一切經音義 61

English (machine translation) 61

Language: English

Sounds and meanings for:
*Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya*, from fascicle 31 through fascicle 50;
*Mūlasarvāstivāda-bhikṣuṇī-vinaya*, twenty fascicles.
(The above two works in forty fascicles share the sounds and meanings of this fascicle).

61.3

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya, Fascicle Thirty-One

61.4

Wipe away and rub (抆摸: the first character is pronounced *wen* + *fen* [= *wěn*]; the second is pronounced *mo* [= *mō*]. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Wěn* means to put in order." The *Guangya* says: "*Wěn* means to wipe; to shake off." The *Chuci* says: "The orphan groans and wipes away tears." The *Wenalidianshuo* says both are derived from 手 and are phono-semantic characters).

61.5

To rescue and deliver (拯濟): [For the first character,] the character 拯 has no fanqie, [having the pronunciation of] 耴 and the rising tone of the character 䒱. The Shuowen jiezi says it is written 抍, with the hand radical (扌) and 升; its use is the same as 拯. Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan states that 拯 means to wipe away and assist. The Fangyan states that it means to pull out. The Guangya states that it means to gather in and to grasp. The Shuowen jiezi states that it means to raise upward, formed with the hand radical (扌) and 丞 as the phonetic element.

61.6

Lazy and indolent (嬾惰): For the first character, the fanqie is 蘭 (l-) plus 且 (-an); the Kaosheng states that 嬾 means not diligent. The Guangya states that it means fatigued. The Wenzidian shuo states that it means remiss and negligent; it is formed with the female radical (女) and 賴 as the phonetic element. For the second character, the fanqie is 徒 (d-) plus 臥 (-wo); the Guangya states that it means disrespectful. Its gloss is the same as that for 嬾; it is formed with the heart radical (心) and the abbreviated 墮 as the phonetic element.

61.7

To grasp with the hand (手㧖): The second character has the fanqie 鸎 (y-) plus 革 (-e), which is the standard form of the character. In the vinaya text it is written 扼, which is a popular variant.

61.8

Vande (畔睇): The first character has the pronunciation of 伴; the second character has the pronunciation of 弟. It is a Sanskrit word; in the Tang language it means 'to pay homage'. It has already been explained in fascicle 10 above.

61.9

Aupāyika (奧箄迦): The first character is read as standard; its original sound is also a Sanskrit word. In the Tang language it means 'it may be so' or 'it should be like this'.

61.10

To laugh and sneer (嗤笑): For the first character, the fanqie is 齒 (ch-) plus 詩 (-i). The Han shi waizhuan states that 嗤 is an appearance of harmonious joy in intention. The Wenzidian shuo says that it means to laugh; it is formed with the mouth radical (口) and [山/虫] as the phonetic element, with [山/虫] having the same pronunciation as above.

61.11

Eye cataract (眼瞙): For the second character, the pronunciation is 莫. The Yunquan states that 瞙 is an eye disease. The Wenzidian shuo says that it is like a membrane between the skin; it is formed with the eye radical (目).

61.12

To glance sidelong (顧眄): For the second character, the fanqie is 眠 (m-) plus 遍 (-ian). The Fangyan states that in the regions between Qin and Jin, 'to look' is called 眄. The Shuowen jiezi states that 眄 means to look askance; it is formed with the eye radical (目) and 丐 as the phonetic element, with 丐 having the same pronunciation as above.

61.13

Silent and abashed (默赧): For the first character, the fanqie is 瞢 (m-) plus 北 (-ok); it is sometimes written 嘿, which is a popular variant. The Shenglei says that 默 means quiet and not speaking. The Shuowen jiezi says that it means a dog suddenly chasing someone; it is formed with the dog radical (犬) and 黑 as the phonetic element. For the second character, the fanqie is 儜 (n-) plus 簡 (-an); the Kaosheng states that 赧 means being ashamed and blushing red in the face. The Shuowen jiezi writes it with 㞋 as 赧, which is the standard character; in the vinaya text it is written with the skin radical (皮), which is incorrect and also a popular variant. The Xiao Erya says that having a countenance of shame is called 赧. The Shuowen jiezi says it means blushing red with shame; it is formed with the red radical (赤) and 㞋 as the phonetic element, with 㞋 pronounced 尼 (n-) plus 展 (-an).

61.14

Swine rooting and striking (䖶觸): For the first character, the fanqie is 呼 (h-) plus 回 (-ui). The Jixun states that 䖶 means pigs rooting up the ground. The Wenzidian shuo says that it means swine digging the ground; it is formed with the swine radical (豕) and the insect radical (虫), with 虫 pronounced 毀.

61.15

A boat or vessel (船䑹): The second character has the fanqie 掃 (s-) plus 遭 (-ao); it is a popular variant. Its original standard form is written with the wood radical (木) as 艘. The Shuowen jiezi states that 艘 is a general name for boats; it is formed with the wood radical (木) and 叜 as the phonetic element.

61.16

Sandbank (砂潬): The fanqie is 壇 (d-) plus 嬾 (-an), a rising-tone character. The Yunquan says that sand pushed out within muddy water is called 渾 [i.e., 潬]; this is the dialect of Jiangdong. It is formed with the water radical (水) and 單 as the phonetic element.

61.17

Fascicle 32

61.18

Wrecked merchant-vessel (破舶): The second character has the pronunciation of 白. Sima Biao's commentary on the Zhuangzi states that large ocean-going vessels are called 舶. The Guangya states that 舶 is an ocean-going boat. It enters sixty feet into the water and carries more than a thousand men, not counting goods. It is also called a Kunlun vessel. To maneuver this boat, mostly Guluo [i.e. Kunlun people] are used as sailors. Coconut husks are used to make ropes to bind it together, and galangal sugar is poured to caulk it so that water does not enter. Iron nails and plates are not used, for fear that heat from the iron might create fire; it is built by stacking timber boards. Because thin planks might break, they are several li long. It has three sections fore and aft, and sails are spread to catch the wind; it is not something that human muscle alone can move.

61.19

Field peas (豌豆): For the first character, the fanqie is 烏 (w-) plus 丸 (-an). The Guangya states that 豌豆 is the liudou; it is larger than azuki beans, sweet, delicious, and edible. In the Gujin zhengzi, it is formed with the bean radical (豆) and 宛 as the phonetic element.

61.20

One load (一擔): The fanqie is 躭 (d-) plus 濫 (-am). The Kaosheng says that it means carrying things on a shoulder pole. The Guangya states that 擔 means to lift. The Gujin zhengzi states that it means to bear; it is formed with the hand radical (扌) and 詹 as the phonetic element.

61.21

River dolphin (沍㹠): The first character is an ancient character for 江 (river). For the second character, the fanqie is 鈍 (d-) plus 論 (-un); it is a popular variant. The standard form is written with the swine radical (豕) and the meat radical (肉) as 豚. The ancient script originally wrote it as 蟸; although standard, it was disliked for being overly complex and has already fallen out of use. As for the river dolphin (江豚), it is a class of fish in rivers and seas whose appearance resembles a large pig, hence the name 'river dolphin'. When wind and waves are about to arise, this fish emerges above the water first; its appearances and dives always move against the wind, and in a moment the wind arises.

61.22

Porpoise (海狶): The second character has the pronunciation of 希; it is a popular variant. The standard form in the Shuowen jiezi is written with the swine radical (豕) as 豨. The Fangyan states that the people of southern Chu call pigs 豨; it also states that it is the sound of pigs running. As for the porpoise (海豨), it is a marine fish whose shape resembles a pig, hence the name 'sea pig'; it is also of the same class as the river dolphin.

61.23

To sneeze (噴嚏): For the first character, the fanqie is 普 (p-) plus 悶 (-un); the Guangya states that 噴 means to sneeze (嚏). The Cang Jie pian states that 噴 means to puff out (吒). For the second character, the fanqie is 丁 (d-) plus 計 (-ei); the Kaosheng says that it means air rushing through the nose and sneezing. The Shuowen jiezi says that the blowing of the nose and venting of breath with understanding and relief is called 噴嚏. Both are formed with the mouth radical (口) and are phonetic-ideographic characters.

61.24

Hulless barley and wheat (穬𲎏): For the first character, the fanqie is 古 (g-) plus 猛 (-ang); it is the large wheat [barley] cultivated by people today.

61.25

Fascicle 33

61.26

To collapse and crumble (崩隤): For the first character, the fanqie is 北 (b-) plus 朋 (-eng); for the second character, the fanqie is 徒 (d-) plus 回 (-ui). It has already been explained in fascicle 30 above.

61.27

Frog in a well (井蛙): The second character has the fanqie 烏 (w-) plus 瓜 (-a). The standard form in the Shuowen jiezi is written with the toad radical (黽) as 鼃, which is an ancient character; today it is written with the insect radical (虫) as 蛙. It has already been explained in fascicle 4 above.

61.28

Weak and wicked (儜惡): The first character has the fanqie 搦 (n-) plus 耕 (-eng); the Kaosheng states that 儜 means weak.

61.29

Mooring cable (繫纜): The first character has the pronunciation of 計; the second character has the pronunciation of 濫. Gu Yewang states that 'mooring cable' refers to the hawser that ties up a boat, made either of hemp or bamboo, securing it to the riverbank.

61.30

Greedy and voracious (貪餮): The second character has the fanqie 天 (t-) plus 結 (-iet). It has already been explained in fascicle 6 above.

61.31

Punt-pole and oar (篙棹): The first character has the pronunciation of 高. Xu Shuzhong's commentary on the Huainanzi states that 篙 refers to the bamboo used to pole a boat, twenty feet long, or sometimes made of wood. The second character has the fanqie 宅 (zh-) plus 効 (-ao). The Fangyan states that an oar (檝) is called a 櫂; it is formed with the wood radical (木) and 卓, or also written 櫂 with 翟, with the same meaning; writing it with the hand radical (扌) is incorrect.

61.32

Shoals and rocky shallows (灘磧): The first character has the fanqie 炭 (t-) plus 丹 (-an); sand emerging from water is called a 灘. The second character has the pronunciation of 戚; a 磧 is the larger of the sandbars, also containing rocks. The Guangya states that 磧 means shallows (瀨); it also states that sand and rocks exposed when water dries up are called 灘磧. Both are phonetic-ideographic characters.

61.33

To clear the throat and cough (謦欬): The first character has the fanqie 輕 (q-) plus 郢 (-ing); the second character has the fanqie 開 (k-) plus 愛 (-ai). The Yunying states that 謦 means sound. Gu Yewang states that 欬 means coughing. The Shuowen jiezi states that 謦欬 means reverse breath clearing through accompanied by sound. Both are phonetic-ideographic characters.

61.34

To lift the skirt (擡裙): The first character has the pronunciation of 臺; the second character has the pronunciation of 群. The Kaosheng states that 擡 means to raise. The Guangya states that it means to move. The Picang states that it means to shake up. 'Lifting the skirt' means hitching up one's garments. As for the second character, 裙, the standard form in the Shuowen jiezi is written with the cloth radical (巾) as 帬; today, in the vinaya text, it is written with the clothing radical (衣) as 裙, which is the character in contemporary use. The Shuowen jiezi states that 帬 is a lower garment; the upper is called 衣 and the lower is called 裳, both of which properly take the cloth radical (巾), but today they are both written with the clothing radical (衣) as popular variants.

61.35

Hedge and fence (籬𣑭): The first character has the pronunciation of 離; the second character has the pronunciation of 策. It has already been fully explained in fascicle 2 above.

61.36

Alkali salt (鹻鹽): The first character has the fanqie 緘 (j-) plus 斬 (-an), which is a popular variant. The standard form in the Shuowen jiezi is written with 僉 as 鹼. The Picang states that 鹻 is like bitter alkaline soil (鹵). The Wenzidian shuo states that 鹼 means salty; it is formed with the alkaline radical (鹵) and 僉 as the phonetic element. The second character has the fanqie 琰 (y-) plus 占 (-am), which is a popular variant. In the Shuowen jiezi it is written with the minister radical (臣) as 鹽, which is the standard character. Gu Yewang states that boiling sea water yields salt; in ancient times, Susha first made salt by boiling sea water. Crystalline rock salt and soft salt originally grow naturally from the earth; well salt is crystallized in water. The salt of Anyi in Hedong is also produced by human labor, made in salt pans and dried in the sun to completion, which is the next best grade; sea salt is the lowest grade.

61.37

Fascicle 34

61.38

Hot ashes (煻煨): The first character has the pronunciation of 唐; the second character has the fanqie 鄔 (w-) plus 𭹹 (-ui). It has already been fully explained in fascicle 18 above.

61.39

To irrigate and water (溉灌): The first character has the pronunciation of 記; the second character has the pronunciation of 貫. Gu Yewang states that 溉 refers to pouring and irrigating. The Yunquan states that 灌 also means to irrigate; the two characters gloss each other and are used identically, both formed with the water radical (水) as phonetic-ideographic characters, with 雚 having the same pronunciation as above.

61.40

Water pot (水罐): The fanqie is 官 (g-) plus 𠷀 (-uan). The Kaosheng states that it is the name of an earthenware vessel that can be used to draw water. The Zitong also states that it is a vessel for carrying water; it is formed with the earthenware radical (缶) and 雚 as the phonetic element.

61.41

Orphaned and solitary (孤惸): The first character has the pronunciation of 姑 and is the standard form; the Kaosheng states that 孤 means solitary, abandoned, and distanced. In the Gujin zhengzi, it is formed with the solitary radical (孑, pronounced 結) and the abbreviated 柧 as the phonetic element (柧 having the same pronunciation as above). The second character has the fanqie 葵 (k-) plus 營 (-ing), which is also the standard form; it has the child radical (子) below, conveying the semantic sense. In the ancient script, it is written with 卂 as 㷀. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Shangshu states that 惸 means single and alone. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Zhouli states that having no brothers is called 惸. The Gujin zhengzi writes it with the female radical (女) as 嬛.

61.42

To unite strength (勠力): The first character has the pronunciation of 六. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu states that 勠 means combining strength. The Wenzidian shuo states that it means being of one mind; it is formed with the strength radical (力) and the abbreviated 戮 as the phonetic element, with 彡 below.

61.43

Impoverished class (寠類): The first character has the fanqie 劬 (q-) plus 縷 (-ü). The Mao Shi states, 'In the end, impoverished (寠) and destitute.' The Shi commentary states that 寠 means failing to meet the proper rites. The Erya states that 寠 means poor. The Gujin zhengzi states that it is formed with the roof radical (宀) and 婁 as the phonetic element.

61.44

Qilin's horn (麟角): The first character has the pronunciation of 隣. It is an auspicious beast; when a ruler possesses the Way, it appears. It has the body of a river deer, the tail of an ox, the hooves of a horse, and a single horn, the tip of which has flesh. The character is formed with the deer radical (鹿) and 𪊽 (pronounced 君).

61.45

Fascicle 35

61.46

Salty and alkaline (鹹鹵): The first character has the pronunciation of 咸; the second character has the pronunciation of 魯. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the Shangshu says that what moistens downward becomes salty. The Erya says that salty is bitter, the taste of the north; it is formed with the alkaline radical (鹵) and 咸 as the phonetic element. The Shuowen jiezi says that 鹵 is also salty and bitter; in the western regions it is called salty soil; it is formed with an abbreviated dot of the ancient character 西, resembling the shape of salt grains.

61.47

Stony and barren (磽确): For the first character, the fanqie is 巧 (q-) plus 交 (-ao); for the second character, the fanqie is 苦 (k-) plus 角 (-ok). It has already been explained in fascicle 21 above.

61.48

Distressed in heart (疚懷): The first character has the fanqie 鳩 (j-) plus 又 (-iu). The Erya states that 疚 means disease or distress. The Zuozhuan states, 'The noble person does not swerve for profit, nor become distressed for righteousness.' The Gujin zhengzi states that it is formed with the sickness radical (疒) and 久 as the phonetic element; 疚 is pronounced 搦.

61.49

To peer and spy (窺覘): For the first character, the fanqie is 犬 (q-) plus 規 (-ui). The Kaosheng states that 窺 means to peek (覻, pronounced 清 [q-] plus 預 [-ü]). The Zhouyi states, 'Peering through the door.' The Wenzidian shuo states that it means to look downward. The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the cave radical (穴) and 規 as the phonetic element. For the second character, the fanqie is 勅 (ch-) plus 燄 (-an). Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuozhuan states that 覘 means to spy on. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Liji states that 覘 means to peek and look. The Shuowen jiezi states that it is formed with the seeing radical (見) and 占 as the phonetic element.

61.50

To mock and ridicule (譏誚): For the first character, the fanqie is 居 (j-) plus 依 (-i). He [Xiu]'s commentary on the Gongyang zhuan states that 譏 means to censure. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Liji states that it means to reprimand. The Guangya states that it means to admonish. The Shuowen jiezi states that it means to slander; it is formed with the speech radical (言) and 幾 as the phonetic element. For the second character, the fanqie is 樵 (q-) plus 曜 (-ao). The Kaosheng says that 誚 means to ridicule. The Shenglei notes that it is sometimes written 譙. The Fangyan states that 誚 means to reproach. The Cang Jie pian states that it means to scold. The Shuowen jiezi states that it means to disturb; it is formed with the speech radical (言) and 焦 as the phonetic element; in the vinaya text it is written with 肖, which is also acceptable.

61.51

Living as a widow (孀居): The first character has the pronunciation of 霜. The Kaosheng states that 孀居 means a widow; the people of Chu call being a widow 孀居; it is formed with the female radical (女) and 霜 as the phonetic element.

61.52

Fascicle 36

61.53

To set upright a spoon (豎匙): The first character has the fanqie 殊 (sh-) plus 主 (-u), a rising-tone character. The Shuowen jiezi says that 豎 means to stand upright. The Wenzidian shuo says that it is formed with 臤 and the abbreviated 豆 as the phonetic element; writing it with 立 as 竪 is a popular variant (豆 has the fanqie 竹 [zh-] plus 樹 [sh-]). The second character has the fanqie 是 (sh-) plus 支 (-i). The Fangyan states that 匙 means a spoon (匕). The Gujin zhengzi states that it means [a utensil for] serving rice; it is formed with 匕 and 是 as the phonetic element, pronounced the same as the character 時.

61.54

Joyous banquet (歡讌): The second character has the fanqie 煙 (y-) plus 見 (-an). The Jixun states that a joyous banquet refers to guests gathering and merrily drinking wine.

61.55

To wash and rinse (澡漱): For the first character, the fanqie is 遭 (z-) plus 考 (-ao); for the second character, the fanqie is 搜 (s-) plus 皺 (-ou). It has already been fully explained in fascicle 6 above.

61.56

Earthenware bowl (瓦甌): The second character has the fanqie 惡 (e-) plus 侯 (-ou). The Fangyan states that small basins are called 甌. Nowadays in Jiangnan, porcelain bowls and earthenware bowls are generally termed 甌. The Gujin zhengzi states that it is formed with the pottery radical (瓦) and the abbreviated 歐 as the phonetic element.

61.57

Or withered (或枯): The second character has the fanqie 縶 (zh-) plus 林 (-in). It has already been fully explained in fascicle 28 above.

61.58

To split open (劈破): The fanqie is 匹 (p-) plus 壁 (-ik). The Picang states that it means to cleave. The Guangya states that 劈 means to tear apart. The Shuowen jiezi states that it means to split through the middle with a knife; it is formed with the knife radical (刀) and 辟 as the phonetic element; writing it with the strength radical (力) is incorrect.

61.59

Wilted and dried (蔫乾): The first character has the fanqie 偃 (y-) plus 言 (-an). The Guangya states that 蔫 means yellowing. The Shuowen jiezi states that 蔫 means withered (菸); it is formed with the grass radical (艹) and 焉 as the phonetic element (the character 焉 is formed from 一 and 烏; 菸 has the pronunciation 於).

61.60

Bird's beak (鳥𭪿): The second character has the fanqie 醉 (z-) plus 髓 (-ui). The Kaosheng says it is a bird's mouth. The Gujin zhengzi says it is a bird's bill. The Shuowen jiezi says it is formed with 此 and 束 as the phonetic element (束 has the pronunciation 㓨).

61.61

To peck and consume completely (唼盡): The first character has the fanqie 𭨚 (sh-) plus 荅 (-ap). The Kaosheng states that it means taking shallowly into the mouth to taste. Gu Yewang states that wild ducks and geese eating with the beak is called 唼. The Gujin zhengzi states that it is formed with the mouth radical (口) and 妾 as the phonetic element.

61.62

Brown bears and grizzlies (熊羆): The first character has the pronunciation of 雄. The Shuowen jiezi says that the bear resembles a pig, is black in color, lives in the mountains, hibernates in winter and licks its paws to stay alive without eating, only emerging in the second month; it is formed with 能 and an abbreviated 火 as the phonetic element. The second character has the pronunciation of 悲. The Yunying states that the 羆 resembles a bear but is larger and yellowish-white. Guo [Pu]'s commentary on the Erya states that it resembles a bear, with a raised head, long legs, fierce, violent, powerful, swift-running, and able to uproot trees; west of the Pass it is called a jia. The character 羆 is formed with 四 above.

61.63

To slander and revile (謗讟): The pronunciation [of the second character] is 讀.

61.64

Fascicle 37

61.65

盎甕 (for the first character, the fanqie is 阿 + 浪; for the second, 翁 + 貢; already explained above in Fascicle 30).

61.66

霹靂 (for the first character, the fanqie is 匹 + 壁; the second is pronounced 歷. Gu Yewang says: "Great thunder shaking violently. Whenever there is a thunderbolt (霹靂), it shatters trees and destroys houses, taking perverse dragons." Both are phono-semantic characters with the rain radical [雨]).

61.67

撚劫貝綫 (for the first character, the fanqie is 年 + 典. "Twisting karpāsa threads" means spinning the fluff from the flowers of the karpāsa plant into woven threads and weaving it into fine white cotton cloth (paṭa). The Fangyan says: "撚 means to join together." The Cang Jie Pian says: "It means twisting threads." Setting them as warp and woof, one weaves them into cotton cloth).

61.68

㪅添 (the fanqie is 怗 + 閻. The Kaosheng says: "添 means to increase." It is a phono-semantic character with the water radical [水]. The character 忝 has the heart radical [心] and 天 as phonetic).

61.69

整旆 (for the first character, the fanqie is 征 + 郢. The Jixun says: "To put in order; to make upright." The Gujin zhengzi says: "To make even and orderly; it takes 文 and 牙, with 正 as phonetic." For the second character, the fanqie is 俳 + 妹. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "A 旆 is a large banner before the military gates." The Shuowen says: "A banner that follows the pennon (旐); fluttering and drooping down. It takes 方 and 沛 with abbreviated phonetic." 旐 is pronounced 兆; 旆 is pronounced 偃).

61.70

㒓額 (for the first character, the fanqie is 他 + 割; for the second, 雅 + 格. This is a popular character; the standard form takes 各 and is written 頟, taking 頁 with 格 as an abbreviated phonetic. That is the personal name 㒓頟, already explained above in Fascicle 12).

61.71

槊刃 (the fanqie is 雙 + 捉. It is a popular character; the standard form takes the spear radical [矛] and is written 矟, meaning a long lance; already explained above in Fascicle 22).

61.72

拳肘 (the fanqie are 倦 + 員 and 張 + 柳; already seen in previous explanations).

61.73

箭簳 (for the first character, the fanqie is 煎 + 線. The Fangyan says: "Arrows are called 𠂕; west of the Pass they call them 箭, east of the Pass they call them 𠂕." For the second character, the fanqie is 哥 + 嬾. It is a popular character; the standard form takes 可 and is written 笴. The Shangshu Dazhuan says: "Like the shaft (笴) and notch (栝) in archery rites." Zheng's commentary says: "笴 is the shaft of an arrow." The Erya says: "Among the finest products of the Southeast is the bamboo arrow of Kuaiji").

61.74

帚筳 (the fanqie is 周 + 守; a sweeping broom; already explained above in Fascicles 7 and 23. 筳 is pronounced 庭).

61.75

Fascicle Thirty-Eight

61.76

獷烈 (for the first character, the fanqie is 𮓦 + 猛. The Kaosheng says: "獷 means fierce like a vicious dog, which one cannot approach." The second is pronounced 列. Guo's commentary to the Erya says: "An appearance of severity and ferocity").

61.77

[禾*(唐-口+米)][(麥-大+十)*戈] (for the first character, the fanqie is 可 + 岡. The Shenglei says: "Husk of grain." The Wenzi shiyao says: "Husk of rice." The Zitong has it with the grain radical [禾] and 賡 as phonetic. The second is pronounced 翼. Gu Yewang says: "Wheat husk." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Wheat chaff; it takes 麥 with 弋 as phonetic. The character is derived from 來 and 久").

61.78

Fascicle Thirty-Nine

61.79

䆿言 (for the first character, the fanqie is 霓 + 計. The Shenglei says: "Talking wildly in one's sleep." The Shuowen says: "It takes an abbreviated form of 㝱 with 臬 as phonetic." 臬 is pronounced with the fanqie 研 + 結).

61.80

愀然 (for the first character, the fanqie is 酋 + 酉; it takes the rising tone of the character 就. The Kaosheng says: "愀 means sorrowful." The Liji says: "Confucius changed countenance with a sorrowful expression (愀然)." The Jiayu says: "When about to carry out an execution, the ruler looked sorrowful and unhappy." It is a phono-semantic character).

61.81

圊廁 (the first is pronounced 青; for the second, the fanqie is 初 + 事. The Jixun says: "A privy is a latrine, a place for discarding foul waste").

61.82

所蜇 (for the second character, the fanqie is 展 + 列; already fully explained above in Fascicle 4).

61.83

㡿逐 (the first is pronounced 尺; already explained above in Fascicle 14).

61.84

緝為 (for the first character, the fanqie is 七 + 入. Zheng's commentary to the Mao Commentary on the Book of Odes says: "緝 means to continue." The Erya says: "To succeed." The Shuowen says: "To spin thread; it takes the silk radical [糸] with 咠 as phonetic." The phonetic element 咠 has the same sound).

61.85

鼗鼓 (the first character is pronounced 桃. The Shuowen says: "A 鼗 is a small hand-drum." In the Vinaya text it is written 𪔛, which is a scribal error).

61.86

Fascicle Forty

61.87

來襲 (pronounced 習. Zheng's commentary to the Zhouli says: "襲 is like taking by surprise and capturing." Sima Biao's commentary to the Zhuangzi says: "To enter." It is a mutually explanatory character [zhuanzhu]).

61.88

弦㣅 (the fanqie is 慚 + 感; the binding of a bowstring).

61.89

堋垛 (the first is pronounced 朋; the sound of earth falling when shaving a wall. For the second, the fanqie is 徒 + 果; that is, an archery target-butt).

61.90

靨處 (for the first character, the fanqie is 一 + 琰. The Yunying says: "A mole or birthmark on the body; some have cinnabar marks as red as a cinnabar dot, which is a sign of nobility").

61.91

Fascicle Forty-One

61.92

如燒杌樹 (杌 is pronounced 兀. The Jixun says: "The remaining trunk of a felled tree is called 杌. Looking at it at night, it resembles a human figure; not recognizing it clearly, one gives rise to fear").

61.93

釘橛 (for the first character, the fanqie is 丁 + 定; for the second, 權 + 月. Driving a stake into the ground).

61.94

打杙 (for the first character, the fanqie is 得 + 冷; the second is pronounced 翼. When in a wall, it is called a peg (杙); when in the ground, it is called a stake (橛)).

61.95

璺裂 (the first is pronounced 問; the second is pronounced 列; already explained above in Fascicle 7).

61.96

喧聒 (for the first character, the fanqie is 毀 + 袁; for the second, 官 + 活; already explained above in Fascicle 26).

61.97

决擇 (the second is pronounced 宅. The Kaosheng says: "擇 means to choose." The ancient script writes it as 睪; it takes the clasping hands [拱] as a compound ideograph).

61.98

謦欬 (for the first character, the fanqie is 輕 + 郢; for the second, 開 + 愛; already fully explained above in Fascicle 33).

61.99

Fascicle Forty-Two

61.100

乞匃 (the second is pronounced 蓋; already explained above in Fascicle 4).

61.101

摶若 (the fanqie is 叚 + 欒. The Kaosheng says: "摶 means to grasp." Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "To knead with the hands." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes the hand radical [手] with 專 as phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written 揣 with 耑, which is incorrect).

61.102

枯燥 (for the second character, the fanqie is 桑 + 到. The Shuowen says: "燥 means dry. It takes the fire radical [火] with 喿 as phonetic." 喿 has the same sound as above).

61.103

羂索 (for the first character, the fanqie is 决 + 兖; also written 罥. In fact, a noose (羂索) is used on battlefields either to snare people or to snare the legs of horses; popularly called a lasso (搭索). When capturing a live horse, one lassos its neck, which is called a 羂索. 搭 has the fanqie 他 + 荅).

61.104

黧變 (the first is pronounced 离. The Kaosheng says: "黧 means dark and sallow. It takes the black radical [黑] with 黎 as an abbreviated phonetic").

61.105

品類 (the fanqie is 律 + 墜. Ranks and categories. In the Vinaya text it is written 彙, which is an erroneous usage and incorrect; 彙 is an ancient character for hedgehog, and although it has the gloss of 'category', it is not suitable for this usage and its meaning is contrary).

61.106

草庵 (the fanqie is 暗 + 含. The Guangya says: "An 庵 is a small hut." Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: "A thatched shelter." The Gujin zhengzi says: "It takes the shelter radical [广] with 奄 as phonetic").

61.107

小鱓 (the second is pronounced 善. Guo's commentary to the Shanhaijing says: "The 鱓 fish resembles an eel-snake, long and speckled." The Shuowen says: "The skin of the 鱓 fish can be made into drums; it takes the fish radical [魚] with 單 as phonetic").

61.108

網鞔 (the fanqie is 莫 + 安. In fact, the meaning of 'webbed' (網鞔) is not found in non-Buddhist histories; it is explained in Buddhist treatises that between the ten fingers and toes of the Tathāgata there is webbed flesh, just like the webbed feet of a goose).

61.109

㧖尊者 (the first is pronounced 厄. This is the standard form of the character; it takes the hand radical [手] with 戹 as phonetic. 㧖 means to pinch someone by the neck. 戹 has the same sound as above).

61.110

自爴 (the fanqie is 歸 + 碧. This character is traditionally used in colloquial practice, but is not found in character dictionaries. "To scratch oneself" (自爴) means using one's own fingernails to scratch and lacerate one's body).

61.111

Fascicle Forty-Three

61.112

喘息 (for the first character, the fanqie is 川 + 耎. The Guangya says: "喘 means breathing." The Shuowen says: "Rapid breathing; it takes the mouth radical [口] with 耑 as phonetic").

61.113

角力 (for the first character, the fanqie is 江 + 岳. "Wrestling" (角力) means two people competing in strength and testing who is stronger, just as two horns of an ox or deer strive against each other in length. In the Vinaya text it is written with the hand radical as 捔, which is incorrect; there is no such character, and one should generally just use the character 角, with the meaning as stated above. The Shuowen says: "Beast horns; pictographic. A horn is like a knife, hence it takes 刀 with an abbreviated form of 魚 as phonetic").

61.114

駢闐 (for the first character, the fanqie is 便 + 綿; for the second, 殿 + 蓮. The Jixun says: "駢闐 means overflowing and full; abundant." The Shuowen says: "駢 means two horses harnessed to a carriage; it takes the horse radical [馬] with 并 as phonetic; it is also a compound ideograph").

61.115

針筩 (the second is pronounced 同. A needle case (針筩) is made either of bamboo or of wood to hold needles; it is merely not permitted to make them from bone, ivory, or horn, which would be inappropriate).

61.116

Fascicle Forty-Four

61.117

𢤳閙 (the first is pronounced 會. The Shuowen says: "Confused and disordered." For the second character, the fanqie is 拏 + 効. It is a popular character; the standard form takes the marketplace radical [市] and human radical [人] as 𠆴. The Jixun says: "When people are in a market, it is noisy; hence called 𠆴. It is a compound ideograph").

61.118

畟方 (for the first character, the fanqie is 楚 + 力. That is to say, square and even, equal on all four sides. The Shuowen says: "Tilling the crops neatly (畟畟); it takes 田, 人, and 夕." 久 is pronounced 雖).

61.119

孤呫薄迦 (the sound of 咕 is the fanqie 𠯭 + 葉. A Sanskrit word [*kucambaka], the name for fine, exquisite, high-quality white cotton cloth).

61.120

Fascicle Forty-Five

61.121

𡝩妍 (for the first character, the fanqie is 夭 + 嬌. The Kaosheng says: "𡝩 means a woman skillfully displaying her charms." The Mao Commentary on the Book of Odes says: "'The peach tree is tender and delicate' refers to the flourishing appearance of a young woman." Ma Rong says: "𡝩𡝩 is the appearance of harmony and ease." The Shuowen says: "Artful charm and beautiful appearance." For the second character, the fanqie is 霓 + 堅. The Guangya says: "Pleasing; beautiful." The Shuowen says: "Clever; tranquil." Both have the woman radical [女] and are phono-semantic characters. 幵 is pronounced 牽).

61.122

翦剋 (for the first character, the fanqie is 煎 + 演. The Kaosheng says: "翦 means to cut off." Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: "翦 means to pare away; to exhaust." Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: "To cut off." The Shuowen says: "It takes the feather radical [羽] with 前 as phonetic; it is also written with the knife radical as 剪").

61.123

𧧸寶 (the fanqie is 彼 + 列. A character traditionally used in popular practice; the standard form is written 別).

61.124

[(黍-(企-止))/甘]秔餅 (the first is the standard form of the character 香. The Shuowen says: "It takes [禾/(企-止+木)] and 甘." In the Vinaya text it takes 禾 and 曰, which is a popular form. 秔 has the fanqie 耿 + 衡; it is the standard character, referring to fragrant, non-glutinous rice. For 餅, the fanqie is 煩 + 萬, or in the rising tone as 飯. The Shuowen says: "Food of grains." Both forms are acceptable; it takes 食 with 反 as phonetic).

61.125

轅軶 (The first character is pronounced *yuan*; it means carriage shafts. The second character is pronounced *e*; it is the carriage yoke, the wood pressing on the ox's neck).

61.126

Fascicle Forty-Six

61.127

𭛹榦 (The first character is pronounced *tiao*; the second has the fanqie *gan* + *lan*; already explained above in Fascicle 1).

61.128

悛改 (The first character is pronounced *quan*; fully explained above in Fascicle 7).

61.129

無明[愨-心+卵] (The fanqie is *qiang* + *jiao*; fully explained above in Fascicle 22; the character 腔 has the fanqie *kou* + *jiang*).

61.130

肉臠 (The fanqie is *lü* + *zhuan*, a rising-tone character. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Minced meat." It is a phono-semantic character).

61.131

䌄亦同棄 (The fanqie is *geng* + *xing*, a rising-tone character. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "䌄 is a well rope submerged in water." The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "A rope for drawing from a well." It takes 糸 as radical with 更 phonetic).

61.132

自刎 (The second character has the fanqie *wu* + *fen*. He Xiu's commentary on the *Gongyang zhuan* says: "*Ziwen* (slit one's own throat) means to cut one's own neck with a knife so the head falls off." It is a phono-semantic character).

61.133

爽塏 (The first character has the fanqie *shuang* + *liang*. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* says: "*Shuang* means bright." The second character has the fanqie *kai* + *gai*. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Shuangkai* describes being elevated and prominent." It takes 土 as radical with 凱 abbreviated phonetic).

61.134

Fascicle Forty-Seven

61.135

貧寠 (The fanqie is *qu* + *yu*. The *Yunying* says: "Poor and humble." The *Kaosheng* says: "Poor, lacking wealth to fulfill ritual propriety." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Dwelling without ritual propriety." It takes 宀 as radical with 婁 phonetic).

61.136

羈絆 (The fanqie is *ji* + *yi*; the second character is pronounced *ban*; already explained above in the preface to Fascicle 1).

61.137

牛蹄搶地 (The fanqie is *que* + *yang*; it is a place name in the Western regions; the literal meaning of the characters is not taken).

61.138

羹[腕-夗+隹] (The first character has the fanqie *geng* + *heng*; the second character has the fanqie *he* + *ge*; already explained above in Fascicle 27).

61.139

鍛師 (The first character has the fanqie *duan* + *luan*. Kong's commentary on the *Shangshu* says: "*Duan* means hammering gold or iron." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Small forging." 掫鍜 refers to an iron-hammering blacksmith; 掫 has the fanqie *ding* + *jia*).

61.140

伉儷 (The first character has the fanqie *kang* + *lang*; the second is pronounced *li*. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "Equal matches." Jia's commentary on the *Guoyu* says: "Spouses." The *Picang* says: "Companions." They are phono-semantic characters).

61.141

老叜 (The fanqie is *su* + *hou*. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Sou* is an appellation for the elderly." The *Fangyan* says: "Between eastern Qi, Lu, and Wei, whenever one honors a father, he is called *sou*." The *Guangya* says: "Father." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "An old man." It takes 灾 as radical with 又 phonetic).

61.142

祈禱 (The first character is pronounced *qi*. The *Kaosheng* says: "To seek; to report." The second character has the fanqie *dao* + *lao*. The *Lunyu* says: "*Dao* means to request." The *Guangya* says: "To give thanks." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Reporting a matter to seek blessings is called *dao*." It takes 示 as radical with 壽 abbreviated phonetic).

61.143

涼燠 (The first character has the fanqie *liang* + *zhang*. The *Yunying* says: "Slight cold." The *Kaosheng* says: "Slight cold." The *Gujin zhengzi* says it takes 水 as radical with 京 phonetic; writing it with 氷 is incorrect. The second character is pronounced *ao*, or with the fanqie *you* + *liu*. The *Erya* says: "*Ao* means hot." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Hot air within." It takes 火 as radical with 奧 phonetic).

61.144

褓持 (The first character is pronounced *bao*; in Vinaya texts it is written as 袝, which is incorrect. *Bao* means swaddling clothes; already explained above in Fascicle 13).

61.145

日旰 (The fanqie is *gan* + *han*. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "The sun is late." The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "Late in the day." It takes 日 as radical with 干 phonetic).

61.146

鼓棹 (The fanqie is *zhai* + *xiao*; that is, rowing an oar today to advance a boat. It takes 木 as radical with 卓 phonetic).

61.147

執拖 (The fanqie is *tang* + *he*; it is the stern of a boat; the boatman holds it to steer the boat straight).

61.148

鯨鱗 (The first character has the fanqie *jing* + *ying*. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "A great fish of the sea." It takes 魚 as radical with 京 phonetic. The second is pronounced *lin*. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Scales and armour of dragons and fishes." It is a phono-semantic character).

61.149

彷徉 (The first character is pronounced *pang*; the second is pronounced *yang*. The *Chuci* says: "For a while I wander and roam freely." The *Jixun* says: "*Pangyang* is like pacing back and forth (*paihuai*); wandering hesitantly." They are phono-semantic characters).

61.150

縶維 (The first character has the fanqie *zhi* + *li*. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "*Zhi* is like to bind." Liu Zhao's commentary on the *Gongyang zhuan* says: "*Zhi* means to tether." The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "To detain and bind." It takes 糸 as radical with 執 phonetic).

61.151

Fascicle Forty-Eight

61.152

騣尾 (The first character is pronounced *zong*. The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "The long hair on a horse's neck; also a horse's golden crest." It takes 馬 as radical with 㚇 phonetic).

61.153

𦫀驤 (The first character has the fanqie *te* + *neng*. Gu Yewang says: "𦫀 means to leap." The *Guangya* says: "To dash." The *Chuci* says: "To gallop." The second is pronounced *xiang* in the level tone. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "A horse galloping." Both are phono-semantic characters).

61.154

舟檝 (The second character has the fanqie *jian* + *ye*. The *Kaosheng* says: "An implement for steering a boat, in the category of oars; that is, the punt-poles and oars of today." It takes 木 as radical with 戢 phonetic; 戢 has the fanqie *zan* + *li*).

61.155

羣禲 (The second character has the fanqie *li* + *zhi*. The *Cang Jie pian* says: "禲 are spirits of a fallen state." Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "Calamity-bringing ghosts." Gu Yewang says: "When ghosts have a place to return, they do not become malevolent spirits (*li*). As for 'multitudinous malevolent spirits' (*qunli*), there are many kinds: the Son of Heaven's seven sacrifices include the Great Malevolent Spirit; the feudal lords' five sacrifices include the Ducal Malevolent Spirit; the grand masters' three sacrifices include the Clan Malevolent Spirit. Zheng Xuan says: '禲 are minor spirits; dwelling among humanity, they investigate petty misdeeds and bring down reprimands; 禲 are in charge of executions and slaughters.' Some write it as [序-予+列] or [(餐-食)-又+列], both of which are ancient characters. It takes 示 as radical with 厲 phonetic).

61.156

陞舶 (The first character is pronounced *sheng*. The *Cang Jie pian* says: "陞 means to ascend." The *Guangya* says: "To advance." The *Gujin zhengzi* says it takes 阜 and 土 as radicals with 升 phonetic. The second character is pronounced *bo*; it is an ocean-going ship).

61.157

樺皮 (The first character has the fanqie *hua* + *hua*; sometimes written as 樗; it is the name of a mountain tree. There are two kinds, red and white. The peeled bark of the red kind is suitable for writing scriptures as Sanskrit pothi folios, making candles, and the like).

61.158

一[敞/木] (The fanqie is *chan* + *geng*. The *Yunquan* states it is sometimes written with 亻 as radical as 倀. The *Kaosheng* says: "Unrolling and displaying an image." In Vinaya texts it is written as 槙, which is incorrect. It takes 木 as radical with 敞 phonetic).

61.159

Fascicle Forty-Nine

61.160

梐木 (The fanqie is *pi* + *li*. Gu Yewang says: "*Bi* is the support wood of a bed frame." It takes 木 with 陛 abbreviated phonetic).

61.161

撤去 (The fanqie is *chi* + *lie*. Du's commentary on the *Zuo zhuan* says: "*Che* also means to remove." Zheng Xuan says: "To eliminate." The *Guangya* says: "To reduce." The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "To strip away." It takes 手 as radical with 徹 phonetic).

61.162

蒲𮑢 (Pronounced *tai*. Bulrushes grow in water; 𮑢 is their flower, which resembles willow catkins).

61.163

該別人 (The fanqie is *gai* + *hai*. The *Yunying* says: "*Gai* means to encompass." Jia's commentary on the *Guoyu* says it takes 言 with 亥 phonetic. Writing it as 垓 is incorrect).

61.164

Fascicle Fifty

61.165

𥿳[神*耴] (The second character has the fanqie *zhan* + *nie*; it is a popular character; the standard form takes 聶 as 襵, pronounced with the fanqie *zhi* + *ye*; or written with 衣 as radical and 耴, also pronounced 襵).

61.166

反[((尸@(口/冏))*犬)/手] (The fanqie is *yi* + *ye*. Wang's commentary on the *Chuci* says: "[((尸@(口/冏))*犬)/手] means to press closely together." In the sūtra text, it means pressing down with fingers. It takes 手 as radical with 厭 phonetic; 厭 has the same pronunciation as above).

61.167

拊肩 (The first character is pronounced *fu*; already explained above in Fascicle 11. The second is pronounced *jian*. The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "The shoulder blade." It takes 月 as radical and is pictographic. In Vinaya texts it is written with 戶 as 肩, which is a popular form, though also acceptable).

61.168

庂足 (The first character is pronounced *ze*; it is a popular character; the standard form takes 厂 as radical as 仄. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Ze* means inclined." The *Guangya* says: "Leaning." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Inclined and not upright." It depicts a person under a cliff 厂).

61.169

[打-丁+(煞-(色-巴)+(乞-乙))]放 (The first character has the fanqie *suo* + *jie*; it is a popular character; the ancients borrowed 殺 for 𢶞; fully glossed and explained above in Fascicle 22).

61.170

饕餮 (The first character is pronounced *tao*; the second is pronounced *tie*. Greed for wealth is called *tao*; gluttony for food is called *tie*; already explained previously).

61.171

[口*(十/田/寸)]㗱 (The first character is pronounced *bo*; the second has the fanqie *jing* + *ru*. The *Kaosheng* says: "*Boji* means yawning and craving food." The *Shenglei* says: "Smacking the lips and clicking the tongue to make a sound, savouring delicious thoughts." Both take 口 as radical and are phono-semantic characters).

61.172

手把 (The fanqie is *bai* + *ma*; the standard form takes 手 as 把, which is confused with the character *ba*; in Vinaya texts it is written with 爪, a popular character. The *Jixun* says: "*Ba* means to scratch." It is also a phono-semantic character).

61.173

舐掠 (The first character is pronounced *shi*; the second is pronounced *lüe*. It means licking the lips and mouth with the tongue).

61.174

齧半 (The first character has the fanqie *yan* + *jie*; to bite shallowly).

61.175

蘿[菔-月+舟] (The first character is pronounced *luo*; the second is pronounced *fu*. The *Fangyan* says: "A vegetable root with purple flowers." Both take 艸 as radical and are phono-semantic characters).

61.176

鉢𢍶 (The second character has the fanqie *jue* + *yuan*. The *Guangya* says: "𢍶 means to ladle out (*shu*);" *shu* has the fanqie *zhang* + *lü*; it means ladling out and scooping with a bowl; 舀 has the fanqie *yao* + *xiao*).

61.177

逋慢 (The first character has the fanqie *bu* + *gu*; the second has the fanqie *man* + *bian*).

61.178

犛牛 (Pronounced *mao*. The *Shanhai jing* says: "Among the southwestern barbarians there are long-haired oxen; they have long hair in four places on their bodies: on both knees, in front of the chest, and on the tail; they are either white or black").

61.179

Mūlasarvāstivāda-bhikṣuṇī-vinaya, Fascicle One

61.180

冷煗 (The first character has the fanqie *le* + *da*; it means cold; the *Shuowen jiezi* says it takes 氷 as radical. The second has the fanqie *nu* + *duan*, sometimes written as 㬉. The *Gujin zhengzi* says: "*Nuan* means warm; it takes 火 as radical with 耎 phonetic; 耎 has the fanqie *er* + *yan*).

61.181

淨缾 (The fanqie is *bing* + *ming*; sometimes written as 瓶. The *Yunying* says: "A vessel holding pure water for washing hands, bathing, and rinsing the mouth").

61.182

支派 (The second character has the fanqie *pai* + *mai*. The *Guangya* says: "*Pai* means water flowing in separate branches." The *Shuowen jiezi* says: "Water dividing." It is formed from the inverted character 永).

61.183

祖禰 (The fanqie is *ni* + *li*; sometimes written as 禰. Zheng's commentary on the *Zhouli* says: "Ancestral temples of grandfathers and fathers." The *Gujin zhengzi* says it takes 示 with 爾 phonetic; 示 is pronounced *qi*).

61.184

迫窄 (The first character is pronounced *bai*; the second is pronounced *ze*. The *Picang* says: "*Zhai* means pressed and narrow." The *Shuowen jiezi* says it takes 穴 as radical and is a phono-semantic character).

61.185

Bhikṣuṇī-vinaya, Fascicle Two

61.186

Ṣaṇḍha (the second character has the fanqie [jia]; Sanskrit, meaning here a eunuch or palace attendant).

61.187

Indulging desire (the first character has the fanqie da + nan; the Kaosheng says: "躭 [dān] means to be addicted to." It is also written with the ear radical as 耽).

61.188

Goring / colliding (the first character has the fanqie ding + li; the Kaosheng says: "觝 [dǐ] also means to collide / butt." It is also written with the ox radical as 牴, an ideogram. The second character has the fanqie chong + zhu; the Guangya says: "觸 [chù] means to ram against." The Shuowen says: "It means to butt (牴); it takes horn [角] as radical and is phonetic in 蜀").

61.189

Striking / bumping against (the first character has the fanqie zhai + geng; it means colliding with one another, either with the hand or with an object. It is also written as 敞, with the same pronunciation as above).

61.190

Early dawn (the first character has the fanqie xiong + yu; the Mao Commentary on the Classic of Poetry says: "It is when the sun begins to rise, the time of the great dawn." The Shuowen also says: "It means the morning sun coming forth brightly").

61.191

Barnyard millet (the first character has the fanqie pai + mai; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "A grass that resembles cereal grain." The Shuowen says: "A distinct variety of grain." The Wenzi Gongshuo says: "Belonging to the panic-grass group; it takes grain [禾] as radical and is phonetic in 𤰞").

61.192

Bhikṣuṇī-vinaya, Fascicle Three

61.193

Desisting (the fanqie is zhuan + lie; it has already been fully explained above in Fascicle Twenty-two of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya, so it is not repeated here).

61.194

Walls and palisades (the first character has the fanqie jiang + yang; Gu Yewang says: "牆 [qiáng] means a boundary wall (垣)." Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Human beings have walls to screen foul and unsightly things." The Shuowen says: "A boundary wall to screen; it takes 爿 and 嗇 as radicals; 爿 has the same sound as the character above." The second character has the fanqie [ce]; the Kaosheng says: "Setting up upright timbers to make a wall is called 柵 [zhà]; it takes wood [木] as radical and is a phono-semantic character").

61.195

Round granaries and pits (the first character has the fanqie shu + yuan; the wordbook says: "Plaiting bamboo or reeds into the shape of a jar to store grain and wheat is called a 篅 [chuán]." The second character has the fanqie jiao + xiao; the Yunying says: "Excavating the ground into an enclosure to hold rice and wheat is called a 窖 [jiào]." The Shuowen says: "The character 篅 takes bamboo [竹] as radical and is phonetic in 端; the character 窖 takes cave [穴] as radical and is phonetic in 告; 告 is pronounced gu").

61.196

Hooking and chopping (the first character has the fanqie gou + hou; the second character has the fanqie zhu + jiao; already explained above in Fascicle Three of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya).

61.197

Clothing wrappers (the second character has the fanqie feng + mu; the Shuowen says: "It takes cloth [巾] as radical and is phonetic in 菐; 菐 is pronounced bu").

61.198

Clothes rack (the fanqie is he + lang; the Yunying says: "A pole for clothes; also a clothes rack").

61.199

Pegged couch (the first character has the fanqie ying + ji; the Yunquan says: "杙 [yì] means a peg or stake (橛); it takes wood [木] as radical and is phonetic in 戈." The second character has the fanqie zhuang + zhuang; the Guangya says: "That on which people rest or recline is called a 床 [chuáng]." The Classic of Poetry mentions: "Placing them to sleep upon a bed." The Shuowen says: "Where the body rests in peace; it takes wood [木] as radical and is a phono-semantic character, phonetic in 爿; 爿 is pronounced qiáng").

61.200

Clothes chest (the fanqie is kui + wei; the Shuowen says: "A chest or trunk; a phono-semantic character").

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Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese