-red ware [11.6.3]. *IAR 1963-4*.

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**Chandpur³**, (31°1'; 76°38'), Dt Rupnagar. PGW [11.14] site. *AI*, 10 & 11, 1954 & 1955, p. 139.

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**Chandragupta-Patna**, Dt Mahbubnagar. Brick structures of the early historical Pd [4.18.10]. *IAR 1972-3*

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**Chandraketugarh**, (22°41'; 88°42'), Dt 24 Parganas, 35 km n.-e. of Calcutta, covering an area of 3 sq km of rolling mounds and a *garh*, ruined fort, with rampart walls, enclosed in the villages of BERACHAMPA, Deolia, Hadipur, Shanpur, Jhikra, etc. The site is enormously rich in surface finds. In 1907 A.L. Longhurst visited Berachampa and recovered early historical pottery and bricks (cf. *ASI—AR 1922-3*, p. 109), R.D. Banerji explored it in 1909 and noticed footed querns [6.19], mother goddess figurines [12.6] and the fragment of a highly polished pillar. He also listed silver and copper vessels, a seal, terracotta spindle whorls [6.25], etc. (Banerji, 1911, 1923). The explorer Kalidas Datta realized the importance of the site and induced the Asutosh Museum to excavate it.

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From the surface finds and the nature of the ruins it is clear that Chandraketugarh represents an early historical urban settlement [4.18.15] continuing down to later times. Terracotta figurines of exquisite beauty, toy carts drawn by various animals, some perhaps representing the vehicles of deities, plaques depicting Jātaka and *Pañcatantra* stories, hoards of silver punch-marked coins [3.1] and Kushan and Gupta coins, early historical seals and sealings [3.2], some with undeciphered legends, beads and other antiquities have enriched the galleries of the Indian Museum, Asutosh Museum, Museum and Art Gallery of the W. Bengal Directorate of Arch., Burdwan Univ. Museum, etc.

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The Asutosh Museum of the Univ. of Calcutta, under K.G. Goswami and later on under C.R. Roychaudhuri, with the general guidance of D.P. Ghosh, conducted excavation here from 1956-7 to 1967-8. The excavation has revealed a continuous sequence from pre-Maurya to Pāla times, divided into six Pds. Pd I, pre-Mauryan, has a red-slipped ware and ivory beads; the discovery of the PGW [11.14] has been claimed (but this is very doubtful). Pd II, Maurya-Śuṅga, has the NBPW [11.16], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and polished and unpolished grey wares. Perhaps belonging to this Pd is a pottery drain in the *garh* mound, associated with a number of black-ware cups having a circular flat base and open mouth with an incurved rim and small spout near the shoulder. The Pd has also yielded beads of semiprecious stones, copper antimony rods [18.1], terracotta figurines and copper punch-marked coins. Pd III, probably late Śuṅga, has stamped red ware, some inscribed with Brāhmī letters, Śuṅga terracottas, steatite caskets and cast copper coins [3.1]. Pd IV has typical Kushan terracotta figurines and plaques.

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These early Pds show signs of houses built of wood, bamboo and tiles with mud walls on mud plinths. The foundations seem to have been strengthened by wooden piles. Baked bricks come into use in Pd V (Gupta), which has grey or black pottery sometimes bearing stamped designs, terracotta plaques with human and animal figurines and *mithunas*.

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In the mound of Khana-Mihirer-Dhipi has been excavated a stupendous brick temple complex facing n. and measuring 19·20 sq m, with 4·26 m long projections on three sides and a vestibule 13·72 square attached to the main temple on the n. A deep pit, 3·52 m sq and 7·16 m deep, lined with rubbed bricks with obliquely decreasing sides, and a paved floor, 86 cm sq, at the bottom, has been encountered in the excavation. Although the excavators claim a Gupta date for the temple, Saraswati, 1976, on the basis of the plan, architecture and developed form of the plinth mouldings, would ascribe it to the Pāla period.

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The excavation has also revealed the remains of two votive *stūpas* and other structures, together with the stray find of a red sandstone Buddha image from Khana-Mihirer-Dhipi and plaques with Buddha and Jātaka stories which associate the site with Buddhism.

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Banerji, R.D., 1911, *Descriptive List of Sculptures & Coins in the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad*, Calcutta; 1923, *Banglar Itihasa* (in Bengali), Calcutta, 1, p. 33. Chakrabarti, D.K., 1966, in *Proc. Indian Hist. Congress*, Mysore; 1977, in *Jour. Numismatic Soc. India*, 39. Das Gupta, P.C., 1956, in *Modern Review*, 99, 4; 1959, in *Lalit Kalā*, 6; 1960, in *Jour. Dept of Letters, Calcutta Univ.*, New Series, 3; 1979, in *Bharat Pratibha*, 6, international no. Datta, B.K., 1948, in *Modern Review*, 34. Ghosh, D.P., 1968, *Studies in Museum & Museology in India*, Calcutta, pp. 44-52; 1973, in Mode, H., ed., *Great Centres of Art—Calcutta*, Leipzig. Goswami, K.G., 1966, in *Indian Museum Bulletin*, 2. *IAR 1955-6*, p. 61, 71; *1956-7*, p. 29, 73, 81; *1957-8*, p. 51, 70, 72; *1958-9*, pp. 55, 77; *1959-60*, pp. 50, 77; *1960-1*, pp. 39, 68, 70; *1961-2*, pp. 63, 106; *1962-3*, pp. 46, 74; *1963-4*, p. 63, 94; *1964-5*, pp. 53, 79, *1965-6*, pp. 59, 96; *1966-7*, p. 40, 76; *1967-8*, p. 50, 74; *1968-9*, p. 77. Maite, D.K., ed., 1972, *Garh Chandraketur Katha* (in Bengali). Saraswati, S.K., 1976, *Architecture of Bengal*, 1, Ancient Phase, pp. 92-3.—D.K. CHAKRABARTI

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**Chandraprabha Valley,** Dt Varanasi. A few Lower Palaeolithic tools [4.2] including scrapers and flakes fashioned on quartzite were collected from the bed of the Bhainsahawa Nala, a tributary of the Chandraprabha, at the foot-hills of the HATHINIA PAHAR near Hetimpur village. Microliths [4.5] consisting of cores, flakes, parallel-sided blades, blunted-back blades, lunates, scrapers, points, borers, triangles and trapezes were found at BAIRADUMUHAWAN, KAPISHA, SONABARSA, PANCHPEDIA, MORADABAD, RAJA BABA-KIPAHARI, BHAINSAHAWA, HATHINIA and KUSUMBHAR. Barring HATHINIA all the sites had non-geometric tools, fashioned mainly on cherty material.

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Rock-shelters with paintings were also reported, the motifs consisting of animals, human figurines, floral designs and geometric patterns. Neither potsherds nor microliths were obtained from these rock-shelters.

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Megalithic monuments [4.17.3]—cairn circles, cists and cists within cairns—were located around the HATHINIA and BHADAHAWAN hillocks in the Chandraprabha valley. KAKORIA, the habitational area of the Megalithic people, lies immediately to the n.-w. of the Megalithic cemetery of the Hathinia hillocks. Cairn circles appear to have been a popular burial type as contrasted to cists. Besides the cists are smaller in size in comparison to their counterparts of the Deccan and s. India. Of the burial goods mention may be made of pottery, microliths, gold bangles, terracotta beads and skeletal remains. The ceramic assemblage included the black-and-red ware, [11.15.1], black-slipped and the ordinary red wares. No painted sherd was found.

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Microliths fashioned on chert consisted of lunates, blades, blunted backs, scrapers and a serrated blade. No tool or weapon made of bone or metal was found in any grave.

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Sites like RAMANA-KI-TANDI, DHOLAKIA, LALBEDIA, PEMA RAGHUNATHPUR, BHIKHAMPUR, BAIRADUMUHAWAN, KAKORIA, KUNDA HIMAIYA, BHAINSAHAWA and HETIMPUR yielded cores, flakes and finished tools consisting of parallel-sided blades, blunted backs, points, etc., fashioned primarily on chalcedony. The preponderance of the blade element, the employment of the crested-ridge technique [16.15.2] and the selection of chalcedony as raw material give an individuality to the tools.

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Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, pp. 78-88.

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**Chandravalli**, Dt Chitradurga, lying in a triangular valley of the same name formed by three hills, the Chitradurga, the Kirabanakallu and the Cholagudda, with two water-courses, old and new, running through the site in a n.-s. direction. In extent the site measures approximately 730×730 sq m. Surface finds, viz. a coin of Kṛṣṇarāja III of Mysore, a copper coin of Kṛṣṇadeva Rāya of the Vijayanagara empire, potin coins of the Sātavāhana dynasty, Roman denarii, pottery of the Megalithic culture [11.15.3], the Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22] and a few neoliths [4.6.9] from the water-courses and caves, indicate that the site was in occupation from the Iron Age down to recent times. Besides temples and inscriptions of the Cāḷukyas and Hoysaḷas are found in the hillocks. An important inscription is that of the Kadamba king Mayūraśarman in box-headed characters.

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The site was excavated three times, the first two being by L. Narasimhachar and M.H. Krishna of the Mysore Arch. Dept and Mysore Univ. and the last by the ASI under Wheeler in 1947. Two Pds, the Megalithic [4.17.8] and the Āndhra-Sātavāhana, were noticed.

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The lower levels of the Pd I yielded the Black-and-red Ware [11.15] of greyish-buff fabric, turned on slow wheel with a burnished surface and possibly salt-glazed, besides the red and black wares. The finish of the pottery is inferior to that of BRAHMAGIRI. Graffito marks are not found. The decorations comprise incised herringbone, zigzags and oblique notches around the shoulder. The shapes are varieties of the bowl, shallow carinated dish, basin, funnel-shaped lid, vase and jar, the last in red ware being possibly handmade. The shapes common to BRAHMAGIRI and Chandravalli are the funnel-shaped lid in black ware, ledged bowl with incurved rim and rounded base and carinated bowl, all in the Black-and-red Ware, and three-legged vessel in dull-red ware.

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Pd II represents an intruding Sātavāhana culture overlapping with the Megalithic. This is recognized by the occurrence of the typical Russet-coated Painted Ware, the commonest types being the straight-sided bowl and the one with beaked rim. The paintings in lime or kaolin coated with a russet-coloured slip are mostly geometric and linear consisting of criss-cross, radiating lines ending in pellets, dotted lines, hatched triangles, etc. Along with this ware are also found: a fine reddish-buff ware made on fast wheel with smooth fine red slip; coarse dull-red ware, also wheel-turned, mostly without polish or slip but not without exceptions; and sparse black and grey wares. The larger vessels in red ware are handmade. At a later level the Rouletted Ware [11.21] occurs though in the earlier levels dish forms akin to those in the Rouletted Ware are found. The forms in these wares are the conical open-mouthed vessel with disc bases, shallow dish with flanged waist, spout and handle.

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Wheeler’s excavation did not tackle any megalith, nor did it encounter any structural remains. But during 1928-29 Krishna had laid as many as 40 trenches and exposed Megalithic cists [4.17] as well, which had neither the bounding circles nor the buttressing found at BRAHMAGIRI. Chronologically they are earlier than the Sātavāhana period and also overlap with it. No painted pottery was recovered from them. In one cist a skeleton in a flexed position was noticed. Some of the pots contained teeth and bones of animals. Interesting is the find of what appears to be the legs of sarcophagus [12.9] from one of the cists.

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The structural vestiges brought to light are: (1) a covered stone drain running e.-w. to an available length of 21 m leading to a brick-built cistern on the w. and connected with it by a pottery pipe, assigned to the early Sātavāhana times; (2) red-gravel rammed floors at various levels of the Sātavāhana period; (3) brick-built fireplace, early Sātavāhana; (4) walls of bricks, mostly of the size of 40 × 18 × 7·5 cm, set in red mud mortar; (5) a house complex built of bricks, 45·7 × 22·8 × 9·2 cm, laid in English bond, the thickness of the wall being 45·7 cm; (6) a room with an entrance opening in bricks, size 40 × 20 × 7·5 cm, rising to a height of 74 cm; and (7) a floor of large-sized bricks.

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The other objects recovered from the excavation are beads of semiprecious stones, coral, etc., copper and iron objects and a few neoliths. The coins include those of the Sātavāhanas, viz. those of Mahāraṭhi Sadakaṇa Kaḷalāya, Gautamīputa Viḷivāyakura, Muḍānanda, Cuṭukulānanda, Yajñaśrī Sātakarṇi and Vāsiṣṭhīputra Puḷumāvī, Augustus Caesar, Hoysaḷa Vīrarāya (silver), Kṛṣṇadeva Rāya and Kṛṣṇarāja III of Mysore, besides a silver punch-marked coin [3.1] and a Roman bulla [6.4].

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Krishna, M.H., 1931, *Excavation at Chandravalli, Supplement to AR Mysore Arch. Dept for the year 1929*, Bangalore. Wheeler, R E.M., 1947-8, in *AI*, 4, pp. 180-310.—K.S. RAMACHANDRAN

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Chandravati,

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Dt Varanasi. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1961-2*.

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Chandrawara¹,

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Dt Hamirpur. Pointed-butt polished stone axes [4.6]. Brown, C., 1917, *Catalogue of Prehistoric Antiquities in the Indian Museum at Calcutta*, Simla.

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Chandrawara²,

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Dt Jamnagar. Red Polished Ware [11.23] site. *IAR 1957-8*.

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Chandreha,

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Dt Sidhi. Tools of the Early and Middle Stone (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2-3]) Ages. *IAR 1961-2*.

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Chandsai,

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Dt Santhal Parganas. Two shouldered celts of copper [4.11] were found. Patna Museum collection.

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Chandu-Budhera Khera,

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Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

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Chandupura,

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Dt Gwalior. Early historical site yielding the black-and-red ware [11.6] and the NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1971-2*.

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Chanduru,

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Dt Guntur. Early historical [4.18.10] site. Rea, A., 1894, *ASI New Imperial Series*, Madras, 16.

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Chanegaon,

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Dt Bijapur. Tools of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) including scrapers, points, etc., mostly of jasper were found. It is also a Chalcolithic habitation [4.14.8] site rich in microlithic blades along with fluted cores, the Jorwe Ware [11.11] and grey ware similar to that from BRAHMAGIRI. *IAR 1958-9*.

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Chanehvel,

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Dt Bharuch. Early historical site. *IAR 1965-6*.

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Chanera,

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Dt E. Nimar. Palaeoliths [4.2-4] and microliths [4.5]. *IAR 1959-60*.

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Chang,

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Dt Bhiwani. Pre-Harappa [4.8] and late Harappa [4.10] site. *See* YAMUNA RIVER. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p 125.

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Changda,

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Dt Kaira. Harappa [4.9] site. *IAR 1972-3*.

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Changdev,

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Dt Jalgaon. Early, Middle and Late Stone Age (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] and Mesolithic [4.5]) tools. *IAR 1965-6; 1969-70*.

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Chankalia,

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Dt Panch Mahals. Microlithic [4.5] site. Sonawane, V.H., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra.

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Chankatha-Gaura,

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Dt Allahabad. Neolithic celts [4.6.3]. *IAR 1969-70*.

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Chankigarh,

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Dt W. Champaran. Mound yielding bricks resembling those found at Mauryan sites. *ASI—AR*, 16, pp. 109-10; 22, pp. 50-1. *ASI—AR, Bengal Circle*, 1902, p. 7.

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Chanmanwa,

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Dt Mirzapur. Rock-shelter with paintings [13]. Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 55.

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Channapur,

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Dt Dharwar. Palaeoliths of the Acheulian type [4.2]. *IAR 1959-60*.

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Channur,

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Dt Dharwar. Neolithic tools, probably of the Chalcolithic [4.14.8] complex. *IAR 1958-9*.

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Chanpur,

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Dt Gorakhpur. Historical black-and-red ware. *IAR 1963-4*.

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Chapna,

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Dt Jabalpur. Middle Palaeolithic [4.4] site. *IAR 1968-9*.

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Chara,

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Dt Junagadh. Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1957-8*.

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Charai

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(17°29'; 73°28'), Dt Kolaba. The site situated 16 km s.-s.-e. of Mahad on the Savitri river yielded several microlithic cores and flakes and blades on chalcedony, etc., in the shallow gullies cut in red gravelly clay resting on the pebble bed. The left bank terrace yielded two unifacial choppers [4.2]. Joshi, R.V., & Bopardikar, B.P., 1972, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar*, Nagpur.