Kaṭha Upaniṣad 3
Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya of Śaṅkarācārya 3
- Language
- Sanskrit
3.1
ṛtaṃ pibantāvityasyā vallyāḥ saṃbandhaḥ— vidyāvidye nānā viruddhaphale ityupanyaste, na tu saphale te yathāvannirṇīte | tannirṇayārthā ratharūpakakalpanā, tathā ca pratipattisaukaryam | evaṃ ca prāptṛprāpyagantṛgantavyavivekarthaṃ ratharūpakadvārā dvāvātmānāvupanyasyete— ṛtaṃ satyam avaśyaṃbhāvitvātkarmaphalaṃ pibantau; ekastatra karmaphalaṃ pibati bhuṅkte netaraḥ, tathāpi pātṛsaṃbandhātpibantāvityucyete cchatrinyāyena | sukṛtasya svayaṃkṛtasya karmaṇaḥ ṛtamiti pūrveṇa saṃbandhaḥ | loke asmiñśarīre, guhāṃ guhāyāṃ buddhau praviṣṭau, parame, bāhyapuruṣākāśasaṃsthānāpekṣayā paramam, parārdhe parasya brahmaṇo'rdhaṃ sthānaṃ parārdhaṃ hārdākāśam | tasminhi paraṃ brahmopalabhyate | tataḥ tasminparame parārdhe hārdākāśe praviṣṭāvityarthaḥ | tau ca cchāyātapāviva vilakṣaṇau saṃsāritvāsaṃsāritvena brahmavido vadanti kathayanti | na kevalamakarmmiṇa eva vadanti | pañcāgnayo gṛhasthāḥ | ye ca triṇāciketāḥ triḥkṛtvo nāciketo'gniścino yaiste triṇāciketāḥ ||
3.2
yaḥ setuḥ seturiva setuḥ ījānānāṃ yajamānānāṃ karmiṇām, duḥkhasaṃtaraṇārthatvāt | nāciketaṃ nāciketo'gniḥ tam, vayaṃ jñātuṃ cetuṃ ca śakemahi śaktavantaḥ | kiṃca, yacca abhayaṃ bhayaśūnyaṃ saṃsārasya pāraṃ titīrṣatāṃ taritumicchatāṃ brahmavidāṃ yatparam āśrayam akṣaram ātmākhyaṃ brahma, tacca jñātuṃ śakemahi | parāpare brahmaṇī karmibrahmavidāśraye veditavye iti vākyārthaḥ ; tayoreva hyupanyāsaḥ kṛtaḥ ‘ṛtaṃ pibantau’ iti ||
3.3
tatra yaḥ upādhikṛtaḥ saṃsārī vidyāvidyayoradhikṛto mokṣagamanāya saṃsāragamanāya ca, tasya tadubhayagamane sādhano rathaḥ kalpyate— tatrātmānam ṛtapaṃ saṃsāriṇaṃ rathinaṃ rathasvāminaṃ viddhi vijānīhi; śarīraṃ ratham eva tu rathabaddhahayasthānīyairindriyairākṛṣyamāṇatvāccharīrasya | buddhiṃ tu adhyavasāyalakṣaṇāṃ sārathiṃ viddhi; buddhinetṛpradhānatvāccharīrasya, sārathinetṛpradhāna iva rathaḥ | sarvaṃ hi dehagataṃ kāryaṃ buddhikartavyameva prāyeṇa | manaḥ saṃkalpavikalpādilakṣaṇaṃ pragrahameva ca raśanāmeva viddhi | manasā hi pragṛhītāni śrotrādīni karaṇāni pravartante raśanayevāśvāḥ ||
3.4
indriyāṇi cakṣurādīni hayānāhuḥ rathakalpanākuśalāḥ, śarīrarathākarṣaṇasāmānyāt | teṣu indriyeṣu hayatvena parikalpiteṣu gocarān mārgān rūpādīnviṣayān viddhi | ātmendriyamanoyuktaṃ śarīrendriyamanobhiḥ sahitaṃ saṃyuktamātmānaṃ bhokteti saṃsārīti āhuḥ manīṣiṇaḥ vivekinaḥ| na hi kevalasyātmano bhoktṛtvamasti ; buddhyādyupādhikṛtameva tasya bhoktṛtvam | tathā ca śrutyantaraṃ kevalasyābhoktṛtvameva darśayati— ‘dhyāyatīva lelāyatīva’ ityādi | evaṃ ca sati vakṣyamāṇarathakalpanayā vaiṣṇavasya padasyātmatayā pratipattirupapadyate, nānyathā, svabhāvānatikramāt ||
3.5
tatraivaṃ sati yastu buddhyākhyaḥ sārathiḥ avijñānavān anipuṇo'vivekī pravṛttau ca nivṛttau ca bhavati yathenative/taro rathacaryāyām ayuktena apragṛhītena asamāhitena manasā pragrahasthānīyena sadā yukto bhavati, tasya akuśalasya buddhisāratheḥ indriyāṇi aśvasthānīyāni avaśyāni aśakyanivāraṇāni duṣṭāśvāḥ adāntāśvāḥ iva itarasāratheḥ bhavanti ||
3.6
yastu punaḥ pūrvoktaviparītasārathirbhavati tasya phalamāha— yastu vijñānavān nipuṇaḥ vivekavān yuktena manasā pragṛhītamanāḥ samāhitacittaḥ sadā, tasya aśvasthānīyānīndriyāṇi pravartayituṃ nivartayituṃ vā śakyāni vaśyāni dāntāḥ sadaśvā ivetarasāratheḥ ||
3.7
tatra pūrvoktasyāvijñānavato buddhisāratheridaṃ phalamāha— yastvavijñānavānbhavati | amanaskaḥ apragṛhītamanaskaḥ saḥ tata eva aśuciḥ sadaiva | na saḥ rathī tat pūrvoktamakṣaraṃ yatparaṃ padam āpnoti tena sārathinā | na kevalaṃ tannāpnoti, saṃsāraṃ ca janmamaraṇalakṣaṇam adhigacchati ||
3.8
yastu dvitīyo vijñānavān bhavati vijñānavatsārathyupeto rathī, vidvānityetat | yuktamanāḥ samanaskaḥ saḥ tata eva sadā śuciḥ | sa tu tatpadamāpnoti, yasmādāptātpadādapracyutaḥ san bhūyaḥ punaḥ na jāyate saṃsāre ||
3.9
kiṃ tatpadamityāha - vijñānasārathiḥ yastu yo vivekabuddhisārathiḥ pūrvoktaḥ manaḥpragrahavān pragṛhītamanāḥ samāhitacittaḥ
san śucirnaro vidvān, saḥ adhvanaḥ saṃsāragateḥ pāraṃ parameva, adhigantavyamityetat, āpnoti, mucyate sarvasaṃsārabandhanaiḥ | tat viṣṇoḥ vyāpaṃnaśīlasya brahmaṇaḥ paramātmano vāsudevākhyasya paramaṃ prakṛṣṭaṃ padaṃ sthānam, satattvamityetat, yat asāvāpnoti vidvān ||
3.10
adhunā yatpadaṃ gantavyaṃ tasyendriyāṇi sthūlānyārabhya sūkṣmatāratamyakramaṇa pratyagātmatayādhigamaḥ kartavya ityevamarthamidamārabhyate | sthūlāni tāvadindriyāṇi, tāni yaiḥ parairarthairātmaprakāśanāyārabdhāni tebhya indriyebhyaḥ svakāryebhyaḥ te parā hi arthāḥ sūkṣmā mahāntaśca pratyagātmabhūtāśca | tebhyo'pi arthebhyaśca paraṃ sūkṣmataraṃ mahatpratyagātmabhūtaṃ ca manaḥ | manaḥśabdavācyaṃ manasa ārambhakaṃ bhūtasūkṣmam, saṃkalpavikalpādyārambhakatvāt | manaso'pi parā sūkṣmatarā mahattarā pratyagātmabhūtā ca buddhiḥ, buddhiśabdavācyamadhyavasāyādyārambhakaṃ bhūtasūkṣmam | buddherātmā sarvaprāṇibuddhīnāṃ pratyagātmabhūtatvādātmā mahān sarvamahattvāt avyaktādyatprathamaṃ jātaṃ hairaṇyagarbhaṃ tattvaṃ bodhābodhātmakaṃ mahānātmā buddheḥ para ityucyate ||
3.11
mahato'pi paraṃ sūkṣmataraṃ pratyagātmabhūtaṃ sarvamahattaraṃ ca avyaktaṃ sarvasya jagato bījabhūtamavyākṛtanāmarūpaṃ satattvaṃ sarvakāryakāraṇaśaktisamāhārarūpam avyaktam avyākṛtākāśādināmavācyaṃ paramātmanyotaprotabhāvena samāśritaṃ vaṭakaṇikāyāmiva vaṭavṛkṣaśaktiḥ | tasmādavyaktāt paraḥ sūkṣmataraḥ sarvakāraṇakāraṇatvātpratyagātmatvācca mahāṃśca, ata eva puruṣaḥ sarvapūraṇāt | tato'nyasya parasya prasaṅgaṃ nivārayannāha— puruṣātra paraṃ kiṃciditi | yasmānnāsti puruṣāccinmātraghanātparaṃ kiṃcidapi vastvantaram , tasmātsūkṣmatvamahattvapratyagātmatvānāṃ sā kāṣṭhā niṣṭhā paryavasānam | atra hi indriyebhya ārabhya sūkṣmatvādi parisamāptam | ata eva ca gantṝṇāṃ sarvagatimatāṃ saṃsāriṇāṃ sā parā prakṛṣṭā gatiḥ, 'yadgatvā na nivartante' iti smṛteḥ ||
3.12
nanu gatiścedāgatyāpi bhavitavyam, katham 'yasmādbhūyo na jāyate' iti ? naiṣa doṣaḥ | sarvasya pratyagātmatvādavagatireva gatirityupacaryate | pratyagātmatvaṃ ca darśitam indriyamanobuddhiparatvena | yo hi gantā so'yamapratyagrūpaṃ puruṣaṃ gacchati anātmabhūtaṃ na vindati svarūpeṇa | tathā ca śrutiḥ 'anadhvagā adhvasu pārayiṣṇavaḥ' ityādyā | tathā ca darśayati pratyagātmatvaṃ sarvasya- eṣa puruṣaḥ sarveṣu brahmādistambaparyanteṣu bhūteṣu gūḍhaḥ saṃvṛtaḥ darśanaśravaṇādikarmā avidyāmāyācchannaḥ ata eva ātmā na prakāśate ātmatvena kasyacit | aho atigambhīrā duravagāhyā vicitrā ceyaṃ māyā, yadayaṃ sarvo jantuḥ paramārthataḥ paramārthasatattvo'pyevaṃ bodhyamāno'haṃ paramātmeti na gṛhṇāti, anātmānaṃ dehendriyādisaṃghātamātmano dṛśyamānamapi ghaṭādivadātmatvenāhamamuṣya putra ityanucyamāno'pi gṛhṇāti | nūnaṃ parasyaiva māyayā momuhyamānaḥ sarvo loko'yaṃ baṃbhramīti | tathā ca smaraṇam - ' nāhaṃ prakāśaḥ sarvasya yogamāyāsamāvṛtaḥ' ityādi | nanu viruddhamidamucyate - matvā dhīro na śocati, na prakāśata iti ca | naitaddevam | asaṃskṛtabuddheravijñeyatvānna prakāśata ityuktam | dṛśyate tu saṃskṛtayā agryayā, agramivāgryā tayā, ekāgratayopetayetyetat ; sūkṣmayā sūkṣmavastu nirūpaṇaparayā | kaiḥ ? sūkṣmadarśibhiḥ 'indriyebhyaḥ parā hyarthāḥ' ityādiprakāreṇa sūkṣmatāpāramparyadarśanena paraṃ sūkṣmaṃ draṣṭuṃ śīlaṃ yeṣāṃ te sūkṣmadarśinaḥ, taiḥ sūkṣmadarśibhiḥ, paṇḍitairityetat ||
3.13
tatpratipattyupāyamāha - yacchet niyacchedupasaṃharet prājñaḥ vivekī | kim ? vāk vācam ; vāgatropalakṣaṇārthā sarveṣāmindriyāṇām | kva ? manasī manasi | chāndasaṃ dairghyam | tacca manaḥ yacchet jñāne prakāśasvarūpe buddhāvātmani | buddhirhi manaādikaraṇānyāpnotītyātmā pratyak ca teṣām | jñānaṃ buddhim ātmani mahati prathamaje niyacchet | prathamajavatsvacchasvabhāvakamātmano vijñānamāpādayedityarthaḥ | taṃ ca mahāntamātmānaṃ yacchet śānte sarvaviśeṣapratyastamitarūpe avikriye sarvāntare sarvabuddhipratyayasākṣiṇi mukhye ātmani ||
3.14
evaṃ puruṣe ātmani sarvaṃ pravilāpya nāmarūpakarmatrayaṃ yanmithyājñānavijṛmbhitaṃ kriyākārakaphalalakṣaṇaṃ svātmayāthātmyajñānena marīcyudakarajjusarpagaganamalānīva marīcirajjugaganasvarūpadarśanenaiva svasthaḥ praśāntaḥ kṛtakṛtyo bhavati yataḥ, atastaddarśanārthamanādyavidyāprasuptāḥ uttiṣṭhata he jantavaḥ, ātmajñānābhimukhā bhavata ; jāgrata ajñānanidrāyā ghorarūpāyāḥ sarvānarthabījabhūtāyāḥ kṣayaṃ kuruta | katham ? prāpya upagamya varān prakṛṣṭānācāryāṃstattvavidaḥ, tadupadiṣṭaṃ sarvāntaramātmānamahamasmīti nibodhata avagacchata; na hyupekṣitavyamiti śrutiranukampayā āha mātṛvat, atisūkṣmabuddhiviṣayatvājjñeyasya | kimiva sūkṣmabuddhiriti, ucyate- kṣurasya dhārā agraṃ niśitā tīkṣṇīkṛtā duratyayā duḥkhenātyayo yasyāḥ sā duratyayā | yathā sā padbhyāṃ durgamanīyā tathā durgaṃ duḥsaṃpādyamityetat; pathaḥ panthānaṃ tat taṃ jñānalakṣaṇaṃ mārgaṃ kavayaḥ medhāvino vadanti | jñeyasyātisūkṣmatvāttadviṣayasya jñānamārgasya duḥsaṃpādyatvaṃ vadantītyabhiprāyaḥ ||
3.15
tatkathamatisūkṣmatvaṃ jñeyasyeti, ucyate | sthūlā tāvadiyaṃ medinī śabdasparśarūparasagandhopacitā sarvendriyaviṣayabhūtā tathā śarīram | tatraikaikaguṇāpakarṣeṇa gandhādīnāṃ sūkṣmatvamahattvaviśuddhatvanityatvāditāratamyaṃ dṛṣṭamabvādiṣu yāvadākāśamiti | te gandhādayaḥ sarva eva sthūlatvādvikārāḥ śabdāntāḥ yatra na santi, kimu tasya sūkṣmatvādiniratiśayatvaṃ vaktavyamityetaddarśayati śrutiḥ- aśabdamasparśamarūpamarasamagandhavacca yat, etadvyākhyātaṃ brahma | avyayam, yahi śabdādimat, tadvyeti; idaṃ tvaśabdādimattvādavyayaṃ na vyeti na kṣīyate; ata eva ca nityam ; yahi vyeti, tadanityam; idaṃ tu na vyeti; ato nityam | itaśca nityam-anādi avidyamānaḥ ādiḥ kāraṇamasya tadidamanādi | yadyādimat, tatkāryatpādanityaṃ kāraṇe pralīyate yathā pṛthivyādi ; idaṃ tu sarvakāraṇatvādakāryam, akāryatvānnityam ; na tasya kāraṇamasti yasminpralīyeta | tathā anantam avidyamāno'ntaḥ kāryamasya tadanantam | yathā kalyādeḥ phalādikāryotpādanenāpyanityatvaṃ dṛṣṭam, na ca tathāpyantavattvaṃ brahmaṇaḥ ; ato'pi nityam | mahataḥ mahattattvābuddhyākhyāt paraṃ vilakṣaṇaṃ nityavijñaptisvarūpatvāt ; sarvasākṣi hi sarvabhūtātmatvādbrahma | uktaṃ hi-'eṣa sarveṣu bhūteṣu' ityādi | dhruvaṃ ca kūṭasthaṃ nityaṃ na pṛthivyādivadāpekṣikaṃ nityatvam | tat evaṃbhūtaṃ brahma ātmānaṃ nicāyya avagamya tam ātmānaṃ mṛtyumukhāt mṛtyugocarādavidyākāmakarmalakṣaṇāt pramucyate viyujyate ||
3.16
prastutavijñānastutyarthamāha śrutiḥ— nāciketaṃ naciketasā prāptaṃ nāciketaṃ mṛtyunā proktaṃ mṛtyuproktam idamākhyānamupākhyānaṃ vallītrayalakṣaṇaṃ sanātanaṃ ciraṃtanaṃ vaidikatvāt uktvā brāhmaṇebhyaḥ śrutvā ca ācāryebhyaḥ medhāvī brahmaiva loko brahmalokaḥ tasmin brahmaloke mahīyate ātmabhūta upāsyo bhavatītyabhiprāyaḥ ||
3.17
yaḥ kaścidimaṃ granthaṃ paramaṃ prakṛṣṭaṃ guhyaṃ gopyaṃ śrāvayet granthato'rthataśca brāhmaṇānāṃ saṃsadi brahmasaṃsadi prayataḥ śucibhūtvā śrāddhakāle vā śrāvayet bhuñjānān, tat śrāddham asya ānantyāya anantaphalāya kalpate samarthyate | dvirvacanamadhyāyaparisamāptyartham ||
iti tṛtīyavallībhāṣyam |
iti śrīmatparamahaṃsaparivrājakācāryasya śrīgovindabhagavatpūjyapādaśiṣyasya śrīmacchaṃkarabhagavataḥ kṛtau kāṭhakopaniṣadbhāṣye prathamo'dhyāyaḥ ||
‘eṣa sarveṣu bhūteṣu gūḍho'tmā na prakāśate’ , dṛśyate tvagryayā buddhyā’ ityuktam | kaḥ punaḥ pratibandho'gryāyā buddheḥ, yena tadbhāvādātmā na dṛśyata iti taddarśanakāraṇapradarśenārthā vallī ārabhyate ; vijñāte hi śreyaḥpratibandhakāraṇe tadapanayanāya yatna ārabdhuṃ śakyate, nānyatheti—
Linked texts (1)
- Kaṭhopaniṣad — Sanskrit