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The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5.s9: K

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c5.s9

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English

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K

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Kabandha—The territory of Sarik-kul and its capital Taskhurghan in the Tagdumbash Pamir. It is the Kie-pan-to of Hiuen Tsang (Sir Henry Yule’s *Marco Polo*, vol. I, pp. 154, 163, 166; Dr. Stein’s *Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan*, p. 72). See Kupatha.

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Kachchha.—1. Cutch; it was called Marukachchha (*Bṛihat-saṃhitā*, ch. XIV) in contradistinction to Kausikī-kachchha. 2. Kaira (Kheḍa) in Gujarat, a large town between Ahmedabad and Cambay (Kambay), on the river Betravatī (present Batrak). 3. Perhaps Uch (see Śūdraka). 4. Kachar in Assam.

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Kailāsa—The Kailāsa mountain; it is the Kangrinpoche of the Tibetans, situated about 25 miles to the north of Mānas-sorovara beyond Gangri which is also called Darchin, and to the east of the Niti Pass. Batten’s *Niti Pass* in *JASB.*, 1838, p. 314.) It is a spur of the Gangri range, and is said to be the abode of Mahādeva and Pārvatī. “In picturesque beauty” says H. Strachy in *JASB.*, 1848, p. 158, “Kailāsa far surpasses the big Gurla or any other of the Indian Himalaya that I have ever seen; it is full of majesty—a king of mountains.” Through the ravines on either side of the mountain is the passage by which the pilgrims perform their perambulation in two days The identification of the Kunlun range with Kailâsa is a mistake (see Map of Tibet in Dr Waddell’s Lhasa and its Mysteries, p 40) The Mahâbhârata, Vana (chs 144, 156) and the Brahmânda P, (ch 51) include the mountains of the Kumun and Garwal in the Kailâsa range (see Vikra-morvasî, Act IV, Fraser’s Himâla Mountains, p 470) Badrikâ âsrama is said to be situated on the Kailâsa mountain (Mbh, Vana P, ch 157) The Kailâsa mountain is also called Hemakûṭa (Mbh, Bhîshma P, ch 6) Four rivers are said to rise from Gangrî, from the mountain or the lakes, the Indus on the north is fabled to spring from the mouth of the Lion, the Śatadru on the west from the Ox, the Karnalî on the south from the Peacock, and the Brahmaputra on the east from the Horse [JASB (1848), p 329] Sven Hedin says, “The spring at Dolchu is called Langchenkabat, or the mouth out of which the Elephant river (i e, the river Sutlej as called by the Tibetans) comes, just as Brahmaputra’s source is the Singi kabab, or the mouth from which the Lion river issues The fourth in the series is the Mapcha kamba, the Peacock river or Karnalî (Sven Hedin’s Trans Himalaya, vol II, p 103) For the description of the Kailâsa mountain [see Sven Hedin’s Trans Himalaya, vol II, ch 51, and H Strachey’s Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan (Râkhas Tal) in JASB, 1848, pp 157, 158] Kailâsa mountain is the Ashṭâpada mountain of the Jainas According to Mr Sherring, the actual circuit round the holy mountain occupies, on an average, three days, the distance being about 25 miles The water of the Gaurî-kuṇḍa, a sacred lake that remains frozen all the year round, has to be touched during the circuit Darchan is the spot where the circuit usually begins and ends (Sherring’s Western Tibet, p 279) But it is strange that none of the travellers mention anything about the temple of Hara and Pârvatî who are said to reside in the mountain

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Kairamali—The Kaimur range, which is situated in the ancient Kaira deśa, mâl being the name of a mountain [JASB (1877), p 16] Same as Kimmritya Kaimur is evidently a corruption of Kairamâlî

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Kajughara—Same as Kajughira.

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Kajughira—Kajerî, ninety two miles from Champâ (Beal s R W C, vol II, p 193 n) Cunningham identifies it with Kankjol, sixty seven miles to the east of Champâ or Bhagalpur Kajughira is a contraction of Kubjâgṛiha It may be identified with Kajra, one of the stations of E I Railway in the district of Monghyr Three miles to the south there are many remains of the Buddhist period, and many hot springs

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Kâkanâda—Sañchi in the Bhopal territory, celebrated for its Buddhist topes Bhagavanlal Indraji first pointed out that the ancient name of Sâñchi was Kâkanâda (Corp Ins Ind, vol III, p 31)

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Kakauthâ—The small stream Barhî which falls into the Chhoṭa Gandak, eight miles below Kasia (Cunningham’s Anc Geo, p 435) Carlleyle has identified it with the river Ghâgî, one and half miles to the west of Chitiyaon in the Gorakhpur district See Kalushtâ (Mahâparinibbâna Sutta, ch IV and Arch S Rep, vol XXII) Lassen identifies Kakauthâ of Arrian with the Bâgmatî of Nepal (McCrindle’s Megasthenes and Arrian, p 189 n)

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Kâlachampâ—Same as Champâpurî (Mahâ Janaka Jâtaka in the Jâtakas, vi, 20, 28, 127)

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Kaladî—Kaladî or Kalatî in Kerala, where, according to the Śankaravijaya, Śankarâchâryya was born in the seventh century of the Christian era See Kerala His father’s name was Śivaguru Guru Govinda Ganda Padyâchâryya a Vedantist initiated him into Sannyâsîhood on the banks of Nerbada Govindanâtha was himself a disciple of Gauḍapâda (Ibid, ch V, v 105)

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Kalahagrâma—Kahalgâon or Colgong in the district of Bhagalpur in Bengal. The name is said to be derived from the pugnacious character of Ṛishi Durvâsâ, who lived in the neighbouring hill called the Khalli-pâhaḍ.

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Kalahasti.—In the North Arcot district (*Ep. Ind.*, vol. I, p. 368; vol. III, pp. 116, 240) one mile from the Renugunta railway station. It was a celebrated place of pilgrimage (*Śaṅkaravijaya*, ch. 14) on the river Suvarṇamukharî. The great temple contains the *Vâyu* (Wind) image of Mahâdeva, which is one of the Bhautika or elementary images. The lamp over the head of this phallic image which is called Ūrṇanâbha Mahâdeva is continually oscillating on account of the wind blowing from below, while the lamps in other parts of the temple do not oscillate at all. See Chidambaram.

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Kâlakavana.—The Rajmahal hills in the Province of Bihar (*Patañjali’s Mahâbhâshya*, II, 4, 10; *Baudhâyana*, I, 1, 2; Kunte’s *Vicissitudes of Aryan Civilization*, p. 380). See Âryâvartta.

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Kala-Kuṇḍa.—Golkanda in the Nizam’s territory, formerly celebrated for its diamond mines. Gowâl-kuṇḍa is a corruption of Kalakuṇḍa. It was the birthplace of Mâdhavâchârya, the author of the *Sarvadarśanasamgraha* and other works.

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Kâlañjara.—Kalinjar, in the Badausa sub-division of the Banda district in Bundelkhand (*Padma P.*, Svarga, ch. 19, v. 130 and *Śiva P.*, IV, ch. 16). It was the capital of Jejabhûkti (Bundelkhand) at the time of the Chandelas after it was conquered by Yaśovarman (*Ep. Ind.*, vol. I, p. 218). It contains the temple of Nîlakaṇṭha Mahâdeva (*Vâmana P.*, ch. 84) and also that celebrated place of pilgrimage called Koṭa-tîrtha within the fort, the erection of which is attributed to Chandra Barmmâ, the traditional founder of the Chandel family, though the inscriptions mention Nannuka as the founder of the dynasty; see, however, Mahotsavanagara. There is also a colossal figure of Kâla Bhairava with eighteen arms and garlands of skull and snake armlets within the fort (*Arch. S. Rep.* vol. XXI). The *tîrtha* called Hiraṇya-vindu is also situated at this place (*Mbh.*, Vana, ch. 87). The hill of Kalinjar is also called Rabichitra [*JASB.*, XVII (1848), p. 171]. For the inscriptions of Kalinjar, see p. 313 of the *Journal*.

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Kalâpa-grâma.—A village where Maru and Devâpi, the last kings of the Solar and Lunar races respectively performed asceticism to re-appear again as kings of Ayodhyâ and Hastinâpura after the subversions of the Mlechchha kingdoms by Kalki, the tenth incarnation of Vishnu (*Kalki P.*, pt. III, ch. 4). According to the *Mahâbhârata*, (Maushala, ch. 7), *Bhâgavata P.* (X, ch. 87, v. 7), and the *Bṛihat-Nâradîya P.* (Uttara, ch. 66), Kalâpa-grâma appears to have been situated on the Himâlaya near Badarikâśrama. In the *Vâyu P.* (ch. 91), Kalâpa is placed among the Himalayan countries where Urvaśî passed sometime with Purûravâ. According to Capt. Raper, Kalâpa-grâma is near the source of the Sarasvatî, a tributary of the Alakânandâ, in Badrinâth in Garwal (*Asia. Res.*, vol. XI, p. 524).

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Kâli—The Kâlî Nadî (west), a tributary of the Hindan; it flows through the Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar districts, United Provinces (*Matsya P.*, ch. 22).

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Kâli-ghâṭa.—Near Calcutta. It is one of the Pîṭhas where the four toes of Satî’s right foot are said to have fallen. The name of Calcutta is derived from Kâlighâṭ. Golam Husain in his *Riyaz-us-Salatin* says that the name of Calcutta has been derived from Kâlî-karttâ, as the profit of the village was devoted to the worship of the goddess Kâlî. In the *Mahâ-liṅgârchana Tantra*, it is mentioned as *Kâli-pîṭha*, and as the pilgrims bathed in the Ghâṭ before worshipping the goddess, the place became celebrated by the name of Kâlîghâṭ. Some derive the name of Calcutta from Kilkilâ of the Purâṇas. See Kilkilâ.

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Kalika-Sangama—The confluence of the Kausikî and the Arunâ (Padma P, Svarga, ch 19)

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Kâlî-Nadî (East)—A river rising in Kumaun joins the Ganges (Vâmana P, ch 13) The town of Sunkâsya stood on the east bank of this river It is also called Kâlînî or Kâlîndî Kanauj stands on the western bank of the eastern Kâlî Nadî, 3 or 4 miles from its junction with the Ganges From its source to its junction with the Dhavalâ gangâ, Gaurî and Chandrabhâgâ, it is called Kâlî gangâ and after its junction it is known by the name of Kâlî nadî

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Kalinda-Desa—A mountainous country situated in the Bandarapuchchha range of the Himâlaya, where the Yamunâ has got its source, hence the river is called Kâlîndî Same as Kalinda-desa The Kalinda giris also called Yâmuna Parvata (Râmâyana, Kishkindhâ K, ch 40)

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Kâlîndî—The river Yamunâ See Kalinda-Desa

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Kalinga—The Northern Circars, a country lying on the south of Orissa and north of Drâvida on the border of the sea According to General Cunningham it was between the Godâvarî river on the south west and the Gholya branch of the Indrâvatî river on the north west (Cunningham's Anc Geo, p 516) It was between the Mahânadî and the Godâvarî (according to Rapson's Ancient India, p 164) Its chief towns were Manipura, Râjapura or Râjamahendrî (Mbh, Âdi, ch 215, Sânti, ch 4) At the time of the Mahâbhârata a large portion of Orissa was included in Kalinga, its northern boundary being the river Baitaranî (Vana, ch 113) At the time of Kâlidâsa however, Utkala (Orissa) and Kalinga were separate kingdoms (Raghuvamsa, IV) It became independent of Magadha shortly after the death of Asoka in the third century B C, and retained its independence at least up to the time of Kanishka

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Kalinga-Nagara—The ancient name of Bhuvanesvara in Orissa The name was changed into Bhuvanesvara at the time of Lalâtendu Kesari in the seventh century A D It was the capital of Orissa from the sixth century B C to the middle of the fifth century A D (R L Mitra's Antiquities of Orissa, vol II, p 62 and Dasakumâracharita, ch 7) It has now been identified with Mukhalingam a place of pilgrimage, 20 miles from Parlakimedi in the Ganjam district (Ep Ind vol III, p 220) It contains many Buddhist and Hindu remains The temple of Madhukesvara Mahâdeva is the oldest, and that of Somesvara Mahâdeva the prettiest These old temples still bear numerous inscriptions and excellent sculptures The adjoining Nagarakaṭakam also contains some interesting remains and a statue of Buddha But according to the Parlakimedi inscriptions of Indra varman king of Kalinga, Kalinga nagara is Kalingapatam at the mouth of the Bam sadhâra river in the Ganjam district (Ind Ant XVI, 1887, p 132) The K Ch (composed in 1577 A D) places it on the river Kamsa which is different from the Kasai Kalinga nagara, however, appears to have been the general name of the capitals of Kalinga which were different at different periods, as Manipura, Rajapura, Bhuvanesvara, Pishtapura, Jayantapura, Simhapura, Mukhalinga etc

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Kâlîjara—Kalinjar in Bundelkhand The fort was built by the Chandel king Kirât Brahma, it contains the shrine of Mahâdeva Nîlakantha and the Tîrtha called Kota tîrtha (Matsya P, ch 180, Lieut Maisey's Description of the Antiquities of Kalinjar in JASB, XVII, p 171) See Kâlânjara.

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Kâlî-Pîtha—Same as Kâlîghâṭa (Tantrachudâmani)

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Kamarūpa—Assam, on the north it included Bhutan, on the south it was bounded by the confluence of the Brahmaputra and the Lākhyā and Bauga, and included Manipur, Jayantiyā, Kachhar, and parts of Mymensingh and Sylhet (Buchanan's Account of Rangpur in JASB, 1838, p 1) It included also Rangpur which contained the country residence of Bhagadatta, king of Kāmarūpa (Ibid, p 2) The modern district of Kamrup extends from Goālpara to Gauhati Its capital is called in the Puranas Prāgjyotisha (Kālikā P, ch 38) which has been identified with Kāmakhya, or Gauhati (JRAS, 1900, p 25) Kamakhya is one of the Pithas, containing the temple of the celebrated Kāmakhya Devi on the Nila hill or Nilakuta parvata (Kālikā P, ch 62), it is two miles from Gauhati Raja Niladhvaja founded another capital Komotūpura (the modern Kamatapur in Cooch Behar, Imp Gaz, s v Rangpur District) On the opposite or north side of the river Brahmaputra is situated a hill called Asva kranta parvata where Krishna is said to have fought with Narakasura (Brihat Dharma P, Madhya Kh, ch 10 and Brahma P, ch 51, JRAS, 1900, p 25) Bhagadatta son of Naraka, was an ally of Duryodhana (Mahābhārata, Udyoga, ch 1) The Yogini Tantra (Pūrva Kh, ch 12) has preserved some legends about the successors of Naraka For the stories of Mayanavati's son Gopichandra and his son Gavachandra, see JASB, 1838, p 5 The Ahom kings came into Assam from the east at the beginning of the thirteenth century The immediate cause of their emigration was the breaking up of the Chinese Empire by the Moguls, for at the time when Chukapha fixed himself in Assam, Kublai had just established himself in China (JASB, 1837, p 17) The word "Ahom" is perhaps a corruption of Bhauma, as the descendants of Narakasura were called (Kālikā P, ch 39) For the later history of Kamarūpa under the Muhammadans, see Asiatic Researches, vol II The temple of Tāmresvari Devi or the copper temple, called by Buchanan the eastern Kāmakhya, on the river Dalpani, is situated near the north eastern boundary of the ancient Kamarūpa (JASB, XVII, p 462)

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Kamberkhon—According to Ptolemy, it is the third mouth of the Ganges, it is a transcription of Kumbhirakhatam or the Crocodile channel It is now represented by the Bangara estuary in the district of Khulna in Bengal (see my Early Course of the Ganges in the Indian Antiquary, 1921)

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Kamboja—Afghanistan, at least its northern part (Mārkandeya P, ch 57 and Manu, ch X). According to Dr Stein (Rājataranginī, vol I, p 136), the eastern part of Afghanistan was called Kamboja The name of "Afghan," however, has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian (McCrindle's Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180) It was celebrated for its horses (Mbh, Sabhā P, chs 26 and 51) Its capital was Dvarakā, which should not be confounded with Dwarka in Gujarāt (Dr Rhys Davids' Buddhist India, p 28) See Loha The Siaposh tribe, which now resides on the Hindukush mountain is said to have descended from the Kambojas In the Girnar and Dhauli inscriptions of Asoka, Kamboja is mentioned as Kambocha, and according to Wilford, Kamboja was classed with the mountain of Ghazni (JASB, 1838, pp 252, 267)

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Kambyson—According to Ptolemy, it is the name of the westernmost mouth of the Ganges It is evidently a corruption of Kapilasrama (see my Early Course of the Ganges in Ind Ant, 1921)

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Kankāli—1 One of the fifty two Pithas situated on a burning ground near the river Kopai, where it takes a northerly course, in the district of Birbhum in Bengal The name of the goddess is Kankāli 2 For Kankāli Tilā, see Mathura Kampilya—Kampil, twenty-eight miles north-east of Fathgaḍ in the Farrukhabad district, United Provinces. It is situated on the old Ganges, between Budaon and Farrukhabad. It was the capital of Râjâ Drupada, who was king of South Pañchâla, and was the scene of Draupadî's svayamvara (*Mbh.*, Âdi P., ch. 138; *Râmâyaṇa*, Âdi, ch. 23). Drupada's palace is pointed out as the most easterly of the isolated mounds on the bank of the Buḍa-Gaṅgâ. Its identification with Kampil by General Cunningham (*Arch. S. Rep.*, I, p. 255) and by Führer (*MAI.*) appears to be correct and reasonable.

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Kamâśvatî—The river Kasâi in Bengal. But see Kapiśa (river). It is perhaps the Kośâ of the *Mahâbhârata* (Bhîshma, ch. 9). Kamśâvatî and Kasâi are separately mentioned in *K.Ch.*, p. 197.

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Kâmyaka-vana—The Kâmyaka-vana of the *Mahâbhârata* was situated on the bank of the Sarasvatî (Vana P., ch. 5; *Vâmana P.*, ch. 34), and is not identical with Kâmyavana in the district of Mathurâ. Kâmyaka-vana was then a romantic wilderness in Kurukshetra (*Vâmana P.*, ch. 34, v. 4), where at Kâmoda, six miles to the south-east of Thanesvar, Draupadî-kâ-bhaṇḍâr is pointed out as the place where Draupadî cooked food for her husbands, the Pâṇḍavas, during their sojourn at that place after Yudhishṭhira lost his kingdom by gambling with the Kurus (*Arch. S. Rep.*, vol. XIV).

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Kanaka—Travancore. Same as Mushika (*Padma P.*, Svarga, Âdi, ch. 3; Garrett's *Class. Dic.*).

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Kanakavatî—Kaṅkoṭah or Kanak-koṭ, sixteen miles west of Kosam on the southern bank of the Yamunâ near its junction with the river Paisuni. (Dr. Hoey's Identification of Kusinâra, &c. in *JASB.*, 1900, p. 85; *Ava. Kalp.*, ch. 106).

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Kanakhála—It is now a small village two miles to the east of Hardwar at the junction of the Ganges and Nîladhârâ. It was the scene of Daksha-yajña of the *Purâṇas* (*Kûrma P.*, Uparibhâga, ch. 36; *Vâmana P.*, chs. 4 and 34). The *Mahâbhârata* (Vana P., ch. 84) describes it as a place of pilgrimage, but states that the sacrifice was performed at Haridvâra (*Mbh.*, Śalya, ch. 281). The *Liṅga P.*, says that Kanakhala is near Gaṅgâdvâra, and Daksha performed his sacrifice at this place (*Liṅga P.*, pt. I, ch. 100).

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Kâñchîpura—Conjeveram (*Mbh.*, Bhîshma, ch. IX), the capital of Drâviḍa or Chola (*Padma P.*, Uttara, ch. 74), on the river Palar, forty-three miles south-west of Madras. The portion of Drâviḍa, in which it is situated, was called Toṇḍa-maṇḍala. The eastern portion of the town is called Vishṇu-Kâñchî and the western portion Śiva-Kâñchî, inhabited by the worshippers of Vishṇu Varadâ Râja and Śiva called Ekâmranâtha (with his consort Kâmâkshî Devî) respectively (*Padma P.*, Uttara, ch. 70; Wilson's *Mackenzie Collection*, pp. 146, 191). See Chidambaram. Śaṅkarâchârya constructed the temple of Vishṇu called Vishṇu-Kâñchî at Kâñchî (Ânanda Giri's *Śaṅkaravijaya*, ch. 67). At Śiva-Kâñchî exists his tomb or Samâdhi with his statue upon it within the precincts of the temple of Kâmâkshî Devî. The town contains the celebrated Tîrtha called Śiva-Gaṅgâ. It possessed a University (see Nâlandâ). The Pallava dynasty reigned at Conjeveram from the fifth to the ninth century of the Christian era, when they were overthrown by the Chola kings of Tanjore, which was also the capital of Chola or Drâviḍa. Kâñchîpura is said to have been founded by Kulottuṅga Chola on the site of a forest called Kurumbar-bhûmi (*Mackenzie Manuscripts* in *JASB.*, vii, pt. I, pp. 399, 403), which was afterwards called Toṇḍa-maṇḍala.

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Kanhagiri—Kanheri in the Province of Bombay It is the Krishna saila of the Kanheri inscription (Rapson's Catalogue of Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, Intro, p xxxii)

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Kanishkapura—Kanikhpur or Kâmpur, ten miles to the south of Srinagar It was founded by Kanishka, who in 78 A D, convened the last Buddhist synod, which gave rise to the Saka era

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Kantaka-Dvipa—See Katadvipa.

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Kanjaka-Nagara—Katwa in the district of Burdwan in Bengal It was visited by Chaitanya (Chaitanya Bhagavata, Madhya, ch 26) See Katadvipa.

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Kantaraka—See Aranyaka

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Kântipuri—1 Identified by Cunningham with Kotwal, twenty miles north of Gwalior (Skanda P, Nagara Kh, ch 47, Arch S Rep, vol II, p 308) 2 According to Wright (Hist of Nepal, pp 9, 151), Kântipura or Kântipuri is one of the ancient names of Katmandu in Nepal 3 The Vishnu P (pt IV, ch 24) places it on the Ganges near Allahabad

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Kanva-âsrama—1 On the bank of the river Mâlinî (the river Chukâ) which flows through the districts of Shaharanpur and Oudh, it was the hermitage of Kanva Muni who adopted the celebrated Sakuntalâ as his daughter (Kalidasa's Sakuntalâ) The hermitage of Kanva Muni was situated 30 miles to the west of Hardwar, which is called Nâdapit in the Satapatha Brâhmana, xiii, 5, 4 13 (SBE, xliv, p 399) 2 On the river Chambal, four miles to the south east of Kota in Rajputana (Mbh, Vana, ch 82; Agni P, ch 109) This Kanva âsrama was also called Dharmâranya 3 On the banks of the Nerbuda (Padma P, Uttara, ch 94)

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Kanyakubja—1 Kanauj, on the west bank of the Kâlinadî about six miles above its junction with the Ganges in the Farrukhabad district, United Provinces It was the capital of the second or Southern Panchâla during the Buddhist period (Dr Rhys Davids' Buddhist India, p 27) and also in the tenth century (Râjaśekhara's Karpûramañjarî, Act III) It was the capital of Gâdhi Râjâ and birth place of Viśvâmitra (Râmâyana, Bâla K.) Buddha preached here on the instability of human existence It was visited by Fa Hian and Hiuen Tsiang in the beginning of the fifth and the middle of the seventh centuries respectively Harshavardhana or Silâditya II was the reigning sovereign, when it was visited by Hiuen Tsiang in 636 A D, he inaugurated the Varsha era in 606 A D, but according to Max Muller, Harshavardhana reigned from 610 to 650 A D He was the contemporary of Muhammad, whose flight from Medina in 622 A D gave rise to the Hijra era In his court flourished Banabhatta, the author of the Kâdambarî and Harshacharita, Dhâvaka, the real author of the Nâgânanda, and Chandrâditya, the versi-fier of the Vessantara Jâtaka The celebrated Bhavabhûti was in the court of Yaśovar-mana of Kanauj (Stein's Râjataranginî, I, p 134), he went to Kâśmîra with Lalitâditya (672 to 728 A D) after the conquest of Kanauj by the latter Sriharsha wrote the Naishadha-charita at the request of Jayachandra For the ancestors of Jayachandra, see cop-perplate grant in JASB, 1841, p 98 Kanauj had been the capital of the Maukhari kings before Harshavardhana transferred his seat of government from Thânesvara to this place The three great monasteries, in one of the chapels of which was enshrined a tooth relic of Buddha were situated to the south west of the town in what is now called Lalâ Misar Tolâ (Cunningham Arch S Rep I p 292) A celebrated temple of Vamana existed at Kanyakubja (Padma P, Srishti ch 35, Uttara, ch 53) The Rang mahal of the ancient Hindu palace is situated in the south west angle of the triangular shaped fort, the remains of which still exist; the palace is said to have been built by Ajaya Pâla who was killed in 1021 A.D., and it was perhaps from this palace that Pṛithvî Râj carried off Saṃyuktâ (Bhavishya P., Pratisarga P., pt. III, ch. 6). 2. That part of the Kâverî, on which Uragapura (Uraiyur), the capital of Pâṇḍya, was situated (see Mallinâtha’s commentary on Raghuvamśa, canto vi, v. 59) was called Kânyakubja-nadî.

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Kaṇyâ-Tirtha—1. In Kurukshetra. 2. On the Kâverî. 3. Same as Kumârî.

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Kapâla-Mochana-Tirtha.—1. In Bârâṇasî or Benares (Śiva P., I, ch. 49). 2. In Mâyâpura (Padma P., Uttara, ch. 51). 3. In Tâmralipta or Tamluk. 4. On the river Sabarmati in Gujarât (Padma P., Uttara, ch. 53). 5. On the river Sarasvatî called also Auśanasa Tirtha in Kurukshetra (Mbh., Śalya, ch. 40). General Cunningham places the holy tank of Kapâla-Mochana on the east bank of the Sarasvatî river, ten miles to the south-east of Sadhora (Arch. S. Rep., vol. XIV, pp. 75, 77).

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Kapila—1. The portion of the river Narbada near its source which issues from the western portion of the sacred Kuṇḍa, and running for about two miles falls over the descent of seventy feet into what is known as the Kapiladhârâ (Cousen’s Archæological Survey List of the Central Provinces, p. 59; Padma P., Svarga, ch. 22). 2. A river in Mysore (Matsya P., ch. 22, v. 27).

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Kapiladhârâ—1. Twenty-four miles to the south-west of Nasik; it was the hermitage of Kapila. 2. The first fall of the river Narbada from the Amarakantaka mountains. The Kapilâ-saṅgama is near the shrine of Amareśvara on the south bank of the Narbada. See Kapila.

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Kapilâśrama—1. The hermitage of Kapila Ṛishi in the island of Sâgara near the mouth of the Ganges (Bṛihat-Dharma P., Madhya Kh., ch. 22). The ruins of a temple dedicated to him are situated on the south-east corner of one of the minor islands into which the island of Sâgara is divided by creeks and rivers. See Sâgara-saṅgama. 2. Same as Siddhapura (2).

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quarters of the provincial government of the Tarai, and three and half miles to the south-west of Nigliva The town of Kapilavastu comprised the present villages of Chutra dei Ramghat, Sandwa and Tilaura, of which the last mentioned place contained the fort and the palace within it It is situated on the east bank of the Banganga, which has been identified with the Bhagirathi, on the bank of which, according to some authorities, Kapilavastu was situated He has identified Lumbini vana with Rummin dei which is a corruption of Lummini devi, ten miles to the east of Kapilavastu and two miles north of Bhagabanpur, and about a mile to the north of Paderia The inscription found there on the pillar of Asoka leaves no doubt as to the accuracy of the identification It distinctly mentions the name as " Lummini gama " and contains a temple of Maya Devi He has identified also Sarakupa (Arrow well) with Piprava, which also contains the stupa in which the Sakyas of Kapilavastu enshrined the one-eighth share of Buddha's relics obtained by them after his death He identifies Kanaka muni or Kanagamana Buddha's birth place Sobhavatinagara with Araura, a yojana to the east of Tilaura, and Kraku chandra's birth place Khemavatinagara with Gutiva, four miles to the south of Tilaura He has identified the Nyagrodha monastery with the largest mound to the south of Lon-Kudan, which is one mile to the east of Gutiva and one and a half miles west of Tauliva, and has also identified the place of massacre of the Sakyas by Virudhaka with Sagarwa, two miles to the north of Tilaura kot (Mukherji's Antiquities in the Terai, ch 6) Buddha, when he revisited Kapilavastu at the request of his father Suddhodana who had sent Udayi (called also Kaluda) to invite him, dwelt in the Nyagrodha garden, where he converted his son Rahula and his step brother Nanda It was also in this Nyagrodharama Vihara that he refused to ordain his step mother Prajapati and other Sakya princesses, though at the request of Ananda, he ordained them afterwards in Vaisali The names of the twenty four Buddhas who preceded Gautama Buddha are to be found in the Introduction to the Mahavamsa by Turnour The Sakyas, including the Koliyans, had republican form of government like the Vajjians and Lichchhavis of Vaisali and the Mallas of Kusinara and Pava They elected a chief who was called Raja and who presided over the State They carried on their business, in a public hall called the Mote Hall (Santhagara) Suddhodana, Buddha's father was an elected president (Dr Rhys Davids' Buddhist India p 19) The contemporaries of Buddha outside India were the prophet Ezekiel and king Josiah in Jerusalem, Croesus in Lydia, Cyrus in Persia, Anacreon, Sappho, Simonides, Epimenides, Draco, Solon, Esop Pythagoras, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Pisistratus in Greece, Psammeticus in Egypt and Servius Tullius in Rome Ahasuerus reigned thirty years after Buddha's death (Spence Hardy's Legends and Theories of the Buddhists, Introduction, p xxx)

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Kapisa—1 Kushan, ten miles west of Opian, on the declivity of the Hindu kush in short, the country to the north of the Kabul river was Kapisa, the Kipin of the Chinese travellers Julien supposes the district to have occupied the Panjshir and Tagao valleys in the north border of Kohistan (Beal's R W C, I, p 55 n) It is the Kapisi of Panini Ptolemy places Kapisa two and half degrees northwards from Kabura or Kabul (JASB, 1840, p 484) According to Sir R G Bhandarkar, Kapisa was North Afghanistan—the country to the north of the Kabul river (Ind Ant, I, 22) According to Prof Lassen, Kapisa is the valley of the Gurbad river (JASB, 1839, p 146) The town of Kapisa was once the capital of Gandhara (Rapson's Anc Ind, p 141) It has been identified with Afghanistan (Ind Ant, I, 1872, p 22) 2 The river Subarnarekha in Orissa Karaskara—The country of the Kâraskaras is in the south of India (Mbh, Karna, 44, Baudhayana, I, 1, 2, Matsya P, 113) Perhaps it is Karakal in South Kanara, Madras Presidency, famous for the Jaina and Buddhist pilgrims, which accounts for its being condemned as a place of pilgrimage

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Karatoya—1 A sacred river which flows through the districts of Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Bogra It formed the boundary between the kingdoms of Bengal and Kamarupa at the time of the Mahabharata (Vana, ch 85) see Sadanira It flowed through the ancient Pundra (Skanda P) It is called Karatoya and Kurati 2 A river near the Gandhamadana mountain (Mbh Anus, ch 25)

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Karavana—Karvan in the territory of the Gaikwar, 15 miles south of Baroda and 8 miles north east of Miyagam railway station Nakulisa, the founder of the Pasupata sect of Saivism, flourished between the 2nd and 5th century A D His chief shrine of Siva called Nakulisa or Nakulesvara (see Devi P, ch 63) was at Karvan The special holiness attached to the Narbada and its pebbles as Lingas is probably due to the contiguity of this shrine of Karvan (Bhagavanlal Indraji's Early History of Gujarat, pp 83, 84) Same as Kayavarohana.

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Karavirapura—1 It has been identified with Kolhapur in the Province of Bombay (Madhura Kavisarmas Archavatara-sthala vaibhava darpanam, Padma P, Uttara Kh, ch 74, Ramdas Sen's Aitihasika Rahasya, 3rd ed, pt II, p 276) It is locally called Karvir Krishna met here Parasurama and killed its king named Srigala Same as Padmavati on the river Venva, a branch of the Krishna (Harivamsa, ch 9) The temple of Maha Lakshmi is situated at this place (Devi Bhagavata, vii chs 30, 38, Matsya P ch 13) In the eleventh century it was the capital of the Silahara chiefs For the genealogy of the Silahara dynasty of Kolhapur, see Ep Ind, vol III, pp 208, 211, 213 It appears from an inscription that Kshullahapura is another name for Kolhapur (Ep Ind, vol III, p 209) 2 The capital of Brahmavartta, it was situated on the river Drishadvati (Kalika P, chs 48, 49)

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Karddama-asrama.—Sitpur or Sidhpur (Siddhapura) in Gujarat, the hermitage of Rishi Karddama and birth place of Kapila The hermitage of the Rishi was situated on the bank of the Bindusarovara caused by the tears of Vishnu (Bhagavata P, bk III, ch 21) The town itself is situated on the north bank of the river Sarasvati in the Kadi district of the Baroda State, sixty four miles north of Ahmedabad

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Karkotaka-Nagara—1 Karra, forty one miles north west of Allahabad It is one of the Pithas where Sati's hand is said to have fallen (Fuhrer's MAI) 2 Perhaps Arakan (Rakia) on the "opposite side of Tamralipta across the eastern sea, ' i e, the Bay of Bengal (Katha sarit sagara, pt I, ch 18, Tawney's trans, vol I, p 136)

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Karmanasa—1 The cursed river, the water of which is considered by the Hindus to be polluted, being associated with the sins of Trisanku, the protege of Rishi Visvamitra (Vayu P, ch 88, v 113) The river is on the western limit of the district of Shahabad in the former province of Bengal and forms the boundary of Bihar and the United Provinces It issues from a spring situated in a village called Sarodak (Martin's Eastern India, vol I p 400) 2 A small rill in Baidyanatha (see Chitabhumi)

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Karmamanta—Kamta, near Comilla, in the district of Tipara, Bengal It was the capital of Samatata at the time of the Khadga kings (JASB, 1914, p 87)

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Karna-Ganga.—The river Pendar, a tributary of the Alakananda in Garwal Karnaki—A town on the Narbada. It is mentioned as Karṇikâ in the Bṛihat-Śiva P., I, ch. 75. It is perhaps the modern Karnali near the junction of the Narbada and the Uri; see Eraṇḍî and Bhadrakarṇa (I).

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Karṇakubja—Junâgaḍ in Kâṭhiâwâḍ; it is situated in Antargra-kshetra (Skanda P., Prabhâsa Kh).

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Karṇapura—Near Bhagalpur, now called Karṇagaḍ (see Champâpurî). According to Yule, Karṇagaḍ is the Kartinagar of Ptolemy (JASB., vol. XVIII, p. 395).

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Karṇa-Suvarṇa—Kânsonâ, now called Râṅgâmâṭi in the district of Murshidabad, on the right bank of the Bhâgirathî, six miles south of Berhampur, in Bengal (Kubjikâ Tantra, ch. 7; JASB., XXII, 281). It was the former capital of Bengal at the time of Âdisura. It was at the request of Âdisrura that Bîra Simha, king of Kanauj, sent five Brâhmaṇas, Bhaṭṭanârâyaṇa, Daksha, Śrîharsha (the author of the Naishadha-charita), Chhândaḍa, and Vedagarbha, to Bengal to perform his sacrifice according to the Vedas. Bhaṭṭanârâyaṇa, the author of the drama Veṇî-saṃhâra, is considered by some to have flourished at the court of Dharma Pâla of the Pala dynasty. Even the name of Kânsonâ has become antiquated, and the town is now known by the name of Râṅgâmâṭi. Captain Layard says that Râṅgâmâṭi was anciently called Kânsonâpurî, and the remains of the greater part of the palace with its gate and towers are distinctly traceable, although the site is now under cultivation (JASB., vol. XXII, 1853, p. 281). Karṇa-suvarṇa was also the capital of Saśâṅka or Narendra, the last of the Gupta kings and the great persecutor of the Buddhists, who reigned in Bengal in the latter part of the sixth century and it was he who treacherously killed Râjyavarddhana, elder brother of Harsha Deva or Śilâditya II of Kanauj, as related in the Harsha-charita. The kingdom of Karṇa-suvarṇa was situated to the west of the Bhâgirathî and included Murshidabad, Bankura, Burdwan, and Hugli. The earth of Râṅgâmâṭi is red, and the tradition is that Bibhîshaṇa, brother of Râvaṇa, being invited to a feast by a poor Brahman at Râṅgâmâṭi, rained down gold on the ground as a token of gratitude and hence the earth is red (On the Banks of the Bhagirathi by Rev. J. Long in Col. Review, vol. VI). This is a figurative way of stating the immense profit which Bengal derived from its trade with Ceylon in precious stones, pearls, etc. (K. Ch., pp. 189, 223). Dr. Waddell identifies Karṇa-suvarṇa with Kâñchannagar (Kânson-nagara) near Burdwan in Bengal (Dr. Waddell's Discovery of the Exact Site of Asoka's Classic Capital of Pataliputra, p. 27).

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Karṇâṭa—Part of the Carnatic between Ramnad and Seringapatam. It is another name for Kuntaladeśa, the capital of which Kalyâṇapura; see Kuntala-deśa. According to the Târâ Tantra, it was the same as Mahârâshṭra, and extended from Bâmanâtha to Śrîraṅgam. Dvâra-samudra was the capital of Karṇâṭa. The kingdom of Vijayanagar was also called Karṇâṭa (Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. IV). But see Imperial Gazetteer, vol. VII, p. 377 (1886), in which Kanara is said to be Karṇâṭa-deśa, including Mysore, Coorg, and part of the Ceded Districts. The Mysore State was called Karṇâṭaka (JRAS., 1912, p. 482).

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Karṇâvati—1. The river Kane in Bundelkhand (Arch. S. Rep., vols. II and XXI). But this name does not appear in any Purâṇa. See Śyeṇî and Śuktimatî. 2. Ahmedabad in Gujarât. It was built by Râjâ Karṇa Deva of the Solanki race of Anahillapattana or Pattana in Gujarât in the eleventh century (Tawney: Merutuṅga's Prabandhachintâmaṇi, pp. 80, 97n.). Ahmad Shah made it his capital after conquering it. It was also called Śrînagar. It is the Râjanagara of the Jainas (Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh by Burgess; H. Cousen's Revised Lists of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency, vol. III).

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Karnika—The Coleroon, a branch of the Kâverî. Both these rivers surround Śrîraṅgam (Padma P., Uttara, ch. 62).

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Kartripura—The kingdom of Kartripura included Kumaun, Almorah, Garwal and Kangra (JRAS., 1898, p. 198). It was conquered by Samudra Gupta. Mr. Prinsep supposes it to be Tripura or Tippera (JASB., 1837, p. 973). Same as Katripura.

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Kartikasvami—See Kumârasvami.

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Karttikeya-Pura—Baijnâth or Baidyanâth, in the district of Kumaun, about 80 miles from Almora. It is also called Kârttikapura (Devî P., ch. 9; also Dr. Führer’s Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions).

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Karupatha—Same as Karapatha.

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Karura—See Korura.

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Karusha—Two countries by the name of Karusha are mentioned, one in the east and the other in the west. 1. Same as Adhirâja, the kingdom of Dantavakra (Harivamsa, ch. 106). In the Mahâbhârata it has been named between Matsya and Bhoja (Bhishma P., ch. 9). In the Purâṇas, it is mentioned as a country on the back of the Vindhyâ range. According to Mr. Pargiter, Karusha lay to the south of Kâsî and Vatsa between Chedi on the west and Magadha on the east, enclosing the Kaimur hills, in short, the country of Rewâ (JASB., 1895, p. 255; JRAS., 1914, p. 271; Pâṇini’s Sûtra, IV, I, 178). Same as Kârusha. 2. A portion of the district of Shahabad in Bihar (Râmâyaṇa, I, ch. 21) According to tradition, the southern portion of the district of Shahabad between the river Soṇa and Karmanâsâ was called Karukh-deśa or Karushadeśa (Martin’s Eastern India, vol. I, p. 405). Vedagarbhapurî or modern Buxar was situated in Karusha (Brahmâṇḍa P., Pûrva Kh., ch. 5). 3. It was another name for Puṇḍra (Bhâgavata, X, ch. 66).

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Karusha—Same as Karusha; Rewâ.

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Kashtha-Maṇḍapa—Kâṭmâṇḍu, the capital of Nepal, founded by Râjâ Guṇakâmadeva in 723 A.D. at the junction of the Bagmati and Vishnumati rivers. It was anciently called Mañju-Patan (see Mañjupatan), after Mañjuśrî, who is said to have founded it. Mañjuśrî was esteemed by the northern Buddhists as their Viśvakarmâ or celestial architect (Hodgson’s Literature and Religion of the Buddhists, p. 62). According to the Svayambhu Purâṇa, he was an historical personage who introduced Buddhism into Nepal. Kâṭmâṇḍu is also called Kântepura (Wright’s History of Nepal, p. 9).

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Kasi—Benares. Kâśî was properly the name of the country, of which Benares was the capital (Fa Hian; also Apannaka Jâtaka in the Jâtakas (Fausboll’s ed.), p. 98; Mbh., Bhishma, ch. 9; Râmâyaṇa, Uttara, ch. 48). At the time of Buddha, the kingdom of Kâśî was incorporated with the kingdom of Kośala (Lohichcha Sutta in the Dialogues of the Buddha, pp. 291, 292). See Barâṇasî.

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Kasmira—Kâśmîr (Brahma P., ch. 54). It is said to have been originally colonised by Kâśyapa, and the hermitage of the Ṛishi is still pointed out in the Hari mountain near Śrînagar. But see Kâśyapapura. He gave his name to Kasgar and Kasmir, and to the people originally called Kâsas or Kassias. Vishnu is said to have incarnated in Kâśmîra as the fish (Matsya-avatâra), and bound the ship (Nau) (into which form Durga had converted herself to save the creatures from destruction in the great deluge) to the westernmost and highest peak of the three snowy peaks situated on the west of Banhal Pass in the eastern portion of the Pir Pantsal range: hence this peak is called Naubandhana-tîrtha. It is the Nâvaprabhraṁśana of the Atharva-Veda and the Manoravasarpaṇa of the Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa (Macdonell’s Hist. of Sanskrit Literature, p. 144). At the foot of this peak is the Kramasara lake (now called Konsarnâg) which marks a foot-step (Krama) of Viṣṇu (Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa in SBE., XII; Mbh., Vana, ch. 186; Dr. Stein’s Rājatarangiṇī, II, p. 392). Viṣṇu is also said to have incarnated as the boar (Varāha-avatāra) at Baramula, thirty-two miles from Srinagar on the right bank of the Vitastā (see Śukara-kṣhetra). Asoka sent here a Buddhist missionary named Majjantika in 245 B.C. (Mahāvaṃsa, ch. XII). For the history of Kāśmīr, see Kalhaṇa’s Rājatarangiṇī. It appears from the Jātaka stories that Kāśmīr once formed a part of the kingdom of Gandhāra (Jātakas, Cam. Ed., vol. III, pp. 222, 229).

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Kāśyapapura—Wilson supposes that the name of Kāśmīr is derived from Kāśyapapura, the town of Ṛiṣi Kāśyapa, the Kaspapyros of Herodotos. Dr. Stein, however, is of opinion that Kāśmīr was never called Kāśyapapura, but it was always called Kāśmīra (Dr. Stein’s Ancient Geography of Kasmir, pp. 11, 62). Kaspairia of Ptolemy has been identified with Multan. For the legend how the lake Satisara was desecrated and Kāśmīra was created by Kāśyapa, see Rājatarangiṇī (Dr. Stein’s Rājatarangiṇī, vol. I, p. 5). 1. The hermitage of Ṛiṣi Kāśyapa was on the Hari mountain, three miles from Srinagar. 2. Multan was also called Kāśyapapura, the Kaspeira of Ptolemy, being founded by Kāśyapa, the father of Hiraṇyakaśipu (Alberuni’s India, I, p. 298).

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Kasyapī-Gaṅgā—The river Sabarmati in Guzerat (Padma Purāṇa, Uttara, ch. 52).

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Kaṭadvīpa—Kaṭwa in the district of Burdwan in Bengal (McCrindle’s Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian, p. 187; Wilford in Asia. Rev., V, p. 278). It is a sacred place of pilgrimage to the Vaiṣṇavas, where Chaitanya at the age of 24 embraced Daṇḍism after leaving his father’s home, being initiated into its rites by a Gossain named Keśava Bhāratī. The hairs cut off from his head on the occasion have been preserved in a little temple. Kaṭwa was called Murshidganj after the name of Murshid Kuli Khan, Nawab of Murshidabad. The old fort of Katwa where Ali Verdi Khan defeated the Mahrattas, was situated on a tongue of land between the Ajai and the Bhāgīrathī (Bholanauth Chunder’s Travels of a Hindoo, vol. I; Chaitanya-Bhāgavata, Madhya Kh.). Chaitanya’s autograph is preserved in a village called Dadur, 14 miles to the south of Katwa. Same as Kaṇṭakanagara and Kaṇṭaka-dvīpa, the gradual corruptions of which are Kaṭa-dvīpa, Kāṭadīa, and Kāṭwā. Kṛiṣṇadās Kavirāj, the author of the Chaitanya-charitāmṛita lived at Jhāmatpur, 4 miles to the north of Kāṭwā; Nānnur, 16 miles to the south-west of Kāṭwā in the district of Birbhum, was the birth-place of the Vaiṣṇava poet Chaṇḍīdās.

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Katripura—Tripura or Tipara (Allahabad Inscription); but Mr. Oldham supposes that the kingdom of Katripura included Kumaun, Almora, Garwal, and Kangra (JRAS., 1898, p. 198). Same as Kartripura.

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Kaulam—Quilon in Travancore, once a great port on the Malabar coast (Yule’s Marco Polo, vol. II, p. 313 note).

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Kauninda—See Kuninda.

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Kausāmbī—Kosambi-nagar or Kosam, an old village on the left bank of the Jamuna, about thirty miles to the west of Allahabad. It was the capital of Vaṃsadeśa or Vatsyadeśa, the kingdom of Udayana, whose life is given in the Bṛihat-Kathā and Kathā-sarit-sāgara, II, ch. I. The Ratnāvalī, a drama by Harṣa Deva, places its scene at Kausāmbī (see Hastinapura). Buddha dwelt in the Ghoṣita-ārāma of Kausāmbī (Chullavagga, pt. I, ch. 25). Udayana or Udena, as he was called by the Buddhists, was the son of King Parantapa; he married Vāsuladattā or Vāsava-dattā, daughter of Chaṇḍa Prajjota called also Mahâsena (Śrîharsha's Priyadarśikâ, Acts I, III), king of Ujjayinî He was converted to Buddhism by Pindola (Dr Rhys Davids' Buddhist India, p 7), and it was Udayana who first made an image of Buddha who was his contemporary The image was of sandal-wood, five feet in height The second image was made by Prasenajit, king of Kośala, who was also a contemporary of Buddha It was made of gold (Dr Edkins' Chinese Buddhism, p 49), but according to Fa Hian, Prasenajit's image was also made of Gosîrsha Chandana (sandal wood) The Vâsavadattâ by Subandhu, probably written at the beginning of the 9th century A. D., relates the story of Vâsavadattâ and Udayana Vararuchi, called also Kâtyâyana, the author of the Vârttikas, is said to have been born at Kausâmbî and became the minister of Nanda, king of Pâtaliputra (Kathâ sarit sâgara, I, ch 3)

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Kausikî—1 The river Kusi (Râmâyana, Âdi, ch 34, Bardha P, ch 140) According to tradition, the Kusi in remote ages passed south east by the place where Tajpur is now situated, and thence towards the east until it joined the Brahmaputra, having no communication with the Ganges When the Kusi joined the Ganges, the united mass of water opened the passage now called the Padmâ, and the old channel of the Bhâgîrathî from Songli (Suti) to Nadia was then left comparatively dry (Martin's Eastern India, III, p 15). This junction must have taken place at some period between the third century A D, when the Sultanganj Jahnu was established, and the 7th century A D At Jot narahari, the Kusi joins the Ganges, and the junction is a place of pilgrimage (Martin's Eastern India, III, p 84) 2 A branch of the Drishadvatî (Chitang) in Kurukshetra (Vâmana P, ch 34).

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Kausikî Kachchha—The district of Purnea

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Kausikî Sangama—1 The confluence of the Kusi and the Ganges on the opposite side of Kahalgaon and to the north of Pâtharghâtâ in the district of Bhagalpur in Bengal 2 The confluence of the rivers Drishadvatî and the Kausikî (Padma P, Svarga Kh, ch 12) The confluence is near the village of Balu on the Rakshî river 17 miles to the south of Thanesvar (Arch S Rep, vol XIV, p 88)

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Kautalakapura—Same as Kuntalakapura (Jaimini Bhârata, ch 53)

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Kaverî—1 The Kaverî, a river in southern India which rises from a spring called Chandra tîrtha (Kûrma P, II, ch 37) in the Brahmagiri mountain in Coorg (Skanda P Kâverî Mâhât, chs 11-14, Rice's Mysore and Coorg, III, pp 8 and 85) The Kaverî fall at Sivasamudra is one of the most picturesque sights in southern India 2 The northern branch of the Nerbuda near Mândhâtâ (Omkaranatha) mentioned in the Purânas (Padma P, Svarga Kh, ch 8, Matsya P, ch 188) The junction of the Nerbuda and the Kaverî is considered to be a sacred place

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Kayâbarohana—Same as Kârâvana (Skanda P, Prabhâsa Kh, I, ch 79)

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Kedara—Kedâranâtha, situated on the southern side of the junction of the Mandâkinî and the Dudhgangâ The temple of the Kedâranâtha, one of the twelve great Lingas of Mahâdeva, is built on a ridge jutting out at right angle from the snowy range of the Rudra Himalaya below the peak of the Mahâpanthâ in the district of Garwal, United Provinces (see Amaresvara) A sacred stream called Mandâkinî or the Kalî gangâ has its rise about two days' journey from Kedarnatha from a lake which is said to produce blue lotus, and it joins the Alakânandâ at Rudraprayâga It requires eight days to go from Kedâra to Badrinath, although the distance along a straight line between them is short It is 15 or 16 days' journey from Haridvâra to Kedâranâtha The peak of Kedâranâtha is said in the Śiva Purâṇa (Pt. I, ch. 47) to be situated at Badarikâ-âśrama. The worship of Kedâranâtha is said to have been established by the Pâṇḍavas (see Pañcha-kedâra). Close to the temple is a precipice called Bhairab Jhâmp, where devotees committed suicide by flinging themselves from the summit. (Dr. Führer’s MAI.; Imperial Gazetteer, vol. VIII, s.v. Kedarnath). Śaṅkarâchârya died at this place (Mâdhavâchârya’s Śaṅkaravijaya, ch. 16). Near the temple is a Kuṇḍa called Reta-Kuṇḍa where Kârttika is said to have been born. (Skanda P., Maheśvara Kh., I, 27; II, 29). Ushi-maṭh is 32 miles lower; it contains the images of Mândhâtâ and the five Pâṇḍavas.

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Kekaya—A country between the Bias and the Sutlej. It was the kingdom of the father of Kaikeyī, one of the wives of Daśaratha, king of Ayodhyâ (Râmâyaṇa, Ayodhyâ, ch. 68). See Girivrajapura (II).

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Kerala—The Malabar coast (Wilson’s Mâlatī and Mâdhava). It comprised Malabar, Travancore, and Kanara (Râmâyaṇa, Kiṣhk., ch. 41) terminating at Cape Comorin on the south and Goa on the north. It is the country of the Nairs. It is sometimes used as synonymous with Chera (Rapson’s Ancient India, p. 164 and Indian Coins, p. 36; Dr. Bhaṇḍarkar’s Hist. of the Dekkan, sec. III). In fact Kerala is the Kanarese dialectal form of the more ancient name of Chera (Hunter’s Imperial Gazetteer of India, s.v. Chera). Śaṅkarâchârya, the celebrated reformer, was born at Kâladi on the bank of the river Purṇâ at the foot of the mountain called Bṛisha in Kanara (Kerala); his father was Śivaguru and his grandfather was Vidyâdirâja. See Chittambalam. In the Mackenzie Manuscripts, the capital of Keraladeśa is said to be Ananta-śayanam. Paraśurâma is said to have caused Brâhmaṇas to inhabit this country (JASB., 1838, pp. 183, 128). Gibbon says “Every year about the summer solstice, a fleet of 120 vessels sailed from Myas Hormas, a port of Egypt on the Red Sea. The coast of Malabar or the island of Ceylon was the usual term of their navigation, and it was in those markets, that the merchants from the more remote parts of Asia expected their arrival. This fleet traversed the ocean in about forty days by the periodical assistance of the monsoons.” The Kollam era which is in use in Travancore and Malabar, and which commenced in 824 A.D., is a modification of the Saptarshi era (Ind. Ant., vol. XXVI, p. 118).

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Keralaputra—See Ketalaputra.

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Keśavatī—The Viṣhṇumatī river in Nepal, a tributary of the Bâgmatī (Wright’s Hist. of Nepal, pp. 81, 89). It forms four out of the fourteen great Tīrthas of Nepal by its junction with four rivers. The names of the four Tīrthas are Kâma, Nirmala, Akara, and Jugana. But according to the Svayambhu Purâṇa (ch. iv), its junction with the rivers Bimalâvatī, Bhadrânadī, Svarṇavatī, Pâpanâśinī, and Kanakavatī form the sacred Tirthas called Manoratha, Nirmala (or Triveṇī), Nidhana, Jñâna and Chintâmaṇi respectively.

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Keṭakivana—Baidyanâth in the Santal Parganas (Dr. R. L. Mitra’s On the Temples of Deoghar in JASB., 1883, p. 172).

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Ketalaputra—Same as Kerala or Chera (Aśoka’s Girnar Inscription; Bhaṇḍarkar’s Early History of the Dekkan, sec. III, p. 10). It comprised the Malabar Coast, south of the Chandragiri river (V. A. Smith’s Early History of India, p. 164); it was also called Keralaputra.

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Ketumala Varsha—Turkestan and the lands watered by the river Chaksu or Oxus (*Vishnu P*, ch 2, *Mārkandeya P*, ch 59) In oriental history, Turkestan is called Deshti Kiptchak from the Kiptchaks who are the primitive Turkish race It comprises Kharezm (called also Urgendj) as the Khanat of Khiva is called, the Khanat of Bokhara, and the Khanat of Khokand called also Fergana Up to the time of Zenghis Khan's conquest in 1225, Bokhara, Samarkhand, Merv, Karshi (Naksheb), and Balkh (Um-ul Bilad, the mother of cities) were regarded as belonging to Persia, although the government of Khorasan (the district of the sun as it was then called) was under Bagdad (Vambery's *Travels in Central Asia* ch XII, and pp 339, 367)

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Khajjurapura—Khajraha, the capital of the Chandels, in Bundelkhand

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Khalatika Parvata—The Barabar hill in the Jahanabad sub-division of the district of Gaya, containing the Satgharā and Nāgārjuni caves of the time of Asoka and his grandson Dasaratha It is about 7 miles east of the Bela station of the Patna Gaya Railway Khalatika is evidently a corruption of Khalatika or Slippery (*Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum*, vol I, p 32) Some of the inscriptions on the cave show that Dasaratha gave certain cave hermitages to the Ājīvakas (a sect of naked ascetics) The Ājīvakas are also mentioned in the seventh pillar edict of Asoka issued in the twenty ninth year of his reign (Buhler's *Indian Sect of the Jainas*, p 39) For a description of the Barabar Hill Caves, see *JASB*, 1847, pp 401 and 594 (Nāgārjuni cave) To the south and near the foot of the hill are the seven rock cut caves called the Sātgharā Out of these seven caves, three are on the Nāgārjuni hill There is also a sacred spring called Pātālagangā Not far from it, is the Kawadol hill (see Silabhadra Monastery)

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