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Indian Medicine (Medicin), translated by C. G. Kashikar c17: Supplementary Notes

Indian Medicine (Medicin), translated by C. G. Kashikar c17

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English

Contents

Supplementary Notes

c17.1

By the translator

c17.2.1

p. 2. § 2 — Hundreds of works have been written in Sanskrit in modern times either on the entire medicine or on a part thereof. Only a few of these have been printed; others are lying in manuscript form in the various Manuscript-libraries in India. An exhaustive list of all such works is essential for a complete view of the Ayurvedic literature. A few important works other than those already recorded by Jolly may be mentioned here—(1) *Amṛtamañjarī* or *Amṛtamañjarī* by Kāśinātha or Kāśirāja or Kāśirāma. Age of MS Saṃvat 1811. Printed. (2) *Añjananidāna*. Age of MS 1794 A. D. Printed at Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay; another edition by Harinarayan Śarma of Banaras, published by Kheladilal & Sons. (3) *Arkaprakāśa*, on the preparation of medicinal tinctures and essences. Authorship ascribed to Rāvaṇa. Written probably in the 16th century. Printed by (i) Ganesh Chandra Ghosh, Calcutta, (ii) Devisahay Shukla, with Hindi trans. Navalkishore Book Depot, Lucknow, 1935, (iii) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, (iv) With Telugu comm. by D. Gopala Charlu, Madras 1914. cf. P. C. Ray, *HHC* II, lxxxi (4) *Vicārasudhākara* or *Arīoghnasudhākara* by Ranganātha Jyotirvid. Date 1765 A. D. The author was a resident of Junnar, Dist. Poona. cf. P. K. Gode, *PO* II, pp. 31-34, III pt. 2, 102-6, *JGRS* 1943, 145-9. (5) *Aśvalakṣaṇaśāstra* in 8 Adhyāyas. (6) *Aśvavaidyaka* by Dīpaṃkara, son of Nānakara. (7) *Aśvāyurveda* or *Siddhasaṃgraha* by Gapa, son of Durlabha. Contains 8 sthānas.

c17.2.2

(8) *Arkaprakāśa* or *Āyurvedaprakāśa* by Mādhava Upādhyāya, printed by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Bombay 1913. (9) *Āyurvedamahodadhi* or *Suṣeṇavaidyaka*—a nighaṇṭu. Published at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay 1915 with Hindi trans. by Ravidatta Vaidya. (10) *Āyurvedasūtra* by Yogānandanātha, written in the 16th cen. A. D., later than *Bhāvaprakāśa*. Published at Mysore University Series 1922. Another edition published at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. (11) *Upacārasāra* by Mukunda Daivajña. It has a comm. named *Gūḍhaprakāśikā* by Dinakara Jyotiṣa written in śaka 1740. (12) *Kaṅkāligrantha*. Date 1500-10. Written by some courtier at the court of Nasir Shah Khalji of Malwa. The language is a mixture of Sanskrit and Hindi. cf. P. K. Gode, *ABORI* XII, pp. 289-91. (13) *Kalpadrumasārasaṃgraha* by Jayarāma. Age of MS Saṃvat 1746. ( 14 ) Kalyāṇakāraka by Ugrāditya, printed at Sholapur 1940. ( 15 ) Kāmaratna by Śrinātha, printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. ( 16 ) Kalajñāna by Sambhanātha, printed at ( i ) Banaras, 1882, with Hindi trans. (ii) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, with Hindi trans. ( iii ) M. R. Jagushte, with Gujarati trans. Age of MS Saṃvat 1711. ( 17 ) Kāśyapa-saṃhitā or Kāśyaplyagaruḍapañcākṣarikalpa—a work on toxicology. Published by Yatiraja Swami of Melkote, Madras 1933. ( 18 ) Kuṭamudgara by Mādhava with his own comm. Edns : ( i ) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, with Hindi trans., ( ii ) edited by D. J. Rubern Jayatunga. Revised by Revd. M. Nanissar.

c17.2.3

With Simhalese trans., Colombo 1889, ( iii ) Krishnashastri Bhatavdekar, Bombay, 1664, with a new comm. ( 19 ) Gandhakakalpa—a tantra from Rudrayāmala. Edited by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Bombay, Vols. 2, 1911, 1915. ( 20 ) Gaurīkāñcalikā, printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. ( 21 ) Cikitsākramakalpavallī, printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. ( 22 ) Cikitsāsāgara by Vatseśvara. Age of MS Saṃvat 1785. (23) Cikitsāsāra by Gopāladāsa, printed. (24) Jīvānandanam by Ānandarāya Makhin, a minister of the Maratha kings at Tanjore. The drama is a metaphor on Āyurvedic science. Printed in Kāvyamālā series No. 27, 2nd edn. 1933, Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay. A revised edition with Sanskrit comm. by Duraiswami Iyangar is published by the Theosophical Society, Adyar, Madras. Von C. Cappeller has described this drama in an article ( *Festschrift E. Windisch*, pp. 107-115, Leipzig, 1914). ( 25 ) Dhāturatnamālā by Devadatta, composed in saka 1750. Published with Marathi trans. by Y. G. Dixit, Poona 1914. ( 26 ) Dhārā-kalpa, edited by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Bombay 1923 along with Rājamārtaṇḍa, Nāḍīparīkṣā and Vaidyamanoramā. ( 27 ) Nidānapradīpa by Naganātha. Age of MS Saṃvat 1741. ( 28 ) Paryāyārṇava published with Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu in ĀSS, 1896. ( 29 ) Pāradakalpa—28th chapter of Rudrayāmala. Edited by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, 2 vols. 1911, 1915, Bombay. ( 30 ) Pratāpakalpadruma by Ananta, written in 1792 A. D. ( 31 ) Prayogacintāmaṇi by Mādhava. On pharmacy.

c17.2.4

Published by Ramamanikya Sen, Calcutta. ( 32 ) Kumāratantra, printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. ( 33 ) Bālatantra by Kalyāṇavarma, Printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, with Hindi trans. ( 34 ) Bhāvasvabhāva by Mādhavadeva. Date of MS Saṃvat 1713. ( 35 ) Madanakāmaratna, composed later than 1000 A. D. ( 36 ) Mallaprakāśa by Kayastha Lokanātha, composed about 1568 A. D. cf. P. K. Gode, ABORI XI, 96-9. ( 37 ) *Yogasataka* attributed to Vararuci. comm. by Ropanayana. Date of MS Samvat 1849. Published with a Simhalese comm. by Don. A. de S. Devarakkhita by M. P. Perera, 4th edn. Colombo, 1877. Another edn. is edited by Batuvantudave, Colombo, 1886. A third edn. is printed at Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay, with Hindi notes. ( 38 ) *Yogasamuccaya* ascribed to Vyasa Ganapati. cf. IA 1882, p. 106. Published by Jivaram Kalidas, Gondal. ( 39-40 ) Raghunatha Pandita composed two works on medicine, viz. *Vaidyavilasa* and *Cikitsamanjari* in 1699 A. D. He was a resident of Campavati (modern Chaul, in Kolaba dist. Bombay) cf. S. L. Katre, PO VIII, 1-2, P. K. Gode, PO VII, 3-4, Y. G. Phaphe, "Sahyadri" monthly, March 1938. *Vaidyavilasa* was printed in Bombay 1830 A. D. of. P. C. Ray HHC II, lviii. ( 41 ) *Lohapaddhati* by Suresvara, edited by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, Bombay. ( 42 ) *Lohasarcasva* by Suresvara, edited by Y. T. Acharya, Bombay 1925. ( 43 ) *Viramitrodaya* composed by Mitramisra in 1602 A. D.

c17.2.5

is an extensive encyclopaedia which treats not only law but also medicine and other subjects. It is divided into eight sections called *prakasas*; the first was published by Jiva. Vidya. ( Calcutta, 1875 ) and the rest in Chowkhamba Sanskrit series. ( 44 ) *Vaidyakasara* by Rama, edited by Raghuvamsa Sarma with Hindi comm. Bombay, 1896. ( 45 ) *Vaidyakasarasamgraha* by Srikanthasambhu. Age of MS Samvat 1791. (46) *Vaidyakaustubha* by Mevarama, printed in 1928. ( 47 ) *Vaidyacintamani* by Vallabhendra, edited by P. Venkatkrisnarao with Telugu trans. 6th edn. Madras 1921. ( 48 ) *Vaidyamanotsava* by Nayanasukha, Age of MS Samvat 1749. comm. by Ramanatha. ( 49 ) *Vaidyamanorama* by Kalidasa. Edns : ( i ) Sukhadev Vaidya, with Hindi notes, Bombay, 1916. ( ii ) Y. T. Acharya, Bombay 1923. ( 50 ) *Vaidyavallabha* by Hastiruci, composed in Samvat 1726. Printed at Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. ( 51 ) *Vaidyavinoda* by Sankarabhatta. Written by order of Ramasimha of Jaipur. Age of MS Samvat 1762. Edns : ( i ) Shridhar Shivlal, Bombay 1894. ( ii ) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, 1913. ( iii ) Krishnashastri Navare, with Marathi trans. 2nd edition, Bombay, 1924 ( 52 ) *Vaidyamrta* by Moresvara Bhatta. Date 1547 A. D. Editions :- ( i ) Krishnashastri Bhatavadekar with Marathi trans. 4th edn., Bombay 1862. ( ii ) with Hindi comm. by Jyotisvarup, Banaras 1867. ( iii ) with Hindi comm. by Ramanath Bhatta. ( iv ) In Simhalese charactrs, Colombo, 1870.

c17.2.6

( 53 ) *Vaidyavatamsa* by Lolimbaraja edited with Gujarati trans. Ahmedabad 1908. ( 54 ) *Sārtrapadmiṇī* by Bhāskara Bhaṭṭa composed in 1679 A. D. cf. P. K. Gode, BV VII pp. 33-34; Nathuram Premi Commemoration Volume. ( 55 ) *Śivakośa* by Karpuṛiya Śivadatta composed in 1677 A. D. cf. P. K. Gode, PO VII pt. i-ii, 66-70. ( 56 ) *Siddhasārasaṃhitā* by Ravigupta. MS dated 1374 A. D. ( 57 ) *Strīvilāsa* by Deveśvaropādhyāya. 16th cen. A. D.

c17.3

p. 2. l. 32—*Āyurvedaprakāśa* is published by ( i ) Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1924 and ( ii ) Y. G. Dixit, Poona, with Marathi trans.

c17.4

p. 2. l. 33—Trimalla flourished between 1383 and 1499 A.D. according Prof. H. D. Velankar ( Catal. BBRAS MSS Vol. I, 1925, p. 59 ). He was a Tailanga Brahman, son of Vallabha, grandson of Siṅgaṇabhaṭṭa, father of Śaṅkarabhaṭṭa the author of Rasapradīpa. He also wrote Pathyāpathyanighaṇṭu, Vaidyacandrodaya, Vṛttamaṇikyamālā and Alaṃkāramañjarī. See § 11. *Yogatarangiṇī* is printed at ( i ) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay, and ( ii ) ASS, Poona, 1913.

c17.5

p. 3. l. 2—*Rājavallabhīyadravyaguṇa* is printed at Venkateshvar press, Bombay.

c17.6

p. 3. l. 9—Another work belonging to this period is *Vaidyavinoda* by Śaṅkara, son of Anantabhaṭṭa, who belonged to Śrīgauda family of northern Brahmans. His patron was Rāmsing, son of Jaising of Jaipur. So the date of the work is between 1668 and 1699. cf. S. L. Katre, PO IX pt. i-ii, pp. 68-9.

c17.7

p. 3. l. 15—Maṇirām Miśra also wrote *Guṇaratnamālā* in 1642 A. D.

c17.8

p. 3. l. 17—The work must have been composed between 1650 and 1725 A. D. cf. P. K. Gode, BV IV, pt. ii. pp. 154-6. Other editions of *Yogaratnākara*:—( i ) Nirnaya Sagar Press, Bombay, ( ii ) published by Y. G. Dixit, Poona, 1917, with Marathi trans. by D. B. Borkar. ( iii ) K. R. Navare, Bombay, 1907.

c17.9

p. 3. l. 22—Lolimbarāja flourished before 1600 A. D. He was a resident of Junnar in Poona Dist. ( Bombay state ) and had married the daughter of a Muhammadan Subhedar of that place. After his wife's death he became an ascetic and devotee of the goddess Durga at Saptaśṛṅga in Nasik Dist. A title *kavipātśāha* was given to him by the people. His father's name was Divākarabhaṭṭa. Lolimbarāja wrote the following works:—( i ) *Vaidyajīvana*, ( ii ) *Vaidyāvatamsa*, ( iii ) *Camatkāracintāmaṇi*, ( iv ) *Ratnakalācarita*, ( v ) *Lolimbarāja ākhyāna*. The first three deal with medicine and are written in Sanskrit. The last two are Marathi poems. Editions of Vaidyajīvana:—(i) with Sanskrit comm. by Sukhānanda and also with Hindi trans. Venkateshvar press, Bombay, 1910, 1920. (ii) Bombay, 1874. (iii) with Hindi paraphrase, Banaras 1880. (iv) with Hindi trans. Cawnpore, 1911. Commentaries on Vaidyajīvana:—(1) by Rudrabhaṭṭa Vaidya, son of Konerbhaṭṭa, (2) Vijñānandakarī by Prayāgadatta or Prayāgabhaṭṭa, (3) Dīpikā by Goswāmī Harinātha (4) by Bhavānisahāy, (5) by Jñānadeva or Dāmodara, (6) Jagaccandrikā by Bhagīratha. cf. P. K. Gode IC VII, No. 3-4.

c17.10

p. 3. l. 28—There is a comm. on Bhāv. by Jayadeva, son of Jayakṛṣṇa, compiled by order of Mahārāja Ranavīrasiṃha of Kashmir. Bhāvamiśra also compiled Vaidyanighaṇṭu in which names and properties of about 150 drugs more than are found in Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu are given.

c17.11

p. 4. § 3—For the history of alchemy in India and the literature dealing with that science see Winternitz, *HIL* III, 552-3, Dr. G. K. Garde, *Vāgbhaṭa*, intro. pp. 10-16, P. C. Ray, *HHC* II, p. xxxi. The indigenous origin of alchemy is advocated by Hemaraj Pandit, *Kāśyapa Saṃhitā*, intro. pp. 101-3, *HHC* II, intro. pp. lxxxiii-xciii, Gananath Sen, *PS*, intro. p. 37. For the alchemy in Kauṭilya's *Arthaśāstra*, see Jolly, *Arthaśāstra*, Vol. I, intro. pp. 34 ff., Keith *HSL*, 460-1, P. V. Kane, *Hist. Dharm.* I, 103. To this period also belonged Vaidya Soḍhala—a Gurjara Rāy-kabal Brahman of Vatsa gotra and son of Vaidyanandana. He wrote Gadanigraha (edited by Y.T. Acharya, Bombay, 2 parts, 1911, 1915) and Soḍhalanighaṇṭu. cf. D. K. Shastri, *Ayurved no itihās*, pp. 183-85. *Kākacaṇḍīśvarakalpatantra* by Kākacaṇḍīśvara may be earlier than *Rasaratnasamuccaya* because Kākacaṇḍīśvara is one of the 27 Siddhas mentioned in it. Edited by Ramkrishna Sharma, Chowkhamba Sanskrit series, Banaras, 1929. *Lakṣmaṇotsava* by Lakṣmaṇa composed in 1450 A. D. *Rasakalpa* was composed in 13th cen. A. D. *Rasakāmadhenu* by Cūḍāmaṇi, edited by (1) Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1925, (2) Jivram Kalidas, Gondal, 1925. *Rasakautuka* by Mallāri, date śaka 1604. *Rasakaumudī* by Mādhava, date 1500-1600 A. D. *Rasakaumudī* by Jñānacandra, printed at Lahore. *Rasacaṇḍāṃśu* by Dattātreya, printed. *Rasataraṅgiṇī* by Sadānanda, printed. *Rasapaddhati* by Śrībindu Vaidya with comm. by Mahādeva Paṇḍita. Edited by Y. T. Acharya with the comm. of Sureśvara, Bombay, 1925. *Rasaprakāśasudhākara* by Yaśodhara, written at Junagadh in 13th cen. Editions:—(1) Y. T.

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Acharya, Bombay, 1923. (2) Jivram Kalidas, Gondal, 1926. Rasamañjarī by Śālinātha. Editions :— (1) Venkateshvar press, Bombay, (2) T. G. Kale with Marathi trans., Poona 1915. Rasarājasundara by Dattārāma, printed. Rasaśanketakalikā by Cāmuṇḍa Kāyastha. Edited by Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1912, 1923. Rasasāra by Govindācārya, edited by Y. T. Acharya, Bombay 1912. Rasahṛdaya by Govindabhikṣu, Editions :— (1) Y. T. Acharya, Bombay 1911 (2) T. G. Kale Rasādhyāya, printed in Kashi Sanskrit series, 1930. Rasendracūḍāmaṇi by Somadeva. 13th cen. Rasendrasārasaṃgraha by Gopālakṛṣṇa. 14th cen. Editions :— (1) Chowkhamba Sanskrit series, Banaras, 1937. (2) Venkateshvar press. Bombay. Rasarājamṛgāṅka by Bhojarāja, edited by Y. T. Acharya 1923.

c17.13

p. 4. note 7—Other editions are : (1) Rasiklal Gupta (2) by Kaliśchandra Vidyaratna (3) by Shaligram Vaidya with Hindi trans. Venkateshvar press, Bombay, 1919. (4) Lucknow, with Hindi trans.

c17.14

p. 4. l. 3—Toḍarānanda is recently published by the Anup Sanskrit Library, Bikaner.

c17.15

p. 4. l. 13—also printed by D. G. Salekar, Khanapur ( Dist. Belgaum ) 1907.

c17.16

p. 4. l. 35—Rasapradīpa by Prāṇanātha Vaidya is printed at Venkateshvar press, Bombay.

c17.17

p. 4. l. 36—Rasacintāmaṇi is printed at Venkateshvar press, Bombay. Also printed by Jivram Kalidas, Bombay 1911 with Hindi trans. Rasaratnapradīpa by Rāmarāja is edited by Bhanudatta Vidyālaṃkāra, Lahore. Rasārṇava was composed in 12th cen. according to P. C. Ray. Printed in Bibliotheca Indica, 1910. Rasendracintāmaṇi by Rāmacandra Guha. Date 14th cen. Editions :— (1) Umeshchandra Sengupta, Calcutta (2) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay.

c17.18

p. 5. l. 11—Other editions :— (1) Venkateshvar press, Bombay, (2) Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1913, Rasāyanakhaṇḍa.

c17.19

p. 5. l. 12—On the probable date of Nāgārjuna see P. C. Ray HHC I, liii ff., II, xxxix ff., Mahārāṣṭriya Jñānakoś V. 456.

c17.20

p. 5. l. 18—Rasaratnasamuccaya is also published with Bengali trans. by Devendranath Sengupta and Upendranath Sengupta, Calcutta 1915. Detailed information cf. Winternitz, HIL III, 553, P. C. Ray HHC I, xlii ff., II 222 ff. For arguments in favour of as well as against the authorship of Rasaratnasamuccaya ascribed to Vāgbhaṭa cf. Dr. G. K. Garde, Vāgbhaṭa, intro. pp. 23-4; D. C. Bhattacharya, *Date and Works of Vāgbhaṭa the Physician*, ABORI XXVIII, pt. i-ii, 1948, pp. 112-27.

c17.21

p. 5.l.27— Śārṅgadhara also wrote *Śārṅgadharapaddhati* (edition by Brahmashankar Miśra with Hindi comm. and notes, Banaras, 1942), *Śārṅgadharasaṃgraha*—a work on *rasaśāstra*, *Triśatī* or *Jvaratriśatī* (edition, Venkateshvar press, Bombay, 1912, with Sanskrit comm. by Vaidyavallabha and Hindi trans. by Kishorivallabh). Śārṅgadhara was a Gujarati Nagar Brahman. There are two more comms. on *Jvaratriśatī* : (1) *Siddhāntacikitsā* or *Siddhāntasañcaya* by Nārāyaṇa son of Kṛṣṇa and (2) by Meghabhaṭṭa.

c17.22

p. 6.l.11—Other editions are :— (1) Kaviraj Pyarimohan Sengupta, Calcutta, 1296 B. S. (2) Lucknow, with Hindi trans. (3) Nirṇaya Sagar Press, Bombay, with comms. of Ājhamalla and Kaśirāma Vaidya. (4) with Marathi trans. by Chintamani Ballal Jyotirvid. (5) Parashuram shastri Vidyasagar, Bombay, 1920, with two comms. *Dīpikā* and *Gūḍhārthadīpikā*. There are two or three more comms. which are still unpublished.

c17.23

p. 6.l.19—For the works of Vopadeva, see P. K. Gode, PO IV 49-62. There are at last three more comms. on *Śataślokī*—one of his chief works, besides the one written by himself. *Śataślokī* with *Śataślokīcandrakalā* is published by Lakshmishankar N. Bhat, Bhavnagar, 1912 and by Krishnashastri Bhatavdekar, Bombay, 1860 with Marathi trans.

c17.24

p. 6.l.23—Keśava has written a medical work called *Siddhamantra* on which his son Vopadeva has written a comm. called *Siddhamantraprakāśa* (edu by Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1909). Keśava lived in Vedapura.

c17.25

p. 6.l.27— A work of this kind is *Jvarasamuccaya*, probably 1000 years old. cf. Hemaraj Pandit, *Kaśyapa Saṃhitā*, intro.pp.25ff.

c17.26

p. 7. § 4—Other medical authors probably contemporary to Cakradatta were : Bhavyadatta, Govardhana, Vakulakara, Umāpati, Trilocanadāsa. They come from Bengal and are repeatedly quoted by Niścalakara. cf. D. C. Bhattacharya, *New Light on Vaidyaka Literature*, IHQ, June 1947. Other editions of Vangasena's *Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha* are : (1) Jīva. Vidya. 2nd edn, 1893 (2) Venkateshvar press, Bombay, with Hindi trans. (3) Nandakumar Goswami, Calcutta, 1889. According to Prof. Nalininath Dasgupta (IC III pt. i, p. 150) Vangasena flourished in the 13th cen. But P. K. Gode has proved him to have flourished before 1200 A. D., vide his article in IC III, pt. iii. pp. 535-43.

c17.27

p. 7.1.17—Edited with Candrata's comm. by Kaviraj Narendranath Mitra with Hindi notes by Jayadeva Vidyalamkara, Publisher, Mitra Ayurvedio Pharmacy, Lahore 1926. An edition of bare text is published by N. S. Mooss, Kottayam, 1950. The work was first published by J. Jolly, ZDMG 1906, pp. 413-66, with extracts from Candrata's comm. as well as German trans. Tisata lived about 950 A.D. according to Prof. D. C. Bhattacharya, ABORI, XXVIII.

c17.28

p. 7.1.21—Candrata wrote *Yogaratnasamuccaya*, *Vaidyatrimsattika* and *Pathasuddhi* of Susruta.

c17.29

p. 7.1.25—Other editions : (1) Venkateshvar press, Bombay (2) Hazarilal Shukla, Vols. 2 with Sanskrit and Hindi comms, 1930.

c17.30

p. 7.1.36—*Cikitsasarasamgraha* is also printed at Calcutta 1916, Lahore 1928 (Meherchand Lacchmandas), Nirnaya Sagar press, Bombay, 1911, Venkateshvar press, Bombay.

c17.31

p. 8.1.33—Sivadasasena besides wrote *Carakatattvapradipika* a comm. on Caraka and a comm. on *Dravyagunasamgraha* of Cakrapani. The latter is printed by Devendranath Sen. Sivadasasena was a Bengali Brahman and a resident of Malanchi in Pabna Dist. of Bengal. He was the court-physician of Barbek Shah of Bengal (1459-1476 A. D. ).

c17.32

p. 8.1.34—On Niscalakara— another commentator of Cakrapani see P. K. Gode, PO IV, 49-62; Prof. D. C. Bhattacharya, IHQ, June 1947.

c17.33

p. 9.1.7—Cakradatta's comms. on Caraka and Susruta are printed at Nirnaya Sagar press, Bombay, Caraka, 3rd edn. 1941, Susruta ( Sutrasthana only ) 1941.

c17.34

p. 9. § 5—To this period also belong the following works :— (1) *Ayurvedasara*, 600-900 A. D. cf. D. C. Bhattacharya, IHQ, June 1947. (2) *Bindusara*, 600-900 A. D. (3) *Siddhasara*, 600-900 A. D. (4) *Haramekhala*— a work in Prakrta by Mahuka, date 965 A. D. Edn, Trivandrum, pts. 2.

c17.35

p. 9.1.22—Vrndamadhava with *Vyakhyakusumavali* of Srikanthadatta (and completed by Narayana ) is edited by Hanumanthashastri Padhye, Poona 1894.

c17.36

p. 9.1.23—Besides there is another edition printed at Venkateshvar press, Bombay. Vrnda belonged to the Kunda family of East Bengal.

c17.37

p. 10.l.15—Besides Rugviniścaya, Mādhavakara is also said to have written Āyurvedaprakāśa, Āyurvedarasasāstra, Kuṭamudgara with comm., Paryāyaratnamālā, Rasakaumudī, Yogavyākhyā, Suśruta-vārttika. Mādhavakara belonged to Bengal and his native place was Silahrada as mentioned in Paryāyaratnamālā.

c17.38

p. 10.l.31—On the comparative chronology of Mādhava, Dṛḍhabala and Vāgbhaṭa—the author of AHr, see Hoernle, Osteology, p. 11., S. N. Dasgupta, HIP II, 433-4.

c17.39

p. 10.l.33—Besides Madhukośa, there are the following comms. :—(1) Ātaṅkadarpaṇa by Vaidyavācaspati, son of Pramoda, 1240 A. D. (2) by Rāmānāth Vaidya (3) by Bhavānisahāya (4) by Nāganātha, son of Kṛṣṇabhaṭṭa (5) by Gaṇeśa bhiṣak (6) Siddhāntacandrikā by Narasimha Kavirāj (7) Siddhāntacintāmaṇi by Narasimha (8) Subodhinī by Mathura Kāyastha (9) Nidānapradīpa (10) Vaidyamanoramā by Rāmakṛṣṇa (11) Rājasarman (12) Mādhavanidāna-tippaṇī.

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p. 11. note 6—The following editions may be mentioned :—(1) with comm. of Vijayarakṣita and Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and an additional comm. by Kavirāj Śaradacharan Sen, published by Kavirāj P.K. Sen, 2nd edn., Banaras, 1932. (2) with Madhukośa and ātaṅkadarpaṇa, Nirnaya Sagar press, Bombay. (3) with Hindi trans. by Sohanlal Shastri. (4) with Hindi trans. by Pandit Maheśdatta, Lucknow. (5) with Hindi trans. by Dattaram, Bombay. (6) with madhukośa and ātaṅkadarpaṇa, Venkateshvar press, Bombay. (7) with Hindi comm. edited by Raghunāthprasad Sitaram, Bombay, 1884. (8) with comms. of Vijayarakṣita and Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and Vācaspati Vaidya, edited by Y. T. Acharya, Bombay, 1920. (9) with ātaṅkadarpaṇa, edited by Chhotupati Sharma, Bombay, 1913. (10) Saggio di versione del Mādhavanidāna (translated in part by Mario Vallauri, Giornale della Sociata Asiatica Italiana, 26 (1913-14), 253-90.

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p.12.l.1—The following additional comms. on AHr are recorded in the introduction to AHr, Nirnaya Sagar press, 3rd edn. Bombay :—(1) Padārthacandrikā by Candranandana (2) Śasilekhā or Indumatī by Indu (3) Aṣṭāngahṛdayodyota by Āsādhara (4) Manojña or Cintāmaṇi by Toḍar Mull Kanha Prabhu (5) AHr-ṭīkā by Rāmanāth (6) AHr-dīpikā by Haṭakāṅka (7) Lalitā by Śaṅkara (8) Vākyapradīpikā by Parameśvara (9) Vijneyārthaprakāśikā by Viśveśvara Paṇḍita (10) Hṛdayabodhikā by Dāsapaṇḍita (11) Vāgbhaṭārthakaumudī by Harikṛṣṇasen Malik (12) Saṅketamañjarī by Ind. Med....25

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Dāmodara (13) Pradīpa by Yaśodanandan Sarkar (14) Vāgbhaṭa-khañjanamandana by Bhaṭṭa Narahari or Nṛsiṃhakavi, son of Bhaṭṭa Śivadeva (15) Āndhraṭīkā by Rāmānujācārya (16) AHr-ṭīkā by Jejjata (17) Bhaṭṭāra Haricandra (18) by Vācaspatimiśra (19) Manodayādityabhaṭṭīya (20) Sāroddhāra by Bhaṭṭa Śrīvardhamāna (21) Bālaprabodhikā (22) Bālabodhinī (23) Karṇāṭī (24) Drāviḍī (25) Sugatā (26) Kairalī (27) Pāṭhya (28) Bṛhatpāṭhya (29) Vyākhyāsāra (30) Hṛdya or Hṛdyārtha (31) AHr-vyākhyā (32) Śivadīpikā by Pandit Śivasarmā (33) Tattvabodha by Śivadāsasena (34) Hṛdayabodhinī. There are besides (1) AHr-vaidūryakabhāṣya (2) Padārthacandrikaprabhāsa nāma AHr-vṛtti (3) Vaidyakaṣṭāngahṛdayavṛtterbhesajanāmasūcī. These were translated into Tibetan. cf. S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 436.

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p.12.l.3—On the life and works of Hemādri see P. V. Kane, *Hist. Dharm.* I. 354 ff.

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p.12.l.26—For the date and works of Vāgbhaṭa see AHr intro., Nirnaya Sagar press, 3rd edn. 1939; A. B. Keith, *HSL*, p. 510; Winternitz, *HIL* III, pp. 549-50; Hoernle, *Osteology*, pp. 10-11; S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 433; Dr. G. K. Garde, *Sārtha Vāgbhaṭa*, intro.; P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, xxii ff.; Prof. D. C. Bhattacharya, *Date and works of Vāgbhaṭa the physician*, ABORI XXVIII, pt. 1-2, 1948, pp. 112-27; P. K. Gode, *Chronological limits for the comm. of Indu on AS of Vāgbhaṭa I*. ABORI, XXV, pt. 4, pp. 217-30, 1945; H. D. Sharma, *Amarakośa*, intro. p. viii; R. V. Patvardhan, *Suśruta*, intro. p. 17.

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p.12. note 2—Besides these the following editions of AHr are printed :— (1) Dr. G. K. Garde, with Marathi trans. Poona, 1891 (2) Calcutta, Jīva. Vidya. 1882, (3) Vijayaratna Sen Kaviranjan, Calcutta, 1885-90, (4) Vijayaratna Sengupta, with Aruṇadatta's comm. and Bengali trans., Calcutta, 1888, (5) Krishnalal, with Hindi trans., Mathura, 1910, (6) Motilal Banarasidass, Lahore, 1933, (7) Behicharlal Nathuram, Ahmedabad, 1889, with Gujarati trans., (8) Kalishchandra Sengupta, with Bengali trans., Calcutta, 1890-95, (11) Venkateshvar press, Bombay, with the comms. of Candranandana, Aruṇadatta and Hemādri, 1928 (12) Harishastri Paradkar, Nirnaya Sagar press, 3rd edn. Bombay, 1939, with comms. of Aruṇadatta and Hemādri, (13) S. C. K. Achutavarya, with Kairalī comm., Uttarasthāna, Kottayam, 1942, (14) N. S. Mooss, with Vākyapradīpikā comm. by Parameśvara, Sūtrasthāna, Kottayam, 1950, (15) A. M. Kunte, with Arunadatta's comm., Ganpat Krishnaji press, Bombay, 1880 (16) edited by Pandit Sarasvati with Tattvabodha comm. by Śivadāsa Sena. A German translation of AHr with an introduction, notes and indices is published by Luise Hilgenberg and W. Kirfel, Leiden, 1941.

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p.13.l.9—Chemistry in Suśruta cf. P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, intro., p.c.; II, 42.

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p.13.l.12—T. Rudraparasava of Trichur has published an edition of AS with Indu's comm. in three vols. 1924-6. Ramachandra-shastri Kinjavadekar of Poona has published Nidānasthāna and Śārīrasthāna of AS.

c17.48

p.13.l.14—Haritasamhita is in the form of a dialogue between the sage Ātreya and his son and pupil Hārīta. The printed text consists of 6 sthānas. The original Haritasamhita was known to Cakrapāṇi, Vijayarakṣita, Śrīkaṇṭhadatta, Śivadāsa and Tiṣaṭa. Passages from the same are quoted in their works as well as in Jvarasamuccaya and Toḍarānanda. These quotations are not found in the printed text which shows that it is different from its genuine form. cf. Dietz, *Annals of Medicine*, p. 159, BBRAS Cata. No. 164; S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 432; Gananath Sen, *PS* intro. pp. 20-21; *CO* I, 765 B; Pandit Hemaraj, *Kāśyapa Saṃhitā*, intro. p. 25; G. N. Mukhopadhyaya, *SIH*, I, p. 5.

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p.13.l.21—For the modern character of the so-called Saṃhitās see S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP*, II, p. 432. Some such works may be recorded here:—(1) Viśvāmitra Saṃhitā quoted by Cakrapāṇi in comm. on Car, Sūtra. chap. 27; comm. on Su, Sūtra. chap. 14; Śivadāsa in his comm. on Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha, Jvarādhikāra (cf. Gananath Sen, *PS*, p. 23; S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 432, (2) Khara-pāda Saṃhitā. Even though not available now, it was utilized by Cakrapāṇi, Vijayarakṣita (comm. on MN, Jvaranidānādhikāra), Hemādri (comm. on AHr, sūtra. 8.3), Aruṇadatta (cf. comm. on AHr, Cikitsā. 1.34,77). Keśava—a contemporary of Aruṇadatta, a protege of king Siṃhaṇa or Siṃhaṇa II (Siṃharāja) of the later Yādavas of Devagiri and a resident of Vedapura, refers to Kharaṇādi in his work called Siddhamantra. He is variously called as Kharaṇāda, Kharaṇādi, Khāraṇādi, Khāraṇāda. The name Kharaṇādi was current in Maharashtra, while in Bengal he was known as Kharaṇāda. Vopadeva in his Siddhamantraprakāśa comm. on Siddhamantra—the work of his father, also quotes from Kharaṇādi. Kharaṇādi's work seems to have been in verse. Kharaṇāda is also referred to in the Ratnaprabhā comm. of Niścalakara on Cakrapāṇidatta's Dravyaguṇa-saṃgraha, and by Vācaspati in his comm. on MN (p.50). A leaf of the MS Kharaṇadanyāsa was discovered, among other things, in the excavations made by Pandit M. S. Kaul at Gilgit in Kashmir. This Kharaṇadanyāsa is a comm.

c17.49.2

on a work of Kharaṇāda on medicine, giving portion of a chapter relating to pregnancy. Both the text and the comm. are known at present through quotations only. The work of Kharaṇāda seems to have been older than AHr. Prof. P. K. Gode is inclined to fix A. D. 650 as the terminus before which Kharaṇāda may have composed his work, and about 850 A. D. as the terminus before which the Nyāsa was composed. cf. P. K. Gode, ABORI XX, pt. 1, pp. 97-102; PO IV, pp. 49-62. cf. also S. N. Dasgupta, HIP II, 432; Gananath Sen, PS, p.21. (3) Parāśara Saṃhitā, a work on Kāyacikitsā. This is quoted by Vijayarakṣita and Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and Śivadāsa (in his comm. on Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha of Cakrapāṇi, Rasacikitsā) cf. S. N. Dasgupta, HIP II 432; Gananath Sen, ibid. p. 20. (4) Kṣārapāṇi Saṃhitā, a work on Kāyacikitsā, quoted by Vijayarakṣita, Śrīkaṇṭhadatta and Śivadāsa (comm. on Cakrapāṇi's Cikitsā., Kāyacikitsā) cf. S. N. Dasgupta, ibid.; Gananath Sen, ibid. (5) Jatūkarṇa Saṃhitā, a work on Kāyacikitsā, mainly composed in prose. Quoted by Cakrapāṇi (comm. on Car, sūtra. 2.5), Vijayarakṣita (comm. on MN, Jvarādhikāra, Hikkāśvāsādhikāra), Śivadāsa (comm. on Cikitsā.). cf. Gananath Sen, ibid.; S. N. Dasgupta, ibid. (6) Bhāradvāja Saṃhitā, contains within it a small work called Bheṣajakalpa, a comm. by Veṅkateśa (Dr. Cordier, Recent Discoveries of Medical MSS in India, 1898-1900), cf. S. N. Dasgupta, ibid. (7) Kāśyapa-saṃhitā. A work on midwifery and gynaecology and children's diseases, edited by Y.

c17.49.3

T. Acharya and Pandit Hemaraj Sarma, Nirnaya Sagar press, Bombay, 1938, with an extensive intro. by Pandit Hemaraj. A MS of this work was discovered in the Nepal Durbar library, Katmandu. It is a dialogue between Kaśyapa and Bhārgava. According to the editors, the work was taught by Rṣi Mārica Kaśyapa, abridged by his disciple Vṛddha Jīvaka and revised by one of his descendents called Vātsya. This Kāśyapa seems to be the same as mentioned in the Bower MS. According to Pandit Hemaraj, Jīvaka, the compiler of this work is different from Jīvaka Komārabhacca, the physician of Gautama Buddha. The main portion of Kāśyapa Saṃhitā is divided into eight parts and contains 120 chapters. It has also a supplementary part comprising 80 chapters. There is much similarity of construction between Caraka and Kasyapa Samhitā. For detailed information regarding the date and composition cf. Hemaraj Pandit's Intro., also S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 432. (8) *Bheda Samhitā* published by the University of Calcutta (*JDL* IV, 1920). Incomplete. For the modern character of this work cf. Hoernle, *JRAS* 1909, pp. 869-70, 1910, pp. 830-34; Keith, *HSL*, p. 508; Kasyapa Samhitā intro. p. 25; Gananath Sen *PS*, intro. pp. 189. There is a great similarity of composition between the Samhitās of Caraka and Bheda. The numbers of sthānas and chapters is the same in both the works. Even the names of certain chapters are identical.

c17.49.4

Attempts to prove the antiquity of Bheda Samhitā are made by Hemaraj Pandit, intro. to Kasyapa Sam. pp. 104-9. Quotations from Susruta Samhitā are found in the Bheda Samhitā. cf. Rasayogasāgara, intro. pp. 70-1. Bheda Samhitā is quoted by Tisata in his Cikitsākalikā, by Jagannatha and in Tojarānanda. Durgashankar K. Shastri has proposed "about 300. A. D." as the probable date of the Bheda Samhitā (cf. *Ayurved no Itihas* p. 75). (9) *Asvini Samhitā*. The Haritakikalpa from this work is edited in two recensions (shorter-27 verses, longer-37 verses) from two MSS in possession of Dr. P. Cordier by Hoernle along with the Bower MS.

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*p.14.l.9*—cf. Winternitz, *HIL* III, 547-8; A. B. Keith, *HSL*, 307-8.

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*p.14.l.11*—On the date of Susruta Samhitā, see S.N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 425 ff., G. N. Mukhopadhyay, *SIH*, I, p. 15, Dr. G. K. Garde, *Vāgbhata*, intro. pp. 9-10, P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, intro. pp. xiv-xxi, Hemaraj Pandit, *Kasyapa Samhitā*, intro.pp. 63-76, Gananath Sen, *PS*, intro. p. 53, Ekendranath Ghosh, *IHQ* IV-3, pp. 557-9, R. V. Patwardhan, *Susruta* translation, intro. p. 8, Vaidya Hariprapannaji, *RYS*, intro. pp. 68-70.

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*p.14.l.32*—One of the sources of Dallana's comm. is Brahmadeva who may perhaps be identified with Sribrahma, father of Mahesvara—the author of Visvaprakāsa and Sāhasānkacarita. cf. note on p. 16.l.35. Mahesvara's date is 1111 A. D. So Sribrahma may be placed about 1080 A. D.. cf. Hoernle, *JRAS*, 1906, p. 699. Another authority quoted by Dallana is Bhoja who may well be the famous king of Dhara. cf. Hoernle, ibid. p. 286. For the date and works of Dallana cf. Hoernle, ibid., S. N. Dasgupta *HIP* II, p. 434 ff., G. A. Grierson, *JRAS* 1906, pp. 692-3.

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*p.14.l.33*—There is one more commentator, Gayadāsa, who wrote comms. both on Suśruta and Caraka, viz. Nyāyacandrikā or Pañjikā and Carakacandrikā respectively. Ḍallaṇa in his Nibandha-saṃgraha comm. on Su quotes from Gayadāsa's comm. on the same. Gayadāsa's fragmentary comm. on Su is printed. He belonged to Bengal and adorned the Royal court of Mahīpāla, one of the great Pala kings. He flourished in the 10th cen. A. D. cf. Hoernle, *Osteology*, intro. p. 16, ZDMG 56, p. 114, JRAS 1906, pp. 293-303; Jolly, ZDMG 1904, pp. 114-16; D. C. Bhattacharya, *New light on Vaidyaka Literature*, IHQ, June 1947, pp. 123-55.

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p.15.l.9—For chemistry in Su see P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, 17-27.

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p.15.l.28—Other editions are :— (1) published by Shrīlayogeśchandra Basak, Calcutta, with Sanskrit comm. by Hārānachandra Chakrabarti, Vols. I-IV, 1910-28. (2) Venkateshvar Press, Bombay. (3) Edited Y. T. Acharya, with Ḍallaṇa's comm., Nirṇaya Sagar press, Bombay, 1915, 1931. (4) with Marathi trans. by D.B. Borkar, Poona, 1934. (5) Śārīrasthāna with English trans. by R. V. Patwardhan, Poona.

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p.16.l.10—For the different Nāgārjunas see Winternitz, *HIL*, II, 343-4 n, S. C. Vidyabhushan, *Medieval Indian Logic*, pp. 68-70, S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 426-7, 436, Gananath Sen, *PS* intro. pp. 11-2, B. N. Seal, *Positive Sciences of Hindus*, p. 62 f., Hemaraj Pandit, *Kāśyapa Saṃ.* intro. pp. 111-2, Vaidya Hariprapannaji, *RYS* intro. p. 70, Hoernle, *Osteology*, pp. 98-102.

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p.16.l.13—On the date of Caraka see A. B. Keith, *HSL*, pp. 506-7, S. Levi IA XXXIII, p. 382, WZKM XI, p.164, S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* I, pp. 280 ff., Hemaraj Pandit, *Kāśyapa Saṃ.* intro. pp. 83-97, Winternitz *HIL*, III, pp. 611-4, P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, intro. viii-xiv, G. N. Mukhopadhyay *SIH* I, pp. 5-9, Dr. G.K. Garde, Vāgbhaṭa, intro. pp. 5-8, R. V. Patvardhan, *Suśruta Saṃhitā*, Śārīrasthāna ( Eng. trans. ) intro. pp. 4-6, 9, Gananath Sen, *PS*, intro. pp. 6-10, Vaidya Hariprapannaji, *RYS*, intro. pp. 71-84, S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, pp. 395, 431. For the views advocating pre-buddhistic date for Caraka, see P. C. Ray, G. N. Sen, G. N. Mukhopadhyay, Hemaraj Pandit, Hariprapannaji, R. V. Patwardhan.

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p.16.l.32—The names of commentaries or their comms. may be enumerated below :— (1) Haricandra, quoted by Maheśvara in Viṣvaprakāśa, by Candraṭa, by Hemadri in Āyurvedarasāyana comm. on AHr. A MS (No. 13092, Govt. Ori. MSS. Lib., Madras ) containing comm. on 3rd Adhyāya of Sūtrasthāna is preserved. (2) Carakapañjikā by Ācārya Svāmikumāra. A MS of the same is preserved in the Calcutta Sanskrit College library, it breaks off in the 2nd adhyāya of Sūtra. There is also a MS (No. 13091) in the Govt. Ori. MSS. Lib., Madras. (3) Jayanandi (4) Sandhyākara (5) Govardhana (6) Munidāsa (7) Jinadāsa (8) Vakulakara (9) Īśvarasena (10) Īśānadeva (11) Bāṣacandra or Bāpyacandra (12) Kṛṣṇavaidya (13) Agniveśa.

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p.16.l.35—Jaijjaṭa or Jaiyyaṭa who is said to have written a comm. on Su, has also commented upon Caraka (edn. Lahore, 1941). He was a disciple of Bahata (Vāgbhaṭa) according to the several colophons of the printed fragment and has quoted many earlier commentators. His date is 875-900 A. D. cf. D. C. Bhattacharya, *New Light on Vaidyaka Literature*, IHQ, June 1947. Gayadāsa is another commentator of Caraka. See note to p. 14. l. 33. Svāmikumāra wrote a comm. called Carakapañjikā. He was a buddhist and refers to Haricandra—an old commentator of Caraka. Haricandra also called Hariścandra or Bhaṭṭārahariścandra wrote a comm. called Carakanyāsa. A MS containing comm. on the first three adhyāyas of Sūtra, is at the G. O. M. Library, Madras. Pandit Mastaram Shastri of Ravalpindi has partly published it. Hariścandra flourished in the 6th cen. A. D. According to Y. T. Acharya (Caraka Sam. intro. N. S. press, Bombay, 1940) he flourished in the 5th cen. Bāṇabhaṭṭa in his Harṣacarita (1.17) and Jejjaṭa in his comm. have referred to Haricandra. He was the court-physician of king Sahasāṅka. Maheśvara, the author of Viśvaprakāśa (1111 A. D.), himself proud of his knowledge of Vaidyaka, was born of a family of physicians claiming descent from Haricandra. Haricandra also wrote a revised version of Khāraṇāda Saṃhitā and also composed a medical Saṃhitā of his own. cf. D. C. Bhattacharya, IHQ, June 1947; *Kalpadrukosa*, intro. p. xxviii.

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p.17.l.2—On Dṛḍhabala and composition of the Caraka Saṃhitā see Hoernle, *Osteology*, p. 11, *The Composition of Caraka Saṃhitā and the Literary Methods of the Ancient Medical Writers*, JRAS 1908, pp. 997-1028, *The Composition of Caraka Saṃhitā in the Light of the Bower MS*, JRAS 1909, pp. 857-93, H. Luders, *Festgabe Garbe*, p. 154, S. N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, pp. 428-31, Vaidya Hariprapannaji, *RYS*, intro. p. 70.

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p.17.l.4—For the style of Caraka Saṃhitā cf. Yogeshwar Pande (Allahabad University), *A critical study of the prose of the Caraka Saṃhitā*, Summaries of papers, p. 167, 16th session of AIOC, Lucknow, October 1951.

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p.17.l.13—The number of adhyāyas in each sthāna is as follows :- Sūtra. 30, Nidāna 8, Vimāna 8, Śarīra 8, Indriya 12, Cikitsā 30, Kalpa 12, Siddhi 12=120.

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p.17.l.22—Bheḍa Saṃhitā is edited by Sir Aṣutosh Mukerjee, Calcutta, 1921 ( Calcutta University ). " Some light has been thrown by the discoveries of manuscripts in Eastern Turkestan on the Bheḍa Saṃhitā ( cf. H. Lüders, Festgabe Garbe, pp. 148 ff. ). A paper manuscript with a fragment of the text, which can be assigned to the ninth century A. D. suggests strongly that the text published from a single Telugu manuscript presents a version of the Saṃhitā which has suffered alteration, a chapter on Raktapitta in the Nidānasthāna having been replaced by one on Kāsa " ( Keith, HSL, Preface xxiii).

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p.17.l.24—For reference to Agniveśatantra in later authors cf. S.N. Dasgupta, *HIP* II, 428-31, Hemaraj Pandit, *KS*, intro. p.111.

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p.18.l.15—For §§ 10 & 15 cf. Weber, *HIL*, 265-7, Winternitz, *HIL* III, 541-4, Keith, *HSL*, 505-15.

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p.18.l.29—For the contemporaneity of Ātreya and Jīvaka see Rockhills, *Life of Buddha*, p. 65.

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p.18 note 8—An edition of Caraka Saṃhitā in six volumes has been published in 1949 by Shree Gulabkunverba Āyurvedic Society, Jamnagar. It contains Gujarati, Hindi and English translations and in the last volume also a number of useful indices and pictures of animals, birds and plants. It has also an extensive introduction reviewing the entire Āyurvedic literature.

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p.20.l.1—Besides the medical glossaries, references to medical plants, diseases etc. may be copiously found in general Sanskrit glossaries. e.g. Amarakośa with Kṣīrasvāmin's comm. (see the edition published by the Poona Oriental Book Agency, intro. by Dr. Har Dutt Sharma ). Kṣīrasvāmin in his comm. refers to the following medical authorities :- Suśruta-Sauśrutāḥ, Vaidyāḥ (chiefly Caraka), Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu, Bāhaṭa or Vāgbhaṭa, Candra, Indu, Candranandana, Dhātuvidaḥ, Nimi, Haramekhala.

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p.20.l.3—The main points in Zachariae's work may be noted down here :- The most important of the medico-botanical glossaries are found gathered together in Burnell's *Catalogue of Tanjore MSS*, pp. 70 ff., and the *Catalogue of India Office Library* by Eggeling, p. 973 ff. Some of these may be recorded here :- (1) *Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu* is older than Amarakośa as informed by Kṣīrasvāmin in his comm. It has 9 chapters. (2) A medico-botanical glossary is attributed to Śāśvata (the author of Anekārthasamuccaya or a different one?). It is called Sarasvatīnighaṇṭuva and was published in Colombo in 1885 (and 1884?). cf. Transaction of the Philological Society, London 1875-76, pp. 78 ff.; Litteraturblatt für ori. Phil. II, 31. Śāśvata, the author of Anekārthasamuccaya is older than Amara.

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(3) Nighaṇṭuśeṣa. A botanical glossary in 396 verses, being a supplement to Abhidhānacintāmaṇi (edited by Bohtlingk). It is in fact a supplement to verses 1131-1201 (Vanaspatikāya) i. e. to the chapter to which Hemacandra has not written any śeṣa. The small work is divided into 6 kāṇḍas of unequal extent which, according to the serial order, treat with vṛkṣa, gulma, latā, tṛṇa and dhānya. Accidentally the chapter on varieties of lotus (III, 323-331), as well as the entire dhānyakāṇḍa coincide with the corresponding sections of Abhidhānacintāmaṇi (1160 ff., 1168 ff.). The chapter on precious stones about which Bühler speaks (of course on the authority of an oral communication with Dr. Bhau Daji) is not found in the present edition. This edition (Abhidhānasaṃgraha II, No. 2) shows a big gap at the beginning of the first kāṇḍa and a few smaller gaps in the other kāṇḍas. An old MS of this work is recorded by Peterson, 5th Report, p. 23. It is a palm leaf MS written 15 years after the death of Hemacandra. It would not be difficult to prepare an edition of this work, more correct and complete than the Bombay edition, with the help of this MS. There does not appear any comm. on Nighaṇṭuśeṣa.

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(4) Abhidhānaratnamālā (Śaṅkhasanighaṇṭu) by an unknown author. This is cited by Mallinātha (cf. Aufrecht, Preface to Halāyudha, VII, Eggeling, Catal. p. 977 a). (5) Madanavinoda by Madanapāla (Ind. Stu. XIV, 399). (6) The homonymic Śivakośa of Śivadatta with the comm. of Śivaprakāśa. It is written in 1677 A. D. In addition there are the following works :- (1) Soḍhalanighaṇṭu by Soḍhala, a Gurjar Brahman. (2) Kaiyyaḍevanighaṇṭu or Pathyāpathyavibodha by Kaiyyaḍeva, son of Sāraṅga, grand son of Padmanābha (edited by Surendramohan, Meherchand Lachchmandas, Lahore, 1928, pt. 1). (3) Paryāyaratnamālā or Ratnamālā by Mādhavakara, author of Rugviniścaya. It is a collection of nearly 200 verses. (4) Paryāyamuktāvali by an unknown author. (5) Bhāvaprakāśakosa (6) Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu (7) Aṣṭāṅganighaṇṭu (8) Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayanighaṇṭu (9) Vāgbhaṭakośa (10) Vāgbhaṭanighaṇṭu (11) Vaidyakanighaṇṭu (12) Śakanighaṇṭu by Sitarama Shastri.

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p.20. § 11—Soḍhala also wrote *Guṇasaṃgraha*. *Nalapāka-darpaṇa* published in Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Banaras. *Nighaṇṭu-śeṣa* by Hemacandra ( 1092-1173 A. D. ) edited by K. P. Parab and others, Bombay, 1889. *Dravyāvalinighaṇṭu* by Mahendrabhogika, age of MS Samvat 1572. Bhāvamisra's *Haritakyūdinighaṇṭu* is printed at Venkatesvar Press, Bombay.

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p.20. § 12—For beginnings of animal medicine in India cf. R. Fick, *Social Organisation in North-west India in Buddha's time*, pp. 166 ff., Rhys Davids, *Buddhist India*, p. 266, Ratilal Mehta, *Prebuddhist India*, pp. 1310-11, Bombay, 1939, D. R. Bhandarkar, *Asoka*, pp. 297 ff. 2nd edn., A. D. Pusalkar, *Bhāsa—a study*, pp. 410 ff., Winternitz, *HIL* III, 532-3, G. N. Mukhopadhyay, *HIM* II, 356-9, 400 ff., Jolly, *Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra*, *Śukranītisāra* 4.7. The following works besides those recorded in this section may be mentioned :- *Śālihotronnaya*, Tanjore Catal. of MSS, lvii, *Aśvapraśamśa*, GOML, Madras, No. 13317, *Mātaṅgalīlā* by Nīlakaṇṭhācārya, ( with comm., Trivandrum Sanskrit series ), *Aśvalakṣaṇaśāstra* with Telugu meaning, GOML, Madras, No. 13318. See also MSS No. 1321-3. The *Agnipurāṇa* devotes 6 chapters to the veterinary science ( see chapters 279-302 ). For the date of *Agnipurāṇa*, see Dr. P. V. Kane, *Hist. Dharm.* I, p. 172, Dr. R. C. Hazra, *Purāṇic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs*, pp. 134-40, Dacca, 1940. *Garuḍapurāṇa* contains references to the veterinary science which are based on the *Aśvacikitsā* of Nakula, ibid.

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p.20.l.28—*Pathyāpathyanighaṇṭu* is also called *Dravyaguṇaśataślokī* or simply *Śataślokī*. Other editions of the work are :- (1) with Hindi trans. by Krishnalal, Bombay, 1894 (2) with Hindi trans. by Saligram Vaidya, Bombay, 1897. Kṛṣṇadatta ( 1700 A. D. ) has written a comm. called *Dravyadīpikā* or *Dīpikā* on this work. He was the son of Śivadatta who wrote *Śivakośa*. Śivadatta's father was Caturbhuja. See note to p. 2.l.33.

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p.20.l.29—*Pathyāpathyaviniscaya* printed with Hindi trans.

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p.20.l.30—*Bhojanakutūhala* was composed by Raghunātha, a protege of queen Dīpabai, wife of Ekoji Bhonsale of Tanjore. The author was a Maharasthra Brahman and composed the work before 1700 A. D. He wrote some more Sanskrit and Marathi works. cf. P. K. Gode, ABORI, XXII, pt. 3-4, 1942, pp. 254-63, JBU, X, pt.2, pp. 132-40; PO VIII, pt.1-2, pp. 1-8. *Kṣemakutūhala* was composed by Kṣemarāja or Kṣemasarman in 1548 A. D. Published by Y. T.

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Acharya, Bombay. The author also composed Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha. Another work on cooking is sūpaśāstra—a Sanskrit work consisting of 45 verses with kannada commentary. cf. Shrimati Shantadevi Malwad, Sūpaśāstra—an ancient work on the science and art of cooking, Summaries of papers, p. 261, 16th session of AIOC, Lucknow, October 1951.

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p.21.l.25—see note to p. 20. § 12.

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p.21.l.26—For the literature on Vṛkṣāyurveda see G. P. Majumdar, Upavanavinoda, Vanaspati, Calcutta; Ratilal Mehta, Prebuddhist India, pp. 188 ff., Śukranītisāra, 4.4.44-59, Agnipurāṇa 281, Bṛhatsaṃhitā, 54, Kauṭilya Arthaśāstra, 24.

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p.22.l.15—For the details of the medical MSS found in Eastern and Southern Turkestan, see Hoernle : An Ancient Medical Manuscript from Eastern Turkestan, R. G. Bhandarkar Commemoration Volume, pp. 415 ff.; H. Lüders, Festgabe Garbe, pp. 148 ff. " Another manuscript, written on leather, from South Turkestan or Northern India, dating probably from the end of the second century A. D., say a hundred years before the manuscript of the Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā and fifty years after the manuscript of Aśvaghoṣa's plays, is of interest, as it preserves a tradition of a doctrine of eight or ten rasas as opposed to the six which Caraka and Suśruta recognize and which are generally accepted in Indian Medicine. It is possible that we here have a trace of an older medical system, which was ultimately superseded by the system of Ātreya on which the work of Caraka is based " ( Keith, HSL, Preface xxiii ).

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Prof. Johannes Nobel has very recently published a study in German language (Ein alter medizinischer Sanskrit-text und seine Deutung, Supplement to JAOS, No. 11, July-September 1951, pp. 1-35) of the 16th chapter called "Vyādhipraśamana" of Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra—a Sanskrit work belonging to the Mahāyāna Buddhism. The chapter is obviously a medical tract dating as back as 300 A. D., i. e. earlier than the Bower MS. The entire sūtra has been translated into the Tibetan language. There are also two Chinese translations : one is by Dharmakṣema who flourished in Central India and went to China in 414 A. D. where he stayed until 433 A. D.; it was translated between 414 and 421; the other is by I-tsing—the famous pilgrim who travelled in India and died in 713 A. D. The medical tract is a very small chapter consisting only of 13 verses, some of which are badly preserved. The Tibetan trans. substantially helps in restoring their text. Looking to the brevity of the chapter, I-tsing added 24 verses of his own, making a total of 37 verses, and also wrote some portion in prose. The work, even though a small one, is very important for the study of the origins of the Ayurvedic science, because in certain essential points such as the meaning of the term *dhātu* it deviates substantially from the teachings of Caraka and Suśruta. The Tibetan trans. has endeavoured, as is always the case, to interprete the text faithfully, while the Chinese translations have tried to reconcile the Buddhistic Medicine with the contemporary Indian Medicine, ignoring the philological precision.

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*p.22.l.32*—A Devanāgarī edition of the Bower MS is published by Kaviraj Balvant Singh Mohan, *Ayurvedīya Nāvanītakam*, published by Meherchand Lachchmandas, Lahore, 1925. On the Bower MS cf. A. B. Keith, *HSL*, pp. 509-10; Winternitz, *HIL* III, 544-5; Chemistry in Bower MS is brought out by P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, 28-9.

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*p.23.l.5*—For Medicine in Vimattimagga, reference may be made to Prof. Nagai's article in the journal of the Pāli Text Society, 1917-9, pp. 69-80. cf. also Dr. P. V. Bapat, *Unidentified Sources of Vimuttimagga*, ABORI, XII, 207-11.

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*p.23.l.11*—For Yuan Chwang on Indian Medicine cf. T. Watters, *Yuan Chwang*, I, 174.

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*p.23* § 14—Medicine in Buddhist text is discussed by Radhakumud Mukerjee, JUPHS XV, pt. 1, pp. 30 ff. See also Ratilal Mehta, ibid. pp. 307-11, R. Fick, ibid. pp. 234-7, Rhys Davids, ibid. p.98. *Mahāvyutpattikośa*—an extensive Buddhistic Sanskrit kośa deals, among other things, with names of organs of body, animals, plants, diseases etc. edited by J. P. Minayeff, St. Petersburg, 1887. cf. Winternitz, *HIL* III, 415.

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*p.25.l.5*—For medicine and alchemy in Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra see Jolly, *Festschrift Windisch*, pp. 103 ff., R. K. Mukerjee, ibid., pp. 29-30, A. D. Pusalkar, ibid. p. 409, G. N. Sen, *PS*, intro. p. 3, G. N. Mukhopadhyay, *HIM* II, pp.362-6.

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*p.25.l.10*—Over a dozen medical works are mentioned in the Brahmavaivartapurāṇa. "Nothing is known of these texts and it is difficult to say if they actually existed." cf. Dasgupta *HIP* II, 432-3; G. N. Sen, *PS*, intro. pp. 14-5. See note to p.21.l.25. cf. Dr. D.V.S.

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Reddy, *Medical lore in Samskrit Dramas*, PO IX, pt. 1-2, pp. 27-33. Medicine in *Mahābhārata* is brought out by C. V. Vaidya, *Mahābhāratācā Upasaṃhār* (Marathi), pp. 422-3. See also *Rāmāyaṇa* 2.10.30, 66. 14. Medicine as depicted in Pāṇini's Grammar is discussed by B. K. Mukerjee, ibid.

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*p.25.l.22*—Tibetan anatomical system of. E. H. C. Walsh, JRAS, 1910, pp. 336-40; JRAS 1911, pp. 208; J. F. Fleet, JRAS 1911, pp. 208-9.

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*p.26.l.12*—of. Mahārāṣṭrīya Jñānakoś (Marathi) V, 382.

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*p.26.l.17*—For Medicine in ancient Arabia of. Mahārāṣṭrīya Jñānakoś (Marathi) V, 254-83, 382; P. C. Ray, *HHC* I, intro. lxxvii-lxxix; Winternitz, *HIL* III, p. 554; Macdonell, *HSL*, 426-7; Dr. G. K. Garde, *Vāgbhaṭa*, intro. p. 33. For Medicine in ancient Persia of. ERE VI, *Diseases and Medicine* (Persia). For the Medicine in ancient Iran see J. J. Modi, ABI, V, 101-3.

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*p.27.l.6*—see also Sachau, *Alberuni's India*, pp. 30 ff.

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*p.27.l.7*—For Greek Medicine of. ERE, *Health and Gods of Healing* (Greek) VI, 541; Hemaraj Pandit KS, intro. pp. 161-6, 172-94; A. F. R. Hoernle, *Osteology*, intro. p. 4; Keith, *HSL*, 513-5; Jolly ERE VI, *Diseases and Medicine* (Hindu); Weber, *HIL*, p.269; Winternitz, *HIL* III, p. 554; Macdonell, *HSL*, p. 426; Dr. Garde ibid.; P. C. Ray, ibid. p. xxi; G. N. Banerji, *Hellenism in ancient India*, pp. 230 ff.

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*p.28.l.17*—For the reason leading to the decline of surgery in ancient India, see Keith, ibid. p. 408; B.N. Seal, *Positive Sciences of the ancient Hindus*; R. V. Patvardhan, *Suśruta Śārīra*, trans., intro. p. 9; G. N. Sen, *PS*; Bhagavat Sinhjee, pp. 185 ff; Hariprapannaji, *RYS* intro. p. 15.

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*p.28.§ 17*—Works of some authors deserve special mention :- *Hindu Medicine* by Dr. H. R. Zimmer, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1948. The book is divided into two chapters : (i) Medical tradition and the Hindu Physician (ii) The Human body : Its forces and resources. *La Doctrine Classique de la Medecine Indienne : Ses origines et ses paralleles Grecs* (The Classical Doctrine of Indian Medicine : Its origins and Greek Parallels) by Dr. Jean Filliozat, pp. 230, Paris, 1949. It makes a critical and historical survey of the Indian Medical science with special reference to Vedic and Greek Medicine, as will be seen from the titles of its chapters given below :- (i) The classical Indian medicine : The Ayurveda (ii) Pre-Aryan and Indo-Iranian medical data (iii) Material from the Vedic Samhitas on pathology (iv) Material from the Vedic Samhitas on Physiology (v) Veda and Ayurveda (vi) The Ayurvedic theory of wind and the Greek Pneumatism (vii) The Timèe of Plato and the Indian Medicine (viii) Communications between Greece and India before Alexander. *Etude de Démonologie indienne : Le Kumāratantra de Rāvaṇa et les textes paralleles indiens, tibetains, chinois, cambodgien et Arabe* (Study of Indian Demonology : The Kumāratantra of Rāvaṇa and the Indian, Tibetan, Chinese, Cambodian and Arabic parallel texts ) by the same author, Paris, 1937. The book has the following chapters:—(i) The Kumāratantra and its medical parallels, (ii) Non-medical parallel Sanskrit documents (iii) Divers Indian Documents (iv) Documents foreign to India (v) The character and the divers aspects of the demon Rāvaṇa. Dr. Filliozat has also written *Fragments de textes Koutcheens de médecine et magic*, Paris, 1948; *Nāgārjuna et Agastya, médecins, chimistes et sorciers*, Bruxelles, 1938. Dr. E. Benveniste has written *La doctrine medicale des Indo-Européens*. *Revue de l'Histoire der Religions*, tome cxxx, 1945, pp. 1-12. Important contributions to the study of the different aspects of Indian Medicine have also been made by other French scholars. Sections dealing with Indian medical literature are found in M. Winternitz, *Geschichte der indischen Litteratur* III, Leipzig, 1922, pp. 541-54; A. B. Keith, *History of the Sanskrit Literature*, London, 1928, pp. 505-15. The latter has the following chapters:—(i) The development of Indian Medicine (ii) The older Samhitas (iii) The medical tracts in the Bower MS (iv) Later medical works (v) Greece and Indian Medicine.

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