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The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c27: Index

The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c27

Language
English

Contents

Index

v4.c27.1

A‘azz-ud-dīn, prince, 438 ‘Abbasid Caliphate, 386 Abdāl of Bāltistān, 198–9 ‘Abdul-‘Azīz, Jānid, 202, 204 ‘Abdul-Ghafūr (merchant), 309 ‘Abdul-Ghafūr, Shāh, 351–2 ‘Abdul-Hamīd Khān, 315 ‘Abdul-Karīm Buhlūl Khān (of Bījāpur), becomes minister and dies, 255; his government, 274; routed by Marāthās, kills Khavāss Khān, 275; his negotiations with Golconda, and death, 277 ‘Abdullah II (Shaibānid), 134, 136, 144 ‘Abdullah (Makhdūm-ul-Mulk), 62, 114 ‘Abdullah, Mīrzā (‘Ālī Gauhar, *q.v.*), son of ‘Ālamgīr II, 437 ‘Abdullah, Qāzī, 288 ‘Abdullah Bhatārī, *see* Afzal Khān, 257 ‘Abdullah Khān (Fīrūz Jang), defeats Karan Singh of Mewār, 158; his rash campaign in Deccan, 160; joins Shāh Jahān’s rebellion, 171; fails in Gujarāt, besieges Allahābād, 172; becomes recluse, 173; in Bundelkhand, 184–5; against Khān Jahān, 187; in Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand, 201 ‘Abdullah Khān (of Kāshghar), 229 ‘Abdullāh Khān, Sayyid, 116 ‘Abdullāh Khān, Sayyid (Hasan ‘Alī of Bārha, later Qutb-ul-Mulk), supports Farrukh-siyar, 327; at battle of Sāmogarh, 328–9; becomes minister and receives titles, 331; abets malpractices over revenue, 337; forces interview with Farrukh-siyar, 338; has Farrukh-siyar murdered and sets up Rafī‘-ud-Darajāt, 339, 395; 340; in growing disfavour, 342; to administer N. India, 344; defeated and taken prisoner at Bilochpur, 345; poisoned, 348 ‘Abdullah Khān Uzbeg, 82, 83, 88, 91 ‘Abdullah Niyāzī, 61, 62 ‘Abdullah Pānī, 289 ‘Abdullah Qutb Shāh (of Golconda), succeeds, 196, 261; his character, 253; aids Bījāpur, 254–5; insulted by Shāh Jahān, 266; confiscates Mīr Jumla’s property, 269; his treatment of Aurangzīb, 270; his death, 273 ‘Abdul-Latīf, 76, 78, 82 ‘Abdul-Muhammad, 255, 274 ‘Abdul-Mūmin (Shaibānid), 144 ‘Abdul-Qādir Badāūnī, *see* Badāūnī ‘Abdul-Wahhāb, 232 ‘Abdul-Wasī, 86 ‘Abdun-Nabī (commandant), 243 ‘Abdun-Nabī (Sadr-us-Sudūr), appointed, 90; a leader of Sunnī party, 114; opposes Makhdūm-ul-Mulk, 120; dismissed from office, 121; signs Infallibility Decree, but banished, 123; returns and strangled, 129 ‘Abdur-Rahīm (or Mīrzā Khān), son of Bairam Khān, becomes Khān Khānān (*q.v.*), 78 ‘Abdur-Rahmān, 150 ‘Abdur-Rashīd, *see* Qutb Khān ‘Abdur-Rasūl, 264, 265 ‘Abdur-Rauf, 284 ‘Abdur-Razzāq, 5 ‘Abdur-Razzāq, Lārī, 289 ‘Abdus-Samad Khān, 328, 331, 335 Abhay Singh (of Mārwār), attends at court, 333; succeeds Ajit Singh and becomes viceroy of Gujarāt, 352, 401; is dismissed, 355, 369; 368; kills Pīlājī Gāikwār, 402 Ābū, Mount, 542 Abū Baqā, 18 Abu-’l-Fath, 85, 131, 135 Abu-’l-Fazl, accounts of Bābur’s invasions, 10; 45; as adviser to Akbar, 76, 82; describes Akbar’s buildings at Āgra, 89; 96 n. 1; excuses Akbar’s massacre at Chitor, 99; gives Akbar’s reasons for building Fathpur Sīkrī, 103; describes Ahmadābād, 104; attributes rebellion of 1580 to branding rules, 110; first presentation and character, 111; his estimate of Todar Mal, and of Akbar’s religious ecstasy, 119; supports Akbar’s spiritual authority, 121; explains Akbar’s hypocrisy, 124; his letter to Philip II of Spain, 129; records Akbar’s “Happy Sayings”, 131; on Bhagwān Dās’ death, 136; on Todar Mal, 138; 142; his dislike of Salīm (Jahāngīr), marches to Deccan, 144; negotiates with Chānd Sultān, 145; governor of Khāndesh, 146; hated by Salīm, 147; makes peace with Murtazā II, 148; murdered, 149; his appetite, 437 Abu-’l-Hasan, Khvāja, 186, 189 Abu-’l-Hasan Tānā (or Qutb) Shāh, 253, 266, 274; aids Shivājī’s designs on Carnatic, 276; reconciles Mas‘ūd Khān and ‘Abdul-Karīm Khān, 277; resigns royal functions, 286; takes refuge in Golconda, 287; final interview with Aurangzīb, imprisoned at Daulatābād, 290 Abu-’l-Khair Khān, 3 Abu-’l-Ma‘ālī, 70, 85, 86 Abu-’l-Mansūr Khān, *see* Safdar Jang, 362 Abu-’l-Tālib (Kalīm), 220 *abwāb*, 231 Abyssinia, 229, 317; Abyssinians of Janjīra, 404

v4.c27.2.1

Acheik, 509 Acquaviva, 121, 130 Acworth, H. A., 427 n. 1 Ādam (Gakkhar), 61, 67, 86 Aden, Gulf of, 309 Adham Khān, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83; his tomb, 526, 532 *Ādi Granth*, 245, 426 ‘Ādilābād, 383 ‘Ādil Khān, term used by Mughuls for kings of Bījāpur, 266 ‘Ādil Khān, appointed to Bayāna, rebels but is defeated, 58; 59 ‘Ādil Shāh, *passim*, the ruler of Bījāpur at the time; architecture, 570–4 ‘Ādil Shāh Sūr, succeeds, 64; suspects his nobles, 65; crushes rebellion at Ujjain, defeats Ibrāhīm Shāh, 66; killed in battle with king of Bengal, 70, 73 Ādīna Beg Khān, misleads Shāh Nawāz Khān, 372; becomes governor of Punjab, but expelled, 438; conspires with Sikhs, yields to Marāthās and dies, 445 Ādīnāpur, 5 ‘Adlī, 65 Admiral, of Marāthā fleet, 393; = *Sarkhel*, 394; of Mughuls, 404 Adoni, 285, 290 Aduminnyo, 477 *Adventure*, the, 310 Afghānistān taken by Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 371 Afghāns, on N. W. frontier, 237–40; quarrels in Bījāpur, 276; subdued in Bengal, 311; in Mālwā, 313; resist Sikhs, 322; support Sunnīs, 324; unimportant in first half of eighteenth century, 332; invade Persia, 349; expelled by Nādir Shāh, 357; attempt to stop him at Jamrūd, 358; Rohilla branch of settle in India, 370; rebels in Bihār, 441, 442; Delhi dynasty’s style of architecture, 525 Afonso, 191, 192 Afrīdīs, 136, 238 Afshār Turks, 357 Afzal Khān, 257; killed by Shivājī, 272; celebrated in ballads, 427 Āgra, occupied by Humāyūn, 13; raided by Tātār Khān, 23; adorned by Sher Shāh, 52; restored by Akbar, 89;

v4.c27.2.2

Shāh Jahān proclaimed at, 183; renamed Akbarābād, 205; Christian prisoners at, 217; rebuilt by Shāh Jahān, 220; Shivājī’s visit to, 258; threatened by Jāts, 305; besieged by ‘Azīm-ush-Shān capitulates to Bahādur Shāh, 319; Nīkūsīyar proclaimed emperor at, 340; its early brick citadel, 523; Bābur’s mosque at, 524; Humāyūn’s mosque at, 525; fort described, 535–7; Shāh Jahān’s buildings at, 554 Agrarian system of Mughuls, 451 *Ahadīs*, 316, 331 and n. 1 Āhang Khān, 145 Ahmad I of Turkey, 158 Ahmad, son of Abū Sa‘īd Khān, 3 Ahmad, son of Yūnus Khān, 4 Ahmadābād, occupied by Humāyūn, 25; abandoned by ‘Askarī, 26; entered by Akbar, 104; disliked by Jahāngīr, 166; Dārā Shukoh at, 226; Shujā‘at Khān killed near, 351; captured by Gāikwār, 411 Ahmad Bārha, Sayyid, 106 Ahmad Beg, 85, 86 Ahmadī, 15 Ahmad Khān Bangash, succeeds Qāim Jang, defeats Naval Rāi and Safdar Jang, 430; plunders Allahābād, 430; attacked by Marāthās, 431; submits to Ghāzī-ud-dīn, becomes Amīr-ul-Umarā, 439; joins Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 446 Ahmad Khān Farankhudī, 82 Ahmad Khān (Sūr), 45; assumes royal title as Sikandar Shāh (*q.v.*), 66 Ahmadnagar (city), stormed by Mughuls, 147; surrendered to Malik ‘Ambar, 159; recovered by Shāh Jahān, 165; besieged by Malik ‘Ambar, 173, 263; Mughul garrison at, 176; coins struck at, 189 n. 2; attacked by Marāthās, 282; Aurangzīb dies at, 299; taken by Sadāshiv Rāo, 390, 412, 413 Ahmadnagar (state), annexes Berār, 118; rebellion in, 137; Akbar’s abortive invasion of, 141;

v4.c27.2.3

cedes Berār to Akbar, 143; invaded by Akbar, 144, 145; dissensions in, 145; capital of stormed, 147; peace with remnant of made by Abu-’l-Fazl, 148; area of restored by Bījāpur, 165; pays tribute to Mughuls, 169; receives Khān Jahān, alienates Marāthās, 186; invaded by Mughuls, 187; invades Bījāpur, but combines against Mughuls, 188; threatened by Shāh Jahān, 189; loses Daulatābād, 193; becomes Mughul, 196; puppet ruler of set up by Shāhjī, 194, 198 Ahmad Shāh (emperor), as prince appointed to Mālwā, 368; commands army against Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 372; becomes emperor, 373; summons Nāsir Jang to oppose Safdar Jang, 386, 433; allows Safdar Jang to invite Marāthās to Dūāb, 415, 434; blinded, 415, 437; murdered, 416; his character, 428; proceeds against Jāts, 436; his deposition, 436 Ahmad Shāh, Abdālī, establishes power in Herāt and Afghānistān, 371; advances through Punjab, 372; defeated near Sirhind and withdraws, 373, 429; his third invasion, 415, 433; plunders Delhi and Muttra, 416, 438, 439; returns against Marāthās, 416; at Anūpshahr, 418; crosses Jumna, 419, 445; at Pānīpat, 421, 422–4, 448; his final departure from India, 426, 439, 448; levies tribute from Ahmad Shāh, Abdālī (*continued*) Jammū, 445; defeats Holkar in Dūāb, 446; nominates 'Ālī Gauhar as emperor Shāh 'Ālam II, 448 Āhoms, fight Koch, 200; resist Mughuls, 233–6 Ahsan Khān, 321 *Āīn-i-Akbarī*, 465; describes Akbar's fort at Āgra, 537; on Fathpur Sīkrī, 539 Aitchison's treaties, 406 n.

v4.c27.2.4

2 Ajīt Singh, Rājā (of Mārwār or Jodhpur), his infancy, 247; escapes from Delhi, 248; becomes chief, 303; pardoned by Aurangzīb, 304; revolts against Bahādur Shāh and reconciled, 321–2; submits to Husain 'Alī, 333; friendly to Sayyid brothers, 337, 338; viceroy of Gujarāt and Ajmer, 341; rebels, 346; but submits, 347; Ajmer transferred from, 349 Ajīt Singh, Sikh, 335 Ajmer, 54; Akbar's first visit to, 81; his pilgrimage to, after Jahāngīr's birth, and improvements at, 102; province of restored to order, 333; governed by Ajīt Singh, 347 Ajodhya, 27, 524 n. 1 Ajudhan, 53, 102 Akbar, 9; birth, 39; abandoned to his uncles, 40; exposed to fire at Kābul, 41; with army against Sikandar Shāh, 67; declared victor, appointed to govern Punjab, 68; succeeds Humāyūn, 69; his youthful character, and enemies, 70; opposed by Hīmū, 71; defeats him at Pānīpat, 72; recovers Delhi, marries a cousin, 73; factions at his court and foster-relatives, 74; education at Āgra, 75; inability to read and write, 76; his breach with Bairam Khān, 77; marries Salīma Begam, 78; kills tigress with sword, his mastery of elephants, 80; his first pilgrimage to Ajmer and marriage to Bihārī Mal's daughter, 81; early religious toleration, 82; personal bravery near Sakīt, and at murder of Atga Khān, 83; stands forth as ruler, 84; settles Gakkhar disputes, abolishes pilgrim-tax, intrigues with women, 86; escapes assassination, abolishes *jizya*, becomes free from family influence, 87;

v4.c27.2.5

settles affairs in Mālwā, builds fort etc. at Āgra, 89; his troubles with Uzbegs, 91, 92; defeats *but pardons* Uzbegs, 93; proceeds against Muhammad Hakīm, 94; his delight in sport and contests, 95, 103; crushes Uzbegs, 96; marches against Rānā, 97; storms Chitor, 98; orders massacre, 99; disperses "foster-father cohort", 100; gains Ranthambhor, 101; his family, marriage to princess of Bīkāner, 102; deals with Kāngra, 103; annexes Gujarāt, 104; scatters the Mīrzās, 105; settles Gujarāt, 106; religious misgivings, 107; his rapid march to Gujarāt, 108; his reforms of army, land revenue and administration, 109, 375; receives Abu-'l-Fazl and Badāūnī, 111; builds "Hall of Worship", 113; attacks Mewār, 115; meditates pilgrimage to Mecca, 117; and conquest of Deccan, 118; his religious ecstasy and ban on hunting, 119; his mysticism, charity, and loss of faith in Islām, 120; invites Jesuit mission, and recites *khutba*, 121; his Infallibility Decree, 122; persecutes Islām, 123; interferes in Kashmir polity, his interest in Christianity, 124; rebellions due to vagaries, 125; marches against Muhammad Hakīm, 127; orders attack on Portuguese, 128; starts "Divine Faith", 129–31; his quest of "Divine Language", 132; administrative reforms, 133; introduces "Divine Era", schemes for conquest of Deccan, Transoxiana, and Kashmīr, 134; receives Englishmen, 135; annexes Kashmīr, 136; and Sind, 137; visits Kashmīr, 138; dallies with Christianity, sends envoys to Deccan courts, 139;

v4.c27.2.6

designs on Deccan, obtains Qandahār, 141; makes final plans against Deccan, 142, 144; arrives at Burhānpur, 146; settles Deccan, 148; his troubles with Salīm, 149; reconciled to Salīm, 150; illness, 152; death and character, 153–5; his tomb, 179, 549–51; his tomb desecrated by Jāts, 305; his land revenue system, 458–63 Akbar (son of Aurangzīb), sent against Mārwār, 248; and Mewār, 249; sets up as emperor, 250; deserted by Rājputs and flees, 251–2; received by Shambhūjī, 280–1; fails and escapes to Persia, 282–4; an alleged son of, 338; his son Nīkū-siyar, 340 Akbar II, 448 Akbar, a bogus prince at Patna, 306 Akbarābād, name given by Shāh Jahān to Āgra (*q.v.*), 90, 205 Ākkanna, 274 n. 1, 286, 287 Āklūj, 256 Āk Mahall, 116 Akmal Khān, 238, 240 'Alā'ī, religious teacher, 61; defies authority, 62; flogged to death, 63 *alakh niranjan*, 244 'Ālamgīr, imperial title of Aurangzīb, 215; as *zinda pīr*, 244, 318 'Ālamgīr II, succeeds as emperor, 415, 437; complains of Ghāzī-ud-dīn's treatment, 439; favours Najīb-ud-Daula and murdered, 444 'Ālamgīrnagar, 479 'Ālam Khān, 113 'Ālam Khān (Lodī), 9, 10, 11, 12 'Ālam Khān (of Kālpī), 15 'Alā-ud-Daula, title of Sarfarāz Khān (*q.v.*), 364 'Alā-ud-dīn Khaljī, 98, 130, 375 ‘Alā-ud-dīn (Lodī), 9, 22, 23 ‘Alā-ud-dīn (Sayyid), 9 Alaungpaya, king of Burma, 486; birth and expulsion of Talaings, 504-5; his relations with English, 505; expels French from Syriam, 506; attacks Talaings, 507; finally crushes them, 508, 518; devastates Manipur, 509;

v4.c27.2.7

orders massacre of English at Negrais, invades Siam, 510; fails to take Ayuthia and dies, 511; his grave, 512; his wishes for succession, 522 Alaungpaya Ayedawpon, 514 n. 1 Alaungsithu, 489 ‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh I (of Bījāpur), tomb of, 573 ‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh II (of Bījāpur), 209, 253, 254, 255; his death, 259, 274; 270; his rights denied by Aurangzīb, 271; attacks Shivājī, 272; agrees to give him chauth, later commuted to fixed payment, 273 ‘Alī Āsaf Khān (of Bārha), 115 ‘Alī Beg, Mīrzā, 143 ‘Alī Gauhar (Mīrzā ‘Abdullah), son of ‘Ālamgīr II, 437; opposes Ghāzī-ud-dīn, 439; escapes to Najīb-ud-Daula and to Oudh, 440; his aims on Bihār, 443-4; nominated as emperor, Shāh ‘Ālam II, 448 ‘Alī Khān, king of Arakan, 477 ‘Alī Khān, Rājā (of Khāndesh), does homage to Akbar, 106; succeeds and submits to Akbar, 117; his sympathy with Ahmadnagar, 118; aids Burhān-ud-dīn, 138; receives Faizī, 139; killed in battle, 143; his Jāmi‘ Masjid at Burhānpur, 575 ‘Ālim ‘Alī Khān, nephew and deputy of Husain ‘Alī, 341; defeated and killed, 343, 344, 378, 399 ‘Alī Mardān Khān (Persian), surrenders Qandahār, becomes governor of Kashmīr, 199; constructs canals, 201; his daughter Sāhibjī, 240; his tomb, 561 ‘Alī Mardān Khān (Mīr Husainī), 292, 314 ‘Alī Masjid, 238, 239 ‘Alī Mohan, 381 ‘Alī Muhammad Khān (of Rohilkhand), his early history, 369; obtains title of Nawāb and aims at independence, but imprisoned, 370;

v4.c27.2.8

regains authority but dies, 429 ‘Alī Murād, Khān Jahān, Amīr-ul-Umarā, 326 ‘Alī Naqī, 211, 228 ‘Alī Qulī (Persian), *see* Sher Afgan, 160 ‘Alī Qulī Khān Shaibānī, 68, 71, 72; becomes Khān Zamān (*q.v.*), 73 ‘Alī Shāh (of Kashmīr), 120, 124 ‘Alī Vardī Khān, governor of Bihār, intrigues to become viceroy of Bengal, 364; defeats Sarfarāz Khān, 365; occupies Orissa, 366-7; expels Bhāskar Pant, 368; kills Bhāskar Pant, but forced to give Orissa to Marāthās, 408, 441; suppresses Afghān rebels in Bihār, 442; cedes Orissa and dies, 443

v4.c27.3

Aliwāl Khān, 526, 528 Allahābād, fort built by Akbar, 134, 538; Salīm rebels at, 147; strikes coins at, 149; his behaviour at, 150; besieged by ‘Abdullah Khān Fīrūz Jang, 172; by Sayyid brothers, 341; city burnt by Ahmad Khān, 430; ‘Alī Gauhar at, 441 *Allahu Akbar*, 122, 131; numerical value, 180 *āltamghā*, 466-7 Alves, captain, 512 Alwar, 17 Āmalaka, 534 *‘Amalguzār*, 461 Amar Singh, Mahārānā of Mewār, resists Bahādur Shāh, 321 Amar Singh, Rānā of Mewār, 158 Amar Singh (Tonwar), 538 *Amātya*, 291 Ambā Bhavānī, 427 Ambhāghāt pass, 298 Ambāla, 12, 59, 359 ‘Ambar Kot, 193 Amber, recovered by Rājputs, 321; palaces at, 548; *see also* Jay Singh, Rājā *‘āmil*, 461 *amīn*, 56 Amīr Beg, 422 and n. 2 Amīr Khān, viceroy of Kābul, 239-40 Amīr Khān, *see* ‘Umdat-ul-Mulk Amīr-ul-Mamālik, title of Salābat Jang, 387 Amīr-ul-Umarā, conferred on ‘Alī Murād, 326; on Husain ‘Alī, 327; title coveted by Burhān-ul-Mulk and obtained by Nizām-ul-Mulk, 360; conferred on Sādat Khān Zu-’l-Fiqār Jang, 428; cancelled and given to Ghāzī-ud-dīn son of Nizām, 433; to Ghāzī-ud-dīn (Shihāb-ud-dīn), 435; to Najīb Khān by Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 435, 439, 448; to Ahmad Khān Bangash, 439 Amrit Rāo Nimbālkar, 294 Amritsar, 245 Anan, 510 Ānandpur, 245, 246 Anaukpetlun, king of Burma, 479; succeeds and attacks Syriam, 494; takes Syriam, murdered, 495 Anawrahta, 489 Andaw, 478 Anderson, 499 n. 4, 500 n. 3 Āndhī, 15 Andhyārī Bārī, 90 Angria, *see* Kānhojī Angria, 393, 396, 404 Angūrī Bāgh, 554 Ani Rāy, 164 Anīs-ud-dīn Mihtar Khān, 101 Ankola, 275, 279 Annājī Datto, 281 Annesley, 310 Antājī Mānkeshwar, 417, 425 Antrī, 149 Anurudh Singh Hārā (of Būndī), 303, 306

v4.c27.4

Anvar-ud-dīn, made Nawāb of Arcot, 384; killed, 387 Aonla, 431 Āqā Khusrav, 255, 285 ‘Āqil Husain Mirzā, 94 Arab, mercenaries, 426; culture in Sind, 569 *arāba*, 12, 17 Arab Sarai, 531 Arakan, Shāh Shujā‘ in, 226; pirates of, 236–7; history of, 476–82; Arakanese take Syriam and Pegū, 493 Ārām Bānū Begam, 102 Arangāon, 387 Arārū Singh, 355 Arāvalli range, 249 Architecture, chap. xviii *passim*; Bābur on Indian, 523–4; Byzantine, 524; Sayyid and Afghān, 525–6, 532; of Sūrs, 526–9; of Tughluqs and Khaljīs, 528–9; Mughal style based on Timurid, 532, 534; Rājput style, 535; of Hindu temples, 547; Bijāpur style, 547; secular Hindu style, 548; Persian style, 552; change under Shāh Jahān, 553–4; Assyrian and Achaemenid influence, 556; in marble and brick, 559; at Lahore, 559–61; decline under Aurangzīb, 566; in Sind, 568–9; of ‘Ādil Shāhs, 570–4; Ottoman influence at Bijāpur, 572; of Khāndesh, 575–6 Arcot, 256, 291, 293; taken by Nizām, 368, 384; by Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sāhib, 387 *Arcot* (ship), 505 Arjan Singh, Gurū, 157, 244–5 Arjumand Bānū, *see* Mumtāz Mahall, 163 Armenians, 510 Army, Sher Shāh’s, 56; Islām Shāh’s reorganisation, 63–4; Akbar’s branding rules, 109; his *mansabdārs* (officers), unpopularity of branding rules, 110; revolts in Bihār and Bengal, 125; administration of, 133; unrest in Akbar’s in Deccan, 144, 145; reorganised by Shāh Jahān, 203 n. 1, 218; mercenary under Mughuls, 241; classification and number of Aurangzīb’s, 316; size and discontent of Bājī Rāo’s, 355; discipline in Nādir Shāh’s, 362 and n. 2; decay of Mughul power due to demoralisation of, 374–6; equipment of Nizām’s, 380; French artillery in Peshwā’s, 390, 417; mutiny in Mughul, 415; numbers at Pānīpat, 419 n. 2; Bayinnaung’s, 486 n. 2 Ārnī, 279 Artillery, used by Bābur, 12, 17, 18, 19; by Gujarāt against Chitor, 23; by Humāyūn at Chunār, 29; at battle near Kanauj, 34–5; of Hīmū captured, 72; used by Mughuls against Rājputs, 249; at siege of Golconda, 288; drilled by French, 390; at Bassein, 406; at Udgīr, 413; at Pānīpat, 420; French captured by Alaungpaya, 506–7, 516; Siamese, 515 Arwal, 441

v4.c27.5

Asad Khān, *vazīr* of Aurangzīb at siege of Gingee, 292; bribes Rājā Rām and retires, 293; his personal friendship with Aurangzīb, 302; supports A‘zam, 319; becomes minister of Bahādur Shāh, 325; imprisons Jahāndār Shāh, 329–30; deprived of office by Farrukh-siyar and dies, 330–1 Āsaf Jāh, title of Nizām-ul-Mulk (*q.v.*), 350; desires peace with Marāthās, 378; compounds for *chauth*, 379; supports Shambhūjī, 380, 400; makes peace at Shevgāon, 381; his methods of administration, 382, 385; his death, poetry and buildings, 384–5, 428; his character, 385 Āsaf Khān, sent against Afghāns, 81; reduces Bhath, 87; subdues Gonds, 88; sent against Uzbegs, 91; returns to Chaurāgarh, 92; driven from Gondwāna and joins Uzbegs, 93; forgiven by Akbar, 94; in command against Uzbegs, 96; made governor of Mewār, 99; tutor to Parvīz in new attack on Mewār, 158; also in Deccan, 159; Roe’s views on, 163–4; abandons cause of Shāh Jahān, 171; his enmity with Mahābat Khān, 174; flies to Attock, 175; a hostage with Mahābat Khān, 176; proclaims Dāwar Bakhsh, but supports Shāh Jahān, 183; 185; invades Bijāpur, 189, 197; fails and returns to court, 190; made Khān Khānān, 194; his death, 201–2; a picture of, 219 n. 1; his fortune, 450; makes Nishāt Bāgh, 549 Āsaf-ud-Daula, title of Salābat Jang, 387 *Āsār-i-sharīf*, 286 Ashraf Khān, 91, 93 Ashtapradhān, 394 Asīr, Asīrgarh, besieged by Khān A‘zam, 146; taken, 147; yields to Shāh Jahān, 172; surrendered by him, 174; obtained by Nizām-ul-Mulk, 343; by Salābat Jang, 389; by Marāthās, 413 Askaran (of Mārwār), 247 Askaran, Rāwal, 117 ‘Askarī, governor of Qandahār, 22; defeats Tātār Khān, 23; viceroy of Gujarāt, 25; defeated by Bahādur Shāh, 26; rebels but forgiven by Humāyūn, 27; joins Humāyūn in Bihār, 31; escapes with Humāyūn from Chausa to Āgra, 33; 35; goes to Kābul, 36; governor of Qandahār and expelled by Humāyūn, 40; rebels with Kāmrān but captured and exiled to Mecca, 42 Asoka, 556 Assam, races in, Mughul incursions in, 200; Aurangzīb’s early conquests in, 230, 233–5 Assaye, 426 Assessment, general, 455; under Sher Shāh, 457; under Akbar, 458–61; under Jahāngīr, 466; under Shāh Jahān, 467; in Deccan, 468; raised by Aurangzīb, 469; by villages, 470, 471–2

v4.c27.6

Assignments, in Islām Shāh's reign, 63–4; converted to crown land, 109, 461; demand from in time of Aurangzīb, 316; made for support of army, 375; preferred by Bālājī, Peshwā, 396; system of described, 455; in force under Lodīs, 456; under Sher Shāh, 458; valued under Akbar, 461; their management under Jahāngīr, 466; under Shāh Jahān, 467; under Aurangzīb and later decline, 472; unpopular in Bengal, 473

v4.c27.7

Astrologer's seat, 543

v4.c27.8

'Atā Khān, 421

v4.c27.9

'Atā-ullah, 567

v4.c27.10

Atga Khail, 75

v4.c27.11

Atga Khān (Shams-ud-dīn Khān), attacks Afghāns, 68; foster-father of Akbar, 73; intrigues against Bairam Khān, 75, 77, 78; appointed minister, 81; murdered, 83, 100; his tomb, 535

v4.c27.12

Athaide, Dom Luis de, 121

v4.c27.13

Athar Mahall, 574

v4.c27.14

Āthni, 256

v4.c27.15

Attock, founded by Akbar, 127; Nādir Shāh crosses Indus at, 358; 416

v4.c27.16

Aungbinle, 499

v4.c27.17

Aurangābād, 241; formerly called Khirkī, 262; attacked by Bājī Rāo, 381; Nāsir Jang in rebellion near, 383; Ghāzī-ud-dīn poisoned at, 388

v4.c27.18

Aurangābādī Mahall, 290

v4.c27.19

Aurangzīb, born, 166–7; sent to court, 174; defeats Jujhār Singh in Bundelkhand, 195; married, 198; subdues Bāglān, 200; successful in Balkh but retires to Kābul, 204; fails to relieve Qandahār, 205, or to retake it, 206; interferes in Golconda, 207, 269–70; his operations against Bījāpur stopped by Shāh Jahān, 209; thwarted by Dārā, 210; intrigues with his brothers, 211; rebels and defeats imperial army near Dharmat, 212; and at Sāmogarh, 213; confines Shāh Jahān in Āgra fort, 214; imprisons Murād and assumes imperial title, 215, 222; his problems at succession, 222; pursues Dārā, 223; defeats Dārā at Deorāī, 227; master of Mughul India, celebrates second coronation, 228; his foreign relations and minor conquests, 229; forbids heretical practices, 230; his social and fiscal reforms, 231; his orthodoxy and treatment of Shāh Jahān, 232–3; his treatment of Afghāns, 237–8; crushes them, 239; his attitude to non-Muslims, 240–2; persecutes Sikhs, 245; subdues Mārwār, 247–8; his throne declared forfeit, 250; his first viceroyalty of Deccan, 267; his views on Shivājī, 279; moves to Deccan, 281; attacks Marāthās, 282; paramount in both north India and Deccan, 284; crushes Bījāpur, 285–6, and Golconda, 287–90; underrates Marāthā danger, 290; his barren conquest of forts, 296; takes Sātārā and Parli, 297; Khelnā (Vishālgarh), Sinhgarh etc., 298; his last illness and death, 299; his letters to his sons and last sorrows, 302; alarmed by Jāt menace, 305; orders stoppage of English trade, but makes peace, 308; his provinces and empire, 315–16; his revenue and army, 316; his character, scholarship, private life, robustness and narrow ideals, 317–18; effects of his bigotry, 374; his land revenue system, 468–72; 480; his buildings, 566–8

v4.c27.20

Ausā, 196; Marāthās defeat Nizām at, 390, 413

v4.c27.21

Austin of Bordeaux, 180

v4.c27.22

Āva, 482; annexed by Bayinnaung, 486; captive prince of, 488; vassal king of, 490; influential prince of, 494; becomes capital, 496; besieged by Chinese, 497; new palace at, 499; Catholic mission at, 500; attacked by Manipuris, 502; taken by Talaings, 503; restored by Hsinbyushin, 512–13

v4.c27.23

Ayuthia, sacked, 483 n. 4; besieged by Tabinshwehti, 484; white elephants at, 487–8; twice taken by Bayinnaung, 488–9; resists Nandabayin; and Alaungpaya, 511; besieged by Thihapate and Mahanawrahta, 514; taken and destroyed, 515, 518

v4.c27.24

Āzād Bilgrāmī on European troops, 387

v4.c27.25

A'zam (son of Aurangzīb), invades Mewār, 249; negotiates peace, 252; proposed marriage of with Shahr Bānū, 255, 275, 277; sent to Deccan, 281; in north Bījāpur, 282, 284; 287; presents Abu-'l-Hasan to Aurangzīb, 289; at Pedgāon, 295; aims at succession, 301; appointed to Mālwā but returns to Ahmadnagar, 302, 319; his war against Ajit Singh, 303; 315; claims succession to Aurangzīb, 319; marches north and killed at battle of Jājau, 320; his contempt for Bahādur Shāh, 324

v4.c27.26

A'zam Khān (Muhammad Bāqar), attacks Khān Jahān, 186, and Ahmadnagar, 187; his successes, 188; his losses, 189, 194

v4.c27.27

'Azīm-ullah Khān, appointed to Mālwā, 365; leaves his post and dies, 366

v4.c27.28

'Azīm-ush-Shān, recalled from Patna, 301; his trade exactions, 307; becomes viceroy of Bengal, 312; besieges Āgra, 319; at battle of Jājau, 320; fights to succeed Bahādur Shāh, and dies, 325; as viceroy of Bengal, 364

v4.c27.29

'Azīz Jang, Nawāb, 369 n. 1

v4.c27.30

'Azīz Kūka becomes Khān 'Āzam (*q.v.*), 74, 100

v4.c27.31

'Azīz-ud-dīn becomes emperor as 'Ālamgīr II (*q.v.*), 436

v4.c27.32

'Azz-ud-dīn, 326; flies from Khajuhā, 327; blinded, 332

v4.c27.33.1

Bābā Piārā ford, 315, 381 Bābur; birth and early career, 2; inherits Farghāna, captures Samarqand, surrenders it to Shaibānī Khān, hides in Tāshkent, 4; captures Kābul, raids India west of Indus, marches to Herāt, 5; defeats Arghūns and again raids India and assumes title of emperor, 6; takes Bukhārā and Samarqand, but is expelled, 7; renounces hopes of recovering them, 8; his invasions of Hindustān, captures Bājaur, Kohāt, Tarbila, 10; takes Lahore and Dīpālpur, but returns to aid Isma‘īl Shāh, 11; advances to Ambāla and Pānīpat, 12; wins battle of Pānīpat and enters Delhi, 13; becomes Emperor of Hindūstān, description of India in his *Memoirs*, 14; his initial difficulties, 15; escapes death by poison, at war with Rānā Sanga, 16; religious qualms, victory at Khānua, takes Chanderī and Lucknow, victory in battle of the Gogra, 17; gains Bihār, illness and death, his *Memoirs*, 18, 20; way of life and character, 19; poems, 20; dying injunctions, 21; 46, 47; 347; on Indian architecture, 523–4; mosques built by, 524 and n. 1 Backergunge, 236 Badakhshān, its area, 4; held by Bābur, 8; Humāyūn levies forces in, 12, 143; Humāyūn returns to, 17; but leaves, 18; 36; ruled by Sulaimān, 41; attacked by Kāmrān, 42; Akbar plans conquest of, 134; taken by ‘Abdullah II, 144; by Murād Bakhsh, 203 Bādām-chasma, 5 Badan Singh Jāt, 348 Badāūn (or Barārī) Ghāt, 419 Badāūnī, on Sher Shāh, 57; on Bairam Khān, and atrocities in Mālwā, 79, 80; does not condemn abolition of *jizya*, 87; 96 n. 1;

v4.c27.33.2

on surrender of Ranthambhor, 101; first presentation to Akbar, 111; blames Makhdūm-ul-Mulk, 114; 115; on Akbar's order to stop hunting, 119; describes Akbar's recitation of *khutba*, 122; on Infallibility Decree, 123; resents translation of Mahābhārata, 133; on Todar Mal and Bhagwān Dās, 138; on Faizī, 142 Badīn, 223 Bādshāhī gate, 544 Bāghels of Rewah, Baghelkhand, 55 n. 2, 87; invaded by Bāji Rāo, 353 Bāghpat, 419, 447 Bāglān, 106, 146; subdued by Mughuls, 200, 268; raided by Shivājī, 259; bars Marāthās from Gujarāt, 379; ceded to Marāthās, 388; Khande Rāo collects dues in, 398 Bāgor, 103 Bagpur, 345 Bahādur, brother of Khān Zamān, 81 Bahādurgarh (Deccan), 284 Bahādur Khān (son of Daryā Khān), 191 Bahādur Khān (Malik Husain), 223, 227, 253, 255, 259; becomes Khān Jahān, 259 n. 1; makes terms with Shivājī and Bījāpur, 275, 276; recalled from Deccan, 277; again sent there, 278; *see also* Khān Jahān (Malik Husain) Bahādur Khān Shaibānī (or Uzbeg), attacks Mālwā, 77; rebels against Akbar, 91–6 Bahādur Nizām Shāh (of Ahmadnagar), 145, 147 Bahādurpur, 222 Bahādur Shāh I (of Delhi), aided by Sikhs, 246 Bahādur Shāh (of Bengal), 73 Bahādur Shāh Fārūqī (of Khāndesh), 143, 146, 147, 148, 154 Bahādur Shāh (of Gujarāt), 21; war with Chitor and disputes with Humāyūn, 22; takes Chitor, but defeated by Humāyūn flies to Māndū, 23; escapes to Diu, 24; organises recovery of Gujarāt, 25; expels ‘Askarī, 26; recovers Gujarāt, 27;

v4.c27.33.3

death, 28 Bahādur Shāh (Mu‘azzam, Shāh ‘Ālam, of Delhi), succeeds Aurangzīb, but opposed, 319; defeats A‘zam at Jājau, 320; moves south against Kām Bakhsh and returns to Rājputāna, 321; reduces Sikh rebels, 323; his death and character, 324; displeased with Bārha Sayyids, 327; restores Shāhū, 392 Bahādur Shāh II (of Delhi), 448 Bahbal Khān, 73 Bahiro Pant Pingle, Peshwā, 393 Bahmanīs, 9 Bahraich, 51 Bahwā Lohānī, 62 Bairam Baharjī, Rāthor, 268 Bairam Khān, 20; joins Humāyūn, 39; 40; appointed Khān Khānān, 42; defeats Afghān army, 67; becomes Akbar's tutor, 68; aims at recovery of Delhi, 71; at battle of Pānīpat, 72; with Akbar against Sikandar Sūr, marries Akbar's cousin, 73; his court faction, 74; his enemies, his education of Akbar, 75; his offences, 76; dismissed from service, 77; defeated in battle, sets out for Mecca and murdered, his character, 78; his difficulties in administration, 461 Bais Rājputs, 172 Baisunqur, 4 Baitālwādī, 145 Baizāpur, 380, 381 Bājaur, 10, 134, 135, 238, 239 Bajhaura, 113 Bāji Chāvan Daphle, 297 Bāji Rāo Peshwā, invades Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand, his relations with Nizām-ul-Mulk, 353, 379, 400; becomes practically governor of Mālwā, 354, 402; his Bāji Rāo Peshwā (*continued*) claims on Muhammad Shāh, 355; raids near Delhi, receives government of Mālwa and subvention, 356, 357, 403; dies, 365, 383, 406; invades Nizām's country, 380, 400; makes peace at Shevgāon, 381, 400; succeeds as Peshwā, 396; his ambitions, 397; invades Gujarāt, 401–2;

v4.c27.33.4

becomes supreme, 402; directs attack on Bassein, 405; his character, 407

v4.c27.34

Baker, captain, 505

v4.c27.35

*Bakhars*, 427

v4.c27.36

Bakhshū Langāh, 53, 54

v4.c27.37

Bakht Buland, 314

v4.c27.38

Bakht Singh (of Mārwār or Jodhpur), 368, 431–2

v4.c27.39

Bakht-un-Nisā Begam, 128

v4.c27.40

Bālāghāt, overrun by Malik ‘Ambar, 173; defined, 173 n. 2; governed by Shāh Jahān, 174; given up by Khān Jahān, 176, 185; invaded by Mughuls, 186–7, 194–5; governorship of, 266

v4.c27.41

Bālājī Bāji Rāo, succeeds as Peshwā, 365, 407; resents Muslim attempts on Mālwa, 366; receives *chauth* of Bihār and Mālwa, 368, 441; opposes succession of Salābat Jang, 387, 410; defeated by French, 387, 412, 434; crushes Nizām's army, 390; exacts large cessions, 391; dominates Rām Rājā, 410; reforms administration, 413–14; his character, 414; despatches army against Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 415, 446; tries to send reinforcements to Pānīpat, 424; his death, 425

v4.c27.42

Bālājī Vishvānāth, Peshwā, his origin and early career, 393; becomes Peshwā, 394; his aims for Marāthā independence, 395; his death, administration and character, 396

v4.c27.43

Bālākot, 265

v4.c27.44

Balamindin, 516

v4.c27.45

Bālāpur, 343, 398, 399

v4.c27.46

Balasore, English factory at, 306; plundered by Mughuls, 308

v4.c27.47

Balkh, threatened by Shaibānī Khān, 5; 7; besieged by Uzbegs, 11; attacked by Humāyūn, 42; taken by Murād Bakhsh, 203; abandoned by Aurangzīb, 204; sends embassy to Aurangzīb, 229

v4.c27.48

Bāl Kishan Gādgil, 414

v4.c27.49

Bālkonda, 384

v4.c27.50

Ballabhgarh, 439

v4.c27.51

Balloba Manduvaguni, 414

v4.c27.52

Baloch, 37, 51, 53, 227

v4.c27.53

Bāltistān, invaded, 198; campaign in, 206; acknowledges Aurangzīb, 229–30

v4.c27.54

Balvant Rāo Mehendale, 417, 420

v4.c27.55

Bāmīān, 202

v4.c27.56

Banda (pseudo-Gurū), 322–4; defeated and executed, 335

v4.c27.57

Bāndā (place), 283

v4.c27.58

Bāndhogarh, 143, 201

v4.c27.59

Bangalore, 279, 290

v4.c27.60

Bangarh, 370

v4.c27.61

Bangash Afghāns, 415; defeated by Rohillas, 429; defeat Safdar Jang and ravage Oudh, 430; crushed by Marāthās, 431

v4.c27.62

Bangkok, 519, 520

v4.c27.63

Bankāpur, 290, 389

v4.c27.64

Bānkot, 393

v4.c27.65

Bānswārā, 60, 117

v4.c27.66

Bāqarganj, *see* Backergunge

v4.c27.67

Bāqar Khān, *see* Muhammad Bāqar Khān, Mīrzā, 367

v4.c27.68

Bāqī Khān Qul, 319

v4.c27.69

Bāqī Muhammad Uzbeg, 202

v4.c27.70

Baqr ‘Īd, 487

v4.c27.71

Bārāmati, 268

v4.c27.72

Barangāb, 239

v4.c27.73

Barārī Ghāt, 416, 446

v4.c27.74

Bārbak, 45

v4.c27.75

Barbary, 229

v4.c27.76

Bārh, 442

v4.c27.77

Bārha Sayyids, origin, 74 n. 1; favour Salīm (Jahāngīr), 152; 171; in battle of Sāmogarh, 213; the "king-maker" brothers of, 327; fight against Nizām-ul-Mulk, 343; their bravery at Bilochpur, 345; *see also* Sayyid brothers, ‘Abdullah Khān, Sayyid, and Husain ‘Alī, Sayyid

v4.c27.78

Barkhurdār Khān, 422 and n. 2

v4.c27.79

Bārī Dūāb, 323

v4.c27.80

Bārī Dūāb canal, 201

v4.c27.81

Barkī Sarāī, 149

v4.c27.82

Barmāppā Nāyak, 295

v4.c27.83

Bar Nadī, Mughul frontier in Assam, 200; 233

v4.c27.84

Barodā, 118; sacked by Dhanājī Jādav, 301, 306; Gāikwārs of, 398

v4.c27.85

*barqandāzes*, 316

v4.c27.86

Basālat Jang, becomes regent, 389; supported by French but dismissed, 390

v4.c27.87

Basantgarh, 297, 301

v4.c27.88

Basavāpatan, 294

v4.c27.89

Basawpyu, king of Arakan, 477

v4.c27.90

Basra, 229

v4.c27.91

Bassein (W. India), 296; Portuguese capital in Konkan, 404; taken by Bāji Rāo, 405–6

v4.c27.92

Bassein (Burma), 489, 491, 505, 509, 510

v4.c27.93

Bastar, 261, 267

v4.c27.94

Basu, Rājā, 160, 161

v4.c27.95

Batālā, 245, 335

v4.c27.96

Batavia, 219

v4.c27.97

batter (in architecture), 526

v4.c27.98

Bayāna, 16, 58, 61, 62, 321

v4.c27.99

Bāyazīd (of Bengal), succeeded by Dāūd, 111

v4.c27.100

*bayingyi*, 495

v4.c27.101

Bayinnaung, king of Burma, succeeds but opposed, 485; his annexations, 486; his religious and social activities, 487; captures Ayuthia, 488; obtains Buddha Tooth from Ceylon, 489; his administration, 490; contact with foreigners, 491; suppresses rebellion, 491–2; dies, 492

v4.c27.102

Bāz Bahādur, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89; final surrender to Akbar, 102 Bednor, 249, 252 Bednūr, 379 Begam Hauz, 285 Begging bowl, 490, 494, 497 Belgaum, 196, 283, 290 Belghāta, 226 Bellary, 278, 279 Bells, at Pagan, 487; at Pegū, 495; at Sidi, 507 Beltalā, 234 Benares, taken by Sher Khān, 30, 51; temple at destroyed, 242; Aurangzīb's mosque at, 568 Bengal, occupied by Sher Khān, 29, 50; by Humāyūn, 30, 50; recovered by Sher Khān, 33, 51; Jalāl-ud-dīn Bahādur becomes king of, 73; overtures from Akbar to Sulaimān king of, 90; Uzbegs seek aid from, 92; Akbar recognised by Sulaimān, 99; Akbar prepares for conquest of, 108; Bāyazīd and then Dāūd become kings of, and Dāūd invades Akbar's realm, 111; Akbar's invasion of, 112; conquest, 113; recovered by Dāūd, 115; independence lost, 116; disturbances in, 121; military rebellion in, 125, 132; peace restored, 139; serious Afghān rising in, 146; well governed by Shāh Shujāʿ, 211; land revenue settled by Shāh Shujāʿ in, 218; Shāh Shujāʿ defeated in, 225–6; piracy in, 236–7; English trade in, 306–7; English expelled from, 307–8; governed by Islām Khān, Shāyista Khān and Ibrāhīm Khān, 311; under Jaʿfar Khān, 312; virtually independent, its viceroys to ʿAlī Vardī Khān, 364; Sarfarāz Khān killed in, 365; invaded by Raghūjī, 368, 441; gave no help against Nādir Shāh and Ahmad Shāh Abdālī, 374; invaded by Marāthās, 441; land revenue of, 464; relations with Arakan, 477 Benī Prasād, 158 n. 1, 169 n. 1 Berad(s), invaded by Dilīr Khān, 256; try to relieve Bījāpur; troublesome in Deccan, 294; harass Aurangzīb, 296–7; allied with Marāthās, 297 Berār, 82; annexed by Ahmadnagar, 118; invasion by Mughuls, 137; ceded to Akbar, 143; invaded by Ahmadnagar, 145; Malik ʿAmbar defeats Mughuls in, 148, 261; raided by Shivājī, 259; invaded by Fath Khān, 263; recovered by Shāh Jahān, 264; raided by Amrit Rāo, 294; by Nimā Sindia, 313; by Bakht Buland, 314; governed by Raghūjī Bhonsle, 365; its population, 378; encroached on by Bhonsles, 379, 383; land revenue of, 464 Bernier, François, 227, 236, 271, 471, 481 nn. 1 and 2 Betāvad, 381 Beveridge, A. S., 83 n. 2 Beveridge, H., 169 n. 1 Beydurs, *see* Berad(s), 298 n. 2 Bhadāwar besieged by Malhār Rāo, 356 Bhādon, 557 *Bhagavad Gītā*, 426 Bhagavān, 426 Bhāgū, 238 Bhagwā Jhanda, 416, 422, 427 Bhagwān Dās, Rājā, 81, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105, 109; dissents from "Divine Faith", 129; sent against Kābul, 134; invades Kashmir, 135; attempts suicide, 136; death of, 138 Bhagwāngolā, 312 Bhagwant (Bundelā), 306 Bhagwant Rāi rebels in Korā, 355 Bhairowāl, 157 Bhakkar, 37, 38, 39 *Bhakta Vijaya*, 427 Bhakti, 426 Bhālkī, 189, 264, 389 Bhamo, 497, 516, 518 Bhānder, 195 *bhang*, 230 Bhāo Sāhib, *see* Sadāshiv Rāo; term explained, 446 n. 1 Bharatpur, dynasty founded, 305, 348; 418 Bhasāwar, 62 Bhāskar Pant, invades Bengal, 367; expelled, 368; killed by ʿAlī Vardī Khān, 408 Bhath, 87, 101 Bhatinda, 78 Bhera, 9, 10, 36, 94; Akbar's vision at, 119, 120 Bhils, 192, 315 Bhilsa, 16, 342 Bhīmā, 198 Bhīmsen on Marāthā warfare, 300 Bhīm Singh Hārā (of Kotah), 342 Bhīm Singh, Kunwar, 172, 173 Bhīm Singh (of Mewār), 249 Bhir, *see* Bir Bhiwandī, 257 Bhoj, 101 Bhongāon, 35 Bhonsles (of Nāgpur) conquer Gond rajas, 365, 379; *see also* Raghūjī Bhopāl, inconclusive battle between Marāthās and Nizām-ul-Mulk near, 356, 403–4 Bhor Ghāt, 393 Bhūshangarh, 297 Biāna, *see* Bayāna Biban, 10, 17 Bībī-kī-Masjid, 575 Bicholim, 283 Bidai Chand, 103 Bīdar, captured by Aurangzīb, 209, 271; annexed by Bījāpur, 260; plundered by Malik ʿAmbar, 262; occupied by Khān Daurān, but restored to Bījāpur, 267; raided by Jānojī, 389; Nizām ʿAlī at, 391 Bīdār Bakht, Muʿizz-ud-dīn, 294, 295; defeats Durgā Dās, 304; defeats Jāts, 305; governs Mālwā, 313; 315; killed at battle of Jājau, 320

v4.c27.103

Biddulph, C. E., 216 n. 2; on piracy, 309 Bigandet, 500 n. 1 *bīgha*, 460 Bihār (province), military rebellion in, 125, 126, 132; peace restored, 139; occupied by Shāh Jahān in rebellion, 172; plundered by Gangā Rām, 306; governed by 'Alī Vardī Khān, 364; plundered by Raghūjī, 441 Bihār (town), 306 Bihārī Mal, Rājā, 81, 97, 102 Bihār Khān (Sultān Muhammad), 11, 15, 46 Bihār Khān, governor of Handiya, 62 Bihishtābād, 153 Bijāgarh, 82 Bijāpur (kingdom), Akbar sends envoy to, 139; sultan of sends tribute, 140; congratulates Akbar on taking Ahmadnagar, 147; restores area taken from Ahmadnagar, 165; reconciled to Golconda, 168; pays tribute to Mughuls, 169; invaded by Malik 'Ambar, 173; dynastic dispute in, 188; invaded by Āsaf Khān, 189, 264; repels him, 190, 265; attacks Ahmadnagar, 192, 263; aids Ahmadnagar against Mughuls, 193; fresh disputes in, 195; submits to Shāh Jahān, 196; well governed, and expanding, 208-9; attacked by Aurangzīb on accession of 'Alī 'Ādil Shāh II, 209, 271; operations against 1666-80, Mughul relations with, 253; invaded by Jay Singh, 254-5; rival ministers in and invaded by Bahādur Khān, 255; invaded by Shivājī and by Dilīr Khān, 259; annexes Bīdar, 260; at war with Shivājī and agrees to pay him *chauth*, 273; invaded by A'zam, 283; free from Mughul attacks, 284; finally subdued, 285-6; its wealth, 378 Bījāpur (town), besieged by Aurangzīb, 271; by Dilīr Khān, 278; taken by Aurangzīb and decays, 285-6; called Dār-uz-Zafar, 286; Kām Bakhsh crowned at, 321; ceded to Marāthās, 413; buildings at, 570-4 Bijay Singh (of Amber), 321 Bīkāner, 157, 246, 333; palace at, 548 Bikramājīt (of Orchha), 184, 185, 187 Bikramājīt, Rājā (Patr Dās, Rāi Rāyān), 149, 166, 168; his death, 171 Bilgrām, 27, 430 Bilhāpur, 402 Bilochpur, Shāh Jahān defeated at, 171; 'Abdullah Khān defeated at, 345 Bimāristān, 166 Binnya Dala, Talaing minister, 489, 490 Binnya Dala, Talaing puppet king, 503 Bīr, 145, 186, 262 Bīrbal, Rājā, 103; accepts "Divine Faith", 131; attacks Yūsufzāis and is slain, 135; his house at Fathpur Sīkrī, 542-3 Bīrbal, Rājā, *see* Mitra Sen Nāgar, 340 Bīr Bhān, 55 n. 2 Bīr Nārāyan, 88 Bīr Singh, error for Bīr Bhān, *q.v.* Bīr Singh Deo (Bundelā), murders Abu-'l-Fazl, 149, 184; 150; made Rājā by Jahāngīr, 156; his death, 184 Bishan Singh, Rājā (of Amber), sent against Jāts, 305 Bist, 205, 206 Bithli, 227 Black Hole, 364 n. 2 Blochmann, 111, 113 Blood, taboo on shedding royal, 499 n. 1 Blunt, E. A. H., 152 n. 1 Bodawpaya, king of Burma, 482, 522 Bohrās, 232, 315 Bolān pass, 227 Bombay ceded to English, 406 Botelho, Luis, 405 Bowrey, 481 n. 1 Brahmapurī, 290; Aurangzīb's headquarters, 296-7 Braj, 221 Bridge at Jaunpur, 535 Bridgman, Henry (*alias* Evory), 309 Briggs, 392 n. 2 Brindāban, 547 Broach, 315 Brotherhood, 451-2 Bruno, 506, 509 Budaun, 369; Bangash attack Rohillas at, 429 Buddermokan, 476 Buddha Tooth, 489, 490, 494, 497 Buddhism, in Arakan, 476; combined with Islam, 477; in Ceylon, 480 Buddhu, 560 Budh, *see* Shaikh Budh Budh Singh Hārā (of Būndi), opposes Sayyids and fights Bhīm Singh of Kotah, 341-2 Buhlūl Khān, *see* 'Abdul-Karīm Buhlūl Khān (of Bijāpur), 255, 274 Buhlūl (Shaikh), *see* Shaikh Phūl Buhlūl Lodī, 9, 45, 55 Buhlūl Malik (I'timād Khān), 84 Bukhārā, 2, 4, 7, 202-3, 229 Buland Akhtar, 224, 303, 304 Buland Darwāza, 544, 545-6 Bulāqi, *see* Dāwar Bakhsh, 183 Bullion, 307, 317 Bundelā (Rājputs), 117 Bundele, *see* Govind Pant Kher, 402 Bundelkhand, rebellion in, 184; Jujhār Singh rebels in, 194; rising quelled, 195; Champat Rāi rebels in, 201; Marāthā incursions in, 290; Bājī Rāo invades, 353 Būndī, 117, 303, 341 Burdwān, 112; taken by Shāh Jahān, 172; Marāthās surround 'Alī Vardī Khān at, 367, 442 Burhān I (of Ahmadnagar), 148 Burhān Nizām Shāh II, 138, 139; refuses submission to Akbar, 140

v4.c27.104

Burhānpur, beset by Deccan powers, 168, 262; assessment of, 242; looted by Marāthās, 281; occupied by Nizām-ul-Mulk, 343; walls of rebuilt by Nizām, 384; ceded to Marāthās, 413; buildings at, 575 Burhān-ud-dīn (of Ahmadnagar), *see* Burhān Nizām Shāh II, 138 Burhān-ud-dīn, title of Jahāngīr, 156 n. 1 Burhān-ud-dīn, Shāh, his tomb, 383 Burhān-ul-Mulk (Sa'ādat Khān, *q.v.*), becomes viceroy of Oudh, 348; defeats Bhagwant Rāi, 355; repels Malhār Rāo, 356, 403; summoned against Nādir Shāh, 358; attacks him, 359; taken prisoner and treats with Nādir Shāh, 360; dies and succeeded by Safdar Jang, 362 Burma, lower, attacked by Tabinshwehti, 483; desolated by Arakan, 494 Burma, upper, controlled by Tabinshwehti, 482; by Bayinnaung, 486; court returns to, 496; raided by Chinese, 498; occupied by Talaings, 503; invaded by Chinese, 514 Burneby, 500 Burney, 494, 517 n. 1 Bussy, supports Salābat Jang, 387, 388, 433; seizes Hyderābād, 389; recalled to coast, 390, 412; 413 Buzurg Ummed Khān, 237

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Cabral, Antonio, 106, 121 Cachār, 520 Calcutta founded by Charnock, 308 Caliphs, 324 Cambay, visited by Humāyūn, 24; by Akbar, 104 Cambodia, 520 Canals, made by Fīrūz Shāh, by 'Alī Mardān Khān, 201, 359; by Nizām-ul-Mulk, 385; at Mrohaung, 477; supply Delhi fort, 557 Careri, Dr Gemelli, 318 Carnatic, Golconda acquisitions in, 207; conquered by Shivājī, 240, 259, 276; Golconda annexations in, 261, 267; invaded by Bījāpur, 267; plundered by Dilīr Khān, 278; eastern part of taken by Aurangzīb, 290; its division between Golconda and Bījāpur, 291; Santājī and Dhana in eastern, 294; Dost 'Alī killed in, 365, 408; Nizām's conquests in, 368; its riches, 378; invaded by Muzaffar Jang, 386–7; tribute of ceded to Marāthās, 388; increase of English power in, 390; raided by Bālāji, 412 Caste abolished by Sikhs, 246 Castration forbidden, 231 Cesses, forbidden by Aurangzīb, 231, 449, 469; by Fīrūz Tughluq, Akbar and Jahāngīr, 449 and n. 1; impossible to estimate yield of, 450; abuses in, 470; in Bengal, 473

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Ceylon, visited by Arakanese priests, 480; Buddha Tooth of, 489 Chaghatāi, 19 Chainpur=Chaund, 46 n. 1 Chākan, 257, 267, 268, 392 Chakks, 60, 198 Chakradhvaj, 235 Chālisgāon, 187 Chamiārī, 73 Chamkaur, 246 Chāmpāner, besieged by Humāyūn, 24; stormed, 25; 26; lost by Mughuls, 27; mosques at, 575 Champat Rāi (Bundelā), becomes leader, 200; enters Mughul service, 201; aids Aurangzīb's revolt, 213; rebels again, 230 Chāndā, 314 Chanda Sāhib, seizes Trichinopoly, and imprisoned, 384, 408; escapes and takes Arcot, 386–7; 433 Chandan, 298 Chanderī, 16, 17, 47, 52, 53 Chāndor, 187, 259 Chāndpur, 444 Chandra Bhān, 220 Chandra Rāo, Rājā (of Jāvlī), 269 Chandra Sen Jādav, 380; supports Kolhāpur party, 393, 399 Chānd Sultān (of Ahmadnagar), 143, 145, 147 Chānd Sultān (of Deogarh), 314 Chardin, 560 Charnock, Job, expelled from Bengal but returns and founds Calcutta, 308 Chauburjī, 561 *chaudhrī*, 452 Chauhān Thākurs, 35 Chaumahalla, palace, 389 Chaund, 46, 47 Chaurāgarh, taken by Āsaf Khān, 88; by Jujhār Singh, 195 Chausa, 31; battle at, 33, 51 *chauth*, first levied by Shivājī, 259; in Bījāpur and Golconda, 273; in Carnatic, 276; in Mālkhed, 294; local Mughul officers agree to pay, 296; widely levied, 297; paid on customs by Mughuls, 303; collected by Chhatra Sāl, 313; in Gujarāt, 315, 398; promised to Shāhū by Husain 'Alī, 338, 378, 395; in Gujarāt, 351, 352; in Hyderābād, 355, 379, 382; claimed in Bengal, 368; of Deccan given to Shāhū, 392; defined, 392 n. 1; of the sea, 394, 404; granted by Farrukh-siyar, 395; by Muhammad Shāh, 396; preferred by Bālājī Peshwā to territory, 396; of Bengal ceded by 'Alī Vardī Khān, 408; led to disuse of assignments, 472 Cheros, 201 Cheto-Bardā, 311 Chhabelā Rām Nāgar, deserts to Farrukh-siyar, 327; in battle against Jahāndār Shāh, 328; favours Nikū-siyar, 340; governor of Allahābād, dies, 341

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Chhatrapati, 259, 380, 410

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Chhatra Sāl (Bundelā), 306; invites Marāthās to Mālwā, his career as rebel, 313–14; fights against Sikhs, 323

v4.c27.109

Chicacole, 389

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Chid Rūp, 165, 217 n. 2

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Chiengmai, annexed by Bayinnaung, 486; lacquer work, 487; captive prince of, 488; vassal king of, 490; taken by Anaukpetlun, 495; sends tribute to Alaungpaya, 510; taken by Thihapate, 514

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Child, Sir John, 309

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Child, Sir Josia, 308

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Chilkia, 431

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Chimājī Appa, takes refuge in Purandar, 381; raids Burhānpur, 383; 396; invades Gujarāt, 401; takes Bassein, 405–6; his death, 407

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Chimnājī Dāmodar, 380

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China, Chinese, ravage Burma, 497–8; invade upper Burma, 514, 516–17

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Chingīz, 19

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Chingīz Khān (of Ahmadnagar), 143

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Chingīz Khān (of Gujarāt), 89, 100

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Chīnī kā Rauza, 561

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Chīn Qilich Khān, member of Turānī party, 319; becomes Nizām-ul-Mulk (*q.v.*)

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Chintāman, 241

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Chintāmani, 221

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Chīn Tīmūr Sultān, 12, 17

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Chitaldroog, 294, 295

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Chitor, 10, 22; taken by Bahādur Shāh, 23; 54, 98; description of, 97; captured by Akbar, 98–9; held by Sāgar Singh, 158; not to be re-fortified, 161; new works at demolished, 207; temples at destroyed, 242, 249

v4.c27.128

Chitpāvan (Brāhman), 393, 397, 400, 407, 418

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Chittagong, its pirates, 190, 236–7, 478, 481–2; conquered by Shāyista Khān, 229, 236–7; scheme by English to annex, 308; held by Arakanese, 477; Portuguese settlers at, 478

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Chivers, 310

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Christians, 240

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Chunār, invested by Humāyūn, 22, 50; again besieged, 28; captured, 29; acquisition by Sher Khān, 49; seized by ‘Ādil Shāh, 64; ‘Ādil Shāh’s capital, 69; taken by Akbar’s forces, 81; Akbar’s first visit to, 93

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Churāman (Brāhman), 50

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Churāman (Jāt), becomes leader, 305; joins Jahāndār Shāh at Āgra, 328; loots camps, 329; resists Rājā Jay Singh, 336; plunders at battle of Bilochpur, rebels and poisons himself, 348

v4.c27.135

Clive, suppresses Angria, 394; at Plassey, 423 n. 1, 443; marches against ‘Ālī Gauhar, 444

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Coel, *see* Kol

v4.c27.137

Coins, struck by Humāyūn at Māndū and Chāmpāner, 25; by Kāmrān, 40; earliest of Sher Shāh, 51; said to have been struck by Hīmū, 72; struck by Sulaimān in Akbar’s name, 99; in Kashmir in Akbar’s name, 124; in Orissa in Akbar’s name, 139; of Salīm as rebel, 149; depicting Akbar, 155 n. 2; of Jahāngīr as Burhān-ud-dīn, 156 n. 1; at Ajmer, 161; of Jahāngīr, 179–80; in name of Nūr Jahān, 180; of Dāwar Bakhsh, 183; of Shāh Jahān at Ahmadnagar and Daulatābād, 189 n. 2; in Shāh Jahān’s name at Golconda, 197; at Qandahār, 199; at Balkh, 203; latest of Qutb Shāhīs, 208; of Murād Bakhsh, 211; solar months on Shāh Jahān’s, 217; in name of Aurangzīb in Bāltistān, 230; of Banda Sikh, 322; Farrukh-siyar’s legal dirham, 337, n. 1; in name of Ibrāhīm, 345 n. 1; in name of Nādir Shāh at ‘Azīmābād (Patna) and Murshidābād, 364 n. 3; of Ahmad Shāh Abdālī at Shāhjahānābād, 438; of Minbin, 478; of Arakan, 480

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Colgong, *see* Kahalgāon

v4.c27.139

Colombo, 489

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Commander of the Faithful, 240

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Commerce, *see* Trade

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Conjeveram, 290, 291, 292, 295

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Constantinople, 229

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Contract, 454

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Cooch Behār, 144, 233, 234, 236

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Copper, 317

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Cordier, 499 n. 4, 501 n. 1, 2, 502 n. 1, 517 n. 1

v4.c27.148

Cossacks, Marāthās compared to, 381

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Cotton, goods, 317; raw sold by Burma to China, 518

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Couto, 485 n. 3

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Cow-killing, stopped in Mārwār, 333; permitted in Ajmer, 347

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Crawfurd, 502 n. 1, 513 n. 1, 514 n. 1, 517 n. 1

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Cromwell, 246

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Crown lands (=*khālsa*, or *khālsa sharīfa*), 109; sacred areas in Orissa classed as, 139; Kashmir becomes crown land, 140; taxes in abolished by Aurangzīb, 231; Aurangzīb’s demand from, 316; farmed by Muhammad Shāh, 349; peculation in, 350–1

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Curiosities, 317

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Customs dues, 181; used to oppress Hindus, 242–3; commuted in Bengal, disputes with Aurangzīb’s officers over, 307; their yield under Aurangzīb, 316; central source of revenue, 449; value at Surat, 450; in Burma, 479; in Tenasserim, 488; at Pegū, 491

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Cutch, 226

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Cuttack, 441, 442

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Cutwa, *see* Katwā, 367

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Dabar, 323

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Dacca, Shāh Shujā‘ at, 226; devastated by Dacca (*continued*) Portuguese pirates, 236, 479; Feringi settlement at, 237; adorned by Shāyista Khān, 311 da Cunha, Gerson, 489 n. 2 Dādājī Kond-dev, 256 Dādar, 227 Dādū, Dādūpanthī, 221 da Gama, Vasco, 513 Dagon, *see* Rangoon, 485, 505 Dalla, 485, 491 Dal lake, 549 Dalpat Rāo Bundelā, 320 Dalrymple, 501 n. 2, 505 n. 2, 512 n. 1 *dām*, 460 Dāmājī Gāikwār, in Mālwa, 355; in Gujarāt, 365, 369; at Bālāpur, receives title of Shamsher Bahādur, 398, 399; against Abdālī, 418; at Pānīpat, 422 and n. 2; withdraws, 425; keeps Gujarāt, 448 Dāmājī II Gāikwār, 402, 411 Dāmājī Thorat, 393, 394 Damalcherry, 408 Damān, attacked by Mughuls, 128, 129, 200, 219; 296 Damdama, 173 Dammazedi, 489 Dandā, 101 Dāndesh, 148 Dāniyāl, born, 102; nominal commander in Deccan, 141, 145; his conduct in Deccan, 146; honoured by Akbar, 148; his death, 151; his sons executed, 184 Dārāb Khān, 173 Dārā Shukoh, 174, 201; fails to take Qandahār, 206; but in favour with Shāh Jahān, 207; envious of Aurangzīb, 209, 271; his own advancement, 210; defeated at Sāmogarh, 213; escapes and pursued, 214; flies to Punjab, 215; his religious views, 217, 230; patron of Chandra Bhān, 220; separated from Sulaimān Shukoh, 222; hunted through Punjab and Sind, 223; in Gujarāt, 226; defeated at Deorāi, captured by Baloch, executed at Delhi, 227; 232 Darband-i-Āhanīn, 7 *dārogha*, 241 *darshan*, 230 *dār-ul-harb*, 240 *dār-ul-Islām*, 240 Darvesh (of Bījāpur), 188 Daryā Khān, 187, 188 Dasahra festival, 150, 161, 281, 392, 401, 419 Datia, 548 Dattājī Sindia, 416, 417, 419, 444, 446 Dāūd (of Bengal), succeeds and invades Akbar's realm, 111; resists invasion, 112; makes peace, 113; recovers Bengal, 115; defeated and slain by Mughuls, 116 Dāūd Khān, 226, 229 Dāūd Khān, Pānī, 293, 301; killed at Burhānpur, 334; his nephew Dost ‘Alī, 365; as deputy viceroy of Deccan, 392, 393

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Daulatābād, becomes capital of Ahmadnagar, 148; 169, 187; threatened by Shāh Jahān, 189; coin struck at, 189 n. 2; besieged by Mahābāt Khān, 192; stormed, 193, 264, 265; defended by Hamīd Khān's wife against Bījāpur, 263; Khān Daurān besieged in, 266; Abu-‘l-Hasan imprisoned in, 290; gained by Salābat Jang, 389; surrendered to Mughuls, 413

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