翻譯名義集 2.236

2.236

[Niraya] The Wenju says: "'Hell' (diyu) is the term used in this land. In Sanskrit it is called niraya. In the language of Qin this means 'having nothing': having no joy or pleasure, having no fragrance or taste, having no delight, and having no benefit; hence it is called 'having nothing'. Or it is said to mean 'low and base', or 'falling down', because in the intermediate existence beings hang upside down and their faculties are all destroyed. Or it is said to mean 'no [pardon]', meaning there is no place of pardon."