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Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346 – A.D. 1646) v1: Volume 1

Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346 – A.D. 1646) v1

Language
English

Contents

Volume 1

Front matter

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CENTRAL ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIBRARY (This page is blank.)

Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346—A.D. 1646), Volume I

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IN THE

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VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

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(A.D. 1346—A.D. 1646)

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BY

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Dr. B. A. SALETORE, M.A., Ph.D. (Lond. et Giessen) *Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung Scholar, Berlin*

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With a Foreword By

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DR. S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAR, M.A., Ph.D., *Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras* *(Retired)*

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*Thesis approved for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy* *in the University of London, 1931*

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MADRAS

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B. G. PAUL & CO., PUBLISHERS,

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12, FRANCIS JOSEPH STREET

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BY THE SAME AUTHOR

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1. *Der Wert der Listischen Lehren für die Lösung der indischen Frage*

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(Leipzig : Universitätsverlag von Robert Noske.)

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2. *History of Early Tuluva.*

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(To be published shortly.)

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Published with the aid of a Grant from the Publication Fund of the University of London DEDICATED TO LIONEL DAVID BARNETT BY HIS PUPIL THE AUTHOR

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DEDICATED TO LIONEL DAVID BARNETT BY THE AUTHOR

Foreword

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I ACCEDE with pleasure to the request of Dr. B. A. Saletore, M.A., PH.D., that I should write a foreword to his work, *Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire*. This was the thesis accepted by the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1931. It is published, as it is stated, with a grant from the University of London. Dr. Saletore steers clear of the political history of the Empire of Vijayanagara and addresses himself to writing an account, mainly from epigraphical sources, from the works of foreign travellers, and, to some extent, from contemporary literature, of the social and political life of the people living in the empire. It will be seen from the actual division of chapters of the work that the author attempts to give a full picture of the life that the people led under the protection of the empire.

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This would necessarily involve an account of the administration, in its various branches, and of the several administrative institutions established therefor. These administrative institutions are described in eight chapters, II to IX. The remaining nine chapters are devoted to a description of the divisions of the people, the social institutions under which they were living, the position of the Brahmans, the status of women in Vijayanagara society, and subjects of that kind. Dr. Saletore, it is clear from the book, has examined the sources exhaustively, and has made his selection judiciously. He collects his information from a large number of sources, sorts them and arranges them in a logical order and presents, on the whole, a readable account. The very extent of the subject and the vastness of detail would baffle any effort in this direction ordinarily, but Dr. Saletore has succeeded in producing a creditable work bearing on the vast subject. The general mass of detail that is brought together and the marshalling of these in successive sections would admit of easy criticism; but taken as a whole, the work gives a correct and complete view of the life of the people under the empire during the three centuries of its fight to preserve Hindu institutions and Hindu civilization. Voluminous as the work is at first sight, let me hope that Dr. Saletore's readers would be many and that they will find both pleasure and profit in the reading of the book.

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S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAR, *Professor of Indian History and* *Archaeology, University of Madras* *(Retired)*.

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MYLAPORE, MADRAS, 6th December, 1933.

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This book is an attempt to fill a long-felt gap in the literature of the subject. It is based on a thesis approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London in 1931. It is published as it was written in 1931, with only minor corrections. The thesis was written at the School of Economics, London, and I am deeply indebted to my teachers there, especially to Professor Eileen Power, for their valuable guidance and encouragement. I am also grateful to the authorities of the British Museum, the Public Record Office, and the Guildhall Library for the facilities they provided for my research.

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The work deals with the guilds as an institution in the medieval period, with special reference to the period from the 14th to the 16th century. It is not a history of any particular guild or of the guilds of any particular town, but a study of the guild system as a whole. The subject is vast, and I have had to limit the scope of my inquiry. I have confined myself to the study of the craft guilds, and have not dealt with the merchant guilds, which were a different type of organisation. I have also excluded the religious guilds, except in so far as they were connected with the craft guilds.

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The book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the origin and development of the craft guilds. The second part deals with the organisation and government of the guilds. The third part deals with the economic and social activities of the guilds. I have tried to show that the guilds were not merely economic organisations, but also social and religious ones, and that they played a very important part in the life of the medieval town.

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I am conscious of the many shortcomings of this book. I have not been able to consult all the relevant sources, and I have no doubt that many of my conclusions will need to be revised in the light of further research. I hope, however, that this book will serve as a useful introduction to the study of the subject and will stimulate further research.

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I must express my gratitude to my friends and colleagues who have helped me in various ways. I am particularly grateful to Mr. A. V. Judges, who read the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. I am also grateful to the publishers for their patience and co-operation.

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Finally, I must thank my wife, who has been a constant source of encouragement and help throughout the preparation of this book.

Preface

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IN writing this book I have endeavoured to describe the activities of the princes and people of Vijayanagara in spheres related to their political and social wellbeing. We have been interested in Vijayanagara till now only as a political experiment with its interminable wars and its perennial political factions. I have eschewed these and have, on the other hand, applied myself to the elucidation of many an interesting problem connected with the private and public life of the mediaeval rulers and their subjects in all its manifold aspects.

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This has led me to adopt a treatment of the various facts relating to the history of the Empire of Vijayanagara different to the one we have hitherto been accustomed. Vijayanagara rulers and their people may be judged in terms of the actions and thought of their predecessors both in and outside Karṇāṭaka. It is with this object that the following method has been adopted in the work. Classical and mediaeval Hindu theories relating to government and society have been first given followed, wherever possible, by Vijayanagara conceptions of the same. Further, the origin of the political and social institutions of the Vijayanagara princes and people has been traced to their Hoysala and Tamil antecedents, in order to bring out more clearly the historical sequence that sometimes may be said to govern the actions of the mediaeval Hindu monarchs. In this way an attempt has been made for the first time to bring before the reader classical and mediaeval Hindu theory in harmony with Vijayanagara maxims and practice; and to enable him to estimate for himself the achievements of the rulers of Vijayanagara who have so often been called custodians of the Hindu Dharma.

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And in so doing evidence from all available sources has been utilized. And no source of information has been found so fruitful as the numerous epigraphical records which, far from being merely documents that "seldom yield us more than a few names and dates" contain, especially in regard to governmental and social matters, innumerable details which throw a flood of light on the internal organization of Vijayanagara. Among the many other sources of information mention may be made of the testimony of foreign travellers. Although these supplement to a very large extent the accounts of Hindu writers and of inscriptions, yet they too have been critically examined, on occasions when they appeared to me as being either extravagant or untrustworthy.

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But I must confess that I have not exhausted the subject. The exigencies of examination did not permit me to deal as thoroughly with the topic as I had originally intended when I had planned the whole work. The evidence of some foreign witnesses, for example, had to be curtailed and much matter gleaned from epigraphs and literature expunged. But the works of these foreign travellers as well as those of other writers who have left their impressions of Vijayanagara, are given in the bibliography which, as far as possible, has been brought up-to-date.

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A glossary of some important fiscal and governmental terms, occurring in inscriptions and literature used in this work as well as in those sources not mentioned in the treatise, has been appended in the belief that it will be found useful. But it is by no means complete or final.

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I acknowledge with pleasure my indebtedness to the following: the authorities of the British Museum; Sir E. Denison Ross, Director, School of Oriental Studies; the High Commissioner for India; the Librarian, India Office Library; Mr. H. L. T. Gonsalves, Assistant, India Office Library; the Secretary, Royal Asiatic Society, London; Miss F. H. Latimer, Assistant Librarian, Royal Asiatic Society; the Rev. Henry Heras, S.J., Bombay; Dr. M. H. Krishna, Director of Archaeological Researches, Mysore; Mr. G. Powell; and Dr. K. M. Ashraf, Ph. D. I am particularly indebted to Mr. C. S. K. Pathy, Lecturer in Dravidian Languages, School of Oriental Studies, for having taught me the Tamil and Telugu languages. To Dr. L. D. Barnett, M.A., D. Litt., under whose directions this work was written, I owe a deep debt of gratitude. I am all the more grateful to him for having allowed me to dedicate this book to him. I am also thankful to Dr. S. Krishnaswamy Aiyangar for writing a Foreword to my work. Finally, I must say that but for the generous endowment which the University of London made, supplemented by an equally generous contribution from another quarter, I would not have been able to publish my work. To the London University as well as to the gentleman, who unfortunately prefers to remain anonymous, I beg to convey my profound gratitude.

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15th December, 1933. "VASUDEVA BHUVAN", 2, LABURNUM ROAD, BOMBAY, 7.

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B. A. S.

Contents

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| CHAPTER | | PAGE |
| | FOREWORD . . . . . | v |
| | PREFACE . . . . . | vii |
| | BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . | xi |
| I. | INTRODUCTION ... ... ... | 1 |
| II. | THE COUNTRY IN GENERAL ... ... | 39 |
| III. | THE CAPITALS OF THE EMPIRE ... ... | 82 |
| IV. | REVENUE ADMINISTRATION ... ... | 142 |
| V. | ADMINISTRATION—CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ... | 243 |
| VI. | ADMINISTRATION—LOCAL GOVERNMENT ... | 328 |
| VII. | JUSTICE AND OPPRESSION ... ... | 359 |
| VIII. | FOREIGN RELATIONS—HINDU-MUHAMMADAN AMITY ... ... ... | 395 |
| IX. | THE ARMY . . . . . | 414 |

I. Epigraphical Sources

(A) Works

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ARCHÆOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 1887 onwards. (These reports are usually mentioned as A.S.R. for 1908, etc.).

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BURGESS, JAMES, LL.D., C.I.E., Tamil and Saskrit Inscriptions with some notes on village antiquities collected chiefly in the South of the Madras Presidency. With translations by S. M. NATESA SASTRI, Pandit. (4 Vols.) Madras, 1886.

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BURNELL, A.C., Elements of South Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D. Being an Introduction to the Study of South Indian Inscriptions and MSS. 2nd ed. London, 1878.

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BUTTERWORTH, ALLAN and CHETTY, VENUGOPAL, (both) of the Indian Civil Service. A Collection of the Inscriptions on copper-plates and stones in the Nellore District. (3 Vols.). Madras, 1905.

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ELLIOT, SIR WALTER, Telugu Inscriptions. (2 Vols.) Preserved in the Government Oriental Library, Madras.

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ELLIOT, SIR WALTER, Impressions of the Copper-plates collected by Sir Walter Elliot in Southern India and presented to the British Museum by JAMES BURGESS, 1912.

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ELLIOT, SIR WALTER, Carnataca Dēśa Inscriptions. (2 Vols.) Preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society, London.

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EPIGRAPHIA INDICA, Calcutta, 1892 onwards.

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EPIGRAPHIA INDO-MOSLEMICA, 1913-14 onwards.

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FLEET, JOHN, F., Pali, Sanscrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions from the Bombay Presidency and parts of the Madras Presidency and Maisur. Arranged and explained. Prepared under the direction of JAMES BURGESS, F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., London, 1878.

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FLEET, JOHN, F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. (3 Vols.) New edition. Oxford, 1925.

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HARKNESS, H., CAPTAIN, Ancient and Modern Hindu Alphabets. London, 1837.

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HAIDERABAD ARCHÆOLOGICAL SERIES, Inscriptions at Nagai. No. 8.

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HULTZSCH, E., PH.D., South Indian Inscriptions. (4 Vols.) Archæological Survey of India. New Imperial Series. Vol. XXIX. Edited and translated by E. HULTZSCH, PH.D., V. VENKAYYA, M.A., and H. KRISHNA SASTRI, B.A. Madras, 1890-1924.

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INDIAN ANTIQUARY, THE, Bombay, 1872 onwards. JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, Vol. VI. JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 1841 onwards. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. (Old Series and New Series.) (Abbreviated as J.R.A.S. in the treatise.) MADRAS EPIGRAPHICAL REPORTS. (The inscriptions of the Report are mentioned as 87 of 1903 ; 60 of 1910, etc.) MACKENZIE COLLECTION (The MSS. which are grouped under this title are deposited partly in the India Office, London, and partly in the Government Oriental Library, Madras. See under W. TAYLOR.) NARASIMACHARYA, R., M.A., Rao Bahadur, Inscriptions at Śravaṇa Belgola. Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. II. Revised edition. Bangalore, 1923. RANGACHARYA, V., M.A., L.T., A Topographical List of the Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency (collected till 1915) with Notes and References. (3 Vols.) Madras, 1919. RAO, GŌPINĀTHA, T.A., M.A., Superintendent of Archæology, Travancore. Copper-plate Inscriptions belonging to the Śrī Śankarāchārya of the Kāma Kōṭi-Piṭha. Madras, 1916. REA, ALEXANDER, Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency of Madras. Madras, 1897. RICE, LEWIS, B., M.R.A.S., Mysore Inscriptions. Bangalore, 1879. RICE, LEWIS, B., C.I.E., M.R.A.S., Epigraphia Carnatica. (12 Vols.) 1886 onwards. RICE, LEWIS, B., C.I.E., Coorg Inscriptions. Bangalore, 1886. A second edition of Part I issued in 1914. SASTRI, KRISHNA, H., B.A., South Indian Inscriptions. Vol. IV. See under HULTZSCH, E., above. SASTRI, SUBRAMANIA SADHU, B.A., Report on the Inscriptions of the Tirupati Dēvasthānam Collection. With an Introduction by Professor K. A. NILAKANTHA SASTRI, M.A. With 1 Map and 2 Plans. Madras, 1933. SEWELL, ROBERT, M.R.A.S., Lists of the Antiquarian remains in the Presidency of Madras, compiled under the orders of Government. (2 Vols.) Madras, 1882-1884. SEWELL, ROBERT, M.R.A.S., The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India collected till 1923, and Outlines of Political History. Edited by Dr. S. KRISHNASWAMY AIYANGAR, M.A., Ph.D. (Madras, University Historical Series, No. 5). Madras, 1932. SIVADATTA, PANDIT and PARAB, K. R., Prāchīna Lēkhana Mālā or A Collection of Ancient Historical Records in Sanscrit. (2 Vols.) Bombay, 1892-97.

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SRINIVASA RAGHAVAN, R. (AIYANGAR), Catalogue of Copper-plate Grants in the Government Museum, Madras. 1918. TAYLOR, WILLIAM, REV., List of the Mackenzie Inscriptions in the Ceded Districts. Madras. UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE. Annual Report of the Mysore Archaeological Department. 1908 onwards.

(B) Articles

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ACHARYA, G., B.A., Chaudala Grant of Harihara; Ś. S. 1313. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XXI, pp. 17-25.) AYAR, NATESA, V., Maredapally Grant of Śri-Raṅga Rāya II; Śaka 1497. (*Epigraphia Indica*, IX, pp. 326-336.) AYAR, NATESA, V., Padmaneri Grant of Venkata I; Śaka-Samvat 1505 (*Epigraphia Indica*, XVI, pp. 287-297). AYYAR, NARAYANASWAMY, M., Madras Museum Plates of Śrigiri Bhūpāla. Śaka-Samvat 1346. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VIII, pp. 306-317.) BASAK, RADHA GOVIND, The Five Dāmōdar Copper-plate Inscriptions of the Gupta Period. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XV, pp. 113-145.) BARNETT, LIONEL, D., Two Grants of Veṅkaṭapati I. Śaka 1508 and 1535. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XIII, pp. 225-237.) BURNELL, A. C., The Villipakkam Copper-plates. (*Indian Antiquary*, II, p. 371.) FLEET, JOHN, F., Sanscrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions. (*Indian Antiquary*, IV-XX.) FLEET, JOHN, F., Spurious Indian Records. (*Indian Antiquary*, XXX, pp. 201-223.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., Hampe Inscription of Kṛishṇadēva Rāya. (*Epigraphia Indica*, I, pp. 361-371.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., Sholinger Rock Inscription of Parāntaka. (*Epigraphia Indica*, IV, pp. 221-225.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., Vilapāka Grant of Veṅkaṭa I. Śaka-Samvat, 1523. (*Epigraphia Indica*, IV, pp. 269-278.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., Inscriptions on the Three Colossi of Southern India. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VIII, pp. 108-115.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., Two Jaina Inscriptions at Irugappa. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VII, pp. 115-116.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., A Grant of Veṅkaṭa II; of A.D. 1636 (*Indian Antiquary*, XIII, pp. 125-132.) HULTZSCH, E., ph.D., A Grant of Raṅga II, dated in A.D. 1644-45. (*Indian Antiquary*, XIII, pp. 153-160.) KIELHORN, F., Dr., Unamanjeri Plates of Achyutarāya; Śaka-Samvat 1448. (*Epigraphia Indica*, III, pp. 147-158.) KIELHORN, F., Dr., British Museum Plates of Sadāśivarāya; Śaka-Samvat 1478. (*Epigraphia Indica*, IV, pp. 21-2.)

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KRISHNAMACHARLU, C. K., The Penuguluru Grant of Tirumala I; Śaka 1493. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XVI, pp. 241-263.)

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LÜDERS, H., PH.D., Śravaṇa-Belgoḷa Inscription of Irugappa. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VIII, pp. 13-24.)

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RAMAYYA, J., B.A., B.L., Dēvulapalli Plates of Immaḍi Nṛisiṁha; Śaka-Saṁvat 1427. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VII, pp. 74-85.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., Soraikkāvur Plates of Virūpāksha; Śaka-Saṁvat 1308. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VII, pp. 298-306.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., Daḷvāyi-Agrahāraṁ Plates of Veṅkaṭapati-Dēva Mahārāya I; Śaka-Saṁvat 1508. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XII, pp. 159-187.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., Śrīraṅgam Plates of Mummuḍi Nāyaka; Śaka-Saṁvat 1280. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XIV., pp. 83-96.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., Vellaṅguḍi Plates of Veṅkaṭapati-Dēva Mahārāya I, Śaka-Saṁvat 1520. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VI, pp. 298-329.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., Some Inscriptions of the Later Pāṇḍyas or the Decline of the Pāṇḍya Power. (*Travancore Archæological Series*, I, pp. 41-152.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., and RAGHAVIAH, RAO SAHIB T., Kṛishṇāpuram Plates of Sadāśivarāya; Śaka-Saṁvat 1498. (*Epigraphia Indica*, IX, pp. 328-341.)

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RAO, GOPINATHA, T. A., M.A., and SASTRI, KUPPUSWAMI, T. P., The Ariviliṅgamaḷam Plates of Śrīraṅgarāya II; Śaka-Saṁvat 1499. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XII, pp. 340-358.)

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RAVENSHAW, E. C., Translations of Various Inscriptions among the Ruins of Vijayanagar (with Preliminary Observations by H. H. WILSON, ESQ.). (*Asiatic Researches*, XX, pp. 1-40.)

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SASTRI, KRISHNA, H., B.A., Kuṇiyūr Plates of the time of Veṅkaṭa II; Śaka-Saṁvat 1556. (*Epigraphia Indica*, III, pp. 236-258.)

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SASTRI, KRISHNA, H., Kārkaḷa Inscription of Bharava II. Śaka-Saṁvat 1508. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VIII, pp. 122-138.)

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VENKATESWARA, S. V., and VISWANATHAN, S. V., Bēvina-haḷḷi Grant of Sadāśiva Rāya; Śaka 1473. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XIV., pp. 210-231.)

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VENKATESWARA, S. V., and VISWANATHAN, S. V., Kaḍalaḍi Plates of Achyuta Rāya; Śaka 1456. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XIV, pp. 310-323.)

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VENKAYYA, V., Ālampuṇḍi Plate of Virūpāksha; Śaka-Saṁvat 1305. (*Epigraphia Indica*, III, pp. 224-230.)

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VENKAYYA, V., Triplicane Inscription of Dantivarman. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VIII, pp. 290-296.)

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VISWANATHA, S. V., The Kamuma Grant of Sadāśiva Rāya Śaka 1470. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XIV, pp. 341–353.) VISWANATHA, S. V., The Jambukeśvaram Grant of Viyayaranga Chokkanātha Nāyaka; Śaka 1630. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XVI, pp. 88–96.) YAZDANI, G., Inscriptions in Golkonda Fort. (*Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica*, 1913–14, pp. 47–59.) YAZDANI, G., Inscriptions in the Golkonda Tombs. (*Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica*, 1915–16, pp. 19–42.)

II. Numismatics

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BROWN, C. J., M.A., The Coins of India. (The Heritage of India Series.) With Twelve Plates. Calcutta, 1922. CATALOGUE of the Coins in the Government Central Museum, Madras, 1888. CATALOGUE of the Coins in the Government Central Museum, No. 2 (Indo-Portuguese and Ceylon) Madras, 1894–8. ELLIOT, SIR WALTER, Coins of Southern India. (*International Numismata Orientalia*, III, Pt. 2.) With Four Plates and Map. London, 1886. HAWKES, H. P., A Brief Sketch of the Gold, Silver, and Copper Coinage of Mysore. Bangalore, 1856. LOVENTHAL, E., The Coins of Tinnevelly. Madras, 1888. MARSDEN, W., *Numismata Orientalia*, Vol. III, Pt. 2, London, 1825. (See ELLIOT, SIR WALTER, above.) MOOR, EDWARD, MAJOR, The Hindu Pantheon. (With Plates). London, 1810; new edition, Madras, 1864. PRINSEP, J., Essays in Indian Antiquities. Edited by E. THOMAS. London, 1858. ROJERS, CHARLES J., Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, P. III, Calcutta, 1895. SMITH, VINCENT A., Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Vol. I. Oxford, 1906. THURSTON, E., A Catalogue of the Coins in the Madras Museum. Madras, 1890. TUFNELL, R. H. C., Hints to Coin Collectors in Southern India. Madras, 1889.

(B) Articles

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BIDIE, G., The Pagoda or Varāha Coins of Southern India. (*Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal*, 1883.) HULTZSCH, E., The Coins of the Kings of Vijayanagar. (*The Antiquary*, XX, pp. 301–309.) HULTZSCH, E., South Indian Copper Coins. (*Indian Antiquary*, XXI, p. 325.)

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HULTZSCH, E., The Coinage of the Sultanate of Madura. (*J.R.A.S.* for 1909, pp. 667-683.) JACKSON, R. P., MAJOR, I. A. (Retd.), The Dominions, Emblems, and Coins of the South Indian Dynasties. (*British Numismatic Journal*, London, 1913.) RANGACHARI, T. M., B.A., and DESIKACHARI, T., B.A., B.L., Some Unedited Coins of the Kings of Vijayanagar. (*Indian Antiquary*, XXIII, pp. 24-26.) RHYS-DAVIDS, T. W., Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon. (*International Numismata Orientalia*, I., P. 6, London, 1877.) SEWELL, ROBERT. Some Doubtful Coins of Southern India. (*Indian Antiquary*, XXXII, p. 313 seq.; XXXIII., p. 332 seq.) WILSON, H. H., Description of Select Coins in the Possession of the Asiatic Society. (*Asiatic Researches*, XVII, 1832.)

III. Chronology

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BROWN, C. P., Carnatic Chronology. The Hindu and Mahomedan Methods of Reckoning Time Explained. London, 1863. BURGESS, JAMES, C.I.E., LL.D., The Chronology of Modern India. For Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1499-1894. Edinburgh, 1913. DUFF, MABEL, C., (Mrs. W. R. RICKMERS), The Chronology of India from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century. Westminster, 1899. PILLAI, SWAMIKANNU, L. D., B.A., LL.B., An Indian Ephemeris. A.D. 700 to A.D. 1799. (6 Vols.). Madras, 1922. SEWELL, ROBERT, The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India. (See above.) SEWELL, ROBERT, and DIKSHIT, SHANKER BALAKRISHNA, The Indian Calendar. London, 1896. SEWELL, ROBERT, M.R.A.S., The Siddhāntas and the Indian Calendar : continuation of the Indian Chronography. Calcutta, 1924. SUBBIAH, VENKATA, A., DR., Some Śaka Dates in Inscriptions. Mysore, 1918.

(B) Articles

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AIYANGAR, KRISHNASWAMY, S., M.A., A Little-known Chapter of Vijayanagara History—1450-1509. Madras, 1916. See also *The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society*, VI, pp. 61-109.

v1.c5.s3.t1.2

JACOBI, HERMANN, Methods and Tables for Verifying Hindu Dates, *Tithis*, etc. (*Epigraphia Indica*, I & II.) KIELHORN, F., Śaka Eras in Inscriptions. (*Indian Antiquary*, Supplement to Vols. XXIII till XXVI.) KIELHORN, F., List of Inscriptions of South India. (*Epigraphia Indica*, VII, Appendix.) MADRAS EPIGRAPHICAL REPORTS (*Annual Epigraphical Report for the Southern Circle*) 1887 onwards. SCHRAM, Dr. ROBERT, Tables for the approximate Conversion of Hindu Dates (*Indian Antiquary*, XVIII, pp. 290-300.) SASTRI, KRISHNA, H., B.A., Archæological Survey Reports for 1908-9, and 1911-12. (See below under LITERATURE.) SEWELL, ROBERT, The Siddhānta Śirōmaṇi. (*Epigraphia Indica*, XV, pp. 159-245.)

IV. Literary Sources

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AIYANGAR, KRISHNASWAMY, S., M.A., The Sources of Vijayanagara History. Selected and Edited for the Madras University by AIYANGAR, S.K., Prof., M.A., PH. D. Compiled by SARASWATY, RANGASWAMI, B.A. Madras, 1919. ANNANTĀCHĀRYA, Prapannāmṛitam. See The Sources above. See also AIYANGAR, KRISHNASWAMY, S., M.A., PH. D., Bhandarkar Commemoration Volume, 1917, Poona, pp. 255-265. BĀṆA, Harshacharita. Translated by E. B. COWELL and F. W. THOMAS. (Oriental Translation Fund Publication, New Series). London, 1897. BASAVARĀJA of KEḶADI, Śivatattvaratnākara. Edited by B. RAMA RAO, M.A., LL.B., and SUNDARA SASTRI, P. Mangalore, 1927. BHĪMA, Basavapurāṇa. Bibliotheca Carnataca. Mangalore, 1850. BHŪRJATI, KUMARA, Krishnarāyavijayamu. (In Telugu.) DIṆḌIMA, RAJANĀTHA, Achyutarāyābhyudayam. Srirangam, 1907. DIKSHITA, YAJÑANĀRĀYAṆA, Sāhitya Ratnākara. Edited by CHINTAMANI, T. R., M.A. Madras, 1932. ELLIS, T.W., Kural. Madras, 1816. FAZL, ABUL, ALLAMI, The Ain-i-Akbari. Translated from the Original Persian by H. BLOCHMANN and JARRETT. *Bib. Ind.* N.S. 61. In two parts. 1872-1891. See also translation of the same by GLAD WILLIAM. (3 Vols.). Calcutta, 1786. GANGA, Kumāra Rāmana Sāṅgatya. MS. in the Oriental Library, Mysore. See also Kumāra Rāmana Charitre. MS. (mentioned in Wilson, Mack. Coll., No. 1, p. 326. [1828 ed.] and preserved in the Oriental MSS. Library, Madras).

v1.c5.s4.2

GANGĀDĒVĪ, Kamparāyacharitam (or also called Madhurāvijayam). Edited by V. SRINIVASA SASTRI and HARIHARA SASTRI. With an Introduction by T. A. GOPINATHA RAO, M.A. Trivandrum, 1916.

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JAIMINI BHĀRATAMU (In Telugu).

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KAVIŚEKHARĀCHĀRYA JYŌTIRIŚVARA, Dhūtarasamāgaprahasana. See CHRISTIAN LASSEN, Anthologia Sanscrita. Bonn, 1838.

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KŌYILOLUGU, THE. See The Indian Antiquary, XL, pp. 131 seq.

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KRISHNA DEVA RĀYA, Āmuktamālyada. Edited by V. VAVILLA RAMASWAMY SASTRI. Madras, 1907.

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KURAL, Edited by Ellis, T. W., Madras, 1816.

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LAKSHĪMIPATHI, DHŪRJATI, Haṁsa-viṁśati-Kathegaḷu. Translated into Kanarese by S. KRISHNAVVA. Bangalore, 1871.

v1.c5.s4.9

LAKSHMĪŚA AṆṆAMA, Jaiminī Bhārata. Edited by B. M. SIDDA LINGA SASTRI. Bangalore, 1897.

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LAKSHMĪŚA, AṆṆAMA, Jaiminī Bhārata. Translated into English by DANIEL SANDERSON. Bangalore, 1852.

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LAKSHMĪŚA AṆṆAMA, Jaiminī Bhārata. Bibliotheca Carnataca. Mangalore, 1848.

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LAKSHMĪŚA AṆṆAMA, Karṇāṭaka Jaiminī Bhārata. Edited by P. R. KARIBASAVA SASTRI. 2nd edition. Mysore, 1917.

v1.c5.s4.13

LIṄGANṆA, Keḷadi Nṛipa Vijaya. India Office MS. copy.

v1.c5.s4.14

LIṄGANṆA, Keḷadi Nṛipa Vijaya. Edited by R. SHAMA SASTRI, B.A., Ph. D. With an Introduction by M. R. KRISHNA SASTRI. Mysore, 1921.

v1.c5.s4.15

MAHĀBHĀRATA, Sabhā Parva. Translated by PRATAP CHANDRA RĀYA. Calcutta, 1896.

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NĀLADIYAR. Translated by G. U. POPE. Oxford, 1893.

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NARASIMHACHARYA, R., RAO BAHADUR, Karṇāṭaka Kavicharite or Lives of Kannada Poets. (3 Vols.) Bangalore, I Vol., 1st ed. 1907; rev. ed. 1927; II Vol. 1919, III. 1929.

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NṚIPATUṄGA, Kavirājamārgga. Edited by K. B. PATHAK, B.A., Bibliotheca Carnataca. Mysore, 1898.

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PAṆḌITA, VIRŪPĀKSHA, Chennabasavapurāṇa. Mangalore, 1851.

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RĀJANĀTHA, Achyutarāyābhyudayam. Edited by R. V. KRISHNAMACHAR. Srirangam, 1907.

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RĀYAVĀCHAKAMU. Published in the Journal of the Telugu Academy, Vol. III, Madras.

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SASTRI, KARIBASAVA, N. R., Chennabasavēśavijayam. Mysore, 1906.

v1.c5.s4.23

SASTRI, LAKSHMANA, Guruvaṁśamahākāvyam. See Mysore Archæological Report for 1928, p. 15 seq.

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SASTRI, SVETĀRANYAM NĀRĀYANA, Achyutarāyābhyudayam. Madras, 1908.

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SŌMANĀTHA, Vyāsayōgicharitam. Edited with notes and introduction by B. VENKOBA RAO. Bangalore, 1926.

v1.c5.s4.26

UYAR - TULUVA - VELĀLER - CHARITAM - CURUKKUM. (In Tamil). Madras, 1911. VEMANA, Verses. Translated into English by C. P. BROWN. Madras, 1829. VENKAYYA, Narapativijayam or Rāmarājiyamu. (In Telugu). Edited by GUSTAV OPPERT, PH. D. Madras. VIKRAMA'S ADVENTURES, or The Thirty-Two Tales of the Throne. Edited in four different recensions and translated by F. EDGERTON. Harvard Oriental Series. Vols. XXVI, XXVII. Cambridge, U. S. A.; London, 1926.

V. Travels

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ASTLEY, THOMAS, A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels. (4 Vols.). London, 1745-47. BARBOSA, DUARTE, A PORTUGUESE. A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century. From an Early Spanish MS. in the Barcelona Library, with Notes and a Preface. By the Hon. HENRY E. J. STANLEY. London, 1865. (Hakluyt edition.) BARBOSA, DUARTE, A Portuguese. Ibid. Translated with Notes etc. by LONGWORTH DAMES. (2 Vols.). London, 1918. BARTOLOMEO, S. PAOLINO, DA, FRA, . . . Viaggio alle Indie Orientali umiliato alla Santita di N. S. Papa Pio Sesto Pontefice Massimo. Roma, 1796. BATUTA, IBN, The Travels of. Translated from the abridged Arabic Manuscript Copies, preserved in the Public Library of Cambridge, with notes, illustrations of the History, Geography, Botany, Antiquities, etc. occurring throughout the work. By the Rev. SAMUEL LEE, B.D. (Oriental Translation Publication Fund.) London, 1829. See also under YULE and CORDIER below. BERNIER, F., Travels in the Moghul Empire. Translated and edited by A. CONSTABLE and V. A. SMITH. Oxford, 1914; Rev. ed. Oxford, 1916. BILBI, GASPARO, See PURCHAS, HIS PILGRIMS, X. CARERI, DR. JOHN FRANCIS GEMELLI, Travels. See CHURCHILL, JOHN, Travels, Vol. IV, below. CASTANHEDA, F. L., de Historia do Descrobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portugueses. (8 Vols.). Lisboa, 1833. Translation by N. LITCHFIELD. London, 1582. CHURCHILL, JOHN, A Collection of Voyages and Travels. (4 Vols.). London, MDCCIV. Another edition in 6 Vols. London, 1732. CONTE, NICOLA DEI, See SEWELL, ROBERT, A Forgotten Empire. CORREA, GASPAR, The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama and of His Viceroyalty. From the LANDES da INDIA of GASPAR CORREA, accompanied by original documents. Translated into English with notes etc. by the Hon. E. J. STANLEY. Hakluyt edition. London, MDCCLXIX. See CORREA, GASPAR, below.

v1.c5.s5.2

DEFREMERY, C., and SANGUINETTI, B. R., Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah. Texte Arabe, accompagné, d'une Traduction. (5 Vols.). Paris, 1893.

v1.c5.s5.3

DUTCH, A Collection of Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company, for the improvement of Trade and Navigation, containing an Account of several attempts to find out the North-East passage, and their discoveries in the East-Indies, and the South Seas. Together with an Historical Introduction giving an Account of the Rise, Establishment and Progress of that great body. Translated into English and illustrated with several charts. London, 1703.

v1.c5.s5.4

FOSTER, WILLIAM, Early Travels in India, 1583–1619. Oxford, 1921.

v1.c5.s5.5

FRANCOIS PYYRARD of LAVAL, The Voyage to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil. Translated into English from the third French edition of 1619 and edited with notes by ALBERT GRAY, Formerly of the Ceylon Civil Service. Assisted by H. C. BELL, Ceylon Civil Service. (2 Vols.). Hakluyt edition. London, MDCCCLXXXVII.

v1.c5.s5.6

GOUUEA, FREY ANTONIO DE, Religioso da mesma Ordem de Santo Agostinho, lente de Theologia, et prior do Conuento de Goa. Jornado do Arcebisop de Goa Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Oriental, Religioso da Ordem de S. Agostinho. Quando foy as serras do Malauar, & lugares em que morão os antigos Christãos de S. Thome, & os tirou de muytos erros & heregias em que estauão, & reduzio à nossa sancta Fe. Catholica, and obediencia da Sancta Igreja Romana, da qual passaua de mil annos que estauão apartados. Recopilada de diversos Tratados de pessoas de autoridade, que a tudo forão presentes. Coimbra, 1605.

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GUBERNATIS, ANGELO DE, Storia Dei Viaggiatori Italiani Nelle Indie Orientali. Con Estratti d'Alcune Relazioni di Viaggio a Stampae d' Alcuni Documenti Inediti. Publicata in occasione del Congresso Geografico di Parigi. Livorno, 1875.

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GUPTA, DAS, J.N., India in the Seventeenth Century as depicted by European Travellers. Calcutta, 1916.

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HAKLUYT, RICHARD, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation. (12 Vols.). The Hakluyt Extra Series. 1903–5.

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HEBER, REGINALD, D. D., RIGHT REV., Narrative of Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India from Calcutta to Bombay, 1824–1825. With Notes upon Ceylon. (3 Vols.). London, MDCCCXXVIII.

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JEHANGIR'S INDIA, The 'Remonstrantie' of FRANCISCO PELSAERT. Translated from the Dutch by W. H. MORELAND, C. S. I., C. I. E., and Dr. P. GEYL, Professor of Dutch History and Institutions in the University of London. A Seventeenth Century Report on the Moghul Empire by a Dutch Merchant stationed at Agra. Cambridge, 1925.

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JOURDAIN, JOHN, Journal of a Voyage to the East Indies in 1608-1617. Edited by WILLIAM FOSTER (Hakluyt ed.). London, 1905.

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JOURDANUS, CATALANI, Mirabilia Descripta. Les Marveilles de L'Asie. Par le Pere Jourdain Catalani. De Severac . . . Texte latin, fac-simile et Traduction francaise avec introduction et Notes par HENRI CORDIER. Paris. Abbeville printed. 1925.

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JOURDANUS CATALANI, Mirabilia Descripta. The Marvels of Asia. Trans. by Sir H. YULE. Hakluyt edition, London, 1863.

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KATIB-TCHELEBI, Jehan-Numa. See the Latin ed. styled Ghihan-Numa geographia orientalis ex Turcico in Latinum versa Matth. Norberg, Londini Gothorum, 1818.

v1.c5.s5.16

LINSCHOTEN, JOHN HUGHEN VON, The Voyage of John Hughen von Linschoten to the East Indies. From the old English translation of 1598. (2 Vols.) Vol. I by A. C. BURNELL, and the Vol. II by P. A. TIELE. London, 1884. (Hakluyt ed.)

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LINSCHOTEN, JOHN HUGHEN VON, See PURCHAS, HIS PILGRIMS, Vol. X.

v1.c5.s5.18

LOCKMAN, Travels of the Jesuits into the various Parts of the World. Compiled from their Letters now first attempted into English. Intermixed with an Account of the Manners, Government, Religion, etc., of the several nations visited by those Fathers, etc. With maps and sculptures. (3 Vols.). Vols. I and II London, MDCCXLIII. Vol. III is entitled: The Travels of the Several Learned Missionaries of the Society of Jesus into Divers parts of the Archipelago, India, China, and America, containing a general description of the most remarkable Towns, etc. Translated from the French original published at Paris in the year 1713. London, MDCCXLIII.

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LOPES, DAVID, Chronica dos Reis de Bisnaga. Manuscripto ineditio do seculo XVI. Lisboa, 1897. (Commissão Central Executiva do Centenario da India, Portugal.)

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MACCLYANT, JAMES, ROXBURGH, The Discoveries made by PEDRALVAREZ CABRAL and His Captains, etc. Edinburgh, MCMIX.

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MAJOR, R. H., India in the Fifteenth Century. (Hakluyt ed. London, 1857).

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MANDELSLO, ALBERT DE, J., The Voyages and Travels of J. ALBERT de MANDELSLO, a gentleman belonging to the Embassy sent by the Duke of Holstein to the great Duke of Muscovy, and the King of Persia into the East Indies. Translated by JOHN DAVIES. London, I ed. 1662; II ed. 1669.

v1.c5.s5.23

MANDELSLO, ALBERT DE, J., Travels in Western India (A.D. 1638–39). Edited by S. M. COMMISSARIAT, M. A., I. E. S., Oxford-Bombay, 1931.

v1.c5.s5.24

MANRIQUE, SEBASTIAN, Itinerario de las Missiones Orientales. 1629–1643. Translation with introduction and notes by Lt. Col. C. ECKFORE LUARD, C. I. E., and Fr. H. HOSTEN, S. J., Oxford. Printed for the Hakluyt Society, Series II. Vol. LXI. MCMXXVII.

v1.c5.s5.25

MANUCCIO, NICCALAO, Storia do Mogor or Moghul India. 1653–1708. Translated with introduction and notes by WILLIAM IRVINE. (4 Vols.) London, 1907.

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MARCO POLO, A Venetian, On the Indian Sea-board. (A.D. 1292–99) Translated with notes by Sir HENRY YULE. London, 3rd ed. 1903.

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METTHWOLD, WILLIAM, Relations of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century. Edited by W. H. MORELAND, C. S. I., C. I. E. London. Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1931.

v1.c5.s5.28

MUNDY, PETER, The Travels. Edited by Lt. Col. Sir R. C. TEMPLE. (3 Vols.) Hakluyt Society, London. 1914, 1919.

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NIEUHOF, JOHN, Voyages and Travels into Brazil and the East Indies. London, 1744.

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NIKITIN, ATHANASIUS, See MAJOR, India in the Fifteenth Century.

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NOTICES of Madras and Cuddalore in the last Century from the Journals of the Earlier Missionsaries. London, 1858.

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OATEN, E. F., European Travellers in India. London, 1909.

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PERRON, M. ANQUETIL DU, Des Recherches Historiques et Geographiques sur l'Inde et la description du Cours du Ganga et du Garga, avec une tres grande carte. (Description Historique et Geographique de l'Inde, II. Berlin, 1786.)

v1.c5.s5.34

PIETRO DELLA VALLE, The Travels . . . . in India. From the old English Translation of 1664, by G. HAVERS. Edited, with a Life of the Author, and Introduction and Notes, by EDWARD GREY. London, 1892.

v1.c5.s5.35

PINKERTON, JOHN, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in all parts of the World; many of which are now first translated into English digested on a new plan. (17 Vols.). London 1808–1814.

v1.c5.s5.36

PURCHAS, SAMUEL, B.D., Hakluyt Posthumous or Purchas, His Pilgrimes, Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande travells by Englishmen and others. (20 Vols.). Glasgow, 1905–1907.

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THEVENOT MONSIEUR DE, The Travels into the Levant. In three parts. Newly done out of the French. London, 1687.

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VALENTYN, FRANCOIS, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, vervattende Een Naankenridge en Uitvoerige Verhandelinge van Nederlands Mogentheyd In die Gewesten, Benevens Eene wydluftige Beschryvinge der Moluccos, Amboina, Banda, Timor, en Solor, Java, en alle de Eylanden onder dezelve Landbestieringen behoorende; het Nederlands Comptoir op Suratte en de Levans der Groote Mogols; Als Ook Een Keurlyke Verhandeling van 't wezentlykste dat men behoort te weten van Choromandel, Pegu, Arracan Bengale, Mocha, Persien, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Malabar, Celebes of Macassar, China, Japan, Tayouan of Farmosa, Tonkin, Cambodia, Siam, Borneo, Bali, Kaap der Goede Hoop van Mauritius Door Francis Valentyn. (8 Vols.). Dordrecht Amsterdam, 1724.

v1.c5.s5.39

VARTHEMA, LUDOVICO, The Itinerary of Luvodico Varthema of Bologna. From 1502 to 1508. Translated by JOHN WINTER JONES, F.S.A. Hakluyt Society ed. London, 1863.

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VARTHEMA, LUDOVICO, Translated with a Discourse on Varthema and His Travels in South Asia by SIR RICHARD TEMPLE. London, 1928.

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WATTERS, T., On Yuan Chwang's Travels. Edited by T. W. RHYS DAVIDS and S. W. BUSHELL. (2 Vols.). London, 1904-5.

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YULE, H. and CORDIER, Cathay and the Way Thither. Hakluyt Society, 1916, Vol. IV, pp. 1-166. (For BATUTAH, IBN, and his Travels).

VI. Chronicles and Histories

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AMIR KHUS ROW, Khazain-ul-Futah. Translated by Prof. HABIB. Journal of Indian History, VIII. p. 234 seq.

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ANDRADA, JACINTO FREIRE DE, The Life of Dom John Castro, The Fourth Viceroy of India. Wherein are seen Portuguese's Voyages to the East Indies; Their Discoveries and Conquests there; The Form of Government, Commerce, and Discipline of Warr in the East, and the Topography of all India and China. Containing also a particular relation of the most famous siege of Dio, with a Map to Illustrate it. Written in Portuguese. And by SIR PETER WYCHE, Kt., translated into English. London, 1664.

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ANGUTTARA-NIKAYA, THE, Edited by the REV. RICHARD MORRIS, M.A., LL.D. (5 Vols.). London, 1885-1900.

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AZIZ-ULLAH, ALI BIN, TABĀTABĀ, Burhān-i-Ma'āsir. History of the Bahmani Dynasty. Translated by MAJOR KING. (Indian Antiquary, XXVIII, pp. 119-138; 141-155; 180-192; 209-219; 235-247; 247-292; 305-323; XXIX, p. 4 seq.

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BARANI, ZIYA-D DĪN, Tārīkh-i Fīrūz-Shāhī. Bib. Ind. New Series, Vol. XXXIII. Calcutta, 1860-62.

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BARROS, JOAO DE, Da Asia... Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizeram no descrubrimenta, e conguista dos mares, e terras do Oriente. Lisboa, 1777. See also ed. 1628.

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BARTOLI, DANIELLO, della medesimo Compagnia. Dell' Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu. L'Asia descritta dal .... (8 Vols.). Piacenza, 1816-1821.

v1.c5.s6.8

BRUCE, JOHN, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., Annals of the Honorable East India Company, from their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, to 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-Indian Companies, 1707-1708. (3 Vols.). London, 1810.

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CORREA, GASPER, Landas da India .... publicadas de ordem da classoe Sciencias Moraes, Politicas e Bellas Letras de Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa e sob a direcçao de Rodrigo Jose de Lima Felner. (4 Vols.). Lisboa. 1864. See under TRAVELS above.

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COUTO, D., de Decades de Asia (24 Vols.) Lisboa, 1778-88. See also BARROS above. For extracts from de Barros and from Couto, see FERGUSSON, DONALD, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch, Vol. XX, No. 60.

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DALBOQUERQUE, AFONSO, Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque, Capitão Geral que foi das Indias Orientaes em tempo do muito poderoso Rey D. Manuel o Primeiro desde nome. (4 Vols.) Lisboa, 1774.

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DALBOQUERQUE, AFONSO, Commentaries of Afonso D'Albuquerque the Great. (Hakluyt ed. 3 Vols.).

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ELLIOT, H. M., SIR, K.C.B., The History of India as told by its own Historians. The Muhammadan Period. Edited from the posthumous papers of the late Sir H. M. ELLIOT, K.C.B., by Professor JOHN DOWSON, M.R.A.S. (8 Vols.). London, 1867-1877.

v1.c5.s6.14

FIRISHTAH, MOHAMED KASSIM, History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. Translated from the original Persian of MOHAMED KASIM FIRISHTAH by JOHN BRIGGS, M.R.A.S., Lieutenant-Colonel in the Madras Army. To which is added an account of the Conquest, by the kings of Hyderabad, of those parts of the Madras Provinces denominated The Ceded Districts and Northern Circars. With copious notes. (4 Vols.). Calcutta, 1908-1910.

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GARCIA DE ORTA ... Tractados Delas Drogas, y Medicinas de las Indias Orientales, con sus Plantas debuxadas al biuo por Christoual Acosta medico y criujano que las vio ocularmente. En el qual se verifica mucho de lo que escreuio el Doctor Garcia de Orta ... Burgos, 1578.

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GUZMAN, LUIS de, de la misma Compagnia Historia de las Misiones de la Compania de Jesus en la India Oriental, en la China y Japon desde 1540 hasta 1600. Bilbao, 1891.

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HAIG, T. W., Lt.-Col., C.S.I., C.M.G., The History of the Nizām Shāhi Kings of Ahmadnagar. (Burhān-i-Ma'āṣir by 'ALI IBN' AZIZ ALLAH ṬABĀṬABĀ (Indian Antiquary, Vols. XLIX—LII). HAYO, JOANNE, Scoto Societatis Jesu . . . de Rebus Iaponicis Indicis Peruvianis, Epistolae recentiores . . . Antwerp, 1605. JARRIC, FR. P. DU, Thesaurus Rerum Indicarum. (4 Vols.). Cologne, 1615. JUVENICO, JOSEPHO, ejusdem Societatis Sacerdote. Epitome Historiae Societatis Jesu. (4 Vols.). Gandavi, 1853. KING, J. S., The History of the Bahmani Dynasty, founded on the Burhān-i Ma'āṣir. London, 1900. LAFITAU, JOSEPH, FRANCOIS, R. P., de la Compagnie de Jesu. Histoire Découvertes et Conquestes des Portugais dans le Nouveau Monde, avec des Figures en tailledouce. (2 Vols.). Paris, 1733. LUCENA, JOAM DE, Padre, Historia da vida do Padre Francisco de Xavier, e do que fizarão na India os mais Religiosos da Compagnhia de Jesu. Lisboa, 1600. MAFFEI, JOAN-PETRI, Bergomatis e Societae Jesv, Historiarvm Indicarvm Lubri XVI. Selectarvm item, ex-India Epistolarvm Libri IV. Accessit Ignatii Loiolae vita. Coloniae Agripinae, 1590. MARINI, GIO: FILIPPO DE, della medesima Compagnia. Delle Missioni de Padri della Compagnia de Giesv Nella Provincia del Giappone, e particolarmente di quella di Tumkino. Libri cinque. Alla Santita di N. S. Alessandro PP. Settimo. Roma, 1663. PAYNE, C. H., Scenes and Characters from Indian History. As described in the works of some old masters. Compiled and edited with historical and explanatory notes. Oxford, 1925. POLANCO, JOANNE ALPHONSO DE, ejusdem Societatis Sacerdote Vita Ignatii Loiolae et Rerum Societatis Jesu Historia. (6 Vols.). Matritti, 1894-98. (Chronicon, S. J.) QUEYROZ, FERNÃO DE, da Companhia de Jesus, da Provincia de Goa. Conquista Temporal e Espiritual de Ceylão ordenada . . . Com muytas outras proueytozas noticias pertencentes A Disposiçao, e Gouerno do Estado de India. Em Lisboa no ano . . . Colombo, 1916. SANTOS, FR. JOAO DOS, Ethiopia Oriental. (2 Vols.). Lisboa, 1891. SOUSA, MANUEL DE FARIA Y, Cavallero de la Orden de Christo, y de Casa Real. Asia Portuguesa. (3 Vols.). Lisboa, 1674-1675. SOUSA, MANUEL DE FARIA Y, English translation by Captain JOHN STEVENS. (3 Vols.). London, 1695. SOUSA, FRANCISCO DE, Religioso de mesma Companhia segunda por un Presbytero da Companhia de Jesus.

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Oriente Conquistado a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Companhia de Jesus da Provincia de Goa . . . Ordenada pelo . . . (2 Vols.). Bombaim, 1881. TANNER, MATHIA, R. Patre, e Societate Jesu, Societas Jesu usque ad Sanguinis et Vitae profusionem Militans in Europa, Africa, Asia et America contra Gentiles. . . . pro Deo, Fide, Ecclesia, Pietate. Sive Vita et Mors eorum qui ex Societate Jesu in causa fidei, virtutis propugnatae violenta morte toto orbe sublati sunt. Pragae, 1675. TURSELLINI, HORATII, e Societate Jesu De Vita S. Francisci Xaverii, qui primus e Societate Jesu in Indiam et Japoniam Evangelium invexit, Libri Sex, ab Auctore aucti and recogniti, Juxta Editionem Antverpiensem anni MDCXCVI quam emendatissime editi. Augustae Vindelicorum, 1797. ZABIRI, MIRZA IBRĀHIM, Tārikh-i-Bijāpur Mussammi beh Basatin-us-Salatin (In Persian) Hyderabad, I. ed. (Lithographed. Date ?) Ragvagli d'Alevne Missioni Fatte Dalli Padri della Compagnia di Giesvu nell' Indie Orientlai, cioe nelle Provincie di Goa, e Coccino, e nell' Africa in capo verde. Roma, 1615.

VII. Letters

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Archivo Portuguez Oriental (4 Vols.) Nova Goa, 1860-1861. BERTRAND, P. J., de la Compagnie de Jesus, Missionaire du Maduré, La Mission du Maduré d'apres des Documents inédits (4 Vols.). Paris, 1847-1848. COLERIDGE, HENRY JAMES, of the Society of Jesus. The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier. (2 Vols.) 1872. DANVERS, FREDERICK CHARLES, Letters Received by the East India Company from its servants in the East. Transcribed from the 'Original Correspondence' Series of the India Office Records. With an Introduction. London, 1896-1902. DANVERS, FREDERICK CHARLES, REGISTRAR AND SUPERINTENDENT OF RECORDS, INDIA OFFICE. Report to The Secretary for State of India in Council on the Portuguese Records relating to the East Indies contained in the Archivo da Torre do Tombo, and the Public Libraries at Lisbon and Evora. London, 1892. FELNER, RODRIGO JOSE, DE LIMA, Subsidios para a Historia da India Portugueza Publicados de ordem da classe Sciencias Moraes, Politicas e Bellas-Lettras da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa e sob a direcçao de . . . Lisboa, 1868. FIGVEROA, DOCTOR CHRISTOVAL SVAREZ De, Historia y anal Relacion De las cosas que hicieron los Padres de la Compania de JESVS, Por las partes de Oriente y otras, en la propagacion del Santo Euangelio, Los anos passados de 607.y 608. Sacada, limada y compuesta de Portugues en Castellano . . . Madrid, 1614.

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GUERRERO, FERNÃO, Padre, de la Companhia de IESVS, natural de Almodouar de Portugal. Relacion Anval de las Cosas qve han hecho los Padres de la Compania de Iesus en la India Oriental y Japon, en los anos de 600 y 601.y del progreso de la conuersion y Christandad de aquellas partes. Sacada de las cartas generales qve han venido de alla. Traduzida de Portvgves en Castellano por el Padre Antonio Colaço. Valladolid, 1604.

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GUERREIRO, FERNÃO, Padre, da Companhia de IESV, natural de Almodour de Portugal. Reclaçam Annal das covsas que fezeram os Padras da Companhia de Jesvs nas pares da India Oriental, & em alguas outras da conquista deste reyno no anno de 606 & 607. & do processo da conversão, & Christandade daquellas partes. Tirada das cartas dos mesmos padres que de la vierão. Lisboa, 1609.

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JONGUE, J. K. J. DE, De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oost-Indie Verzameling Van Onmitgegeven Stukken iut het Ond-Kolonial Archief. Uitgegeven en Bewerkt door. . . . (13 Vols.) s'Gravanhegue-Amsterdam, 1862-1888.

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Litterae Indicarum nunc primum editae. Florentiae, 1887.

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Nuovi avisi dell' Indie di Portogallo Ricevuti delle Reverendi Padri della Compagnia di Giesu, tradotti della lingun spagnuola nell' Italiana. Terza parte. Col privilegio del Romano Pontefice et dell Illustrissimo Senato per anni XX. Venetia, 1562.

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MONUMENTA XAVERIANA EX AUTOGRAPHIS vel ANTIQUIORIBUS EXEMPLIS COLECTA. Tomus Primus. Sancti Francisci Xaverii Epistolas Aliague Scripta complectens quibus premittitur ejus vita a P. Alexandro Valignano, S. J. ex India Roman missa. Matriti, 1900.

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PATO, RAYMUNDO, ANTONIO de, Socio da mesma academia, Documentos Remettidos da India ou Livros das Monções publicados de Ordem da classe de Sciencias Moraes, Politicas, e Bellas-Lettras da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa e sob a direcção de . . . (2 Vols.). Lisboa, 1780-1843.

VIII. Tradition

(A) Works

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AIYANGAR, KRISHNASWAMY, S., M.A., PH.D. The Bakhair of Rāma Rāja. (The Indian Historical Records Commission, Proceedings of Meetings, Vol. VII., Seventh meeting held at Poona, January, 1925, pp. 54-63.)

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BROWN, CHARLES, PHILIP, The Wars of the Rajas, being the Histoty of Anantapuram. Written in Telugu, in or about the years 1750-1810. Translated into English. Madras, 1853.

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CHANDORKAR, K., The Destruction of Vijayanagar. (In Marathi.) (Account of the Second Conference of the Bharata Itihasa Samshodaka Mandala. Poona, 1914.)

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CHENNA BASAVA KĀLAJÑĀNA (In Old Kanarese). See Chenna Basava Purāṇa, 62, 31.32.33.35.37.38 seq. ; 44-5 seq. ; 63.41, 59.60 seq.

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GEIGOR, WILHELM, PH.D., AND BODE, MABEL, HAYNES, PH.D., Mahāvaṃśa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Translated into English under the Patronage of the Government of Ceylon. Oxford-London, 1912. (Pali Text Society.)

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JANGAMA KĀLAJÑĀNA, (In Telugu). See also WILSON, Mack. Coll., Vol. I, No. V, pp. 303-34. (1828.)

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MĀDHAVĀCHĀRYA, Mādhviya Kālanirṇaya also called Kāla-Mādhava or Kālamādhaviya (in 5 chapters). Edited by Pandit CHANDRAKANTA TARKALANKARA. Bib. Ind. N. S. Nos. 540, 558, 622, 676. Calcutta, 1885-88, 1890.

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MACKENZIE COLLECTIONS in the India Office.

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MUDALIYAR, L. C., WIJESINHA, The Mahāvansa, Part 2. Containing Chapters XXXIX to C. Translated from the original Pāli into English, for the Government of Ceylon. To which is prefixed the Translation of the First Part (published in 1837) by GEORGE TURNOUR, C.C.S. Colombo, 1909.

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OPPERT, GUSTAV, PH.D., Index to 62 MS. Volumes deposited in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras, 1878.

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RĀJAKĀLANIRṆAYA (In Sanskrit). See A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit MSS. in the Government Oriental Library, Madras, XXI, No. 12772.

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RĀMA RĀYANA BAKHAIRU in the MACKENZIE COLLECTIONS preserved in the India Office Library.

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RĀMA RĀYANA BAKHAIRU by an Anonymous author. Edited by T. TATACHARYA SHARMA. (Karṇāṭaka Grantha Māla No. 104.) Mysore, 1922.

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RĀMNAD, ACCOUNT OF THE PROVINCE OF, Compiled from the MACKENZIE COLLECTIONS and edited by the Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society. (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, III, pp. 165-188).

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