一切經音義 26

English (machine translation) 26

Language: English

26.1

Compiled by the Monk Shi Yun; reedited and supplemented by the Monk Huilin of the Great Tang.

The Nirvāṇa-sūtra, from fascicle 11 through 40;
Jhavana Section, 2 fascicles;
Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra, 6 fascicles;
Square and Equal Parinirvāṇa-sūtra, 2 fascicles;
Southern Edition of the Nirvāṇa-sūtra, 36 fascicles, which all use these pronunciations.
The above total 76 fascicles that share the pronunciations in this fascicle.

26.3

Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra, Fascicle 11

26.4

Flapping (in the sūtra text it is written with the sickness radical, pronounced 女 + 革 in fanqie, as 㿇; the character dictionaries do not have this character 㿇; people in recent times added the sickness radical to make it).

26.5

Vomiting and choking (pronounced 於 + 越 in fanqie; the Tongsuwen says: "Reversal of qi"; the Shuowen says: "Shortness of breath").

26.6

Dysuria (the first character is pronounced 力 + 金 in fanqie; the Shenglei says: "Frequent urination"; the sūtra text writes it as 淋; the Shuowen says: "Water dripping"; the Guangya says: "Soaking"; neither is the meaning here).

26.7

Resentment and hatred (the first character is pronounced 直 + 淚 in fanqie, in ancient writing it is written as 譵, which is the same; the Erya says: "Dui means to resent and feel anger").

26.8

Agada medicine (translated as "freedom from disease"; also called the "deathless medicine"; some translate it as "universal remover," meaning all diseases are completely removed).

26.9

Samāpatti (translated as "equipoise," the mindless meditative absorption).

26.10

Dazed and confused (pronounced 徒 + 登 in fanqie, the second character 莫 + 登 in fanqie; confused and dim-witted).

26.11

Nārāyaṇa (translated as "mighty warrior"; also said to be "warrior among the gods" or "warrior among humans"; also said to be "vajra-wielding warrior" or "firm and solid warrior").

26.12

Pragṛhīti (translated as "leaping"; among warriors this refers to being exceedingly brave, powerful, and swift).

26.13

Yawning and opening the mouth (pronounced 墟 + 庶 in fanqie; the Tongsuwen says: "The mouth expelling breath"; some write it as 呿, which is not the meaning here).

26.14

Coiling dragon (pronounced 薄 + 寒 in fanqie; the Fangyan says: "A dragon that has not yet ascended to heaven is called a coiling dragon"; the Guangya says: "Pan means curled up"; the sūtra writes it as 盤, which is a character for utensils, not for this usage).

26.15

Flaying and stripping (the first character is pronounced pi; in the sūtra text it is a phonetic loan; character dictionaries do not contain this character).

26.16

Sitting cross-legged in the lotus posture (fu is pronounced 府 + 無 in fanqie. The Sancang says: "The top of the foot." Zheng's commentary to the Yili says: "The upper part of the foot." Considering this, the part that holds the shoes is called the top of the foot. Huilin says: for "sitting cross-legged," the character jia should simply be written as 加; crossing both legs and placing the top of the left and right feet upon the two thighs is called sitting cross-legged in the lotus posture. There are quite many different names and methods for this posture, which cannot be detailed here. For now, two kinds of sitting postures will be briefly described. First, place the top of the right foot upon the left thigh, then place the top of the left foot upon the right thigh, causing both soles to turn upward upon the two thighs. This is called the Subduing Māra Posture. Both hands likewise have their palms turned upward with the five fingers extended, with the left resting upon the right, placed in the lap. Most meditation masters transmit this posture, which is secondary. According to the teachings of the Vidyādhara Pitaka transmitted by consecration ācāryas, the Auspicious Posture is foremost and the Subduing Māra Posture is secondary. As for the Auspicious Posture: first place the top of the left foot upon the right thigh, then place the top of the right foot upon the left thigh, likewise causing both soles to turn upward upon the two thighs. The two hands are as before, extending the fingers with palms upward, resting the right upon the left. This is called the Auspicious Posture. Among all sitting postures, this is the most supreme. When the Tathāgata attained perfect enlightenment, his body rested in the Auspicious Posture, while his left fingers touched the earth in the earth-touching mudrā. If a practitioner can constantly cultivate this posture, he will possess the marks adorned with a hundred merits and be able to correspond with all samādhis; therefore it is called the most supreme).

26.17

Splitting apart (the first character is pronounced 匹 + 狄 in fanqie; the Shuowen says: "To break apart," referring to flesh cracking open from freezing cold; the Guangya says: "To divide in half").

26.18

Alala and Ababa (referring to the sounds of freezing agony in the cold hells; these four hells are named after these sounds; the fifth fascicle of the Guanfo Sanmei Hai Jing explains their causes and conditions in detail).

26.19

Padma Hell (these four hells are named after flowers; when one is destined to fall into that hell, flowers inevitably come to welcome their consciousness).

26.20

Tearing apart (pronounced 補 + 革 in fanqie; the Shuowen says: "To rip open; to tear with the hands"; Zheng Xuan says: "To tear and split it apart").

26.21

Skandha (the full form is Skandha; translated as "aggregate"; Master Lang says this is a spirit with a cleft lip).

26.22

Unmāda (ma is pronounced 莫 + 可 in fanqie; translated as "sorcery and madness"; also said to be the deity of drunkenness).

26.23

Apasmāra (translated as "without garlands"; also translated as "epileptic madness").

26.24

Syandana flower (also written as sandana; translated as "flowing flower").

26.25

Rocana flower (also written as locana; translated as "eye flower").

26.26

Zheng zither (the Shuowen says: "An instrument with strings played by plucking, contested in music; the men of Qin lacked righteousness, and two sons fought over their father's se zither, splitting it in half, hence it was called zheng 笋; now it is written with the bamboo radical").

26.27

Flute (the Shuowen says: "A flute with seven holes"; popularly it is said that the Qiang flute has three holes; the Fengsu Tongyi says: "Di (flute) means di (to cleanse); it cleanses evil defilements and admits elegant correctness").

26.28

Xiao panpipes (the Erya says: "The large xiao is called the yan"; Guo Pu says: "It consists of thirty-three pipes, one chi and four cun in length; the smaller one is called the jian, having sixteen pipes").

26.29

Se zither (the Erya says: "The large se is called the sa"; Guo's commentary says: "Eight chi and one cun long, one chi and eight cun wide, with twenty-seven strings").

26.30

Konghou harp (the Shiming says: "This was created by Master Yan as languid music; it later emerged from the Sangjian and Pujiang areas; it probably originated from the marquis of an extinct state; Master Yan played it for Duke Ping of Jin; later Zheng and Wei partitioned its land, and that state was eventually destroyed, hence it was named the music of Zheng and Wei, and termed licentious music").

26.31

Drums and pipes (gu means to beat or strike; it is also written with the skin radical 皷 as a popular character).

26.32

Tagara incense (the Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa says it is costus root; here translated as "unsubmerged").

26.33

Qilin (pronounced 渠 + 之 and 力 + 真 in fanqie; the Shuowen says: "A benevolent beast; it has a single horn atop its head with flesh at the tip of the horn, the body of a musk deer, and the tail of an ox"; the sūtra text writes it with the horse radical as 騏驎; the Shuowen says: "A horse with patterned markings like qi-brocade"; lin is pronounced 力 + 振 in fanqie; the Erya says: "A white horse with black lips is called a lin"; neither of these is the meaning in the sūtra).

26.34

Kokila bird (also written as gokila; go translates as "ox" and also "earth"; kila translates as "pin" or "stake").

26.35

Fine woolen rug (pronounced 渠 + 俱 and 山 + 千 in fanqie; the Tongsuwen says: "A woven woolen mat"; the sūtra writes it as 氀, pronounced 力 + 宇 in fanqie; 氀毼 is a coarse fabric, which is not the meaning here).

26.36

Woolen runner carpet (the first character is pronounced 他 + 盇 in fanqie; the Shiming says: "Placed on the footstool before a large couch in order to step up onto the large couch, hence named after it"; deng is pronounced 得 + 恒 in fanqie).

26.37

[Woollen rug / blanket] (juzhi 拘執) (In shape like a felt rug; its wool is long on one side and black in colour. In the vinaya, the group-of-six monks wore [such rugs] turned inside-out and went out at night to scare people, saying they looked like ghosts).

26.38

[Decorative fleece robe] (róngyī 䩸衣) (Sancang: ér + róng fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'an ornament of fleece for saddles'. It is also written 𦶇 [ér + róng fanqie], or written 毦 [rén + zhì fanqie]. The Guangya says: 'It means a woollen rug (jì 罽); woven fleece is called jì'. The three graphic forms of the character róng 䩸 are interchangeable in use without loss of meaning. Some sūtra texts write 茸 [ér + róng fanqie]; the Shuowen jiezi states that róng 茸 means 'sprouting grass', which is not the meaning here in the sūtra).

26.39

Root-seed (gēnzi 根子) (Refers to plants of the ginger and taro class; because they have no [literal] seeds that can be planted, but rather grow only by breaking apart their roots).

26.40

Stem-seed (jīngzi 莖子) (hù + gēng fanqie. Refers to plants of the dendrobium and willow class; called this because they grow without [pre-existing] roots).

26.41

Node-seed (jiézi 節子) (Refers to herbs such as basil, celery, water-pepper, barnyard millet, and black millet; called this because they grow immediately from nodes).

26.42

Graft-seed (jièzi 接子) (zǐ + yè fanqie. Refers to plants like pears and persimmons that are grafted with their own kind. Some sūtras write [...], which is not an authentic character form at all; [...] is also pronounced cái + yè fanqie, meaning 'rapid', which is not what is intended here).

26.43

Seed-seed (zǐzǐ 子子) (Refers to actual botanical seeds).

26.44

Red pillow (dānzhěn 丹枕) (Note: in India people mostly use silk cloth, patterned silk borders, and ramie stuffed with tūla-cotton to make these, whether for pillows or armrests. Dān means red).

26.45

Wooden pillow with installed reeds (ān huáng mùzhěn 安簧木枕) (Refers to placing reeds inside the pillow so that shaking it makes a sound resembling water).

26.46

Liubo board-game (liùbó 六𱸪) (The Shuowen jiezi says: 'a board game; six bamboo sticks and twelve pieces').

26.47

Hitting the ball (pāijú 拍毱) (jù + liù fanqie. In ancient script written 𥷥, now written 鞠. Guo Pu says: 'Types of wool balls and inflated leather balls; kicking and striking the ball is a game, used as a military training drill'. The New Writings in twenty-five chapters records that it was invented by the Yellow Emperor).

26.48

Throwing stones (zhíshí 擲石) (Note: The Book of Han states regarding Gan Yanshou, 'He threw stones and pulled up high stakes'. Zhang Yan's commentary says: 'Flying stones weighing twelve catties were shot by engines to a distance of three hundred paces; Yanshou had such strength that he could throw them by hand'. What modern people call throwing bricks (zhìzhuān) is this. Zhuān is tú + hé fanqie).

26.49

Divination by tortoise shell and yarrow stalks (bǔshì 卜筮) (shí + shì fanqie. The Book of Rites says: 'The tortoise is used for bǔ; yarrow stalks are used for shì'. Both refer to resolving doubts and settling hesitations. Hence the character is composed of 'bamboo' and 'shaman'; one counts out yarrow stalks to derive hexagrams and snaps bamboo for lines, so the character takes the 'bamboo' radical. Shè [counting out stalks] is chán + liè and yú + liè fanqie. Shì [yarrow] is pronounced shī).

26.50

All over the ear (biàn’ěr 遍耳) (Some sūtra texts write 'body'; it is feared to be a scribal error).

26.51

Fascicle Twelve

26.52

Brain and great toe and all the vessels (nǎohǎi zhūmài 腦胲諸脉) (Hǎi is gǔ + lái fanqie. The Yupian says: 'the big toe of the foot'. In the segmented physical body, the highest extremity is the brain, and the lowest extremity is the big toe. Wherever blood and flesh reach, all have their vessels. Outside the brain is hair; outside the big toe is nail; in these there are no vessels, hence this distinction is made. The older pronunciation took it as hú + mài fanqie and called it 'bone', which completely misses the sūtra's meaning).

26.53

Shank bone (shuàngǔ 腨骨) (shí + yuǎn fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'the belly of the calf'. Fú + fēi fanqie. Shuàn is indeed the calf. It is also written with the foot radical; the usage is identical).

26.54

Supported on the thighs (yǐ zhù bì 以柱髀) (pú + mǐ fanqie; Northerners use this sound. Also bì + ěr fanqie; this sound is used in Jiangnan. The Shiming says: 'Bì [thigh] means low (bēi 卑); it is named for being below'. In ancient script it is also written 䠋. Some sūtra texts write 𮛚 or 䏶; both forms are vulgar characters, not standard).

26.55

Hip bone (kuāngǔ 髖骨) (kǒu + wán fanqie. The Picang says: 'Kuān is the rump'. Also written 臗; the usage is identical).

26.56

Jaw bone (hàngǔ 頷骨) (hóu + gǎn fanqie. Guo Pu says: 'Hàn refers to the jaw carriage'. The Shiming says: 'It is the cheek carriage; in Southern Chu it is called hàn, in Qin and Jin it is called yí [chin]'; it is what supports and holds the mouth).

26.57

Bearing and manners (zītài 姿態) (The second character is tā + dài fanqie. It means the disposition and bearing; that is, the ability to judge a person's inner feelings and external appearance. In ancient script it is written 㑷; the usage is identical).

26.58

Looking and blinking (shìshùn 視瞚) (shī + rùn fanqie. The Yupian says: 'eye movement'. Liezi writes 瞬. The Tongsuwen writes 眴, pronounced xuàn; all are the same).

26.59

Chapped skin (jūn 𭽫) (qī + xún fanqie: fine cracking and chapping of the skin).

26.60

Relying on the target (yīndì 因的) (dīng + lì fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Dì means bright'. The commentary says: 'The target of archery'. It means clearly and brightly visible. Today's target mark placed in the archery mound is this. In ancient script it is written 㢩; the usage is identical).

26.61

Arrow hitting [the mark] (jiànzhòng 箭中) (zhī + zhòng fanqie. The Book of Rites says: 'If in archery one hits the mark, one is permitted to become a feudal lord; if one does not hit the mark, one is not permitted to become a feudal lord'. This is it).

26.62

Beating with rods (chǔtà 楚撻) (tā + dá fanqie: beating with a cane. The Guangya says: 'Tà means to strike'. Chǔ is another name for bramble switches used for flogging. In ancient script it is written [...]; the usage is identical).

26.63

Coughing and shortness of breath (kàinì 欬逆) (kū + dài fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'adverse breath'. The Zilin says: 'coughing'. Sūtra texts often write 咳, hóu + lái fanqie, which refers to an infant's laugh; 咳 does not have this meaning).

26.64

Mugwort-white (àibái 艾白) (wǔ + gài fanqie. The Erya says: 'Ài is the shuǐtái [water-lichen / white mugwort]'. It means its colour resembles dried mugwort).

26.65

Blushing with shame (nǎnrán 赧然) (ná + zhǎn fanqie. It means blushing and ashamed. The Xiaoya says: 'When the face shows shame it is called nǎn'. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'facial embarrassment').

26.66

Staff trunk (zhànggàn 杖幹) (gōng + dàn fanqie: the trunk of a tree. The character takes the radical gān 干. In some sūtra texts it is written with the tree radical as 幹, which is not this meaning).

26.67

Tripping (jiǎodié 腳跌) (tú + jié fanqie: losing one's footing).

26.68

Hunched back (bèilǚ 背僂) (lì + jǔ fanqie. The Guangya says: 'a bent back'. The Tongsuwen says: 'A curved spine is called yúlǚ [bent and hunched]'. In some sūtra texts it is written with the disease radical as 瘻, pronounced lú + gòu fanqie, which refers to haemorrhoids, not the meaning intended in the sūtra).

26.69

Despised and base (wùjiàn 惡賤) (The first character is wū + gù fanqie: detesting and disliking. It is also written 僫; the usage is identical).

26.70

Spiral jade [shell / conch] (luóyù 螺玉) (lè + hé fanqie: a clam/conch. In ancient standard script it is identical with 羸. Sūtra texts sometimes write 𧋠, lì + dǐ fanqie, borrowing the sound incorrectly. The character 蚌 [bàng, clam] is pronounced pú + jiǎng fanqie; its vulgar form 蜯 is not the original graph).

26.71

Demolish and dismantle (fāchè 發撤) (chán + liè fanqie: to remove, eliminate, or demolish).

26.72

Spread beside the body (fū zài shēnbiān 敷在身邊) (fǔ + wú fanqie. The Xiaoya says: 'Fū means pervasive, to spread'. In ancient script it is written identically to 專; the standard form takes the radical 甫).

26.73

Flesh blister (ròupào 宍皰) (pú + mào fanqie: refers to fleshy nodes or blisters on the skin).

26.74

Tūla-cotton (dōuluómián 兜羅綿) (Translated here as wood-cotton [kapok]. It is extremely fine and soft, resembling willow catkins. If one touches a person's eye with this cotton, no tears will flow, which shows its softness).

26.75

Seven extremities (qīzhī 七枝) (Refers to the white elephant's four legs, tail, trunk, and penis, together making seven extremities).

26.76

Lustrous dark-blue (gànyàn 紺艶) (jiān + yàn fanqie: glowing colour. Gàn is dark blue, like vaiḍūrya).

26.77

Cleave open (kāipǒu 開剖) (pǔ + hòu fanqie, rising tone: to break apart. The Cangjiepian says: to divide, cut apart, or separate).

26.78

Mane-tail [chauri] (máowěi 髦尾) (The first character is mò + gāo fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Máo means hair'; it refers to the long hair among hairs. Some sūtra texts write 騣 [zōng], zǐ + gōng fanqie; this meaning also works).

26.79

Intelligent and discerning (cōngruì 聰叡) (yí + suì fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'deeply perceptive'. The Yupian says: 'penetrating, wise'. In ancient script it is written 睿, and in the large seal script 壡; their usage is interchangeable).

26.80

Stir up the great ocean (nǎo dàhǎi 撓大海) (hū + gāo fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Nǎo means to disturb'. Sūtra texts write 㧌, which is a vulgar character).

26.81

Fascicle Thirteen

26.82

Indulge in (dānmǐan 躭緬) (The first character is duō + hán fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'to delight in'. The Guoyu says: 'to crave'. In ancient script it is written 媅 and 妉; various character dictionaries write 酖 and 耽. Mǐan is pronounced mián + shàn fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'delighting in liquor'. In ancient script it is written 䤄; the Shuowen jiezi also defines it as delighting in liquor).

26.83

Māluva fruit (mólóujiā zǐ 摩婁伽子) (Translated here as creeper-tendril fruit).

26.84

Nyagrodha (níjǔtuó 尼拘陀) (Older glosses say 'the nodeless tree'. The Huayan yinyi says: 'Its leaves are like persimmon leaves, its fruits are like loquat fruits, having stems; its nature withstands aging, and it is the tallest and largest among trees').

26.85

Maggots (chóngyú 虫𦚭) (qī + yú fanqie. The Tongsuwen says: 'worms within flesh'. The Sancang says: 'flies breeding in meat'. Sūtra texts write 蛆, zǐ + yú fanqie. Zhuangzi says: 'Centipedes find [the larvae of] cicadas sweet', referring to these. It is also written 疽, meaning a chronic ulcer; neither of these latter two matches the sūtra's meaning).

26.86

Polyp / morbid growth (xīròu 瘜宍) (sī + lì fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'abnormal flesh; also corrupt flesh'. It is also written 𦞜; the usage is identical).

26.87

Wounds (chuāngyí 創痍) (yáng + zhī fanqie. The Sancang says: 'Yí means an injury'. The Tongsu[wen] says: 'A bodily wound is called yí; a head wound is called chuāng').

26.88

Dravya (tuóluóbiāo 陀羅驃) (pǐ + miào fanqie. Translated here as substance [lit. host-category]).

26.89

Guṇa (qiúnà 求那) (Translated here as quality [lit. dependent-category]).

26.90

Āmalaka water (āmólè shuǐ 阿摩勒水) (Translated here as stainless broth).

26.91

Nibāra [or Vibhītaka / Harītakī] decoction (nípóluó shuǐ 尼婆羅水) (Translated here as invincible broth; also called harītakī juice).

26.92

Pattrodaka [leaf decoction] (bōzhòuluó 鉢晝羅) (Also named udaka. Translated here as boiled leaf tea, like modern tea infusions).

26.93

Or payas (bōyē 波耶) (Translated here as water; this is what the people of the country of Jibin call water).

26.94

Or udaka (yùtè 鬱特) (This is what the people of Eastern India call water. Tè is tú + dé fanqie. Texts that write chí 持 are incorrect).

26.95

Salila (sālìlán 𦀟利藍) (shā + jiǎ fanqie. Sanskrit; this is what the people of Central India call water).

26.96

Or vāri (pólí 婆梨) (Translated here as the name for water mixed with various medicines).

26.97

Or said as payas [波耶] (also meaning "milk"; in grammatical treatises [śabdavidyā] this is a word for water).

26.98

Fascicle Fifteen

26.99

Cuórén [矬人, dwarf] (cái + gē fanqie; the Guangya states: "Cuó means short." The Tongsu wen states: "A dwarf is called cuó." Sūtra texts often write it with the character zuò [痤]; the Shuowen jiezi states that it means a small swelling, which is not the meaning here).

26.100

Āgama [阿含] (translated here as "teachings", also translated as "treasury of the Dharma"; that to which all good deeds return).

26.101

Viṣṇu [毘紐天] (also written 違紐; translated here as "All-Permvading" [Vyāpin], and also called "All-Surpassing Deva").

26.102

Rǔbù [乳哺, to nurse and feed] (pú + bù fanqie; to feed milk to a child; some texts write it as 餔 with the same pronunciation).

26.103

Kalala stage [歌羅羅時] (the time of the first seven days of conception, when the impure elements unite).

26.104

Arbuda stage [安浮陀時] (also called 阿浮陀; that is, the time of the second seven days, resembling a cocoon or thin film of skin).

26.105

Ghana stage [伽那時] (also called 健男; that is, the time of the third seven days, shaped like curdled milk).

26.106

Peśī stage [閉手時] (also called 閉尸).

26.107

Púfú [匍匐, crawling] (the first character is pronounced pú; the second is pú + běi fanqie; crawling prone).

26.108

Shēngxián [生涎, producing saliva] (xiáng + yán fanqie; the Zilin states: "Drooling from craving." Various character dictionaries write it in three forms—㳄, [漠-旲+彖], or 流—all of which are incorrect. The Sancang states: "Xián is the oral fluid of a small child; spittle.")

26.109

Yīn suì [因燧, by means of a fire-drill] (cí + zuì fanqie; the mother of fire. The Analects states: "Drilling the fire-block to change the fire." Kong's commentary states: "In the course of a year, different woods are drilled for fire." The Shiben states: "The maker of fire took the name Suiren.")

26.110

Yīn zuān [因鑽, by means of an awl / drill] (zǐ + wán fanqie, also zǐ + luàn fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi states: "That by which something is pierced.")

26.111

Yīn fú [因桴, by means of a drumstick] (fǔ + wú fanqie; a drumstick; properly it should follow 包 and be written as 枹, which is used identically).

26.112

Wòrǎng [沃壤, fertile soil] (the first character is wū + gǔ fanqie; the second is rú + zhǎng fanqie; meaning moist land).

26.113

Dàojiǎn [道撿, moral restraint / regulation] (jū + xiǎn fanqie; the Yupian states: "Rules and measures; also, to restrain and control.")

26.114

Gùmiǎn [顧眄, glancing sideways] (mián + jiàn fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi states: "Looking askance." The Fangyan states: "From the Pass westward, between Qin and Jin, it is called miǎn.")

26.115

Páifǎng [𦨣舫, linked boats / raft] (the second character is fǔ + wàng fanqie; the Tongsu wen states: "Joined boats are called fǎng"; that is, two boats tied together).

26.116

Yánhàn [炎旱, scorching drought] (the first character is yú + lián fanqie; yán means heat; the Erya states: "Yányán is sweltering air that scorches people.")

26.117

Bóyòu [薄祐, scanty blessings] (yóu + jiù fanqie; the Erya states: "Yòu means blessings.")

26.118

Fascicle Sixteen

26.119

1. Sūtra [修多羅] (translated here as "matching scripture" [qìjīng], also called the "basis of the Dharma").

26.120

2. Geya-sūtra [祇夜經] (translated here as "verse restatements").

26.121

3. Vyākaraṇa-sūtra [受記經, Prophecies] (in Sanskrit: vyākaraṇa [和伽羅那]).

26.122

4. Gāthā-sūtra [伽陀經] (translated here as "verses").

26.123

Fěngsòng [諷誦, chanting and reciting] (the first character is fēng + fèng fanqie).

26.124

5. Udāna-sūtra [優陀那經] (translated here as "unsolicited discourses").

26.125

6. Nidāna-sūtra [尼陀那經] (translated here as "discourses on causes and conditions").

26.126

7. Avadāna-sūtra [阿波陀那經] (translated here as "parables").

26.127

8. Itivṛttaka-sūtra [伊帝曰多伽經] (translated here as "past events").

26.128

9. Jātaka-sūtra [闍陀伽經] (translated here as "birth stories").

26.129

10. Vaipulya-sūtra [毘佛略經] (translated here as "broad and expanded sūtras").

26.130

11. Adbhutadharma [阿浮陀達摩] (translated here as "unprecedented").

26.131

12. Upadeśa [優波提舍] (translated here as "treatises and discussions").

26.132

Śaṅkha [儴佉] (huài + yáng fanqie; in Sanskrit śaṅkha [餉佉]; translated here as "conch shell" [jù], also called kē; these are merely different names).

26.133

Krakucchanda Buddha [鳩留秦佛] (also named 枸樓, also called 迦羅鳩村駄, and also called 枸留孫; all are corrupt, abbreviated, and imprecise Sanskrit transcriptions; the correct Sanskrit pronunciation is Krakucchanda [羯句忖那], translated here as "destroyer of entanglements").

26.134

Kanakamuni [拘那含牟尼] (kanaka is translated here as "tree"; muni is translated here as "sage").

26.135

Kāśyapa Buddha [迦葉佛] (translated here as "tortoise", which is a lineage name; properly called Kāśyapa [加攝波]; another view says it is the lineage name of a drinking-and-eating ṛṣi).

26.136

Tángtuì chù [橖𢾊觸, colliding and bumping] (the first character is zhái + xíng fanqie; meaning to seize and collide; the sūtra text writes 棠, which is incorrect).

26.137

Shuǐdì [水渧, water drops] (dīng + lì fanqie; the Tongsu wen states: "Rain dripping is called yídì." Now, examined properly: while suspended in the air it is dì [渧]; upon reaching the ground it is dī [滴] (dīng + lì fanqie)).

26.138

Qūzǒu [趨走, hastening and running] (qī + yú fanqie; the Yupian states: "Qū means walking swiftly.")

26.139

Xìnglì [性戾, perverse disposition] (lì + jì fanqie; the Zilin states: "Contrariety of intent." The Yupian states: "Crooked and contrary.")

26.140

Dūnyù [敦喻, encouraging and instructing] (dùn + wēn fanqie; the Erya states: "To urge"; meaning to mutually exhort and encourage).

26.141

Wāndòu [豌豆, green peas] (wǎn + wán fanqie; the Guangya states: "Liúdòu." Sūtra texts write 宛登, which are vulgar characters and do not have the grain radical).

26.142

Qí zú [其鏃, its arrowhead] (zǐ + mù fanqie; the Zilin states: "The tip of an arrow." South of the Yangtze it is called the arrow's metal; east of the mountains it is called the arrow's foot. The Shiming states: "The root of the arrowhead is called the foot; in ancient times the foot of the arrow was called zú." The Erya says: "Metal arrowheads and trimmed feathers." This is it).

26.143

Juéwù [覺悟, awakening to comprehension] (jiāo + jiào fanqie; awakening from sleep; jué also means to comprehend. The second character is wú + gù fanqie, a vulgar character; properly written 窹, composed of 宀 and 爿 with 吾 phonetic. The Cang Jie pian states: "Awakening from sleep and speaking is called wù"; referring to recounting something from a dream).

26.144

Fascicle Seventeen

26.145

Tianzhu [天竺, India] (sometimes called Yuandu [身毒], or Xiandou [賢豆]; all are corrupt forms; the correct name is Indu [印度], translated here as "Moon"; the moon has a thousand names, and this is one designation. This is because in that land sages have succeeded one another, awakening sentient beings and illuminating them like the moon. Alternatively, it is said that Xiandou was originally the name of the Heavenly Lord [Indra], and because the land is protected by the Heavenly Lord, the world accordingly named it after him).

26.146

Chíchěng [馳騁, galloping and racing] (zhí + zhī fanqie; the second character is chǒu + lǐng fanqie; the Guangya states: "Chí means running fast; chěng means racing.")

26.147

Vāsiṣṭha [婆私吒] (zhú + jiā fanqie; ancient texts write it as 喥; translated here as "most supreme"; named after the lineage).

26.148

Míngzā wǒ kǒu [鳴𠯗我口, chirping and kissing my mouth] (𠯗 is zǐ + hé fanqie; the southern recension of the scripture says: "like the way of loving a child." This expression is an embellishment, and its meaning contains multiple senses. Sūtra texts often mistakenly write it as 唼 with the pronunciation suǒ + yā fanqie, which is incorrect).

26.149

Sìqú [四衢, crossroads] (jù + yú fanqie; the Erya states: "That which leads in four directions is called a qú." Guo Pu says: "A road branching in four directions.")

26.150

Mahāsena [摩訶斯那] (translated here as "Great General").

26.151

Gē qí gǔ [割其股, cut his thigh] (gōng + wǔ fanqie; some texts write 𲇂, pronounced pú + mǐ fanqie, which is also acceptable).

26.152

Qiè yǐ wéi huò [切以為臛, sliced it to make broth] (hū + gè fanqie; Wang Yi's commentary to the Chuci states: "With vegetables it is called gēng; without vegetables it is called huò.")

26.153

Kosala [憍薩羅國] (also called 枸薩羅; translated here as the "Country of Skillful Craftsmanship").

26.154

King Prasenajit [波斯匿王] (translated here as "King Overcoming Armies", or named "Harmony and Joy"; according to the Renwang jing, he is "King Moonlight").

26.155

Èr'ěr yìbí [刵耳劓鼻, cutting off ears and cutting off noses] (èr is ér + zhì fanqie, cutting off the ears; yì is yú + qì fanqie, cutting off the nose).

26.156

Duànjié shǒuzú [斷截手足, severing hands and feet] (duàn is tú + guǎn fanqie; those who pronounce it duǎn are incorrect).

26.157

Picking up a clod of earth (ku + [k'uài] fan; also pronounced ku + nei fan; here following the vernacular to take the former pronunciation).

26.158

Fearing it might become a trouble (kong: qiu + gong fan; to dread).

26.159

Throwing a snare (juan: gu + xian fan; a snare rope).

26.160

Clawing and destroying (the first character is zhuang + jiao fan; the second character is guai + mai fan).

26.161

Khadira charcoal (translated here as "pit-tree"; its wood is hard and solid; when charcoal ashes are made into lye and used to wash the body, it will inevitably ulcerate).

26.162

Mosquito proboscis (zui: zi + lei fan; also written with 𠲿, meaning the same as 觜; the Guangya states that it means "mouth"; character glossaries say it means a bird's beak; in sūtra texts some write 𭉨, quan + ruan fan, the same as "to suck" (吮), which is not the sense intended in the sūtra).

26.163

Constitutional regulation (the upper character is xuan + jian; the Yupian states that it means "law"; zhi means "prohibition", standard regulations).

26.164

Bears and brown bears (xiong: xu + qiong fan; the Yupian states that it resembles a pig, dwells in mountains, hibernates in winter, and licks its paws; its paws resemble human palms; the latter is also named pi, bi + yi fan; it is larger, with a head like a horse, having a mane, fierce and reckless, possessed of great strength, able to uproot trees; west of the Passes it is called a jia-pi; han is ke + lam fan; jia is pronounced jia).

26.165

Kumbhāṇḍa (translated here as "winter-melon-faced ghost").

26.166

Kālapūtanā (translated here as "extremely ugly ghost").

26.167

Satyaka Nirgranthaputra (satyaka translates here as "true"; nirgrantha translates here as "free from ties").

26.168

Weaving rafters (the upper character is bei + mian fan; the Yupian states that it means "to record"; the Shenglei states that arranging things with rope is called bian; this refers to taking thorn bushes, weaving rafters with them, and sleeping upon them, which is an ascetic non-Buddhist practice).

26.169

Lü-he wool carpet (lü: li + yu fan; he: han + ge fan; the Yupian states that it is a woolen fabric from Kapiśa).

26.170

Solely relying upon (yang: yu + liang fan; the Yunji states that it means "to maintain"; taking provisions from others is called yang; it also means "to look forward to").

26.171

Eating vegetables and wild fruits (the upper character is ru + zhu fan; the Guangya states that ru means "to eat").

26.172

Fascicle 17

26.173

Having no fear in examining (xing: si + jing fan; the Shuowen jiezi states that it means "to look at"; it also means "to inspect").

26.174

Mahākoṣṭhila (translated here as "Great Knee").

26.175

How could there be? (Ju: qu + ju fan; the Yupian states that ju means "how", an expression denoting uncertainty).

26.176

Both jars broken (the one who rejoices is the one carrying the jar about to break who has already received the price of the curd; the one who sorrows is the one who broke the curd jar without yet having obtained the payment for the curd).

26.177

Frivolous play (diao: tu + diao fan; agitation of mind).

26.178

Fickle and rash (zao: zu + gao fan; agitation of mind).

26.179

Eight worldly dharmas (first, gain; second, loss; third, defamation; fourth, eulogy; fifth, praise; sixth, ridicule; seventh, suffering; eighth, pleasure).

26.180

Three applications of mindfulness (referring to the three states of mind—sorrow, joy, and equanimity—being equal).

26.181

Fascicle 18

26.182

Good assistance (you: zi + jiu fan; in ancient script written as 𨳾 or 佑, two forms; it means "to help"; that which Heaven assists).

26.183

Disturbing and muddying (nao: nai + qiao fan; also nai + jiao fan; the Shuowen jiezi states that nao means to disturb; it means confusion).

26.184

Water cannot wash it away (piao: pi + yao fan; to dash against; some sūtra copies write "drown", which can be used interchangeably; some write "soak", which is not the meaning here).

26.185

Suspending Mount Sumeru on a silk thread (the character 糸 is pronounced mi; it refers to the silk from a silkworm's mouth; it means the fiber of a lotus stem is as fine as silk).

26.186

Selling liquor (gu is pronounced gu; it means selling wine to others; if pronounced gu, it means buying another's wine).

26.187

Lākṣā (translated here as "dyer"; because madder plants contain many insects and it harms living beings, it is prohibited).

26.188

Kauśāmbī (translated here as "unquiet", and also as "storehouse of possessions").

26.189

Its nature is bad-tempered and malicious (bie is pronounced pian + mie fan; of an impatient and jealous nature; some write 憋, which is the same).

26.190

Fascicle 19

26.191

Innocent (pronounced gu; the Erya states that gu means crime or fault; the character is composed of the radical 辛 with the phonetic 古; in antiquity it was written 辜; xin is qi + yan fan).

26.192

Vaidehī (translated here as "Queen of Exquisite Body").

26.193

Sorrow flowing forth (ce: chu + li fan; the Yupian states that it means grief and pain; it means grieving with sorrow).

26.194

Pūraṇa (translated here as "full"; Kāśyapa is his clan name, translated here as "Tortoise clan"; this is the non-Buddhist who asserts non-causality).

26.195

Kākara insect (translated here as "black insect"; upon birth it always harms its mother).

26.196

Maskarin (this is his clan name; Gośālī was his mother's name; this non-Buddhist posits that suffering and pleasure do not derive from causes, being a natural-determinist non-Buddhist).

26.197

Sañjaya (translated here as "equally victorious"; Vairaṭī was his mother's name; this is the non-Buddhist who asserts that cultivation is unnecessary, because through eighty thousand kalpas birth-and-death will naturally exhaust itself, just like the rolling unwinding of a ball of thread).

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese