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A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c45.s5.t1: Special features

A History of Indian Medical Literature v3.c45.s5.t1

Language
English

Special features

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Interesting subjects are: some names of vegetables: śakata, mahābhāṣa, goṇī, and gandhalakṣmī (VI.18.121); some prepared dishes: doṣaka (VI.19.16cd–17ab), iḍḍalikā (VI.19.17cd–21ab), and varṣelaka (VI.19.27cd–33ab); a description of the descent of āyurveda to the human world (VI.²¹.4–5);³⁶ definitions of the eight limbs of āyurveda: kāyatantra, bālatantra, grahatantra, śālāyatantra, śalyatantra, agadatantra, rasāyanatantra, and vṛṣatantra (VI.21.8–45); the three doṣas (VI.21.23–39, 46–47ab, 54, 97–108ab);³⁷ the digestive fire (VI.21.25cd–26ab, 40–41);³⁸ the amount of time required for the digestion of various substances (VI.21.42–45);³⁹ the six tastes (VI.21.47cd–53);⁴⁰ the eightfold examination of a patient (VI.21.⁵⁵); the examination of the pulse (VI.21.56–96);⁴¹ fevers (VI.21.110cd–137ab);⁴² groups of drugs (VI.21.137cd–178);⁴³ types of country (deśa) and soil (bhūmi) (VI.21.186cd–197ab);⁴⁴ the definition of a rasavaidya (VI.²³.56–57); lists of plants employed in the various processes (saṃskāra) to which mercury is subjected (VI.²⁴.2–33); the eighteen saṃskāras of mercury (VI.24.50–182ab);⁴⁵ descriptions of the human constitutions (sāra and prakṛti) (VII.10.159–164 and 170–173).⁴⁶

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The chapter on perfumery (gandhayukti; VI.15) mentions five basic processes (saṃskāra): mardana, svedana, lepana, dhūpana, and saṃvāsana (15.6cd–9).

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The chapter on precious and semi-precious stones (VI.17) describes five mahāratnas: diamond (vajra), pearl (muktāphala), ruby (māṇikya), sapphire (nīla), and emerald (marakata), and five uparatnas: puṣparāga, vaidūrya, gomeda, sphaṭika, and pravāla.

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Some subjects dealt with in the chapters devoted to alchemy (VI.22–25) are: a list of eight mahārasa(yoga)s, called sarveśvara, pūrṇacandrodaya, rājamṛgāṅka, mālinīvasanta, vasantakusumākara, trailokyacintāmaṇi, mahābhūpati, and lakṣmīvilāsa (22.47–48); the formulae of these rasas (22.49–98);⁴⁷ the naisargikamalas of mercury: pārthiva, āpya, āgneya, ānila, nābhasa, gajacarmākhya, puṇḍarīka, visarpaka; hāridra, raktacarmākhya, nāraṅga, raktabinduka, asahyāgni, and maṇḍūka (VI.²³.34–35); the seven kañcukas: kālikā, mālinī, kapotī, girijā, (s)alomī, girijā, and piṅgalī (VI.23.36–37ab); the three yaugikamalas: viṣa, nāga, and vaṅga (VI.23.37cd); the preparation of some sindūras (22.107cd–112); the description of some bhasmans

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(22.113–118ab); measures (22.118cd–126ab);⁴⁸ the storage life (vīryāvasthitikāla) of various pharmaceutical preparations (22.126cd–128ab); dosages (22.128cd–130); the five avasthās of mercury (23.32–33); the doṣas of mercury (23.34–44); the eight mahārasas: bhūnāga, ghana (= abhraka), vaikrānta, vimalā, tāpya, tutthaka, kharparī, and rājāvarta (23.⁵⁸);⁴⁹ the eight uparasas: gandha, kaṅkuṣṭha, kāsīsa, (manaḥ)śilā, kāṅkṣī, vārātikā, gairika, and tālaka (23.59cd–60ab);⁵⁰ a series of six sādhāraṇarasas: girisindūra, podāraśṛṅgī,⁵¹ gaurīśilā (= gaurīpāṣāṇa), añjana, kampilla, and capala (23.60cd–61ab);⁵² a series of four śaktirasas: hinguḷa, sasyaka, śilājit, and agnijāraka (23.61cd–62ab);⁵³ a series of five uparatnas: sphaṭika is of three types: sūryakānta, candrakānta, tārakānta, to which some add lohakānta as a fourth type (23.63cd–64ab).⁵⁴

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The divyauṣadhis enumerated are: atasīvallī, bhagavallikā, bhūtakeśī, bhūtumbī, bilvinī, brahmaṇī, camarīkā, caṇḍālī, gāndharvī, garuḍavallikā, gomārī, gośṛṅgī, īśvarī, jyotirlatā, kākinī, karīrakavarī, karīravallarī, kṛṣṇavallarī, kṣaṇavallarī, kṣatriṇī, kūrmalatā, laśunavallarī, locanalatā, mādhavī, mahāmāṣa, mahauṣadhī, maṇḍūkī, mūlakandaka, munivallikā, nimbā vallī, padminī, pītavallī, raktalatā, rohiṇī, rudantī, tāmravallikā, tilakanda, triśūlinī, tumbinī, vīravallī, and vyāghrapādī (24.2–7ab).

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The very potent (mahābala) vanausadhis are: alambusā, aparājitā, ardhacandra, candrikā, cintyā,⁵⁵ citrapattrā, durgandhā, hemapuṣpī, jalahemāgama, jalakumbhī, jalamūlaka, jalapippalī, jālinī, jalotpalā, kākamācī, kapotī, karṇisphoṭī, kṣīriṇī, māṃṣī, maṇḍūkī, meghānādī, musalī, nandinī, pāṣāṇī, patākī, rasā,⁵⁶ rohiṇī, samaṅgā, sārivā, śikhā, śikhipādā, śītagandhinī, sthalaprasāriṇī, śukanāsikā, tulasī, tuṣāmbu, uttamā, vanakūṣmāṇḍavallī, vāyasī, veṇukā, and vṛścikālī (24.7cd–13ab).⁵⁷

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The list of niyamaka plants (24.15–22) reproduces, more or less, Rasendracūḍāmaṇi 8.1–8ab; the list of bhasmakara plants (24.23–33) has also been borrowed, with a number of variants, from the Rasendracūḍāmaṇi (8.9cd–20).

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The eighteen saṃskāras listed (24.50–54) and described (24.55–182ab) are: svedana, mardana, mūrchā, utthāna, pātana, rodhana, niyāma, dīpana, anuvasana, cāraṇa, jāraṇa, garbhadruṭi, bāhyadruṭi, rāga, sāraṇa, anusāraṇa, krāmaṇa, and vedha. Two types of mukha are mentioned: divya and asura (24.112cd–113). Jāraṇa is of two varieties: bāla- and baddhajāraṇa (24.119). Pratisāraṇa, not listed as a distinct saṃskāra, is described (24.161–164). Five types of vedha are distinguished: lepa-, kṣepa-, kunta-, dhūma-, and śabdavedha (24.168–174ab).

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The yantras described are: dolā-, adhaḥpātana-, tiryakpātana-, kacchapa-, ūrdhvapātana-, antarālika-, tāpikā-, pratigarbha-, dīpālikā-, puṭa-, vidyādhara-, ḍamaruka-, nābhī-, garta-, ḍeṅkī-, somānala-, and nālikāyantra (25.17cd–59).⁵⁸ Yantras mentioned only are: vaḍavānala-, dhūpa-, kaṇḍuka-, khecara-, sthālīkā-, tulā-, lavaṇa-, iṣṭikā-, and koṣṭhayantra (25.61–62).⁵⁹ The mūṣās are referred to (25.63–68);⁶⁰ the usual types of puṭa are characterized (25.69–82ab).⁶¹

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Some sources⁶² mentioned at the end of kallola six are: the Aśvins, Dattila,⁶³ Dhanvantaramita, Gaurīmata, Gitatatnākara,⁶⁴ Nalamata,⁶⁵ Kohalaka,⁶⁶ Mayamata,⁶⁷ Pragayasaāra,⁶⁸ Rasahṛdaya, Rasaratnākara, Śārṅgadhara, Utpalaparimala,⁶⁹ Viśvakarmamata,⁷⁰ Vihagendrasaṃhitā,⁷¹ and Yogaratnāvalī.

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Some sources referred to at the end of kallola seven are: Amṛtānanda,⁷²

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Haramekhalikātantra,73 Kautukacintāmaṇi, Mānasollāsa, Merutantra, Nakula,74 Nala, Pālakāpya, Śālihotra, Vāgbhaṭa, and Vidyānātha.75

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Basava Bhūpāla76 (1684–1710)77 was the last ruler of the Kelaḍi kingdom, which flourished from A.D. 1499 to 1763 in the area corresponding to the coast of Karṇātaka from Goa in the north to Cannanore in the south.78 Kelaḍi was also known as Ikkēri, and its rulers, who professed Vīraśaivism,79 were great patrons of literature and architecture.80

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Basava Bhūpāla also wrote the Subhāṣitasuradruma (in Sanskrit),81 the Sūktisudhākara (in a mixture of Sanskrit and Kannaḍa), and a commentary (in Sanskrit) on the Siddhāntaśikhāmaṇi.82

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The genealogy of Basava Bhūpāla’s family forms part of the Śivatattvaratnākara.83 He was the son of Somaśekhara and Cannāmbikā or Cennāmbikā,84 a pupil of Cannavī-rakara, and a patron of Cokkanātha, author of the Kāntimatīpariṇaya.85

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Date The Śivatattvaratnākara was completed in 1709.86

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Cainarūpa Cainarūpa, a Jain author, who probably lived in Bikāner, wrote in 1778/79 a Pathyā-pathyastabaka.87

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Cakrapāṇidāsa Cakrapāṇidāsa, son of Parāṅkuśa, completed his Abhinavacintāmaṇi in 1799.88

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Contents This treatise is arranged in sixty-six chapters (kiraṇa). Chapters one to four deal with māna and paribhāṣā, rasādiśuddhi, kalādidvādaśatattva, and nāḍyāditrayodaśatattva. Chapters five to sixty-three are concerned with the treatment of diseases. The last three chapters are about rasāyana, vājīkaraṇa, and vamanādi, along with ṛtucaryā. The arrangement of the diseases generally agrees with the order adopted in the Mādhavanidāna. The recipes begin with kvāthas, cūrṇas, etc., followed by rasayogas, and end with tailas and ghṛtas. The treatise is a compilation derived from various sources, but the original texts have been modified.

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Special features Minor deviations from the arrangement of the diseases in the Mādhavanidāna are: a separate chapter on kāmalā and halīmaka; separate chapters on śvāsa and hikkā; vra-ṇaśotha, śārīravraṇa, sadyovraṇa, bhagna and nāḍīvraṇa are discussed in one chapter, as well as visarpa and visphoṭa; pradara, yonivyāpad, mūḍhagarbha and sūtīkāroga are

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dealt with collectively in a chapter on strīroga. Special emphasis is laid on astrological and religious aspects of therapy. A new disorder described is amlapittajvara.89

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Diler Jang Diler Jang was the author of the Dinacaryāpaddhati.90

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Dīpacandra Dīpacandra, with the title of Vācaka, was the author of the Laṅghanapathyaniṛṇaya,91 a work on fasting and diet, especially in the treatment of fevers. The treatise consists of a laṅghanaprakaraṇa on fasting in 215 and a pathyaprakaraṇa on wholesome articles of diet in 116 stanzas.92

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The following sources are quoted: Amṛtasāgara,93 Ānandamālā (by Ānandabhāratī Yatīndra), Bhāvaprakāśa, Bhela, Bhiṣakcitracittotsava,94 Cakradatta, Caraka, Cikitsāmṛta(sāgara),95 Cikitsāratnabhūṣaṇa,96 Dāmodara, Gāruḍisaṃhitā, Hārīta, Hitopadeśa,97 Jvaratimirabhāskara (by Cāmuṇḍa), Kālajñāna, Kṣemakutūhala, Lakṣmaṇotsava, Mādhavanidāna, Siddhāntasīromaṇi,98 Sūpākāragrantha, Suṣeṇa, Suśruta, Toḍarānanda, Vāgbhaṭa, Vaidyakasamjīvana,99 Vaidyakasārasaṃgraha,100 Vaidyasarvasva,101 Vaidyavinoda,102 Vaṅgasena, Vṛddhasuśruta, Vṛddhavṛnda, and Vṛnda.103

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The author and his date No particulars are known about the author, except his being a Jaina, as appears from his title Vācaka. He composed his work in 1735/36 under the reign of Jaisimha II of Jaypur.104 He was a pupil of Dayātilakopādhyāya105 and belonged to the tradition of Jinadattasūri.106 Other works of the same author are a Hindī commentary on Kalyā-ṇadāsa’s Bālatantra and an unspecified Vaidyakagrantha.107

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Ekojī Ekojī, one of the Maratha kings of Tanjore, is credited with a work called Āyurveda.108

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Gopāladāsa Vaidya Gopāladāsa Vaidya, son of Siddheśvara and grandson of Rāmarāma of Dvārandhra, was the author of the Yogāmṛta, written in 1771/72. This work is provided with an auto-commentary called Subodhinī.109

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Govindadāsa Govindadāsa was the author of the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī,110 a very large treatise, mainly in verse, on therapy and a number of other subjects. The 12,360 verses of the work are arranged in 106 chapters (prakaraṇa).

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Chapter one describes the descent (avatāra) of āyurveda to the human world in its own way, thereby mentioning Caraka, Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa as the three great masters of the medical science. Chapter two is about the purification (śodhana) and killing (māraṇa) of a series of substances used for iatrochemical purposes.¹¹¹ Chapter three (miśravargaprakaraṇa) is concerned with various general subjects connected with medicine. Chapter four (paribhāṣāprakaraṇa) is about weights and measures (1–14), groups of medicinal substances (15–44), some medicinal preparations (45–56), substitutes for rare drugs (57–100), and subjects related to the preparation of drugs (101–130).¹¹²

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¹¹¹ Chapter three (miśravargaprakaraṇa) is concerned with various general subjects connected with medicine.

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¹¹² Chapter four (paribhāṣāprakaraṇa) is about weights and measures (1–14), groups of medicinal substances (15–44), some medicinal preparations (45–56), substitutes for rare drugs (57–100), and subjects related to the preparation of drugs (101–130).

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Chapters five to seventy-two are concerned with the treatment of diseases, for the greater part arranged in agreement with the Mādhavanidāna.¹¹³ Verses on nidāna are absent. The rasauṣadhas are preceded by rāsāyana, seventy-four with vājīkaraṇa, seventy-five with the suppression of ejaculation (vīryastambha).

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¹¹³ Chapters five to seventy-two are concerned with the treatment of diseases, for the greater part arranged in agreement with the Mādhavanidāna.

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Chapters 76–106 describe diseases, together with their treatment, which are absent from the Mādhavanidāna. Three pariśiṣṭa chapters are about pittaroga, kapharoga, and some especially efficient formulae (anubhūtayoga), which are said to derive from Rājeśvaraśāstrin.¹¹⁴

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¹¹⁴ Chapters 76–106 describe diseases, together with their treatment, which are absent from the Mādhavanidāna. Three pariśiṣṭa chapters are about pittaroga, kapharoga, and some especially efficient formulae (anubhūtayoga), which are said to derive from Rājeśvaraśāstrin.

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Sources are not mentioned in the body of the text.¹¹⁵

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¹¹⁵ Sources are not mentioned in the body of the text.

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The Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī is quoted in Ambikādattaśāstrin’s commentary on the Rasendrasārasaṃgraha, Āśubodha and Nityabodha Senagupta’s commentary on the Rasaratnasamuccaya, the Āyurvedīya Khanijavijñāna, Gulrājśarmamiśra’s Viśikhānu-praveśavijñāna, Hariprapanna’s Rasayogasāgara, Hariśaraṇānanda’s Kūpīpakvarasa-nirmāṇavijñāna, Jīvānandavidyāsāgara’s commentary on the Rasendrasārasaṃgraha, Nirañjanaprasāda Gupta’s Pāradasaṃhitā, the Rasadhātuprakāśa, and Yādavajī Trikamajī Ācārya’s Rasāmṛta and Siddhayogasāṃgraha. It was one of the sources of Āryadāsa Kumārasimha’s Kvāthamaṇimālā, the Bheṣajasamhitā, Devasimha Viṭṭhal’s Bṛhadasāvarīṣtasaṃgraha, Viśvanātha Dvivedī’s Rasendrasambhava, and the Rasoddhāratantra.

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Special features In contrast with the Mādhavanidāna, two separate chapters are devoted to jvarātīsāra (6) and plīhayakṛdroga (41). The treatment of one series of thirteen saṃnipāta fevers is described: śītāṅga, tandrika, pralāpaka, raktaṣṭhīvin, bhugnanetra, abhinyāsa, jihvaka, sandhika, antaka, rugdāha, cittabhrama, karṇika, and kaṇṭhakubja (5.277–324). An unusual fever is nāsikājvara (5.1410–1413).¹¹⁶ The chapter on atīsāra mentions the treatment of śothātīsāra (7.77–78). The chapter on vātavyādhi has two different lists of gandhadravyas to be used in the preparation of fragrant oils (26.302 and 303–306); the same chapter describes the purification (śuddhi) of aromatic substances and refers to techniques of gandhaśāstra (443–469); it also deals with tests giving answers about the genuineness or adulteration of fragrant substances (470–507).¹¹⁷ The chapter on masūrikā refers to the śītalātotra (59.44) and mentions some other deities to be invoked in this disease (59.42–43). The chapter on diseases in pregnant

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¹¹⁶ An unusual fever is nāsikājvara (5.1410–1413).

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¹¹⁷ The chapter on vātavyādhi has two different lists of gandhadravyas to be used in the preparation of fragrant oils (26.302 and 303–306); the same chapter describes the purification (śuddhi) of aromatic substances and refers to techniques of gandhaśāstra (443–469); it also deals with tests giving answers about the genuineness or adulteration of fragrant substances (470–507).

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women describes the ubhayatriṃśaka and ubhayapañcadaśa yantras (68.64–66); it also refers to the rākṣasī Jambhalā, who procures an easy delivery (68.67). Rāvaṇa’s Kumāratantra is quoted in the chapter on children’s diseases (71.182–193); the same chapter mentions the disorders called āhiṇḍikā (71.13 and 16)¹¹⁸ and paścādruj(a) (71.81 and 82). Each chapter closes with the enumeration of what is beneficial (pathya) and harmful (apathya) in a particular disease. The third pariśiṣṭa chapter mentions disorders called snāyudaurbalya and svapnameha.¹¹⁹

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¹¹⁸ mentions the disorders called āhiṇḍikā (71.13 and 16)

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¹¹⁹ The third pariśiṣṭa chapter mentions disorders called snāyudaurbalya and svapnameha.

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The most noteworthy feature of the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī consists of the description of a long series of diseases, together with their treatment,¹²⁰ which are for the greater part in other āyurvedic treatises and betray the influence of western medicine.¹²¹

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¹²¹ which are for the greater part in other āyurvedic treatises and betray the influence of western medicine.

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These diseases, added in a viśiṣṭarogādhikāra (chapters 76–106) are: āmāśayaroga (76),¹²² smaronmāda (77),¹²³ gadodvega, also called apadārthara (78),¹²⁴ tattvonmāda, also called brahmamoha (79),¹²⁵ acalavāta (80),¹²⁶ tāṇḍavaroga (81),¹²⁷ snāyuroga, also called snāyuśūla (82),¹²⁸ skhalitya (83),¹²⁹ khañjanikā (84),¹³⁰ urastoya (85),¹³¹ bahumūtra (86),¹³² somaroga, mūtrātīsāra,¹³³ and madhumeha¹³⁴ (87), śukrameha (88),¹³⁵ aupasargikameha, also called pūyameha, vraṇameha, and āgantumeha (89),¹³⁶ ojomeha (90),¹³⁷ lasīkāmeha (91),¹³⁸ dhvajabhaṅga, also called klaibya (92),¹³⁹ vṛkkaroga (93),¹⁴⁰ klomaroga (94),¹⁴¹ phiraṅgaroga, also called gandharoga (95),¹⁴² snāyukaroga (96),¹⁴³ pāradavikāra (97),¹⁴⁴ śīrṣāmburoga (98),¹⁴⁵ mastīṣkavepaṇa, also called śīrṣavepaṇa and -vepathu (99),¹⁴⁶ mastīṣkacaya, also called mastīṣkavṛddhi, and mastīṣkapacaya, also called mastīṣkahrāsa (100),¹⁴⁷ amśughāta (102),¹⁴⁸ yoṣāpatantraka, also called yoṣāpasmāra (103),¹⁴⁹ yoṇikaṇḍū (104),¹⁵⁰ aṇḍādhāraroga (105),¹⁵¹ and apamumūrṣu (106).¹⁵²

v3.c45.s5.t1.89

¹²² āmāśayaroga (76),

v3.c45.s5.t1.90

¹²³ smaronmāda (77),

v3.c45.s5.t1.91

¹²⁴ gadodvega, also called apadārthara (78),

v3.c45.s5.t1.92

¹²⁵ tattvonmāda, also called brahmamoha (79),

v3.c45.s5.t1.93

¹²⁶ acalavāta (80),

v3.c45.s5.t1.94

¹²⁷ tāṇḍavaroga (81),

v3.c45.s5.t1.95

¹²⁸ snāyuroga, also called snāyuśūla (82),

v3.c45.s5.t1.96

¹²⁹ skhalitya (83),

v3.c45.s5.t1.97

¹³⁰ khañjanikā (84),

v3.c45.s5.t1.98

¹³¹ urastoya (85),

v3.c45.s5.t1.99

¹³² bahumūtra (86),

v3.c45.s5.t1.100

¹³³ somaroga, mūtrātīsāra,

v3.c45.s5.t1.101

¹³⁴ and madhumeha

v3.c45.s5.t1.102

¹³⁵ śukrameha (88),

v3.c45.s5.t1.103

¹³⁶ aupasargikameha, also called pūyameha, vraṇameha, and āgantumeha (89),

v3.c45.s5.t1.104

¹³⁷ ojomeha (90),

v3.c45.s5.t1.105

¹³⁹ dhvajabhaṅga, also called klaibya (92),

v3.c45.s5.t1.106

¹⁴⁰ vṛkkaroga (93),

v3.c45.s5.t1.107

¹⁴¹ klomaroga (94),

v3.c45.s5.t1.108

¹⁴² phiraṅgaroga, also called gandharoga (95),

v3.c45.s5.t1.109

¹⁴³ snāyukaroga (96),

v3.c45.s5.t1.110

¹⁴⁴ pāradavikāra (97),

v3.c45.s5.t1.111

¹⁴⁵ śīrṣāmburoga (98),

v3.c45.s5.t1.112

¹⁴⁶ mastīṣkavepaṇa, also called śīrṣavepaṇa and -vepathu (99),

v3.c45.s5.t1.113

¹⁴⁷ mastīṣkacaya, also called mastīṣkavṛddhi, and mastīṣkapacaya, also called mastīṣkahrāsa (100),

v3.c45.s5.t1.114

¹⁴⁸ amśughāta (102),

v3.c45.s5.t1.115

¹⁴⁹ yoṣāpatantraka, also called yoṣāpasmāra (103),

v3.c45.s5.t1.116

¹⁵⁰ yoṇikaṇḍū (104),

v3.c45.s5.t1.117

¹⁵¹ aṇḍādhāraroga (105),

v3.c45.s5.t1.118

Chapters 76–106 contain a number of common medicines, in particular rasayogas, thought to be specifics against diseases mentioned in these chapters.¹⁵³ Yogas described in preceding chapters (five to seventy-five) are repeatedly referred to.

v3.c45.s5.t1.119

¹⁵³ Chapters 76–106 contain a number of common medicines, in particular rasayogas, thought to be specifics against diseases mentioned in these chapters.

v3.c45.s5.t1.120

Religious and magical practices said to cure particular diseases are also mentioned.¹⁵⁴

v3.c45.s5.t1.121

¹⁵⁴ Religious and magical practices said to cure particular diseases are also mentioned.

v3.c45.s5.t1.122

The materia medica consists for the greater part of the usual āyurvedic and iatrochemical substances.

v3.c45.s5.t1.123

Noteworthy names of medicinal plants and plant products are: ¹⁵⁵ ācu (54.353),¹⁵⁶ ākārakarabha (75.15), amlaloṇī,¹⁵⁷ āsāraṇa (5.672),¹⁵⁸ asraghnī,¹⁵⁹ asthikarkaṭa (5.430),¹⁶⁰ bakapuṣpa (32.39),¹⁶¹ bakapuṣpikā,¹⁶² bhadroṭkaṭa (8.392; 69.21),¹⁶³ bhekī,¹⁶⁴ bhūkūṣmāṇḍa (74.59),¹⁶⁵ bhūmikūṣmāṇḍa,¹⁶⁶ bṛhadbhaṇḍī (pariśiṣṭa 2.30),¹⁶⁷ camarīphala (45.48),¹⁶⁸ candraprabhā,¹⁶⁹ candraśūra (101.5), copacīnī (95.24), daṇḍinī,¹⁷⁰ dārusitā (16.108),¹⁷¹ dhanīyaka (37.211),¹⁷² dhavalāṅkaṭha (41.¹³⁸),¹⁷³ gandhālikā,¹⁷⁴ gandhamātṛkā (26.305; 66.33),¹⁷⁵ gandhapattraka (26.508),¹⁷⁶ ghaṭakarṇa(ka) (56.58, 72, 89),¹⁷⁷ girikanyā,¹⁷⁸ guñjākīnī (5.672),¹⁷⁹ hastiśuṇḍī (5.628; 82.20), hastiśuṇḍikā (5.658),¹⁸⁰ hemāmbhodhara (30.216), indrasūra (10.221;¹⁸¹ 45.48),¹⁸² irima (61.104),¹⁸³ jalakarṇā (14.¹²⁰),¹⁸⁴ jāmātar (56.79),¹⁸⁵ jayitrī (8.179),¹⁸⁶ kapihastaka,¹⁸⁷ kapotavaktra (36.13),¹⁸⁸ karṇamoraṭa (5.1416),¹⁸⁹ kṣaṭhamārjārikā,¹⁹⁰ kāsuṇda (54.352),¹⁹¹ keśākhya (5.575),¹⁹² kiṅkinī (65.¹⁵² and 154),¹⁹³ kūlika (72.50),¹⁹⁴ kuṇḍakhoṭī (8.217),¹⁹⁵ mahādrekā (37.210),¹⁹⁶ maurvī,¹⁹⁷ mocaka (74.230),¹⁹⁸ nāgaparṇī,¹⁹⁹ padmāṭa (54.210; 61.106),²⁰⁰ pītamūlī (98.9 and 11),²⁰¹ rājahemaka (65.154), 202 rājasvarṇaka, 203 raktapuṣpa, 204 rocana, 205 śālīñca (5.576; 10.306), śālīñcī, 206 śālmalīmocaka, 207 saurī (26.503), 208 sudhāmūlī (15.194), 209 svarṇadhustūra (5.651), 210 śvetadhūnaka, 211 tīkṣṇaparṇa (5.650), 212 tripurabhaṇḍikā or -bhaṇṭikā (5.671), 213 tṛṇaparṇa (5.210), 214 ulla (56.59), 215 vaivasvatadruma (54.364), 216 vakama, 217 and vanasarṣapa (5.670). 218

v3.c45.s5.t1.124

¹²⁰ The most noteworthy feature of the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī consists of the description of a long series of diseases, together with their treatment,

v3.c45.s5.t1.125

¹³⁸ lasīkāmeha (91),

v3.c45.s5.t1.126

¹⁵² and apamumūrṣu (106).

v3.c45.s5.t1.127

¹⁵⁵ Noteworthy names of medicinal plants and plant products are:

v3.c45.s5.t1.128

¹⁵⁶ ācu (54.353),

v3.c45.s5.t1.129

¹⁵⁷ amlaloṇī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.130

¹⁵⁸ āsāraṇa (5.672),

v3.c45.s5.t1.131

¹⁵⁹ asraghnī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.132

¹⁶⁰ asthikarkaṭa (5.430),

v3.c45.s5.t1.133

¹⁶¹ bakapuṣpa (32.39),

v3.c45.s5.t1.134

¹⁶² bakapuṣpikā,

v3.c45.s5.t1.135

¹⁶³ bhadroṭkaṭa (8.392; 69.21),

v3.c45.s5.t1.136

¹⁶⁴ bhekī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.137

¹⁶⁵ bhūkūṣmāṇḍa (74.59),

v3.c45.s5.t1.138

¹⁶⁶ bhūmikūṣmāṇḍa,

v3.c45.s5.t1.139

¹⁶⁷ bṛhadbhaṇḍī (pariśiṣṭa 2.30),

v3.c45.s5.t1.140

¹⁶⁸ camarīphala (45.48),

v3.c45.s5.t1.141

¹⁶⁹ candraprabhā,

v3.c45.s5.t1.142

¹⁷⁰ daṇḍinī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.143

¹⁷¹ dārusitā (16.108),

v3.c45.s5.t1.144

¹⁷² dhanīyaka (37.211),

v3.c45.s5.t1.145

¹⁷³ dhavalāṅkaṭha (41.138),

v3.c45.s5.t1.146

¹⁷⁴ gandhālikā,

v3.c45.s5.t1.147

¹⁷⁵ gandhamātṛkā (26.305; 66.33),

v3.c45.s5.t1.148

¹⁷⁶ gandhapattraka (26.508),

v3.c45.s5.t1.149

¹⁷⁷ ghaṭakarṇa(ka) (56.58, 72, 89),

v3.c45.s5.t1.150

¹⁷⁸ girikanyā,

v3.c45.s5.t1.151

¹⁷⁹ guñjākīnī (5.672),

v3.c45.s5.t1.152

¹⁸⁰ hastiśuṇḍī (5.628; 82.20), hastiśuṇḍikā (5.658),

v3.c45.s5.t1.153

¹⁸¹ indrasūra (10.221;

v3.c45.s5.t1.154

¹⁸² 45.48),

v3.c45.s5.t1.155

¹⁸³ irima (61.104),

v3.c45.s5.t1.156

¹⁸⁴ jalakarṇā (14.120),

v3.c45.s5.t1.157

¹⁸⁵ jāmātar (56.79),

v3.c45.s5.t1.158

¹⁸⁶ jayitrī (8.179),

v3.c45.s5.t1.159

¹⁸⁷ kapihastaka,

v3.c45.s5.t1.160

¹⁸⁸ kapotavaktra (36.13),

v3.c45.s5.t1.161

¹⁸⁹ karṇamoraṭa (5.1416),

v3.c45.s5.t1.162

¹⁹⁰ kṣaṭhamārjārikā,

v3.c45.s5.t1.163

¹⁹¹ kāsuṇda (54.352),

v3.c45.s5.t1.164

¹⁹² keśākhya (5.575),

v3.c45.s5.t1.165

¹⁹³ kiṅkinī (65.152 and 154),

v3.c45.s5.t1.166

¹⁹⁴ kūlika (72.50),

v3.c45.s5.t1.167

¹⁹⁵ kuṇḍakhoṭī (8.217),

v3.c45.s5.t1.168

¹⁹⁶ mahādrekā (37.210),

v3.c45.s5.t1.169

¹⁹⁷ maurvī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.170

¹⁹⁸ mocaka (74.230),

v3.c45.s5.t1.171

¹⁹⁹ nāgaparṇī,

v3.c45.s5.t1.172

²⁰⁰ padmāṭa (54.210; 61.106),

v3.c45.s5.t1.173

²⁰¹ pītamūlī (98.9 and 11),

v3.c45.s5.t1.174

Inorganic substances mentioned are rasakarpūra (95.10–11) and soraka (89.22).

v3.c45.s5.t1.175

Distillation is clearly described in the verses on the preparation of mṛtasaṃjīvanī surā (5.1261–1272; 74.372–386). 219 Yantras used are the bakayantra (pariśiṣṭa 3.19), kaccapayantra (9.182), mocikā- and mayūrākhyayantra (5.1269; 74.376), and the gajakumbha (74.378). 220

v3.c45.s5.t1.176

The third pariśiṣṭa chapter, containing recipes deriving from Rājeśvaraśāstrin, mentions kattīraka (51), khatamī (22), śālibāhvā (50), sāmudranārikela (42), tṛṇakānta (40), unnābaka (23), and vanapsikā (22). It refers to Yūnānī medicine (yāvana vaidyaka; 48), and gives the formula of a Yūnānī compound medicine, called yāvanaratneśvara or jawāhir mohrā (40–48).

v3.c45.s5.t1.177

*The author* Govindadāsa 221 was the son of Candracūḍa and Ambikā. 222 He may have been a Bengal physician since the MSS of the Bhaiṣajyaratnāvalī are found exclusively in Bengal. 223

v3.c45.s5.t1.178

*Date* The work is usually assigned to the eighteenth century. 224 It has to be taken into account that chapters two and four, and in particular chapters 76–106, do not belong to the original text, but were probably added by Brahmaśamkara Miśra in the nineteenth century.

v3.c45.s5.t1.179

*Guṇavilāsa* Guṇavilāsa, a Jain monk of the Kharataragaccha, wrote the Guṇaratnaprakāśikā in A.D. 1715/16. 225

v3.c45.s5.t1.180

*Haṃsarāja Pippalaka* Haṃsarāja Pippalaka, a Jain, was the author of the Mūtralakṣaṇa, a work dating from the eighteenth century of the Vikrama era, i.e., about A.D. 1650–1750. 226

v3.c45.s5.t1.181

*Jogidāsa* Jogidāsa, known as Dāsakavi, wrote the Vaidyakasāra, a therapeutic treatise, written in Rājasthānī on the request of Jorāvarasiṃha, eldest son of Mahārāja Sujānasimha of Bīkāner (1700–1735).

v3.c45.s5.t1.182

The author was a Śvetāmbara Jain monk, son of Jośīrāya. He completed his treatise in A.D. 1705/06. 227

v3.c45.s5.t1.183

*Kāpālika* Kāpālika wrote a monograph on eye diseases, the Kāpālikagrantha or Netraroganidāna, 228 under the reign of Shāhajī, one of the kings of Tanjore. 229

v3.c45.s5.t1.184

*Kāśīnātha* Kāśīnātha was the author of the Laṅghanapathyaniṛṇaya. 230

v3.c45.s5.t1.185

*Keśavarāma* Keśavarāma or Vyāsakeśavarāma was the author of the Laghunighaṇṭu or -nighaṇṭu, also called Auṣadha-, Auṣadhi- and Oṣadhināmamālā. 231

v3.c45.s5.t1.186

*Contents* The treatise consists of 237 verses which, the first and last verse excepted, enumerate the names and properties of a series of drugs of vegetable, animal and mineral origin. 232 The Sanskrit synonyms are preceded by their Gujarātī equivalents. The absence of a large number of important medicinal substances, e.g., aśoka, balā, candana, dantī, kuṭaja, lodhra, śigru, and yaṣṭimadhu, cannot be explained. 233 In general, it remains completely obscure on which grounds the author decided to include or omit particular items of the Indian materia medica.

v3.c45.s5.t1.187

Sources are not indicated but the resemblance of many of the strings of synonyms with those found in the Dhanvantariyanighaṇṭu 234 indicate the author's indebtedness to that work and his lack of originality. The description of the medicinal qualities does, however, not tally with the Dhanvantariyanighaṇṭu.

v3.c45.s5.t1.188

*Special features* Although yavānī itself is not described, the author mentions pārasīkayavānī (67cd–68ab) and sugandhakarabha (68cd; called khurāsāṇī yavānī in Sanskrit) as two distinct plants. 235 Three types of punarnavā are referred to (172–173ab). 236 Opium and Cannabis are absent.

v3.c45.s5.t1.189

*The author* At the end of the work the author mentions that his name is Vyāsakeśavarāma, pupil of Dhanvantari. He apparently belonged to Gujarāt because he included the Gujarātī names of the drugs described.

v3.c45.s5.t1.190

*Date* The author is assigned to the end of the eighteenth century by the editors of the Laghunighaṇṭu. 237

v3.c45.s5.t1.191

Lakṣmīcand

v3.c45.s5.t1.192

Lakṣmīcand, a Jain monk of the Kharataragaccha, pupil of Amaravijaya, wrote a *Vaidyakagrantha* in Hindī in the first half of the eighteenth century. 238

v3.c45.s5.t1.193

Mahādevadeva

v3.c45.s5.t1.194

Mahādevadeva 239 was the author of the *Hikmatprakāśa* 240 and *Hikmatpradīpa*, 241 two treatises on Yūnānī medicine in Sanskrit.

v3.c45.s5.t1.195

The *Hikmatprakāśa* 242 is a work of 1,910 verses arranged in three sections (khaṇḍa).

v3.c45.s5.t1.196

*Contents* 243 Section one (seventy-nine verses) deals with the principles of Yūnānī medicine; it describes the four humours, their qualities and the grades of these qualities, the various powers (śakti) of drugs, the examination of the urine and that of the pulse. Section two (1,142 verses) is on medicinal substances, their names, varieties, properties and uses, both single and compound; substitutes are also mentioned in many cases. This section is divided into twenty-eight vargas; the drugs have been grouped together according to the initial letter of their name and according to the order of the Arabic alphabet. Section three (689 verses) describes in twenty-one vargas a number of medicinal preparations, also arranged in agreement with the Arabic alphabet.

v3.c45.s5.t1.197

The treatise is based on Persian medical works 244 which explains that it abounds in Persian and Arabic medical terms. These terms are often explained, either in the text itself or in the ṭīkā that accompanies it. The Sanskrit or Hindī equivalents of the Persian names of drugs are rather frequently recorded. The names of diseases are for the greater part those known from āyurvedic treatises.

v3.c45.s5.t1.198

The *Hikmatprakāśa* is quoted in Mauktika's *Vaidyamuktāvalī*.

v3.c45.s5.t1.199

*Special features* Disorders of the lungs (phupphusa) are often referred to (e.g., 2.58, 99, 606, 616). Some diseases mentioned without any Sanskrit equivalent are ahbal (2.974), khunāk (2.490; a disease of the throat), 245 nākhūnā (2.100, 949 and 1066), 246 ramad (2.153; an eye disease), and sojāka (3.666). 247

v3.c45.s5.t1.200

*The author* The author mentions his name and descent in one of the introductory verses: his name is Mahādevadeva, 248 son of Bālakṛṣṇadeva, grandson of Nṛsiṃhadeva. The frequent allusions to mythology 249 prove that he was a Hindu by faith.

First 200 of 243 passages. Read on

Cites (65)