Indian Epigraphical Glossary c9: Appendix III: Names of Coins, Metal Weights, etc.

Indian Epigraphical Glossary c9

Language: English

Appendix III: Names of Coins, Metal Weights, etc.

c9.2

accu, Tamil; name of a coin; money; tax or income.

c9.4

āḍa, also spelt aḍḍa; name of a coin; half of a fanam; cf. aḍḍaga and aḍḍuga.

c9.7

aḍḍa-cinna, cf. āḍa or aḍḍa and cinna or sinna.

c9.8

aḍḍaga, also spelt aḍḍuga; same as āḍa, aḍḍa.

c9.10

aḍi-kkāśu, ‘tax collected from the stall-keepers in the market’; see kāśu.

c9.11

aḍimai-kkāśu, ‘fee collected from the temple servants (or for their maintenance)’; see kāśu.

c9.12

ādivarāha-dramma, ‘a dramma issued by Ādivarāha (Patīhāra Bhoja I, c. 836-85 A.D.)’; same as śrīmad-ādivarāha-dramma; see dramma.

c9.13

ādya-māṣa, the original māṣa of 5 ratis as opposed to the later māṣa of various weights upto 10 ratis. Cf. māṣa.

c9.14

ājīvaka-kāśu, same as Tamil āśuva-kkāśu; ‘tax collected from the Ājīvakas (or for the maintenance of the Ājīvaka monks)’; see kāśu.

c9.21

āṇaka, Sanskritized form of Muhammadan āna=English anna.

c9.22

aṇḍika, aṇḍikā, ¼ of a māṣa; also regarded as the same as paṇa which was 1/12 or 1/16 of a dīnāra or suvarṇa in value.

c9.24

anna, Anglicised form of Muhammadan āna; 1/16 of rupee, property, etc.

arṇikā, equal to 2 māṣas. aṣṭamikā, same as śatamāna. āsu, cf. accu. āśuva-kkāśu, same as ājīvaka-kāśu (q.v.); see kāśu. aṭha-gānī, same as ṭaṅka. aureus, Roman gold coin (124 grains); same as the gold denareus (q.v.). badara, same as tola or tolaka. baḍi-māḍuvulu, see māḍa. balotra, name applied to an Indian silver coin by the Muslim chroniclers of the early medieval period. barāḍ, modified form of varāṭaka (q.v.). bārah-gānī, 1½ aṭha-gānīs or ṭaṅkas. belliya-dramma, Kannaḍa; ‘silver dramma’; see dramma. bhāga, see hāga, pāga. bhairava-gadyāṇa ‘a gadyāṇa minted by a goldsmith named Bhairava’; cf. bṛhat-bhairava-gadyāṇa; see gadyāṇa. bhīmapriya-dramma, ‘a dramma minted by a goldsmith named Bhīma’; see dramma.

c9.27

bhujabala-māḍai, ‘a māḍai issued by a ruler named or entitled Bhujabala’; see māḍa, māḍai. binduka, same as suvarṇa (q.v.). bṛhat-bhairava-gadyāṇa, ‘the bigger bhairava-gadyāṇa (q.v.)’; see gadyāṇa. buḍī, Bengali name for a unit equal to 5 gaṇḍās; cf. voḍī, voḍrī, kapardaka-voḍī; also kākinī. cāmara, also called cāmara-māḍa; probably ‘a māḍa bearing the figure of a fly-whisk’; see māḍa. cāmara-māḍa, see cāmara and māḍa. carsam (karṣa ?), equal to 4 māḍas; see māḍa. cash, Anglicised spelling of kāśu. ‘cast’, see ‘die-struck’ and ‘punch-marked’. caubīsa-gānī, 3 aṭha-gānīs or ṭaṅkas. cau-gānī, ½ of an aṭha-gānī or ṭaṅka. cavala, also spelt cavela; ⅛ of a pagoda (q.v.). cavela, same as cavala. cha-gānī, ¾ of an aṭha-gānī or ṭaṅka. cīna-kkanakkam, Tamil; ‘Chinese gold coin’. cinna, also spelt sinna; same as fanam (q.v.); ⅕ of a pagoda (q.v.)

c9.28

ciravida, Telugu; supposed to be a kind of gadyāṇa (q.v.).

c9.29

dām, derivative of dramma (q.v.); copper coin, 1/40 of a Mughal rupee (q.v.).

c9.30

dama, same as dāma or dramma (q.v.).

c9.31

dāma, same as dām or dramma (q.v.).

c9.32

damma, same as dramma (q.v.).

c9.33

dāṅg, corrupt form of ṭaṅka (q.v.); cf. dāṅk.

c9.34

dāṅk, corrupt form of ṭaṅka (q.v.); cf. dāṅg.

c9.35

daric, gold coin of ancient Iran (about 133 grains); double daric = Greek stater or tetradrachma, four times the drachma in weight.

c9.36

dāya-dramma, ‘tax or money to be paid’; see dramma.

c9.37

dehlīwāl, see jital.

c9.38

denarius, name of the Roman silver (also gold) coin; equal to Greek drachma; origin of the Indian coin name dīnāra, etc.

c9.39

dhānaka, same as māṣa; cf. hemadhānyaka; same as dhānika (q.v.); also called aṇḍika and regarded as equal to 4 kārṣāpaṇas or 1½ of suvarṇa (JNSI, Vol. II, p. 8).

c9.40

dhānika, equal to 4 kārṣāpaṇas or 64 paṇas according to the Kṛtyakalpataru.

c9.41

dhānya-māṣa, ½ of yava.

c9.42

dharaṇa, old silver coin of 32 ratis (about 58 grains); also called kārṣāpaṇa and purāṇa; 24 (actually about 20) ratis in weight and half of gadyāṇa in value according to medieval authorities; otherwise called dramma, śāna or ṭaṅka; sometimes regarded as a gold coin or weight equal to ten palas or 40 suvarṇas or niṣkas (3200 ratis); cf. śatamāna (silver) = 10 dharaṇas (320 ratis).

c9.43

dhvaṃśi, same as vaṃśya; a minute unit of measurement.

c9.44

didrachma, ‘two-drachma’, ‘double drachma’; see drachma.

c9.45

‘die-struck’, coins on which the symbols and legends were impressed by means of an anvil and a single punch, both bearing negative representations, by placing a blank on the socket in the anvil and striking the punch placed on it by a hammer; see punch-marked.

c9.46

dīnāra, also spelt dinnāra; generally spelt dīnāra (q.v.); a cowrie-shell according to the Kashmir chronicle.

c9.47

dīnāra, derived from Roman denarius (124 grains); name of a gold coin equal to 16 silver coins called rūpaka, etc. (about 20 ratis); a silver coin according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; sometimes called kāśu in Tamil, etc.; sometimes regarded as half of satera or sateraka (Greek stater); see dīnāra.

c9.48

*dināri*, generally spelt as *dināra*; local modification of the Roman *denarius* prevalent in the Ikṣvāku kingdom in the Krishna-Guntur region.

c9.49

*dināri-māṣaka*, same as *dināri*, or one-sixteenth of a *dināri* or *dināra* in weight or value.

c9.50

*dinnāra*, see *dināra*.

c9.51

*diramam*, Tamil form of *dramma*.

c9.52

*doḍḍa-varāha*, see *varāha*.

c9.53

*do-gāṇī*, ¼ of an *aṭha-gāṇī* or *ṭaṅka*.

c9.54

*dra*, abbreviation of *dramma*.

c9.55

*drachma*, Greek silver coin; equal to 6 obols; Attic standard 67 grains, but the Indo-Greek standard was soon modified, their coins of 37 or 38 grains being called *drachma* or *hemi-drachma* by different scholars; origin of the Indian coin name *dramma* (q.v.).

c9.56

*drakṣaṇa*, same as *dramkṣaṇa* or *tola*; equal to 8 *māṣas* (80 *ratis*); *cf.* *drakṣuṇa*.

c9.57

*drakṣuṇa*, same as *drakṣaṇa* or *tola*.

c9.58

*dramkṣaṇa*, same as *tola*.

c9.59

*drama*, same as *dramma*.

c9.60

*dramma*, Indian form of Greek *drachma*; a silver coin 1/16 of a gold *niṣka* according to the *Līlāvatī*; name applied to the Śaka-type silver *purāṇa*, *dharaṇa* or *kārṣāpaṇa* (about 20 *ratis*, also called *rūpaka*); copper coin (*dām*) regarded as 1/40 of a Mughal rupee; money in general; the name first occurs on the Yaudheya coins.

c9.61

*dramm-ārdha*, half of *dramma* (q.v.).

c9.62

*dramma-tribhāga*, one-third of *dramma* (q.v.).

c9.63

*draṅga*, variant of *dramma* (q.v.).

c9.64

*du-gāṇī*, same as *do-gāṇī*.

c9.65

*dukra*, ½ of a *phaḍiyā*.

c9.66

*dukānī*, ½ of a *phaḍiyā*.

c9.67

*phaḍiyā*, see *phaḍiyā*.

c9.68

*fanam*, Anglicised form of Tamil *paṇam* (q.v.); Sanskrit *paṇa* (q.v.); a gold coin equal to 1/20 of a *varāha*.

c9.69

*ga*, abbreviation of *gadyāṇa*.

c9.70

*gadhaiyā*, same as *gadhiyā*.

c9.71

*gadhaiyā-paisā*, same as *ghadhiyā*.

c9.72

*gaḍiāṇaka*, *cf.* *kumāra-gaḍiāṇaka*, name of a tax; same as *gadyāṇa*.

c9.73

*gadhiyā*, also spelt *gadhaiyā*; copper coin imitated from old Sasanian issues.

c9.74

gadhiyā-paisā, same as gadhiyā (q.v.).

c9.75

gadiyāṇa, same as gadyāṇa.

c9.76

gadyā, abbreviation of gadyāṇa.

c9.77

gadyāṇa, same as gadyāṇa.

c9.78

gadyāṇa, a gold coin or weight; generally regarded as 48 ratis (about 88 grains) in weight; sometimes called ‘the gold gadyāṇa’; sometimes regarded as a coin like a farthing, equal to 1/4 or 1/5 of the paikamu (q.v.); regarded in some places as equal to 20 vals, 8 māṣas or 1/2 tola.

c9.79

gadyānaka, same as gadyāṇaka or gadyāṇa (q.v.).

c9.80

gadyāṇaka, same as gadyāṇa.

c9.81

gadyāṇa-ponnu, ‘gadyāṇa of gold’; same as pon-gadyāṇa; see gadyāṇa.

c9.82

gaṇḍā, equal to 4 cowrie-shells; 1/20 of a paṇa; cf. gaṇḍaka.

c9.83

gaṇḍagopāla-māḍai, ‘māḍa issued or minted by Gaṇḍagopāla’; see māḍai.

c9.84

gaṇḍaka, same as gaṇḍā. Cf. kākinī.

c9.85

gaṇḍa-māḍa, probably ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a rhinoceros’ or an abbreviation of Gaṇḍagopāla-māḍai (q.v.); sometimes characterised by the epithet ‘small’; sometimes also called kārṣāpaṇa, niṣka and gaṇḍa-niṣka; see māḍa.

c9.86

gaṇḍa-niṣka, same as gaṇḍa; see māḍa and niṣka.

c9.87

gandhashasti-māḍa, same as gandhavāraṇa-māḍa; probably, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of an elephant in rut’; see māḍa.

c9.88

gānī, cf. atha-gānī, equal to a ṭaṅka and weighing a tola.

c9.89

gara-dramma, see dramma.

c9.90

gāva-gadyāṇa, see gadyāṇa.

c9.91

ghaṭita-hīna-drammāḥ, ‘drammas (money) that are wanting’; see dramma.

c9.92

golakā, same as gulikā, etc.

c9.93

goḷakkai, Tamil; same as golakā (gulikā).

c9.94

grāsagraha, same as suvarṇa (q.v.).

c9.95

gulikā, same as golakā, etc.; a small coin apparently globular or circular in shape; supposed to be a coin issued by the Śambhuvarāya chiefs and also by the Pāṇḍyas; cf. vīrachampan-kuḷigai and vaḷḷāl-vaḷi-tiraṇṭāṇ-guḷikai.

c9.96

guñjā, same as rati or raktikā (1.83 or about 1 3/4 grains).

c9.97

hāga, Kannaḍa; same as Sanskrit bhāga; probably 1/4 of the standard coin; see pāga.

c9.98

haṃsapada, same as suvarṇa (q.v.).

c9.99

*hema*, same as *māṣa*; cf. *hema-dhānyaka*.

c9.100

*hema-dhānyaka*, same as *māṣa*; see *hema* and *dhānaka*.

c9.101

*hema-ṭaṅka*, ‘a gold *ṭaṅka* (q.v.)’.

c9.102

*hemi-drachma*, Greek; same as Sanskrit *dramm-ārdha* (q.v.); see *drachma*, *dramma*, etc.

c9.103

*hon*, variant spelling of *hūn*; same as *varāha*, *gadyāṇa* (gold *gadyāṇa*) and *pagoda* (*star pagoda*); cf. *suvarṇa*.

c9.104

*hūn*, same as *hon* or *varāha* (q.v.), etc.

c9.105

*īla-kkaṟuṅ-kāśu*, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see *kāśu*.

c9.106

*īla-kkāśu*, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see *kāśu*.

c9.107

*inavari-kkāśu*, ‘communal tax in cash’; see *kāśu*.

c9.108

*jagaḍaḷaṃ-gadyāṇa*, see *gadyāṇa*.

c9.109

*jaithala*, same as *jital* (q.v.).

c9.110

*jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-śrīmalla-priya*, possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of *Śreṣṭhin Śrīmalla*’.

c9.111

*jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-viśvamalla-priya*, same as *jīrṇa-viśvamalla-priya*; possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of *Śreṣṭhin Viśvamalla*’.

c9.112

*jital*, a copper coin, 1/48 of a silver *ṭaṅka* of the Delhi Sulṭāns; also called *delhīwāl*; ⅓ of a silver *tār* which was itself 1/80 of a *fanam*.

c9.113

*jīrṇa-viśvamalla-priya*, same as *jīrṇa-śreṣṭhi-viśvamalla-priya*, possibly, ‘an old coin of the mint of *Viśvamalla*’; cf. *vīsala-priya-dramma*.

c9.114

*kaḍā*, Bengali, etc; cowrie-shell regarded as coin; ¼ of *gaṇḍā* and 1/80 of *paṇa* in some areas. Cf. *kapardaka*, etc.

c9.115

*kahaṇa*, Bengali, etc; also spelt *kahāṇa* and *kāhāṇa*; same as *kāhāpaṇa* = *kārṣāpaṇa*.

c9.116

*kahāṇa*, same as *kahaṇa* = *kārṣāpaṇa*.

c9.117

*kāhāṇa*, same as *kahaṇa* = *kārṣāpaṇa*.

c9.118

*kāhāpaṇa*, same as Sanskrit *kārṣāpaṇa* and modern *kahaṇ*, etc.

c9.119

*kāka*, same as *kākinī*.

c9.120

*kākanikā*, same as *kakanī*, *kakinī* (q.v.).

c9.121

*kakinī*, equal to 20 cowrie-shells according to the *Līlāvatī*; ¼ of a *paṇa*; same as *buḍī*. Cf. *gaṇḍā*.

c9.122

*kalañju*, Tamil; name of a weight or coin weighing 10 *mañjāḍis* (32 *ratis* theoretically); sometimes called *suvarṇa* (q.v.).

c9.123

*kāṇam*, Tamil; name of a coin; a gold coin or weight.

c9.124

*kāṇikē*, also spelt *kāṇiki*; 1/64 part of a coin; money or tolls.

c9.125

*kāṇiki*, same as *kāṇikē* (q.v.).

c9.126

kaparda, same as kapardaka, etc.; cowrie-shell used as coin.

c9.127

kapardaka, also called kaparda, kapardikā, kapardī, etc.; cowrie-shell used as coin. Cf. kaḍā.

c9.128

kapardaka-purāṇa, ‘a purāṇa (q.v.) counted in kapardakas’.

c9.129

kapardaka-voḍī, ‘a voḍī counted in kapardakas’; cf. buḍī and voḍī.

c9.130

kapardī, same as kapardikā, kapardaka, etc.

c9.131

kapardikā, same as kapardī, kapardaka, etc.

c9.132

karṣa, name of a weight equal to 80 ratis or about 146 grains; sometimes regarded 100 ratis or about 183 grains; sometimes also regarded as 120 ratis in weight; a coin (cf. kārṣāpaṇa).

c9.133

kārṣāpaṇa, silver coin weighing 32 ratis (about 58 grains), also called purāṇa or dharaṇa; copper coin of 80 ratis or about 146 grains (sometimes 100 ratis or about 183 grains), also called paṇa; Śaka-type silver coin of about 20 ratis, also called rūpaka, dramma, etc.; gold coin of 80 ratis (cf. suvarṇa); name applied to gaṇḍa māḍa (probably ½ tola in weight), also called niṣka (q.v.); same as kāhaṇa, etc.; cf karṣa of 120 ratis.

c9.134

karṣ-ārdha, ‘half of a karṣa (q.v.).’

c9.135

karuṇ-kāśu, ‘Ceylonese coin’; see kāśu, iḷa-kkāśu, etc.

c9.136

kāśu, Tamil; spelt in English as cash; name of a copper coin, 1/100 of a fanam; sometimes called dīnāra; money; tax; cf. kāśu-kaḍamai, ‘tax in coins’; also Sanskrit karṣa.

c9.137

kaṭhārī-aṅkuśa-gadyāṇa, probably, ‘a gadyāṇa bearing the representation of a dagger and a goad’; see gadyāṇa.

c9.138

kola, same as tola; equal to 2 śāṇas.

c9.139

koḷakkai, Tamil; same as goḷakā, etc.

c9.140

komarina-gadyāṇa, same as kumāra-gadyāṇa; name of a tax; see gadyāṇa.

c9.141

kovai, Tamil; name of a gold coin.

c9.142

kroḍa, same as suvarṇa (q.v.).

c9.143

kṛṣṇala, same as rati or guñjā (about 1 3/4 grains); regarded as equal to 3 ratis by the Kṛtyalalpataru which seems to confuse rati with yava.

c9.144

kṛṣṇarāja-rūpaka, ‘rūpaka issued by Kṛṣṇarāja (Kalacuri Kṛṣṇa, sixth century A.D.)’; see rūpaka.

c9.145

kṣudraka, same as dramkṣaṇa or tola (q.v.); cf. kṣudrama.

c9.146

kṣudrama, variant of kṣudraka; same as tola (q.v.).

c9.147

kumāra-gadyāṇaka, name of a tax; see gadyāṇa; cf. komarina-gadyāṇa and kumara-kaccāṇam.

c9.148

kumara-kaccāṇam, Tamil; same as kumāra-gadyāṇaka.

c9.149

kuḷigai, same as gulikā, etc.

c9.150

kulottuṅga-māḍa, ‘māḍa issued by Kulottuṅga (i.e. Coḷa-Cālukya Kulottuṅga I, 1070-1120 A.D.)’; see māḍa.

c9.151

lāgi-drammāḥ, ‘expenses incurred’; see dramma.

c9.152

lohaḍiyā, equal to 20 pāvīsās or 100 cowrie-shells.

c9.153

lohitaka, equal to 3 māṣas (30 ratis).

c9.154

lokki-gadyāṇa, ‘gadyāṇa minted at Lokki (modern Lakkundi in the Dharwar District, Mysore State)’; see gadyāṇa.

c9.155

māḍa, Telugu; gold or silver coin, 40 ratis (about 73 grains) in weight; half of a dīnāra; half of a pagoda, or tenth of a paṇa (fanam) in value; same as māḍha, māḍhā, māḍai; 50 per cent; cf. gaṇḍa-māḍa also called kārṣāpaṇa and gaṇḍa-niṣka; Tamil modification of Sanskrit māṣa.

c9.156

māḍa-badipātuka, fraction of a māḍa; see māḍa.

c9.157

māḍai, Tamil; same as māḍa, etc.

c9.158

māḍha, Oḍiyā; also spelt māḍhā; same as māḍa, etc.

c9.159

mahāpaṇa, cf. māppaṇam.

c9.160

malla-nandi-māḍa, probably, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a wrestler and a bull’, or ‘māḍa minted by Mallanandin’; see māḍa.

c9.161

malla-māḍa, possibly, ‘māḍa bearing the figure of a wrestler’, or an abbreviation of malla-nandi-māḍa; see māḍa.

c9.162

mamkṣuṇa, equal to 7 māṣas (70 ratis).

c9.163

maṇḍa, equal to 5 māṣas (50 ratis); cf. māḍa.

c9.164

mañjāḍi, 1/10 of a kaḷañju, 1/100 of a śatamāna; sometimes regarded as 5½ grains in weight, but may be about 4 grains also.

c9.165

māppaṇam, same as Sanskrit mahāpaṇa; may be also ‘tax of one paṇa per mā measure of grains’.

c9.166

marici, a minute unit of measurement.

c9.167

māṣa, name of a weight or a coin weighing 5 ratis originally; later regarded as 10 ratis in weight; ¼ of a śāna and ⅛ of a śatamāna; sometimes regarded as 1/20 of a paṇa of 100 ratis (i.e. 5 ratis); a gold coin (as opposed to the silver māṣaka) according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; cf. ādya-māṣa, māḍa.

c9.168

māṣaka, same as māṣa; according to the Kṛtyakalpataru, a silver coin as opposed to the gold māṣa

c9.169

mṛḍa, name of a weight like māñjāḍi (q.v.). Cf. pṛḍa, pruḍ.

c9.170

*mudal-tiramam*, *mudarriramam*, Tamil; ‘tax payable in cash’; cf. *tiramam*=*dramma* (q.v.).

c9.171

*nalā*, same as *śatamāna* (q.v.).

c9.172

*nal-kāśu*, see *kāśu*.

c9.173

*nall-ānai-accu*, see *accu*.

c9.174

*nānā*, same as *nāṇaka*; cf. Kuṣāṇa coins bearing the representation of the West Asian mother-goddess Nana.

c9.175

*nāṇai*, same as *nāṇaka*, *nānā*.

c9.176

*nāṇaka*, a coin; see *nāṇai*, *nānā*.

c9.177

*nat-kāśu*, see *kāśu*.

c9.178

*nellūr-māḍai*, ‘the Nellore *māḍai*’; see *māḍa*, *māḍai*.

c9.179

*niṣka*, gold coin or weight equal to one *karṣa* (80 *ratis* or about 146 grains) of 16 *māṣas* or to 4 or 108 or 150 *suvarṇas* (q.v.); silver coin equal to one *śatamāna* (320 *ratis*); sometimes identified with *māḍa* (q.v.).

c9.180

*obol*, Greek coin; ⅙ of *drachma* (q.v.).

c9.181

*pāda-viṃśopaka*, ‘one-fourth of a *viṃśopaka* (q.v.)’; cf. *pāvisā* which is the same as *paisā*.

c9.182

*padmanidhi-malla-māḍa*, probably, ‘*maḍa* bearing the figure of a wrestler meant for depositing in a temple treasury’; but cf. *malla-māḍa*, etc.; see *māḍa*.

c9.183

*paduccalāgai-accu*, see *accu*.

c9.184

*pāga*, same as Kannaḍa *hāga*; ¼ of the standard coin; probably the same as Sanskrit *bhāga*.

c9.185

*pagoda*, also called ‘star *pagoda*’; Anglicised form of the name of the gold coin called *gadyāṇa*, *hūn* (*hon*) or *varāha*; since the word *pagoda* also meant ‘a temple’, the coin seems to have been so named owing to the representation of a temple or a deity on it; *pagoda* may be a corruption of *bhagavatī* meaning ‘the mother-goddess’.

c9.186

*paikamu*, Telugu; supposed to be a small coin equal to ¼ or ⅕ of a *gadyāṇa* (q.v.).

c9.187

*paisā*, 1/64 or 1/100 of a *rupee*; same as *pāvisā*=*Sanskrit pāda-viṃśaka* (*°viṃśatika* or *°viṃśopaka*).

c9.188

*pala*, weight of 320 *ratis* (cf. *śatamāna*); equal to 4 or 5 *suvarṇas* according to the *Yājñavalkyasmṛti*.

c9.189

*palamudal-ānai-accu*, same as *palañśalāgai*; see *accu*.

c9.190

*palam-pulli-māḍai*, see *māḍa*, *māḍai*, etc.

c9.191

*palañjalāgai-accu*, same as *palañśalāgai*; see *accu*.

c9.192

*palañ-kāśu*, see *kāśu*.

c9.193

palañ-śalāgai, Tamil; a kind of coin (accu) probably of the shape of a śalākā. Cf. śrī-yakki-palañ-śalāgai.

c9.194

pal-ārdha, ½ of a pala (q.v.).

c9.195

paṇa, same as the copper kārṣāpaṇa, 80 ratis in weight according to Manu, etc.; equal to 80 cowrie-shells according to the Līlāvatī; regarded in East India during the late medieval period as equal to 80 cowrie-shells and 1/16 of a kāhaṇ = kārṣāpaṇa (q.v.); 1/16 of a suvarṇa according to some; 1/48 of a kārṣāpaṇa according to the Kṛtyakalpataru; same as Tamil paṇam (q.v.).

Linked texts (5)

Mānava Dharmaśāstra — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit
Līlāvaī — Kouhala, Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit
Yājñavalkyasmṛti — Yājñavalkya, Sanskrit
Nāradasmṛti — Nārada, Sanskrit
Kṛtyakalpataru — Lakṣmīdhara Bhaṭṭa, Sanskrit