一切經音義 29

English (machine translation) 29

Language: English

29.1

Compiled by the monk Huilin, translator of texts in the Great Tang.

Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra (Sovereign Sūtra of Golden Light), 10 fascicles (translated by the Tripiṭaka Master Yijing)
Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra (Sovereign Sūtra of Golden Light), 10 fascicles (re-translated by the monk Huilin, thirty-eight tracks of mantras; the sūtra text follows the previous edition)
Combined Edition of the Golden Light Sūtra (Hebu Jinguangming jing), 8 fascicles (the four-fascicle Golden Light Sūtra circulating in the secular world is completely contained within this)
The above three sūtras in twenty-eight fascicles are glossed in this fascicle.

29.3

Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra (Sovereign Sūtra of Golden Light)

29.4

Fascicle One

29.5

Golden light 金光明 (For the first character, jin 金, the Shuowen says: “Gold is the chief of the five metals; it stays buried long without tarnishing, is refined a hundred times without lessening, and obeys transformation without breach; it is the element of the West; earth generates metal, hence it takes the radical tu 土 [earth], and the dots on both sides depict metal inside earth; the upper part is jin 今 for the sound.” Next, the character guang 光: the Shuowen says: “Brightness; above it takes huo 火 [fire], below it takes the ancient character for ren 人 [person]; it is an ideographic compound.” The lower character ming 明: the Shuowen says: “It derives from [囗@(儿/口)]; [囗@(儿/口)] depicts the window; the moonlight enters through the window, giving brightness; it is also an ideographic compound. Taking sun and moon (日 and 月) to make ming 明 is a later popular convention.” The character [囗@(儿/口)] has the fanqie: gui + yong).

29.6

Supreme 最勝 (The upper character has the fanqie zu + wai, in the falling tone; the Yunquan says: “最 means extremely.” The Kaosheng says: “It means superior, essential.” The Shiji says: “Merit is exceedingly great.” The Shuowen says: “To sum up; it derives from 曰 [say], pronounced mo + bao, taking the meaning.” The lower character has the fanqie sheng + zheng; the Yunying says: “勝 means to overcome; also victory and defeat.” The Kaosheng says: “Strong.” The Shuowen says: “Competent; it derives from li 力 [strength] and an abbreviated phonetic ying 媵; the character 媵 derives from nü 女 [woman] with the sense of quan 券; the character 券 is pronounced juan”).

29.7

Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain 鷲峯山 (The first character is pronounced jiu; it is the name of a sacred mountain in the western country [India]; formerly called Mount Qishejue 祇闍崛, which preserves the corrupt Sanskrit; this mountain has many vultures [jiu 鷲], hence its name).

29.8

Heavy burden 重擔 (fanqie: duo + lan; the Kaosheng says: “To shoulder and bear; to carry goods with a wooden pole.” The Shuowen says: “It derives from shou 手 [hand] with the phonetic zhan 詹; 詹 is pronounced zhan”).

29.9

Attain 逮得 (The upper character is pronounced dai; the Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: “逮 means to reach.” The Shuowen says: “It derives from chuo 辵 [walk] with the phonetic li 隶; 隶 is pronounced dui; 辵 has the fanqie chou + lüe”).

29.10

Baṣpa 婆溼波 (The character shi 溼 has the fanqie shen + ru; it derives from shui 水 [water], from 𢆶, and from tu 土 [earth]; when one [layer] covers it, it becomes wet [shi]; this phrase is Sanskrit, the name of an arhat [Vāṣpa]).

29.11

Defiled and burdened 累染 (The upper character has the fanqie lü + wei, falling tone; some read it in the rising tone, which deviates from the meaning and is not accepted; the Jixun says: “Family burdens.” The Kaosheng says: “Implicated in wrongdoing; to be attached to.” The Guangya says: “To accumulate.” The Shuowen says: “To add to; deriving from mi 糸; originally written 累, clerical script changed it to three tian 田, the meaning being glossed this way; 厽 has the fanqie li + shui, depicting the shape of piled-up ramparts, in the rising tone.” The lower character has the fanqie er + yan; the Kaosheng says: “To contaminate.” The Guangya says: “To adhere.” The Shuowen says: “Dyeing silk into colored fabric; deriving from shui 水 with the phonetic za 杂”).

29.12

Surpass 逾於 (The upper character has the fanqie yang + zhu; Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “逾 means to exceed.” The Guangya says: “逾 means far.” The Shuowen says: “逾 means to advance; deriving from chuo 辵 with the phonetic yu 俞”).

29.13

Cure the… 療諸 (fanqie: li + zhao; Zheng’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “Halting illness is called liao 療.” The regions of Wu, Kuaiji, Jiang, and Xiang call treating sickness liao; the Shuowen also says: “療 means to heal, or to treat illness; it derives from chuang 疒 with the phonetic liao 尞; 疒 has the fanqie nü + e”).

29.14

King of physicians 醫王 (fanqie: yi + ji; the Zhouli says: “The Chief Physician governs the administration of medical matters, gathering medicines to cure the diseases of the myriad people.” In antiquity, Shaman Peng first practiced medicine [yi 醫]; the character yi 毉 originally derived from you 酉, or from wu 巫 to make 毉, which is also used; the Shuowen says: “An artisan who cures disease; physicians use alcohol to administer drugs, hence it derives from you 酉; 酉 is the ancient graph for alcohol [jiu 酒]”).

29.15

Candana 栴檀 (Sanskrit name of a fragrant wood; the Tang language has no proper translation; it is white sandalwood [candana]; the slightly reddish variety is considered superior).

29.16

Pierce the cataract 破瞖 (fanqie: ying + ji; the Kaosheng says: “A cataract in the eye; deriving from mu 目 [eye] with the phonetic yi 殹; 殹 is pronounced the same as above”).

29.17

Licchavi youth 梨車毘童子 (Corrupt Sanskrit; correct Sanskrit is Lichabi 栗𣠞毘; in the Tang language it means a young noble of an eminent clan; in various sūtras it is also written Licchezi 離車子; 𣠞 has the fanqie chang + ye).

29.18

Elā-leaf 瑿羅葉 (The first character has the fanqie ying + ji. Ela 瑿羅 is Sanskrit, the name of a western tree; “leaf” [ye 葉] is the Tang word; it is the name of the great dragon king Elāpattra. Pattra 鉢多 is also Sanskrit, meaning “leaf” in the Tang language. Because this dragon king, in the past during the time of a former Buddha, was a monk who out of anger chopped down a small elā tree, upon death he fell into the realm of dragons. Because he did not protect the precepts and destroyed living grass and trees, his karma caused an elā tree to grow upon his head as a dragon king. Because of his angry heart he received a dragon’s body; but because he cultivated various merits, having great virtue he became a dragon king. Therefore the Nirvāṇa Sūtra says: “Even through a hundred kalpas, the actions one performs do not perish; when conditions come together, the retribution is received by oneself”).

29.19

Restrain the swift water 持駛水 (The character shi 駛 is pronounced shi, in the falling tone; the Cang Jie pian says: “駛 means swift; the current is fast; urgent.” The Gujin zhengzi derives it from ma 馬 [horse] with the phonetic shi 史; the sūtra wrote it with kuai 夬, which is incorrect).

29.20

Frown the brows 頻眉 (fanqie: fu + bin; the Kaosheng says: “Knitting and contracting the eyebrows together.” The Guangya says: “Sorrowful and unhappy.” The Shuowen derives it from bei 卑 to make pin 顰; it is not much used at present, so now we use the simplified form).

29.21

Garuḍa king 揭路荼王 (The first character is pronounced jie; corrupt Sanskrit; the correct Sanskrit sound is Jielunu 蘖嚕孥 [Garuḍa]; in the Tang language it means golden-winged bird king; old translations called it Jialouluo 迦婁羅).

29.22

Shield and protect 擁護 (fanqie: yong + gong; Zheng’s commentary on the Yili says: “擁 means to embrace.” The Cang Jie pian says: “To hold.” The Shuowen says: “It derives from shou 手 [hand] with the phonetic yong 雍”).

29.23

Akṣobhya 阿閦 (fanqie: chu + liu; Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means “Unshakable” [Wudong 無動]).

29.24

Pernicious sorcery 邪蠱 (The upper character has the fanqie xi + jie; the lower character is pronounced gu; evil ghosts and spirits whose magic bewilders and kills people).

29.25

Bathe and wash 澡浴 (The upper character has the fanqie zao + lao; Gu Yewang says: “澡 means to wash clean.” The lower character is pronounced yu: to sprinkle and wash the body).

29.26

Fresh and pure 鮮潔 (The upper character is pronounced xian; the Guangya says: “鮮 means fine.” The lower character is pronounced jie; the Zitong says: “潔 means clean.” The Shuowen notes that the ancient graph for xian derives from three yu 魚 to make xian 鱻; jie derives from dao 刀 [knife]).

29.27

Plant the… 殖諸 (fanqie: cheng + zhi; Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “殖 means to grow.” The Cang Jie pian says: “To plant; to multiply.” The Kaosheng says: “Many.” The Guangya says: “To establish.” The Gujin zhengzi derives it from e 歺 with the phonetic zhi 直; 歺 has the fanqie ju + ling).

29.28

Short and brief 短促 (The lower character has the fanqie qu + yu; the Guangya says: “促 means near.” The Shuowen says: “Pressing; deriving from ren 人 [person] with the phonetic zu 足”).

29.29

Marrow in the bone 骨髓 (fanqie: sui + kui; the Shuowen writes it as 髓, the same; the Xunci says: “The fat inside bones; deriving from gu 骨 [bone] and sui 隨”).

29.30

Fragrant and sweet 芬馥 (The upper character has the fanqie fang + wen; the Erya says: “A fragrance spreading widely.” The Shuowen derives it from cao 屮 to make 𡵳 with the phonetic fen 分. The lower character has the fanqie feng + fu; the Han poems commentary says: “馥 also means fragrant.” The Shuowen says: “The appearance of fragrance; deriving from xiang 香 [fragrance] with an abbreviated phonetic fu 復”).

29.31

Despised and low 惡賤 (The upper character has the fanqie wu + gu; Gu Yewang says: “惡 means to dislike and detest.” Deriving from ya 亞 to make 惡 is the standard form; the popular convention that changes it to follow xi 覀 is mistaken).

29.32

Ponder and deliberate 恖忖 (The character above is si 思; its top derives from xin 囟; 囟 is pronounced xin; the posthumous naming rules state: “Profound schemes and far-reaching thoughts are called si 恖”; the sūtra uses 思, which is the popular character. The lower character has the fanqie cun + sun; the Kaosheng says: “忖 means to consider; deliberating and calculating in the heart is called cun; it is a phono-semantic compound character”).

29.33

Limit and boundary 齊限 (The upper character has the fanqie ji + li, falling tone; Zheng’s commentary on the Zhouli says: “To regulate and measure.” Popularly written with dao 刀 as ji 劑, but character dictionaries do not have this character).

29.34

Number of drops 滴數 (fanqie: ding + li; the Jixun says: “Dripping water pouring down.” The Shuowen says: “Deriving from shui 水 with an abbreviated phonetic shi 適.” The sūtra uses di 帝 to make ti 渧, which is incorrect and an erroneous writing).

29.35

Dissect the… 析諸 (fanqie: xing + li; Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “析 means to divide.” The Shuowen says: “Splitting wood; deriving from mu 木 with jin 斤.” The sūtra text has instances written with pian 片 as 㭊, which is a vulgar character).

29.36

Infer and know 度知 (fanqie: tang + luo; to surmise; to measure; used as a phonetic loan).

29.37

Inborn disposition 稟性 (fanqie: bi + jin; 稟 means to receive. The Shuowen says: “Deriving from he 禾 [grain] with the phonetic lin 㐭; 㐭 has the fanqie li + yin”).

29.38

Famine and dearth 飢饉 (The upper character has the fanqie ji + yi; the Erya says: “Failure of the grain crop is called ji 飢.” The Cang Jie pian says: “Hungry; empty belly.” The Shuowen says: “Starving; deriving from [企-止+皂] with the phonetic ji 几; the ancient graph was written 𩚎.” The lower character has the fanqie qin + ren; the Guliang zhuan says: “Failure of the three grains is called jin 饉.” The Erya says: “Vegetables not ripening is called jin.” The Shuowen says: “Deriving from shi 食 [food] with the phonetic jin 堇”).

29.39

Tears and weeping 涕淚 (The upper character has the fanqie ti + li, rising tone; the Mao Commentary on the Shijing says: “Tears and snivel gushing forth”; it also says: “Weeping tears profusely”; the commentary states: “What comes out of the eyes is called ti.” The Shuowen says: “Deriving from shui 水 with the phonetic di 弟.” The lower character is pronounced lei; the Guangya says: “Weeping tears is lei.” The Shuowen says: “Deriving from shui 水 with the phonetic li 戾”).

29.40

Partial faction 偏黨 (The upper character has the fanqie pi + mian; Kong’s commentary on the Shangshu says: “偏 means leaning, uneven.” The Shuowen says: “Biased; deriving from ren 人 with the phonetic bian 扁.” The lower character has the fanqie dang + lang; Taigong’s Six Secret Teachings says: “Associates are called a faction [dang 黨].” The Analects states: “The exemplary person forms communities but does not form factions.” Kong’s commentary says: “黨 means partisans.” The Shuowen says: “Deriving from hei 黑 with the phonetic shang 尚”).

29.41

Remote border 邊鄙 (fanqie: bei + mei; Du’s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: “鄙 means a border town.” Jia’s commentary on the Guoyu says: “鄙 means rustic; outside the boundaries and outlying suburbs, far removed from the national capital, is called bi.” The standard form in both ancient and modern times derives from yi 邑 with the phonetic [口/(百-日+回)]; [口/(百-日+回)] is pronounced the same as above).

29.42

Kharjūra 朅樹羅 (The first character has the fanqie qian + ye; Sanskrit; the name of a western tree [kharjūra / wild date palm], not found in this country).

29.43

Tortoise hair 龜毛 (The upper character has the fanqie gui + wei; the Baihu tong says: “Tortoise [gui] signifies longevity [jiu].” The Shuowen says: “A tortoise means old; that which has bone outside and flesh inside; the character depicts the shape of four legs, head, and tail”).

29.44

Mosquitoes and gnats (蚊蜹): The upper character is pronounced *wen* (蚊). The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'A flying insect that bites people; [some write it] with the insect radical 䖵 as 螡, or with "dusk" (昬) as 蟁, meaning that it comes out at dusk (𧊈), hence it takes 𧊈.' The scripture writes it with 虫 and 文, which is a popular variant. The lower character has the fanqie *ér* + *ruì* (蜹). The *Guoyu* says: 'Gnats, moths, bees, and scorpions are all spoken of as capable of harming people.' Gu Yewang says: 'Small flying insect pests that like to get into wine. There is also a small insect resembling a gnat that bites people fiercely, called the midge (蟆子). It has other names as well, but the texts are too numerous to record, and the *Fangyan* records them in detail.' In the *Shuowen [jiezi]*, it is a phono-semantic compound.

29.45

Leeches (蛭蟲): The upper character is pronounced *zhi* (質). The *Cang Jie pian* says: 'The leech is an aquatic creature.' The *Erya* says: 'Leeches bite people, entering under human skin and flesh to drink human blood, without the person feeling pain. There are various kinds of them.' It is a mutually defining character (zhuānzhù).

29.46

Like a point (如鋒): Pronounced *fēng* (鋒). The *Hanshu* says: 'Sharp.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'The edge of weapons and halberds, or the tip of knife edges. It is derived from 金 (metal) with 夆 as phonetic.' In the scriptures it is sometimes written as 峯, which is also acceptable.

29.47

Hare's horn (兔𧢲): The upper character has the fanqie *tù* + *gù* (兔). It is a pictographic character, the dot representing a hare's tail. Speaking of 'hare's horns' illustrates the metaphor of something that fundamentally does not exist.

29.48

Ladder and steps (梯蹬): The upper character has the fanqie *tǐ* + *xī* (梯). Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: 'A ladder is stairs.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Wooden steps. It is derived from 木 (wood) with 弟 as phonetic.' The lower character has the fanqie *dēng* + *gèn* (蹬). The *Guangya* says: 'Steps are for treading.' It is a phono-semantic compound.

29.49

Like a fly (若蠅): Has the fanqie *yì* + *zēng* (蠅). The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'An insect with a large abdomen. It produces maggots (膽) that transform into flies. There are several kinds.' The character *dǎn* (maggot) has the fanqie *qī* + *yú*; it is derived from 肉 (flesh) with 旦 as phonetic.

29.50

Intoxicated with liquor (酒醉): Has the fanqie *zǐ* + *chóng* (醉). Drinking alcohol to excess so that the consciousness becomes clouded is called *zuì* (drunk).

29.51

Collared owlet (鵂鶹): The upper character is pronounced *xiū* (鵂), and the lower character is pronounced *liú* (鶹). Note: The collared owlet is a nocturnal bird of prey. It hides by day and flies by night, preying upon crows, magpies, and various other birds. It is as large as a crested goshawk, with a sharp beak and talons, eyes like red copper, and a gaze that pierces through people. It is also called *xūnhú* (薰胡) or *xìnhóu* (釁侯). Its call mimics its own name. Any other interpretations are incorrect. Fearing verbosity, I cannot cite them fully.

29.52

Parasol (繖葢): Has the fanqie *shān* + *lǎn* (繖). The lower character is the standard form of 盖. A parasol (繖葢) shades the body. [糸*(林/肉)*(敲-高)] is simply 葢 (canopy); it is derived from 糸 with 𣀙 as phonetic. The character 葢 originally derives from 艸 (grass) and 益; its current popular form derived from 羊 (sheep) is an error. The scripture's variant forms 傘 and 盖 are neither of them standard characters.

29.53

Reed warbler (鷦鷯鳥): The upper character is pronounced *jiāo* (鷦), and the lower character is pronounced *liáo* (鷯). The *Erya* says: 'The *jiāoliáo* splits reeds.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'It likes to split the skin of reeds to eat the insects inside. South of the Yangtze it is called the reed tiger; it resembles a sparrow with blue spots and a long tail.' Note: It constructs its nest from plant down just like a cotton bag; the *Fangyan* calls it the "female artisan".'

29.54

Holding in the beak (㭰銜): The upper character has the fanqie *zuì* + *suǐ* (㭰); it means a bird's beak, sometimes written as 觜. The lower character is pronounced *xián* (銜); it means biting something with the mouth and carrying it.

29.55

Skillfully manifesting (㩲現): The upper character has the fanqie *juàn* + *yuán* (㩲). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Going against the constant norm to accord with the Way is called *quán* (expedient); it means upholding its proper business.' In the *Gu-jin zhengzi*, it is derived from 手 (hand) with 雚 as phonetic; 雚 is pronounced *guàn*.

29.56

Drifting and drowning (漂溺): The upper character has the fanqie *pǐ* + *yáo* (漂). Gu Yewang says: 'To drift.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'To float. Derived from 水 (water) with 票 as phonetic; 票 has the same pronunciation.' The lower character has the fanqie *níng* + *dī* (溺). The *Kaosheng* says: '*Nì* means sinking; it also means being deluded. Composed of 人 (person) and 水 (water) as 休 is the standard character.' The character *dī* has the fanqie *dīng* + *lì*.

29.57

Brāhmaṇa (婆羅門): A corrupted, incorrect Sanskrit transcription. Or written 婆羅賀摩, which is also corrupt. The correct Sanskrit sound is *brāhmaṇa* (沒囉憾摩), translated into the Tang language as "pure conduct" (淨行) or "Brahma-conduct" (梵行), which is the name of the Brahmā gods of the First Dhyāna in the form realm. The people of that country are divided into four classes, of which the brāhmaṇas are one. They transmit among themselves the tradition: 'We were born from the mouth of Brahmā,' taking the name of Brahmā alone as their designation. Handing down their hereditary profession through the generations, they study the four Vedas (*catvāro vedāḥ*). Generally, they are broadly learned and knowledgeable, upholding an upright and pure resolve, possessing refined literary culture and lofty moral principles, and do not serve in official posts. Those among them who are clever, outstanding, and discerning frequently become preceptors to kings, receiving fiefs to reside in, and are held to be of the supreme class.

29.58

Kṣatriya (剎帝利): The upper character is pronounced *chà* (剎). It is also Sanskrit; here it is translated as 'field-owner' (田主). From ancient times onward, they have been the noble clan of royal lineage. They too study the four Vedas; they are broadly learned and retain much in memory, and are humane, forgiving, magnanimous, and benevolent, devoting themselves to statecraft. Those among them whose appearance and merits are superior are established by the multitude as king.

29.59

Vaiśya (薜舍): The upper character has the fanqie *pí* + *guì* (薜). This is also Sanskrit; this refers to the masters of commerce (merchants). Although they possess great merit and abound in rare treasures, they are unable to master the classic texts. Transporting commodities and pursuing profits are their profession. Because of their extensive hoarding, kings and landowners protect and value them, or confer upon them towns and enfeoffments as elders (*śreṣṭhin*). They are ungenerous, and exegetical explanations often equate their sense with parsimony (恡). It is written with four persons and remaining meat; this is the standard form.

29.60

Net ([(ㄇ@(人*人))/口/肉]䋞): The upper character has the fanqie *jué* + *yǎn* ([(ㄇ@(人*人))/口/肉]). The *Guangya* says: 'A [网/肉] is a hare net (罘).' In the scriptures it is written as 羂, which is interchangeable. The *Gu-jin zhengzi* derives it from 冈 with 𰮄 as phonetic; 𰮄 has the fanqie *jué* + *xuán*. The lower character has the fanqie *wǔ* + *fǎng* (䋞). Gu Yewang says: '冈 is the general term for spreading nets.' The *Gu-jin zhengzi* derives it from 糸 with 冈 as phonetic. 网 is a pictograph. The character 罘 has the fanqie *fú* + *liú*; 𮊁 is pronounced *gǔ*. These are all simply different names for nets.

29.61

Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtra, Fascicle Three

29.62

Exhort and encourage (策勵): The upper character has the fanqie *chǔ* + *zé* (策). The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'A whip. Derived from 竹 (bamboo) with 朿 as phonetic; 朿 has the fanqie *qī* + *zì*.' The lower character has the fanqie *lì* + *zhì* (勵). The *Yupian* says: 'To encourage; to exhort one another. Derived from 力 (strength) with 厲 as phonetic.' Note: To exhort and encourage means using a zealous and progressive mind to eliminate indolence and diligently cultivate the practice.

29.63

Dharma conch (法蠃): Has the fanqie *lú* + *hé* (蠃). Note: The conch is a musical instrument of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. It is shaped like a large snail, as big as a cup, white as snow, with a hole at the top through which one blows to produce a beautiful sound heard over several leagues. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'An aquatic shelled mollusk. Derived from 虫 with 𣎆 as phonetic.' The scripture writes 螺, which is a vulgar character and incorrect. Here, 'Dharma conch' uses the beautiful sound of preaching the Dharma as a metaphor for the sound of that conch.

29.64

Upholding greatness (秉大): Has the fanqie *bǐ* + *yǒng* (秉). The Mao commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: 'To hold.' Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: 'To grasp.' The *Guangya* says: 'To hold.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'A bundle of grain. Derived from 又 (hand) holding 禾 (grain); an ideographic compound.' The scripture writes it with the water radical as 抦 [or other], which is incorrect.

29.65

Guide forward (誘進): The upper character has the fanqie *yóu* + *jiǔ* (誘). The *Kaosheng* says: 'To teach; to lead.' The *Yunquan* says: 'To persuade and encourage one another.' The *Gu-jin zhengzi* says: 'To guide.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it as 羑, meaning 'to advance toward goodness; derived from 羊 with 久 as phonetic.'

29.66

Stūpa (窣覩波): The upper character has the fanqie *sūn* + *gǔ* (窣). It is Sanskrit. In the Tang language, it means "lofty and prominent," or is called a "square tumulus," in which relics or bodily bones are placed—namely, a brick pagoda. Ancient translators sometimes rendered it as *sūtōupō* (蘇偷婆), *tōupō* (偷婆), or *tǎpō* (塔婆). The language of Qin liked brevity, so it was called *tǎ* (pagoda); these are all corrupt or abbreviated and incorrect. *Stūpa* (窣覩波) is the correct Sanskrit pronunciation.

29.67

Ashamed and humiliated (愧耻): The upper character has the fanqie *guī* + *wèi* (愧). The *Yupian* says: 'Ashamed.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it with 女 as 媿; ancient texts sometimes wrote it with 言 as 謉, or with 耳 as 聭; the semantic definitions are the same. The lower character has the fanqie *chī* + *lǐ* (耻). The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Disgrace. Derived from 耳 (ear) with 止 as phonetic.'

29.68

A single clump (一摶): Has the fanqie *duàn* + *luán* (摶). Dictionaries say: 'Grasping objects with the hands to make them adhere together. Derived from 手 (hand) with 專 as phonetic.'

29.69

Pointing into the void (撝空): The upper character has the fanqie *huǐ* + *wēi* (撝). The *Yupian* says: 'To wave (*huī*) is what is pointed to by the hand.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it with 軍 as 揮; both are acceptable, and both are phono-semantic compounds. The character 為 is derived from 爪 (claw).

29.70

Universally reaching (普暨): Has the fanqie *qí* + *jì* (暨). The *Erya* says: '*Jì* means "to reach" (及).' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'To arrive at. Derived from 旦 with 既 as phonetic.'

29.71

Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra, Fascicle Four

29.72

(In this fascicle, the dhāraṇī of the Ten Grounds is recorded later in the ten-fascicle version of the sūtra, where its sounds and meanings are very precise. As this is an older translation, phonetic glosses are omitted here, since it corresponds to the later text. Readers should be aware of this.)

29.73

Valley echo (谷響): The upper character has the fanqie *gōng* + *wū* (谷). The *Erya* says: 'Water pouring into a ravine is called a valley.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'A spring gushing forth into an open stream forms a valley. Derived from 水 half visible emerging from the mouth of a valley; a pictographic character.' The lower character has the fanqie *xiāng* + *liǎng* (響). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Book of Documents* says: 'Like an echo responding to a sound.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* derives it from 音 with 鄉 as phonetic. The scripture writes 嚮 with 向, which is incorrect; that is the character for enjoying offerings, not intended here.

29.74

Tread and step (履踐): The upper character is pronounced *lǐ* (履). Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Liji* says: 'To tread upon the ground and walk.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'That upon which the foot relies. Derived from 尸, 彳, and 夂; 夂 signifies walking; derived from 舟, which resembles a shoe.' The scripture's variant with 復 is incorrect. The lower character has the fanqie *qián* + *jiǎn* (踐); its definition is the same as the above.

29.75

Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra, Fascicle Five

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Slender and long (纖長): Has the fanqie *xiāng* + *yán* (纖). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Book of Documents* says: 'Slender means fine.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Minute. Derived from 糸 with 韱 as phonetic; 韱 is pronounced *jiān*.'

29.77

Gold ingot (金𮡻): Pronounced *tǐng* (𮡻), an ascending-tone character. Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the *Huainanzi* says: 'An ingot (𮡻) refers to gold, silver, copper, and the like before they are fashioned into utensils; when cast into cakes (𭤟), they are called ingots (𮡻).' It is a phono-semantic compound.

29.78

Blazing and resplendent (赫弈): The upper character has the fanqie *xiǎng* + *è* (赫). The Mao commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: '*Hè* means red appearance.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* derives it from two 赤 placed side by side. The lower character is pronounced *yì* (弈). The *Classic of Poetry* says: '*Yì-yì* means light, graceful, and expansive appearance.' Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* says: '*Hè-yì* means bright and radiant appearance.' It is a phono-semantic compound.

29.79

Know by a single drop (滴知): Has the fanqie *dīng* + *lì* (滴). Derived from 水 with 啇 as phonetic.

29.80

Should succeed (當紹): Has the fanqie *sháo* + *rào* (紹), an ascending-tone character. The *Erya* says: '*Shào* means to succeed.' The *Posthumous Titles System* says: 'Distantly related succession to a throne is called *shào*.' It is both a phono-semantic and ideographic compound.

29.81

Constantly smelling (恒齅): Has the fanqie *xiū* + *yòu* (齅). The *Zitong* says: 'Applying the nose to an odor is called smelling (齅).' It is an ideographic compound.

29.82

Relying on this (藉此): Has the fanqie *qíng* + *yè* (藉), a departing-tone character. The *Kaosheng* says: 'To mat down; to rely upon.' It is a phono-semantic compound.

29.83

Purulent and rotting (膿爛): The upper character is pronounced *nóng* (膿), and the lower character has the fanqie *láng* + *dàn* (爛). The semantic explanations have already appeared in the preceding text.

29.84

Worms and maggots (蟲蛆): The upper character has the fanqie *zhú* + *róng* (蟲). The *Erya* says: 'Those with feet are called *chóng*.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* derives it from three 虫; writing simply 虫 in the scripture is incorrect. The lower character has the fanqie *qī* + *yú* (蛆). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Insects in rotten flesh.' It is a phono-semantic compound; 且 has the fanqie *jí* + *yú*.

29.85

Cast away (棄在): The upper character has the fanqie *qīng* + *yì* (棄). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Book of Documents* says: '*Qì* means to discard.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'To abandon. Derived from 廾 pushing 𰅲 to discard [云/小]; [云/小] has the fanqie *tǔ* + *gǔ*; 㐬 is a rebellious son; 𰅲 has the fanqie *tuán* + *ān*; 推 has the fanqie *tǔ* + *léi*; 廾 has the fanqie *gǒng*, meaning two hands.'

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Rotten wood (朽木): Has the fanqie *qǐ* + *yǒu* (朽). *Xiǔ* means decayed.

29.87

Servants and slaves (僮僕): The upper character is pronounced *tóng* (僮). The *Liji* says: 'The general term for those who have not yet reached adulthood.' Derived from 人 with 童 as phonetic. The lower character has the fanqie *péng* + *mù* (僕). The *Zuozhuan* says: 'Subordinate officials are called *pú*.' The *Liji* says: 'Within the household they are called *pú*.' Gu Yewang says: 'A chariot driver. When the lord is about to ride, the driver holds the whip and stands beside the horse.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'One who renders service. Derived from 人 with 菐 as phonetic; or written 䑑 in ancient characters; 菐 is pronounced *bǔ*.'

29.88

Abundant harvest (豐稔): The upper character has the fanqie *fū* + *fēng* (豐); it is the standard character. The *Zhouli* says: 'Abundant means large.' The *Guoyu* says: 'Flourishing.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'A full ceremonial vessel (豆); derived from 豆 as a pictograph, with two 丰 and 山豆.' The scripture writes it with 曲 as 豊, which is a vulgar character; 丰 has the same pronunciation. The lower character has the fanqie *rèn* + *zhěn* (稔). Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: 'Ripe.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'When grain is ripe it is called *rěn*. Derived from 禾 with 念; an ideographic compound.'

29.89

Relieved and healed (蠲愈): The upper character has the fanqie *jué* + *xuán* (蠲). The *Fangyan* says: 'In southern Chu, when an illness is healed, it is sometimes called *juān*.' Guo [Pu]'s commentary says: '*Juān* means to eliminate.' The lower character has the fanqie *yáng* + *zhǔ* (愈). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Analects* says: '*Yù* is like "surpassing".' The *Classic of Poetry* writes it as 㤤, meaning an illness abating. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Recovery from disease. It is a phono-semantic compound.'

29.90

Invasion and harassment (侵擾): The upper character has the fanqie *qǐn* + *yín* (侵). The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Encroaching like sweeping; hence derived from 人, 帚 (broom), and 又 (hand).' Current clerical script omits the 巾 and writes 侵, which is an error. The lower character has the fanqie *ráo* + *shǎo* (擾). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Book of Documents* says: '*Rǎo* means to disorder.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'To trouble. Derived from 手 with 夒 as phonetic; 夒 has the fanqie *nú* + *dāo*.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* further explains the character 夒: 'A rapacious beast, also said to be a female monkey; derived from 頁, 止, 匕, and 夂.' Writing it with 憂 in the scripture is incorrect.

29.91

Suvarṇaprabhāsasūtra, Fascicle Six

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Hiding oneself (潛身): Has the fanqie *jié* + *yán* (潛). The *Yijing* says: 'What is meant by "submerged" (潛) is hidden and not yet visible, acting and not yet completed.' The *Guangya* says: 'Deep.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'To conceal. Derived from 水 with 朁 as phonetic; 朁 has the fanqie *cuò* + *gǎn*.'

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Fertile soil (沃壤): The upper character has the fanqie *wū* + *kù* (沃). Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: '*Wò* means rich.' The *Guangya* says: 'To soak.' The *Gu-jin zhengzi* derives it from 水 with 夭 as phonetic. The lower character has the fanqie *ráng* + *zhǎng* (壤). Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Book of Documents* says: 'Soil without clods is called *rǎng*.' Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Zhouli* says: '*Rǎng* is earth, speaking of its soft and mellow state.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Soft earth. Derived from 土 with 襄 as phonetic; 襄 is pronounced *xiāng*.'

29.94

Clear and open (顯敞): The lower character has the fanqie *chāng* + *yǔ* (敞). The *Cang Jie pian* says: '*Chǎng* means high and manifest.' It also says: 'Leveling high ground so that one can view far into the distance. Derived from 攴 with 尚 as phonetic; 攴 has the fanqie *pǔ* + *bǔ*.'

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Prepared and orderly (僃𢿫): The upper character has the fanqie *pí* + *mèi* (僃). The *Wenzi dian shuo* says: 'To guard against beforehand; to be complete.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Cautious. Derived from 人 with 𤰈 as phonetic; 𤰈 has the same pronunciation.' The lower character has the fanqie *zhēng* + *yǐng* (𢿫). Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Liji* says: '*Zhěng* means proper.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Orderly. Derived from 束, 攴, and 正 as phonetic.' The scripture writes it with 止 as 整, which is incorrect.

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Concealed and sheltered (隱蔽): The lower character has the fanqie *bēi* + *mèi* (蔽). It is a phono-semantic compound.

29.97

Falling to be born (墜生): Has the fanqie *zhí* + *lèi* (墜). The *Erya* says: '*Zhuì* means to fall.' The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: 'Falling to the earth from a height. Derived from 阜 with [隊-(阿-可)] as phonetic; [隊-(阿-可)] is pronounced *suì*.' The scripture writes it with 土 as 墜, which is also acceptable.

29.98

彗星 (*suìxīng*, comet; [the first character has] the fanqie 隨銳 [*suí* + *ruì*]. The *Yisi zhan* says: "Its rays are trailing and tangled like a broom, exploding forth like powdered floss; these are all vapors of rebellion, calamity, and disorder." The *Zuo zhuan* says: "It is an ominous star, representing the token of sweeping away the old and establishing the new." It is also written with the bamboo radical as 篲, which is likewise permissible. It is composed of 甡 and 又; 甡 is pronounced *shēn*).

29.99

薄蝕 (*bóshí*, eclipses; the upper character has the fanqie 傍莫 [*bàng* + *mò*]; the lower character is pronounced *shí*. Note: Eclipses of the sun and moon mean diminishing and waning. In general, a solar eclipse occurs when the yin and yang intersect and the sun is covered; a lunar eclipse is when the dark void, the eclipse-deity Rāhu, obscures it. A solar eclipse is a calamity for the ruler of men, an omen of the rise or fall of the state, and he ought to cultivate virtue. A lunar eclipse is a calamity for the crown prince, empresses, consorts, and great ministers, or a herald of flood, drought, abundance, or scarcity. In ancient-script characters it is written with 飤 as 蝕. The *Shuowen* has it with the insect radical and the sound 食; it is also called an intersecting eclipse [交蝕]).

29.100

㑴掠 (*qīnlüè*, to plunder; the lower character has the fanqie 力尚 [*lì* + *shàng*], and is also pronounced *lüè*. The character book says: "To beat and strike." The *Kaosheng* says: "To seize by force." The *Cang Jie pian* says: "To whip; to flog." It is also written with the knife radical as 剠, whose gloss is identical to the above. According to the meaning of the sūtra and contemporary popular usage, both are pronounced *lüè*. In the *Qieyun*, under the rhyme *lüè*, this character does not occur; only in the *Fangyan*, the gloss for *lüè* states: "Seeking upon the roadway is called *lüè*," which means seizing property by force. Du Yu says: "To take without righteousness is *lüè*." Jia Kui says: "To seize and plunder." The *Shuowen* writes it as 略, saying: "To manage and demarcate territory; it is composed of 田 with 各 as phonetic." It is also acceptable in meaning. These two characters have two pronunciations and three forms; the glosses and explanations are as above, and one may adopt either earlier or later forms at will).

29.101

屏除 (*bǐngchú*, to eliminate; the upper character has the fanqie 并茗 [*bìng* + *mǐng*]. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* says: "*Bǐng* also means to remove." Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* says: "To withdraw; to cast away." The *Shuowen* says: "To shield and conceal; it is composed of 尸 with 并 as phonetic").

29.102

白綫 (*báixiàn*, white thread; [the second character has] the fanqie 先箭 [*xiān* + *jiàn*]. The *Shuowen* says: "*Xiàn* means thread; it is composed of 糸 with 戔 as phonetic." 戔 is pronounced *cán*. In the sūtra text it is written with the spring radical as 線, which is a popular form).

29.103

多揭羅 (*tagara*; Sanskrit name of an aromatic herb. The correct form is 多孽囉 *tagara*).

29.104

禪膩師 (*śaniṣa*; also Sanskrit, but not quite correct. The correct Sanskrit sound is 捨儞娑 *śaniṣa*, the name of Vaiśravaṇa's second son).

29.105

迦利沙波拏 (*kārṣāpaṇa*; Sanskrit, which here means cowrie shell teeth, or shell teeth, namely the small cowries of the sea. The sūtra fully analyzes how much it is worth. *Paṇa* is coin; if one hundred are offered daily, they are mostly gold coins).

29.106

𪏽篋 (*xiāngqiè*, incense casket; the upper character is pronounced *xiāng*. The *Shuowen* says: "𪏰 means fragrant; it is composed of 黍 and 甘." In modern clerical script the water radical is omitted and it is written with 禾 as 香, which is a popular form. The lower character has the fanqie 謙葉 [*qiān* + *yè*]. The *Shuowen* says: "A chest; it is composed of 匚, pronounced *fāng*, with 夾 as phonetic." In the sūtra it is written with the bamboo radical as 篋; a *qiè* is a small basket-trunk. It is also called an incense box [香匳], which is an incense-burner casing [椷]. 椷 is pronounced *xián*; 匳 is pronounced *lián*).

29.107

罄盡 (*qìngjìn*, completely exhausted; the upper character has the fanqie 輕逕 [*qīng* + *jìng*]. The *Yunquan* says: "Exhausted; also means completely finished").

29.108

普臻 (*pǔzhēn*, universally arriving; [the second character has] the fanqie 櫛詵 [*zhì* + *shēn*]. The *Erya* says: "*Zhēn* means to arrive." The *Shuowen* says: "It is composed of 至 with 秦 as phonetic").

29.109

白㲲 (*báidié*, white cotton cloth; [the second character has] the fanqie 恬頰 [*tián* + *jiá*]. It is the fibrous floss of an herbaceous flower in the Western Regions spun into cloth; it is also the name of that country's herb).

29.110

木膠 (*mùjiāo*, plant gum; [the second character is] pronounced *jiāo*. Gu Yewang says: "Glue is that by which things are joined so as to make them adhere to one another." Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* says: "Glue refers to boiling skin or grass to make them dissolve and congeal; there are many kinds, whether yellow, black, white, or red, or boiling tree bark and shoots to make it." The *Shuowen* says: "Viscous; made from hide, hence it is composed of 肉 with 翏 as phonetic." The sound of 翏 has the fanqie 力救 [*lì* + *jiù*]).

29.111

無歇 (*wúxiē*, unceasing; [the second character has] the fanqie 許謁 [*xǔ* + *yè*]).

29.112

林藪 (*línsǒu*, forest and marsh; [the second character has] the fanqie 桑走 [*sāng* + *zǒu*]. A marsh without water is called a *sǒu*. The *Shuowen* says: "A great marsh; it is composed of the grass radical and is a phono-semantic compound." Writing it with the bamboo radical is also permissible).

29.113

珂雪 (*kēxuě*, white as shell and snow; the upper character has the fanqie 可哥 [*kě* + *gē*]. The *Guangya* says: "*Kē* is a white stone, second to jade." The *Picang* says: "White agate." Gu Yewang says: "*Kē* is a type of spiral conch originating from the sea, pure white like snow, used to ornament a horse's breast." It is a phono-semantic character).

29.114

轂輞 (*gǔwǎng*, wheel hub and rim; the upper character is pronounced *gǔ*. The *Shuowen* says: "Where the spokes converge; it is composed of 車 with 𣪊 abbreviated as phonetic." The lower character is pronounced *wǎng*. The *Shuowen* says: "The outer felloe of a cart; the bent wood at the tips of the spokes joining around to form a circle." It links the spokes together to roll over the ground. It is also a phono-semantic character).

29.115

千輻 (*qiānfú*, thousand spokes; [the second character is] pronounced *fú*. Note: The mark of the thousand-spoked wheel is a mark of complete merit and virtue exclusive to the Buddha's body, appearing in six places: the palms of the two hands, the soles of the two feet, and within the flesh-lines above the two ankles, visibly and distinctly manifest, fully endowed like a cartwheel with a thousand spokes. It is brought about by the merit of bowing to the virtuous and holy over measureless eons).

29.116

網鞔 (*wǎngmán*, webbed; the lower character has the fanqie 莫安 [*mò* + *ān*]. Note: Webbed fingers belong only to the Buddha; between the ten fingers of his hands there are webs like the feet of a goose. The *Shuowen* says: "It is composed of 革 with 免 as phonetic").

29.117

澄潔 (*chéngjié*, clear and pure; the upper character has the fanqie 直陵 [*zhí* + *líng*]. The *Yunying* says: "*Chéng* means limpid." The *Shuowen* writes it with 徵 as 瀓: "瀓 means clear; it is composed of water and is a phono-semantic character").

29.118

清泠 (*qīnglíng*, pure and cool; the lower character is pronounced *líng*. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Chuci* says: "*Línglíng* is the appearance of a cool, refreshing breeze stirring." It is composed of water with 令 as phonetic; the character 令 is composed of 卩 with the combined sound of 精入 [*jīng* + *rù*]; 卩 is pronounced *jié*).

29.119

涕淚 (*tìlèi*, tears; the upper character is pronounced *tì*; the lower character has the fanqie 律墜 [*lǜ* + *zhuì*]. Already explained in fascicle 1 of the previous sūtra).

29.120

聰叡 (*cōngruì*, perceptive and wise; the upper character has the fanqie 倉公 [*cāng* + *gōng*]. The *Guangya* says: "*Cōng* means hearing." The *Han shi* says: "Clear." The Mao *Shi commentary* says: "*Cōng* means listening." The *Shuowen* says: "Discerning; it is composed of 耳 with 怱 as phonetic." 囱 is pronounced *chuāng*, being pictographic. In the present sūtra text it is written as 聰, which is a popular form. The lower character has the fanqie 營歲 [*yíng* + *suì*]. In the *Shangshu*, *ruì* is written as 聖; Kong's commentary says: "*Ruì* must mean penetrating through techniques." The *Guoyu* says: "Clear." The *Guangya* says: "Wise." The *Shuowen* says: "Deeply discerning; it is composed of 目 and 𱑸 with 谷 abbreviated as phonetic").

29.121

Suvarṇaprabhāsottamarāja-sūtra, Fascicle Seven

29.122

消殄 (*xiāotiǎn*, eradicated; the lower character has the fanqie 田演 [*tián* + *yǎn*], which is a popular form, pronounced in the rising tone. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* says: "*Tiǎn* means severed." The *Erya* says: "Exhausted." The *Shuowen* says: "Extinguished; the correct form is written 殄, composed of 㐱, pronounced 之忍 [*zhī* + *rěn*], and 歺, pronounced 五割 [*wǔ* + *gē*]." The sūtra's 𣧠 is an error).

29.123

枉死 (*wǎngsǐ*, wrongful death; the upper character has the fanqie 汪往 [*wāng* + *wǎng*]. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Wǎng* means losing reason; to be bent." The *Gujiin zì* says: "Crooked and perverse; it is composed of 木 with 王 as phonetic." In ancient script it is written as 枉. For the lower character 死, the *Shuowen* says: "*Sǐ* means vanished; that which man departs from." It refers to the human consciousness transforming and passing away without returning, leaving behind the remnants of the body and bones; hence it is composed of 歺 and 化 abbreviated, being an associative compound).

29.124

霹靂 (*pīlì*, thunderclap; the upper character has the fanqie 四歷 [*sì* + *lì*]; the lower character is pronounced *lì*. The striking shock of great thunder; phono-semantic characters. Those written with the stone radical are popular forms).

29.125

蠱魅 (*gǔmèi*, poisonous sorcery and demonic spirits; the upper character is pronounced *gǔ*; the lower character is pronounced *mèi*. *Gǔ* is poison magic; *mèi* is a demonic spirit. Both are evil demons that harm people, or transform into humans to copulate with them and absorb their vital essence).

29.126

蚊蝱 (*wénméng*, mosquitoes and horseflies; the upper character is pronounced *wén*; the lower character has the fanqie 陌耕 [*mò* + *gēng*], which is the standard character form; the popular form is written 虻. Both are biting winged insects. The gadfly is as large as a bee; the mosquito is as small as a gnat. Both are phono-semantic).

29.127

捷利 (*jiélì*, swift and sharp; the upper character has the fanqie 潛葉 [*qián* + *yè*]. The Mao *Shi commentary* says: "*Jié* means victorious." Wang's commentary on the *Chuci* says: "Fast; swift." The *Gu-jin zhengzi* says: "It is composed of 手 with 疌 as phonetic." 疌 is pronounced the same as above).

29.128

技術 (*jìshù*, arts and techniques; the upper character has the fanqie 奇蟣 [*qí* + *jǐ*]. The *Yunying* says: "Art and capability." The *Kaosheng* says: "Craftsmanship and skill." The *Shuowen* says: "Skill; it is composed of 手 with 支 as phonetic." In the sūtra text it is written with the human radical as 伎, which is a borrowed character and not the original form. The lower character has the fanqie 順律 [*shùn* + *lǜ*]. Zheng's commentary on the *Liji* says: "*Shù* means way." Zhuangzi says: "Men understand one another in the arts of the Way." The *Han shi* says: "Arts." The *Shuowen* says: "A roadway within a town; it is composed of 行 with 朮 as phonetic." 朮 has the fanqie 椎律 [*zhuī* + *lǜ*]).

29.129

苜𰱵 (*mùxu*, clover / alfalfa; the upper character is pronounced *mù*; the lower character is pronounced *xu*. The name of a plant. Originally native to Jibin, the horses of Dayuan were fond of it. The *Hanshu* states: "When Zhang Qian returned from his mission to the Western Regions, he brought back its seeds and planted them in this land to feed mules and horses." It is composed of the grass radical and is a phono-semantic character. Master Lu's *Qieyun* and others give the pronunciation 莫六 [*mò* + *liù*], which is not adopted here).

29.130

麝𪏽 (*shèxiāng*, musk; the upper character has the fanqie 常夜 [*cháng* + *yè*]. Guo's commentary on the *Shanhaijing* says: "The musk deer resembles a roe deer; in the pouch beneath its belly is perfume." The *Erya* says: "The *shè* has the feet of a river deer." Guo's commentary says: "Resembles a small river deer; the male has perfume in its pouch, while the female does not." It is a mutually defining character).

29.131

芎藭 (*xiōngqióng*, chuanxiong / Ligusticum; the upper character has the fanqie 羌隆 [*qiāng* + *lóng*]; the lower character is pronounced *qióng*. The name of an aromatic plant; its root is fragrant, and its shoots are called *miwu*; it is also used in medicine).

29.132

苟𣏌 (*gǒuqǐ*, Chinese wolfberry; the upper character has the fanqie 溝藕 [*gōu* + *ǒu*]; the lower character is pronounced *qǐ*. The name of a woody plant; it is also a medicine. The parts gathered in the four seasons differ: leaves are picked in spring, fruit in autumn, and roots in winter. It is also called *digu baipi* (earth-bone white bark). It is composed of 木 with 己 as phonetic).

29.133

艾納 (*àinà*, oakmoss / costus; the upper character has the fanqie 我葢 [*wǒ* + *gài*]. Also an aromatic herb).

29.134

馬芹 (*mǎqín*, caraway; [the second character has the fanqie] 近斤 [*jìn* + *jīn*]. Its seeds resemble dill seeds).

29.135

擣簁 (*dǎoshāi*, pound and sift; the upper character has the fanqie 刀老 [*dāo* + *lǎo*]. The *Shuowen* says: "Pounding with a pestle by hand; also to ram down; also to pound; it is composed of 手 with 壽 as phonetic"; the popular form is written 㨶. The lower character has the fanqie 篩滓 [*shāi* + *zǐ*], being a rising-tone character. The *Yunquan* says: "To strain through a sieve; to remove the coarse and bad and take the fine." In the sūtra text it is written with the *shī* radical as 篩 in the level tone, which is a bamboo basket, not appropriate for this usage; it is a popular error).

29.136

牛糞 (*niúfèn*, cow dung; [the second character has] the fanqie 分問 [*fēn* + *wèn*]. In Sanskrit it is called *gomaya*. The *Shuowen* says: "To discard and remove; it is composed of hands pushing and sweeping away grain; an associative compound." The top part is pronounced *bān*; the pushing hands are pronounced with the fanqie 土雷 [*tǔ* + *léi*]; the grain character is not actually rice, but the ancient character for excrement [矢]).

29.137

四枚 (*sìméi*, four pieces; [the second character has] the fanqie 每盃 [*měi* + *bēi*]. Guo's commentary on the *Fangyan* says: "*Méi* is an enumerator." The *Gu-jin zhengzi* says: "It is composed of 木 with an abbreviated 玫 as phonetic").

29.138

埋大盆 (*mái dàpén*, bury a large basin; [the first character has] the fanqie 買牌 [*mǎi* + *pái*]. To conceal in the earth).

29.139

𪏽秣 (*xiāngmò*, incense powder; [the second character has] the fanqie 摩鉢 [*mó* + *bō*]. Dry incense powder).

29.140

幔障 (*mànzhàng*, curtain screen; [the first character has] the fanqie 暪半 [*mǎn* + *bàn*]. The *Guangya* says: "*Màn* means a curtain tent." The *Kaosheng* says: "A class of screen." The *Shuowen* says: "A curtain tent; it is composed of 巾 with 曼 as phonetic." 暪 has the fanqie 莫安 [*mò* + *ān*]).

29.141

所拘 (*suǒjū*, that which binds; [the second character is] pronounced *jū*. The *Shuowen* says: "*Jū* means to stop; to arrest; it is composed of 手 with 句 as phonetic").

29.142

葺茅 (*qìmáo*, thatching with reed; the upper character has the fanqie 侵入 [*qīn* + *rù*]. The *Kaosheng* says: "Covering a roof with cogon grass; it is composed of grass with 咠 as phonetic." 咠 is pronounced the same as above. The lower character has the fanqie 卯包 [*mǎo* + *bāo*]. The *Shuowen* says: "The name of a grass; it is composed of grass with 矛 as phonetic").

29.143

常翹 (*chángqiáo*, constantly standing on one foot; [the second character has] the fanqie 祇姚 [*qí* + *yáo*]. The *Guangya* says: "*Qiáo* means to lift up." Lifting up one foot while chanting and reciting displays an ascetic appearance and single-minded concentration; if the mind is scattered, the body will surely collapse. The *Shuowen* says: "It is composed of 羽 with 堯 as phonetic").

29.144

根機 (*gēnjī*, faculties and inclinations; [the second character has] the fanqie 既祈 [*jì* + *qí*]. The *Yijing* says: "*Jī* is the subtle inception of movement." The *Kaosheng* says: "The trigger of a crossbow." The *Shuowen* says: "That which governs triggering is called *jī*; it is composed of 木 with 幾 as phonetic").

29.145

野蠶 (*yěcán*, wild silkworm; [the second character has] the fanqie 雜含 [*zá* + *hán*]. The *Picang* says: "The silkworm is a silk-spinning insect." The *Hanshu* says: "In the first year of Emperor Shizu's accession, wild silkworms formed cocoons, and the people reaped the benefit." The *Gu-jin zhengzi* says: "It is composed of 䖵 with 朁 as phonetic." 䖵 is pronounced *kūn*; 朁 has the fanqie 千感 [*qiān* + *gǎn*]).

29.146

坎窟 (*kǎnkū*, pit and cavern; the upper character has the fanqie 堪感 [*kān* + *gǎn*]. The *Picang* says: "*Kǎn* is a pit." The lower character has the fanqie 坤骨 [*kūn* + *gǔ*]. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "A *kū* is an underground chamber." The *Gu-jin zhengzi* says: "A *kū* is a lurking place for foxes and rabbits; it is composed of 穴 with 屈 as phonetic." It is also written with the earth radical as 𡑣 or with the stone radical as 𥖚; both are acceptable).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese