Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346 – A.D. 1646) v2.c26: A Glossary of Technical Terms

Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346 – A.D. 1646) v2.c26

Language: English

v2.c26.s1 Abbreviations — 1 part
v2.c26.s2 Glossary — 660 parts

A Glossary of Technical Terms

Abbreviations

v2.c26.s1.1

A. = Arabic. Ap. = Apte, V. S., The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Arth. = Arthaśāstra (Translation by R. Shama Sastry). A. S. R. = Archaeological Survey Reports. Bar. = Barani, Tarik-i Firūr Shāhi. B & C. = Butterworth & Chetty, Nellore Inscriptions. Coll. = Collector of Canara's Letters relating to the Early Revenue Administration of Canara. E. C. = Epigraphia Carnatica. E. = Ellis, The Mirāsi Right. E. I. = Epigraphia Indica. E. R. = Epigraphical Reports for the Southern Circle. Ell. = Elliot, History of India as told by Her own Historians. H. = Hobson-Jobson. I. A. = Indian Antiquary. K. = Kanarese. Kav. = Kavicharite (R. Narasimhacharya). Kit. = Kittel, Canarese English Dictionary. Kr. = Krishnaswamy Aiyangar, Sources of Vijayanagara History. My. = Mysore Archaeological Reports. Mal. = Malayalam. Mar. = Marathi. M.W. = Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary. N. = Narasinga Rao, Ullal, A Kisamwar Glossary. P. = Persian. R.=Rice, Lewis = { 1. Mysore, A Gazetteer. 2. Mysore & Coorg from the Inscriptions. 3. Mysore Inscriptions. Rang. = Rangachari, A Topographical List of Inscriptions. S. = Sanskrit. Sew. = Sewell, Lists of Antiquities, etc. S. I. I. = South Indian Inscriptions. Suk. = Sukrāchārya, Nitisāra (Trans. Prof. Benoy Kumar Sarkar). T. = Tulu. Tam. = Tamil. Tel. = Telugu. W. = Wilson, A Glossary of Indian Terms. WZKM. = Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.

Glossary

v2.c26.s2.1

*Abhyāgati*, K. A tax. (?) (*E. C.* II., No. 347, p. 150, n. 1.)

v2.c26.s2.2

*Achārya*, S. A teacher, precepter; a spiritual guide (*Ap.* p. 205).

v2.c26.s2.3

*Achchu*, Tam. A coin (value?) (*E. R.* for 1911, pp. 77-78).

v2.c26.s2.4

*Achchukattu*, Tam. Tel. (Cf. *Ayakattu*, *Achchakāta*) (*a*) The measurement of land determining the boundaries of a village. (*b*) The whole extent of taxable land in a village. (*c*) The total area of land attached to a village, or the total extent of land capable of being watered by any particular irrigation work (*N.* p. 140) (*d*) Fixed boundaries (*E. C.* V., Hn. 2, p. 2; see also *W.* p. 4.)

v2.c26.s2.5

*Adhikāri*, S. Kan. One who holds a superior office or authority; a superintendent; a ruler; an officer, *e.g.* Grāmādhikāri, Dēśādhikāri, etc., (*W.* p. 6; *N.* p. 74.)

v2.c26.s2.6

*Ada-dere*, K. Goat tax. (?) (*E. C.* V. Cn. 259, p. 234.)

v2.c26.s2.7

*Adi-kāśu*, Tan. K. A tax on shops. In later times a daily-tax levied on shops, especially in regimental bazars, varying from one to two *kāśu* or cash. (*W.* p. 7.)

v2.c26.s2.8

*Adaippu*, Tam. (?) (*E. R.* for 1915, pp. 107-108).

v2.c26.s2.9

*Ade-vana* K. A tax on anvil or bench (*E. C.* XII, Ck. 8, p. 71).

v2.c26.s2.10

*Ade-kalu-vana*, K. See above. (*My.* for 1916, p. 52).

v2.c26.s2.11

*Adda*, K. Tel. (*a*) A measurement equal to 2 *mānikas* or one-eight of a *tūm*. (*B. & C.*, III, p. 1495). (*b*) A gold or silver weight of about 5·68 grains (Avoirdupois) in South Kanara. (*c*) A fractional part denoting ½ and written || (*ardha*) (*N.* p. 161).

v2.c26.s2.12

*Addagada-suṅkam*, Tel. A tax levied on the sellers of sheep and similar things. (?) (*B. & C.* II, p. 947; III. p. 1498).

v2.c26.s2.13

*Adda-ōlai*, Tam. (*a*) A lease deed (*E. R.* for 1921, p. 102). (*b*) A pledge. (*422 of 1913*).

v2.c26.s2.14

*Agarabrama-dēśa*, S. Tam. Brahman village (*E. R.* for 1910, p. 97).

v2.c26.s2.15

*Agasa-dere*. K. Washerman's tax (*E. C.*, IV, Hn. 137, p. 97).

v2.c26.s2.16

*Agavilai*, Tam. Market-price of grain (*W.* p. 9).

v2.c26.s2.17

*Agrahāram*, S. Land or village granted in charity to Brahmans as free gift (*My. Gas.* I., p. 579 [Rev. ed.]; *B & C.*, II., p. 1495; *390 of 1920*).

v2.c26.s2.18

*Agrahāra-makki*, K. (*a*) High-level rice land (*E. C.* VI., Sg. 15, p. 97). (*b*) Worst kind of rice. (*W.* p. 322) (*Akki*=paddy deprived of its husk. *N.* p. 7).

v2.c26.s2.19

*Akkasālavari*, Tam. Tax on goldsmiths. (*E. I.*, XVIII., p. 139).

v2.c26.s2.20

*Akshini*, S. K. "Imperishables". A term used in grants and leases. (*B & C.*, III., p. 1495) But see infra *ashṭa-bhōga-tējas-svāmya*.

v2.c26.s2.22

*Alavu*, Tam. The revenue survey conducted in the 40th year of Kulōt-tunga I. (440 of 1912).

v2.c26.s2.23

*Alivu* or *Alavāl*, *Alavai*, Tam. See above. Measurement, especially of grain. Portion of produce set apart as payment for the measurement of the crop. (*W.* p. 18).

v2.c26.s2.24

*Alivu*, Tam. See above. Damaged. (*E. R.* for 1915, pp. 107-108).

v2.c26.s2.25

*Alipu*, K. (?) (*My.* for 1911. p. 44). *Ailpu*=*alupu*=hankering after, addiction. (*Kit.* p, 136).

v2.c26.s2.26

*Allāya*, K. (?) (Cf. *Allu*=to knit or braid. *N.* p. 90).

v2.c26.s2.27

*Allāyamānyam*, Tam. Tax. on shops. (?) (*E. R.* for 1911, p. 84).

v2.c26.s2.28

*Ambiga*, K. Boat-man. (*My, Ins.* p. 26).

v2.c26.s2.29

*Amaram*. S. K. Tam. Tel. (*a*) Commandant of a thousand feet. (*b*) A grant of revenue by the prince or *pāleyagāra*. (*c*) Condition of service, generally military, or police. Such grants were resumable when the *amarakāra* grantee failed to perform the stipulated service. (*W.* p. 21; *B & C.* III., p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.30

*Amardār*, *Amaragādu*, Tel. The holder of an *amaram* (*B & C.* III., p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.31

*Amara-mahale*, K. (?) (*E. C.* VII, Sb. 379, p. 67).

v2.c26.s2.32

*Amara-māgani*, S. K. (?) (*E. C.* VI, Cm. 80, p. 45).

v2.c26.s2.33

*Amara-nāyaka*, S. K. Governor or Prefect of the City (*B. & C.* II, p. 637. But see Fleet, *I. A.*, IV., p. 329, n.).

v2.c26.s2.34

*Amara-nāyakatana*, K. Office of Governor or Prefect of the City (*My.* for 1920, p. 76).

v2.c26.s2.35

*Amara-padeya-nāyaka*, K. (?) (*E. C.* V, Hn. 13, p. 7).

v2.c26.s2.36

*Amara-patteya-nāyaka*, K. (?) (*E. C.* VI, Cm. 80, p. 45).

v2.c26.s2.37

*Amji*, Cf. *Amanji*, Tam. Tel. Labour customarily exacted without payment in regard to certain works, *e.g.*, the repair of tanks and channels. (*B. & C.*, III, p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.38

*Ane*, *Anay*, *Ani*, Tam. K. Mal. A dam, a dyke, embankment, a bank, a bridge. (*W.* p. 25; *E. C.* V, Hn. 2, p. 2.) In South Kanara it also means a steep foot-path (*N.* pp. 26, 128).

v2.c26.s2.39

*Anicut*, K. Tel. A dam across a river. (*N.* p. 26; *B. & C.* III, p. 1498).

v2.c26.s2.40

*Angadi-guttu*, K. A tax paid by the shop-keepers. (*My. Gas.* I., p. 497) Cf. *Angadi-pasige* or *pasike*, K. A fee or cess upon stalls or booths. (*W.* p. 26).

v2.c26.s2.41

*Anga-jitamu*, Tel. Personal salary. (*B & C.*, II., p. 637).

v2.c26.s2.42

*Angula*, S. K. The thumb; a finger's breadth; a measure equal to 8 barley corns. 12 *angulas*=1 *vitasti* or span: 24 *angulas*=a hasta or cubit. (*Ap.* p. 21.) See below under *Kol*, *Kōlu*. [According to Dr. Fleet, 1 *angula*=1 inch; 1 *vitasti*=9 inches; 1 *hasta*=2 *vitasti*=18 inches. *Arth.* p. 520.]

v2.c26.s2.43

*Angaśalai*, Tam. (?) (*E. R.* for 1913, p. 120).

v2.c26.s2.44

*Ankakāra*, K. Head of commercial guild. (*E. C.* VII. Sk. 118, p. 251).

v2.c26.s2.45

*Antarāya*, K. Tam. (?) A civil and judicial term meaning stoppage. (*N.* p. 17) [*Antarāya* is included among money payments. *E. R.* for 1917, p. 110].

v2.c26.s2.46

*Anyāya*, S. Injustice. A complaint of injustice; a plaint in a civil suit. (*W.* p. 29) [Dr. Barnett suggests the following:—Tax in some kind of breach of contract or fraud.]

v2.c26.s2.47

*Anyāyārjita*=Wrongful gain. (*N.* p. 67).

v2.c26.s2.48

*Anujñe*, *Anujñā*, S. K. Declaration from the government (*E. C.* IX. Cp. 50. p. 142).

v2.c26.s2.49

*Amritapaḍi*, S. K. Tel. Tam. Food-offerings of a god (*B. & C.* III., p. 1495; see also *S. I. I.*, I. Pt. I., p. 82, n. 5).

v2.c26.s2.50

*Aramane*, K. Palace. (*E. C.* III., Ml. 95, p. 65.) Cf. *Huzūr*, *Mahal*, in Hindi.

v2.c26.s2.51

*Araśi-kāṇam*, Tam. (?). *Arśi*=any kind of grain, but especially rice, freed from chaff. (*W.* p. 32). *Kāṇam*=Mal. mortgage, free, present or reward. It also applies to an advance or loan of money as the equivalent to, or consideration for, a mortgage or transfer of landed property, fields and gardens into the occupancy of the person advancing the money, without prejudice to the proprietor's vested rights, to whom, also, the occupant is bound to pay all the proceeds of the estate in excess of the interest of the money he has advanced (*W.*, pp. 255-256). For *araśi-kāṇam*, see *E. R.* for 1913, p. 139.

v2.c26.s2.52

*Araśupēru*, Tam. (?) (*E. I.* XVIII, p. 139).

v2.c26.s2.53

*Archaka*, S. Worshipper; a priest in a temple (*Ap.* p. 148; *B. & C.* III. p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.54

*Arisuṭṭaṇḍam*, Tam. (?) A money payment) (507 of 1916).

v2.c26.s2.55

*Asavechchālu*, Tam. (?) (Rang. I. p. 23).

v2.c26.s2.56

*Aṣṭa-bhōga-tējas-svāmya*, S. Or merely *aṣṭa-bhōgam*. Enjoyment of the whole, or the eight products of an estate: *siddhi* or the land cultivated; *sādhya* or the produce of such land; *pāṣaṇa* or uncultivated or rocky land and its produce *e.g.*, minerals etc.; *nikṣēpa* or property deposited on the land; *nidhi* or treasure-trove; *jalāmṛita* or waters and their produce; *akṣiṇi* or actual privileges; *āgāmi* or prospective rights and privileges. (*W.* p. 36; see also *My. Ins.* p. 3; Fleet, *I.A.* IV. p, 278, n.)

v2.c26.s2.57

*Aśvapati*, S. "General of the Horse", a title mentioned in a list of state officers. (*WZKM.* XII., p. 69).

v2.c26.s2.58

*Athavaṇe*, K. Revenue Department; revenue; an armed messenger or peon employed in revenue affairs. (*W.* p. 38, *N.* p. 139).

v2.c26.s2.59

*Avasaram, avasarya, avataram*, Tam. (?) King's Representative. (368 of 1917; *E.R.* for 1918, pp. 164-165).

v2.c26.s2.60

*Avasara satra*, K. (?) Annual *satra* of a god. (*E.C.* IX, Cp. 152, p. 164).

v2.c26.s2.61

*Avasara-vārtanai*, Tam. (?) A tax to meet the expenses of the tour of an *avasaram*. (*E.I.* XVIII, p. 139).

v2.c26.s2.62

*Aiynūru-guliga-pannāya-dere*, K. Tax on 500 ploughs of *pannāya*. (*E.C. V*, Hn. 137, p. 272).

v2.c26.s2.63

*Adi-kārttigai-pachchai*, Tam. A *kāṇikkai* or present given in the month of Adi and Kārtigai. (*E.I.*, XVII, p. 112).

v2.c26.s2.64

*Adāya*, S. K. Tel. (*a*) Gain, profit, receipt. (*W.*, p. 5); (*b*) Customs, toll. (*N.*, p. 139). *Mārga-adāya*, K. transit dues or duties. *Māmūl-adāya*, K. Export duties. *Sthala-adāya*, K. Customs on goods imported to be sold at one place. (*N.* p. 139).

v2.c26.s2.65

*Adhaka*, S. A measure of grain, the 4th of a *drōṇa*=16 *prasthas*=16 *kuḍuvas*=nearly 7 lbs. 12 ozs. Avoir. (*Ap.*, p. 207).

v2.c26.s2.66

*Agāmi*, See above under *aṣṭa-bhōga*.

v2.c26.s2.67

*Agram*, S. K. Revenue from gardens and plantations. (*My. Gaz.* I, p. 476).

v2.c26.s2.68

*Al-amañji*, Tam. *Al*=labourer; *amañji*=compulsory service. Compulsory service which the villagers in the Tamil country were formerly compelled to render to the Government servants travelling on public duty. (*W.*, p. 18; *E.R.* for 1913, p. 120).

v2.c26.s2.69

*Alivara*, K. Loss. (*E.C. V*, Hn. 2, p. 2).

v2.c26.s2.70

*Alukku-nir-pāṭṭam*, Tam. Cf. *Nir-āṇikkam*. Tax for maintaining the person who regularly supplies water to the fields (*E.I.*, XVII, p. 112).

v2.c26.s2.71

*Aśuvakkaḍamai*, Tam. (?) (352 of 1912; *E.R.* for 1913, p. 122).

v2.c26.s2.72

*Aṭṭai-kāṇikkai*, Tam. (?) (*E.R.* for 1913, p. 120).

v2.c26.s2.73

*Aya*, S. K. Tam. (*a*) Dues. (*E. C. XI*, Hk. 34, p. 120). (*b*) Payment in kind, corn being given from the threshing floor to hereditary servants of the village. (*N.*, p. 49) (*c*) Tribute. (*W.*, p. 41).

v2.c26.s2.74

*Aya-dāya*, K. Profit and loss. (*N.*, p. 57).

v2.c26.s2.75

*Ayagāra, Ayakāra*, K. Village servants or officers entitled to the *aya* or proportion of the crop, for the services to the community. Cf. *Balutē* of the Marathi country. (*W.*, p. 41).

v2.c26.s2.76

*Bali*, S. Occasional and periodical cess; tax. (*E.I.*, I., p. 402; Ghosal. *Ag. Syst. in Ancient India*, p. 12).

v2.c26.s2.77

*Bala*, See below.

v2.c26.s2.78

*Balla*, Cf. *Baḷḷa, Baḷa*, K. (*a*) A grain measure of 8 *kuḍuvas* in South Kanara. (*b*) A dry measure of 168 *tōlas* in Mysore. (*c*) A land measure requiring 800 square yards of dry, and 125 square yards of wet, land in Mysore (N., p. 168). (d) A measure of capacity, the 4th part of a kojaga or 4 manas. (Kit. p. 1097).

v2.c26.s2.79

Basadi, K. (a) A tax. (E.C. II, No. 347, p. 150). (b) Basadi, Basti, Basdi, K. (S. Vasati), A Jaina temple. (Kit. p. 1091).

v2.c26.s2.80

Beddalu, K. (a) Tax upon the straw of the dry grain, the whole of which is taken by the ryots. (W., p. 70). (b) Corn growing on dry land (N., p. 14). (c) Dry fields. (E.C. V, Hn. 2, p. 2).

v2.c26.s2.81

Bedige, Tel. K. (a) Quit-rent. (W. p., 70). (b) Alms. (E.C. V, Hn. 2, p. 2). (c) Collection (E.C. III, Sr. 6, text p. 26,).

v2.c26.s2.82

Beda-binugu, K. (? A tax on those who refused to be enlisted during a war.) (My. for 1920, p. 79; Kit., pp. 1118, 1149).

v2.c26.s2.83

Begara, K. Cf. Bigara, Per. Mar. Superintendent of Forced Labour. Cf. Begari, K. Labour exacted by a Government without giving remuneration for it. (Kit., p. 1147).

v2.c26.s2.84

Bele, K. (a) A fractional part denoting one eighth. (N. p. 169). (b) An eighth of a rupee. (c) Split pulse. (W., p. 71).

v2.c26.s2.85

Bettada-kavalu, K. Fees for grazing on the hills. (E.C. IV, Gu. 1, p. 35).

v2.c26.s2.86

Bhandara. S. K. Tam. Tel. (a) A treasury. (b) A store, a room where the household supplies are kept. (c) Villages managed by the ruler himself, his own peculiar estate not rented or farmed to others. (d) In Cuttack it also means a reservoir. (W., p. 75). (e) A grant of land on favourable rent. (B. & C. III, p. 1425).

v2.c26.s2.87

Bhandarada-bokkasa, K. Treasury chest. (E. C. IX, Cp. 50; p. 142).

v2.c26.s2.88

Bhandara-grama, S. K. Tel. Tam. Crown villages. (390 of 1920).

v2.c26.s2.89

Bhandara-karttadara, K. Treasury Officer. (E.C. IX, Cp. 152, p. 164).

v2.c26.s2.90

Bhandidere, K. Tax on carts. (E.C. V., Hn. 137, pp. 97, 272).

v2.c26.s2.91

Bhata, S.K. Bards. (E.C. III., Ml. 12, p. 56).

v2.c26.s2.92

Bhatavritti, Bhattavritti, S.K. Land enjoyed by the Bhattas or Brahmans. (My. Gaz. I., p. 579 [rev. ed.] : S.I.I., I., p. 91) Cf. Bhata-manya, S.K. Land granted by a ruler to a learned Brahman. (Kit. p. 1066) For a discussion on aghorabatai, read, E.H. Johnston, J. R. A. S., for 1929, pp. 93-94.

v2.c26.s2.93

Bhatta-gutta, S.K., Gutta held by the Brahmans. (E.C. VII, Sk. 131, p. 100).

v2.c26.s2.94

Bhoga, S.K. Tel. Tam. (a) Enjoyment. (b) The food offered to a god in a temple. (B. & C. III., p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.95

Bhogya-dyakam, S. Tam. K. Mortgage by possession. (E.R. for 1918, p. 170).

v2.c26.s2.96

Bhogya-patra, S.K. Tam. Tel. Written deeds recording the reconveyance of land held on mortgage by possession (bhogya-dyakan). (E. R. for 1918, p. 170). See also W., p. 81 for two other kinds of deeds: savedha and nirvadha.

v2.c26.s2.97

Bhoga-mandalam, S.K. Tel. Tam. The part of a temple where food is prepared for the image. (B. & C. III. p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.98

*Bōgāra-terige*, K. Tax on braziers. (*E.C.* IV, Gu. 1, p. 35).

v2.c26.s2.99

*Birāḍa*, K. Tel. Land tax in Mysore, e.g., *Birāḍa bāgāit-jāsti* an extra cess charged on garden cultivation. (*N.* p. 152). Cf. *Virāḍa*, Tel. Fines. (*E.C.* IV, Gu. 67, p. 67; see also *W.*, p. 548).

v2.c26.s2.100

*Birangi-vari*, Tam. Cannon tax. (*E.R.* for 1921, p. 107).

v2.c26.s2.101

*Bira*, (S. *Vira*?). Head of a commercial guild. (*E.C.* VII. Sk. 118, p. 87).

v2.c26.s2.102

*Bira-vaṇigas*, *Vira-baṇajigas*, S.K. Heads of commercial guilds. The status of these as well as of those mentioned above cannot be determined. (*E.C.* VII. Sk. 118, p. 87).

v2.c26.s2.103

*Bira-vaṇa*, K. Soldier's tax. (*My.* for 1916, p. 52).

v2.c26.s2.104

*Birudu*, K. Title, distinction. (*Kit.* p. 1120; *B & C.* III. p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.105

*Birudāvaḷi*, K. Enumeration of distinctions or marks of distinctions. (*Kit.*, p. 1120).

v2.c26.s2.106

*Birudulu*, Tel. Tax on waste lands. (?) (*Rang.* I, p. 23. See also *W.*, p. 85)

v2.c26.s2.107

*Biṭaḍa*, K. A tax, an impost. (*E. C.* IX, Ht. 4, p. 88, text, p. 195).

v2.c26.s2.108

*Bisige*, K. (? Kittel gives it as a *tadbhav*a of *viṃśati*; 20 *pālas*. *Kit.* p. 1128. It is included among customs. *E.I.*, XIX, pp. 35, 40).

v2.c26.s2.109

*Brahmadēya*, S. (a) Any grant or perquisite appropriated to Brahmans. (*W.*, p. 93). (b) Share of crop given to Brahmans. (*My. Gaz.* I. p. 579. [rev. ed.]).

v2.c26.s2.110

*Bāra*, Tel. (?) A Fathom: six feet. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.111

*Bōyee*, K. Tel. Palanquin bearer. (*Kit.* p. 1157).

v2.c26.s2.112

*Chakra-varāha*, S.K. Tel. Perhaps the same as *kāruka-varāha* which is Rs. 4. The ordinary *chakram*, according to some, is one-sixteenth of a pagoda. (*B. & C.* III. p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.113

*Chavela*, *Chavala*, *Chavalama*, Tel. (a) About 1 shilling. (*Brown*, Tel. Diet., q. v.). (b) Four *dabs* of 20 *kās* each. (*W.*, p. 107). (c) An eighth of a pagoda, half a rupee in Mysore. (*N.* p. 166).

v2.c26.s2.114

*Chara*, *Charādāya*, Cf. *Chara-suṅka*; *Ayā*. K. (a) Duty levied on all sorts of goods and commodities. (b) Transit and town duties in Mysore. (*N.* p. 146; *E.C.* V., Cn. 259, p. 234).

v2.c26.s2.115

*Chiluvaṇa*, K. The odd or broken money over a round sum, called *chillare*, in South Kanara. (*N.* p. 62).

v2.c26.s2.116

*Chiluvaṇa-suṅka-gāṇa*, K. Miscellaneous excise for oil. (*E.C.* IV. Ch. 196. p. 24).

v2.c26.s2.117

*Chinnam*, S.K. Tel. Tam. (a) A weight. (b) A coin worth one-eighth of a pagoda or seven annas. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.118

*Chinna-bhaṇḍāra*. S.K. Tel. Tam. Treasury of gold. (*E. C.* VIII, Tl. 5, p. 163).

v2.c26.s2.119

*Chāvaḍi*, K. (a) Court of a provincial ruler. (b) Verandah. (*My.* for 1916, p. 60, *N.* p. 81).

v2.c26.s2.120

*Chōdana*, (?) (a) A liquid measure. (b) In Malabar it is 341½ cubic inches. (c) In Nellore the measure seems to be no longer used. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.121

*Dakṣiṇa-samudrādhipati*, S.K. "Master of the Southern Ocean". This was the official designation of the Vijayanagara viceroy who was stationed in the south.

v2.c26.s2.122

*Daḷavali*, K. (?) A tax. (*My.* for 1920, p. 79).

v2.c26.s2.123

*Daṇḍanāyaka-svāmya*, S.K. A tax to defray the expenses of the campaigns of the *daṇḍanāyaka* or the commander. (?) (*My.* for 1920, p. 79).

v2.c26.s2.124

*Daṇappēru*, Tam. A money-payment. (*507 of 1916*; *E.R.* for 1917, p. 110)

v2.c26.s2.125

*Daṇḍam*, Tel. A measure of 10 *hasta* or cubits. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1495). For the different meanings of *daṇḍa*, see *Ap.* pp. 489-490.

v2.c26.s2.126

*Daṇḍige*, K. (?) (*E. I.*, XIX., pp. 35, 40). Cf. (a) *Daṇḍiga*, A pole set horizontally in the corner of a room and used as a shelf (*Kit.*, p. 770). (b) *Daṇḍa*. S. A stick, a staff, a rod, a cane carried by mendicants; an ear; a measure of length, a rod or pole of 4 cubits. (c) A measure of time: 24 minutes. (*W.*, p. 122). *Daṇḍikāla*, K. Harvest time. *Daṇḍi-beḷe*, Plentiful crop (*N.* p. 13).

v2.c26.s2.127

*Daruśana-kāṇaike*, S. K. Tam. Tel. Tribute in person. (*E.C. V*, Cn. 259, p. 234).

v2.c26.s2.128

*Daḷavāṇḍa*, S.K. A permanent grant of rent-free land, given for building or repairing a tank, on condition of paying one-tenth or a small share of the produce. (*E.C. V*, Int. p. 3, n. 5). According to some, the grantee pays 1/10ths of the produce. According to others, the grantee appropriates 1/10ths and pays 1/20ths to the grantor. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1495).

v2.c26.s2.129

*Dāsugaḷa-terige*, K. Tal on mendicants. (*E. C. IV*, Gu. 1, p. 35).

v2.c26.s2.130

*Dere*, K. Cf. *Terige*, *Derige*, Tax. (*E. C. IV*, Gu. 1, p. 35).

v2.c26.s2.131

*Dēvadāyam*, S. Tel. K. Lands or allowances for the support of a temple. (*W.*, p. 133; *179 of 1913*). Cf. *Dharmadāya*, S. K. Grants made for the support of charitable or religious institutions. (*N.*, p. 92).

v2.c26.s2.132

*Dēvasthānam-grāma*, S. K. Tel. Tam. Temple villages. (*390 of 1920*).

v2.c26.s2.133

*Dharmakarta*, S. K. Tel. Tam. The trustee or manager of a temple. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1496; *Sewell*, I, p. 106).

v2.c26.s2.134

*Dharma-śāsana*, S. K. Tam. Tel. A stone charter embodying the confirmation of the *dharma* of a city or a town. (*E. C. VIII*, Tl. 15, p. 166).

v2.c26.s2.135

*Dhāraṇa-sārvabhauma*, S. Universal emperor among mnemonics. (*E. C. VII*, Sk. 99, p. 321).

v2.c26.s2.136

*Divān-khāna*, Per. Minister's office. (*Elliot*, IV, p. 107).

v2.c26.s2.137

*Dommara*, Tel. K. One who belongs to the juggler or acrobat class. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1496).

v2.c26.s2.138

*Drōṇa*, S. A measure of capacity, either the same as *āḍhaka* or equal to 4 *āḍhakas* or 1/16 of a *khāri*, or 32 or 64 seers (*Ap.* p. 517).

v2.c26.s2.139

*Droṇamukha*, S. A territorial division, conterminous with *pura*, and higher than *paṭṭaṇa* and lower than *siṃhāsana*.

v2.c26.s2.140

*Duggāṇi*, Tel. Ten *kāśu*, about half an anna. (*B. & C.* III, p. 1496).

v2.c26.s2.141

*Dārga-daṇḍayanamvartana*, S. K. (? A tax for the maintenance of a hill-fort). (*A. S. R.* for 1908-9, p. 191, n. 9).

v2.c26.s2.142

*Eḍakkaṭṭayam*, Tam. A tax. (*352 of 1912*; *E. R.* for 1913, p. 122).

v2.c26.s2.143

*Eḍuṭṭalavu*, Tam. A tax. (*E. R.* for 1913, p. 122).

v2.c26.s2.144

*Ekabhōgam* S. The possession or tenure of village land by one person or family without any co-share. The appellation is continued in some instances where other parties have been admitted to the portions under the original tenure as long as that remains unaltered. (*W.*, p. 152).

v2.c26.s2.145

*Eka-svāmya-agrahāra*, S. An *agrahāra* exempted from all taxes. (?) (*E. C.* III, Ml. 95, p. 65).

v2.c26.s2.146

*Erugāṇike*, K. Offering of manure [*Eru*=manure; *kāṇike*=offering]. (*E. C.* IX, Ht. 4, p. 88).

v2.c26.s2.147

*Eruṭṭasaṃmādam*, Tam. A tax. (*352 of 1912*). (But see *W.*, p. 459. *Eru*=manure; *saṃmādam*=compact made by merchants and traders with the customs and excise).

v2.c26.s2.148

*Eriminvilai*, Tam. (? A tax on fresh water fish). (*E. R.* for 1913, p. 122).

v2.c26.s2.149

*Fanam*, A small silver coin formerly current at Madras; 12½ *fanams* are equal to one rupee. (*W.*, p. 155 where *phalam* is given as the S. origin of the word).

v2.c26.s2.150

*Gadde*, K. Wet or dry land; land fit for rice cultivation, or on which rice is grown.

v2.c26.s2.151

*Gadde-beḍḍalu*, K. Wet and dry land. (*E. C.* V, Hn. 2, p. 2).

v2.c26.s2.152

*Gaḍi*, K. Boundary. (*E. C.* IV, Gu. 67, p. 47. Rice gives *Tālukā*, district as the equivalent of this word *My. Gaz.* I, p. 579, Rev. ed.).

v2.c26.s2.153

*Gadyāṇam*, *Gadya*, or merely *Ga*, S. K. (a) A goldsmith's weight, equal to 20 *vals*, 8 *māshas*, or half a *tōla*, or about 52 grains Troy. (*W.*, p. 161). (b) The weight of a *ruvi* or a farthing. (c) A small gold coin in Belgaum; a pagoda (*N.*, p. 165).

v2.c26.s2.154

*Gale*, K. Measuring rod, staff, e.g. *Bhēruṇḍa-gale* (*I. A.* IV, p. 181). Cf. *Viḍēlviḍugu*, Tam. under the Gaṅga-Pallavas. (*32 of 1912*).

v2.c26.s2.155

*Gaṇḍachāra-dere*, K. Tax on the Jaṅgamas. (*E. C.* IV, Gu. 67, p. 47).

v2.c26.s2.156

*Gaṇḍakāra-terige*, K. See above. Tax on the Jaṅgamas (*E. C.* IV, Gu. 1, p. 35).

v2.c26.s2.157

*Gaṇḍiga*, K. Head of a commercial guild, status unknown (*E. C.* VII, Sk. 118, p. 87).

v2.c26.s2.158

*Gāṇa-dere*, K. Tax on oil-mills. (*E. C.* V, Hn. 137, p. 97, text, p. 272).

v2.c26.s2.159

*Gāṇiga-guṭṭa*, K. Farming of oil-mills. (Rice gives it as a tax on oil-mills *My. Gaz.* I, p. 479).

v2.c26.s2.160

Gavarega, K. Head of a commercial guild, status unknown. (E. C. VII Sk. 118, p. 87).

v2.c26.s2.161

Gavariga, K. A basket maker. (W., p. 171).

v2.c26.s2.162

Gāvuṇḍa-svāmi, K. Head of a commercial guild, status unknown. (E. C. VII, Sk. 118, p. 87).

v2.c26.s2.163

Gidda, K. A fourth-part, a quarter (of anything). (Kit., p. 542).

v2.c26.s2.164

Giddana, K. The fourth part of a solige. (Kit., p. 542).

v2.c26.s2.165

Gidna, K. Eight seers or two soliges. (Kit., p. 542).

v2.c26.s2.166

Gorru, Tel. A variable measure of land, commonly equal to 3·1637 acres. (B. & C. III, p. 1496).

v2.c26.s2.167

Grāma, S. K. One of the smallest territorial divisions; a village, hamlet. (Ap., p. 417).

v2.c26.s2.168

Grāmādhipati, S. Officer appointed by the king to collect revenue from the man who holds a contract from the Government. (Sukr. IV p. 149).

v2.c26.s2.169

Grāma-gaḍyāṇa, S. K. Village rent. (?) (E. C. VII, Hl 71, p. 173). Cf. Grāma-terige, K. A fine levied in Mysore from ryots who have left their villages and settled in others. (W., p. 187; N., pp. 145, 148).

v2.c26.s2.170

Guñjā, S. A small shrub of that name bearing a red black berry which is used as a weight, measuring on an average 1 5/16 grains Troy, or an artificial weight called Guñjā measuring about 2 Troy. (Ap. p. 406).

v2.c26.s2.171

Guṇṭa, Tel. (a) A pond. (b) A land measure equal to 1/40th or 1/32th of a gorru which is generally about 3 1/8 acres. In Nellore a guṇṭa is taken as equal to 2,756 1/4 square feet or 0633 acre, being 1/50th of a gorru. In the case of garden lands, however, the guṇṭa is only 02725 acre or merely 1/116ths of a gorru. (B. & C. III, p. 1490).

v2.c26.s2.172

Gutte, Guttige Guttu, Guttigai, K. Tam. Tel. A contract, a monoploy of a tenure, an exclusive right of sale or supply of any commodity, farm, or rent, an income of variable amount sold or let out for a fixed sum. (N., pp. 92,145 for different kinds of guttas; W., p. 191).

Linked texts (12)

Mānava Dharmaśāstra — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit
Paṭṭattāḷ Maṅkalam grant, time of Nandivarman, year 61 — Tamil
Epigraphia Indica
Epigraphia Carnatica
South Indian Inscriptions
Tārīkh-i Fīrūzshāhī — Shams-i Sirāj ʿAfīf
Srirangam copper-plate grant of Devaraya II; Saka 1349 (1350) — Sanskrit
Miraj inscription of Saka 1065 and 1066 — Kannada
Krishnapura inscription of Krishnaraya, dated Saka 1451 — Kannada
Kolhapur inscription of Saka 1058 (ed. Barnett 1928) — Sanskrit
Śilāśāsanam at Baḷagāṁve of the time of Sōmēśvaradēva I and Chāvuṇḍarāya, Śaka 970 — Sanskrit
Śevilimeḍu Inscription of the Sixteenth Year — Sanskrit

Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346 – A.D. 1646) v2.c26: A Glossary of Technical Terms

Contents

A Glossary of Technical Terms

Abbreviations

Glossary