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Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India c6.s1: Text

Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India c6.s1

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Text

c6.s1.1

*Mk*, ch. 57 (ch. 54 in some versions), vv. 34-59; *Vy*, ch. 45, vv. 109-136; cf. Sachau, *Alb. Ind.*, I, pp. 299-300; *Bmd*, ch. 49, vv. 44-71; *Mts*, ch. 114, vv. 34-56; *Vmn*, ch. 13, vv. 36-58.

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I

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¹तास्विमे कुरुपाञ्चालाः² शाल्वाश्चैव स-जाङ्गलाः³ । शरसैना भद्रकारा⁴ बोधाः सह-पटच्चराः (योधाः सह०,योधेयाः स० ?)⁵॥

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1. The following two lines are omitted in Mk. Mbh (VI.9, 39-40), however, has— तत्रमे कुरुपाञ्चालाः शाल्वा माद्रेय-जाङ्गलाः । शूरसेनाः पुलिन्दाश्च बोधा मालास्तथैव च ॥ मत्स्याः कुशल्याः सौशल्याः कुन्तयः कान्ति-कोशलाः । चेदि-मत्स्य-कुरुपाश्च भोजाः सिन्धु-पुलिन्दकाः ॥ As to the *janapadas* of the Madhyadeśa, Vmn has rather freely— यत्स्थाः (a—यस्याः) कुश्राः किल कुण्डलाश्च (a—कण्ड०) पञ्चालकाश्चैव (a—०काश्च) सह कौशिकश्च । वृकाः शका (a—शाका) वर्वर-कौरवाश्च कलिङ्ग-वङ्गाङ्गजनारतथैते ॥ मर्मका मध्य-देशीया (a—०देशा वा) अभीराः (a—अभीराः) शाठघधानकाः ॥

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2. Mts—तास्विमे कुरुपाञ्चालाः; Vy, Bmd—तास्विमे कुरुपाञ्चालाः । For the Kuru country proper with its capitals at Hāstinapura in the present Meerut District and Indraprastha in the Delhi region, see Raychaudhuri, *PHAI*, 1938, pp. 19-20, 113. For the Pāñchālas with their capitals at modern Rāmnagar (ancient Ahicchatra) in the Bareilly District and Kampil (ancient Kāmpilya) in Farrukhābād, see *ibid.*, pp. 114 f.

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3. Vy, Bmd, Mts—शाल्वाश्चैव स-जाङ्गलाः; Mbh—शाल्वा माद्रेय-जाङ्गलाः । For the six branches of the Śālva tribe, cf. Vj, 1.3.I. 38-39—साल्वास्तु कारकुत्सी (Ac—क्षी) यास्तेषां त्ववयवाः परे । उदुम्बरास्तिलखला महा-(द्र)कारा युगन्धराः । हु(भु)लिङ्गाः शरदण्डाश्च षट् साल्वावयवा इमे ॥ For the traditional verse referring to the constituting elements of the Śālva or Kārakukṣīya tribe that lived in the Punjab and the adjoining regions of U.P. and Rajputana, quoted by grammarians, cf. *Pre-Aryan and pre-Dravidian in India*, p. 80. Jāngala is apparently the same as Kuru-Jāngala near the Sarasvatī. See Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 19 f.

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4. Vy, Bmd, Mts—शूरसेना भद्रकाराः; Mbh—शूरसेनाः पुलिन्दाश्च । The Bhadrakāras are apparently the same as the Madrakāras who were a branch of the Śālva tribe (supra, note 3) and inhabited the north-eastern part of the Punjab or the adjoining regions. The Śūrasenas were a branch of the Yādavas and lived about Mathurā. See Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 117 f.

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5. Vy *acde*, Bmd—बोधाः शतपथेश्वरेः; Vy *b*—बोधाः सह पथेस्वरैः; Mts—बाह्याः सहपटच्चराः; Mbh—बोधा मालास्तथैव च । The Paṭaccaras are मत्स्याः किराताः कुल्यश्च¹ कुन्तयः काशि-कोशलाःः² । आवन्ताश्च भुलिङ्गाश्च³ मगधाश्चान्धकैः सह⁴ ।। मध्यदेश्या जनपदाः⁵ प्रायशोमी प्रकीर्त्तिताः⁶ ।।

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known from Grd, I, 55, 11—पञ्चालाः कुरुवो मत्स्या यौधेयाः सपटच्चराः । कुन्तयः शूरसेनाश्च मध्यदेशजनाः स्मृताः । For the Yodheya or Yaudheya tribe of Grd, see Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 457-58. The territories of the Yaudheyas included the Bayana region of Bharatpur and Johiyabar on the Satlaj. The Paṭaccaras are believed to have occupied parts of the Allahabad and Banda Districts.

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1. Vy *a*—वत्साः किसल्वाः कुल्यश्च, *b*—वत्साः किसद्याः कुल्यश्च, *c d e*—वत्साः किसण्णाः कुल्यश्च, *c* (v.l.) *e* (v.l.)—वत्साः किसष्टाः कुल्यश्च, *e* (v.l.) वत्साः किसज्याः कुल्यश्च; Bmd—वत्साः कुसट्टा कुल्यश्च; Mk—मत्स्याश्वकूटाः कुल्यश्च ; Mts—मत्स्याः किराताः कुल्यश्च । The first name is either Matsya (Jaipur-Alwar region) or Vatsa (Allahabad region). Cf. Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 111 f. Kirāta=Himalayan mountaineers ; cf. the name of the Kirāntis who once reigned over a large portion of Nepal. The Kulyas were probably the people of the present Kulait region on the upper Rāvi.

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2. Vy, Mk, Bmd, Mts—कुन्तलाः काशिकोशलाः ; Mts *c* (v.l.)—कुन्तयः काशिकोशलाः; Mbh—कुन्तयः कान्तिकोशलाः. The reading कुन्तयः is supported by Grd, I, 55, 11, quoted at p. 21 n. 5. The Kuntis were a branch of the Yādava tribe living apparently not far from the Mathurā region. The Kāsis lived about Vārāṇasi (Binaras). This Kosala is Uttara-Kosala with its capital at Ayodhyā (in the Fyzabad Dist.). See Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 8 ff., 84 ff.

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3. Mts—आवन्ताश्च कलिङ्गाश्च; Mk *a c* (v.l.)—अथर्वाश्च कलिङ्गाश्च, *b*—अथर्वाचार्कलिङ्गाश्च, *c*—अथवाचाकलिङ्गाश्च, *d*—अर्बुदाश्चार्कलिङ्गाश्च; Bmd—प्रथमाश्च कलिङ्गाश्च; Vy *ae*—अर्थपाश्च तिलङ्गाश्च, *cde* (v.l.)—अथ पार्श्वे तिलङ्गाश्च, *b*—अर्थयाश्वपुःलिङ्गाश्च (sic. अर्थपाश्च भुलिङ्गाश्च). The Bhulingas were a branch of the Śālva tribe; cf. p. 21 note 3. The Āvantas are apparently the same as the Avantis who lived in West Malwa and had their chief city at Ujjain. Cf. Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 122-23.

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4. Mk—मलकाश्च वृकैः सह ; Bmd, Vy *acde*—मगधाश्च वृकैः सह, *b*—मषकाश्च वृकैः सह; Mts—मूकाश्चैवान्धकैः सह. Magadha=Patna and Gaya Districts of Bihar; cf. Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.* p. 94 ff. The Andhakas were a branch of the Yādava tribe and possibly lived originally not far from Mathurā. Later they appear to have migrated towards Kathiawar.

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5. Mk—मध्यदेश्या जनपदाः ; Vy, Bmd, Mts—मध्यदेशा जनपदाः. Cf. 37, n. 5.

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6. Mk, Vy, Bmd—प्रायशोमी प्रकीर्त्तिताः ; Mts—प्रायशः परिकीर्त्तिताः.

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सह्यस्य उत्तरार्द्धे तु² यत्र गोदावरी नदी³ ।
पृथिव्यामिह कृत्स्नायां⁴ स प्रदेशो मनोरमः⁵ ॥
II
वाह्लीका वाटधानाश्च⁶ अभीराः कालतोयकाः⁷ ।
अपरान्ताश्च शू(क्षु?)द्राश्च⁸ पल्लवाश्चर्मखण्डिकाः⁹ ॥

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1. The following lines including those referring to Govardhana are omitted in some of the *Vy* Mss. The verse is quoted in *Km*.

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2. *Vy a*—सह्यस्य उत्तरार्द्धे तु, *cde*—सह्यस्य चोत्तार्द्धे तु, *e* (v.l.)—सह्यस्य चोत्तार्द्धे तु; *Mk a*—सह्यस्य चोत्तरे यस्तु, *bcd*—सह्यस्य चोत्तरे यास्तु; *Bmd*—सह्यस्य उत्तरान्ते तु. Sahya=the Western Ghats excluding the Travancore hills.

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3. *Mk, Vy, Bmd*—यत्र गोदावरी नदी; *Mts*—तत्र गोदावरी नदी. The Puranic passage further refers to the holy place called Govardhana near Nasik on the Godāvarī river. Cf. p. 51, n. 6.

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4. *Vy, Bmd*—पृथिव्यामिह कृत्स्नायां; *Mk, Mts*—पृथिव्यामपि कृत्स्नायां.

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5. *Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts*—सप्रदेशो मनोरमः

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6. *Mk, Vy ac, Bmd, Mts, Vmn*—वाह्लीका वाटधानाश्च, *Vy b*—वाह्लीका वाठवानाश्च, *de* (v.l.)—वाह्लीका वाटधानाश्च. Valhīka=modern Balkh region in the northern part of Afghanistan. The Vāṭadhānas lived in the Punjab-Rajasthan region and had a settlement at Madhyamikā near Chitor (Mah, II, 29,7). See Motichandra, *Geog. Ec. Stud.*, pp. 27-28, 31-32.

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7. *Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts*—अभीराः कालतोयकाः; *Vmn a*—अभीराः कालतोयदाः, *b*—अभिराः कालतोयदाः. For the Ābhiras who lived to the north of the Rajputana desert, see Sircar, *Suc. Sāt.* pp. 242 f. We may also think of Abiravān between Herat and Kandahar which may have been the original home of the Ābhīras. In the 3rd century A.D., there was an Ābhīra kingdom in the north-western Deccan. Kālatoyaka=Kalāt in Baluchistan.

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8. *Mk*—अपरान्ताश्च शूद्राश्च, *Vy acde, Bmd*—अपरीताश्च शूद्राश्च; *Vy b* omits शूद्र; *Mts a*—पुरन्ध्राश्चैव शूद्राश्च, *bc*—पुरन्ध्राश्चैव शूद्राश्च, *c* (v.l.)—परान्ध्राश्चैव शूद्राश्च; *Vmn*—अपरान्तस्तथा शूद्राः. The Śūdras lived near the Ābhīras; cf. Sircar, *op. cit.*, p. 242. Aparānta=Aparīta=Purandhra may be Greek Paraitakene in the lower Helmund valley. As the Śūdras are mentioned below separately (p. 25, n. 2), we may possibly suggest Kṣudra or Kṣudraka (Greek Oxydrakai) living about the Montgomery Dist. See Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, p. 205.

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9. *Mk ad, Vy be* (v.l.)—पल्लवाश्चर्मखण्डिकाः; *Vy acde*—पल्लवाश्चर्म-खण्डिकाः; *Mk bc, Bmd*—पल्लवाश्चर्मखण्डिकाः; *Mts*—पल्लवाश्चातखण्डिकाः;

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गान्धारा यवनाश्चैव सिन्धु-सौवीर-मद्रकाः² । शतद्रुजाः कुणिन्दाश्च पारदा हारहूणाः⁴ ।। रमठा रुद्धटका⁵ कैकेया दशमानकाः⁶ ।

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Vmn—पल्लवाश्च सबेटकाः. Pahlava=the Pahlavis or Persians (Sasanians ?). Carmakhaṇḍika=people of Samarkand.

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1. Mk acd, Vy, Bmd, Mts, Vmn=गान्धारा यवनाश्चैव; Mk b—गान्धारा गबलाश्चैव. Gandhāra=the Rawalpindi and Peshawar Districts. Cf. Raychaudhuri, op. cit., pp. 124 f. The ancient capitals of the country were Takṣaśilā in the Rawalpindi Dist. and Puṣkalāvati (Charsadda near Peshawar), and Uḍabhāṇḍapura (Und near Attock) in the early medieval period. Yavana= Indo-Greek settlements in the north-western part of India and adjoining lands. Cf. Sircar, op. cit., p. 31.

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2. Mk, Bmd, Mts abe—सिन्धुसौवीरमद्रकाः ; Vy acde, Mts c (v.l.), Vmn—सिन्धुसौवीरभद्रकाः ; Vy b—सिन्धुसौवीरमद्रकाः । According to Alb. Ind., I, pp. 259-60, Sauvira included Multān and Jahrāvār which latter lay about fifty miles below the junction of the Jhelam and the Chenab. Sindhu lay to the west and Sauvīra to the east of the lower Indus. Madra= district round Sialkot (ancient Śākala).

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3. Mk—शतद्रुजाः कलिङ्गाश्च ; Vy acde—शकहदाः कुलिन्दाश्च ; e (v.l.)—शकाः ह्रदाः कुणिन्दाश्च ; Bmd—शका हूणाः कलिन्दाश्च ; Mts—शका द्रुहाः पुलिन्दाश्च, c (v.l.)—शतद्रव (वः) पुलिन्दाश्च ; Vy b—शकाद्रिहा ललिताश्च. The ancient Kuṇindas are supposed to be represented by the modern Kunets of Kūlu and the Simla region; but they formerly appear to have extended upto the Shaharanpur and Ambala Districts where their coins have been discovered in large numbers. See Smith, Cat., p. 161. Satadruja= people of Satlaj valley.

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4. Bmd—पारदा हारहूणाः ; Mk—पारदा हारभूपिकाः ; Vy acde—परिता हारपूरिकाः ; Mts—पारदा हारभूर्तिकाः, c (v.l.)—परेता हारभूपिकाः. Omitted in Vy b. The reading हारहूण is supported by Mbh, II, 32, 12, while Bs, XIV, 33 suggests हारहूर which is also supported by Km. The Pāradas were the Parthians who lived in the Khorasan region. The Hārahūṇas or Hārahūras were probably a branch of the Huns who subjugated the whole land from Central Asia to Central India about the end of the 5th century A. D. Motichandra locates the Hārahūras in the Herat region (op. cit., p. 66).

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5. Mk—माठरा बहुभद्राश्च, Vya—रमठा रुद्धटकाः ; cde—रमटा रुद्धटकाः ; Bmd. रमणा रुद्धटकाः; Mts--रामठाः कष्टकाराश्च ; Vmn—माठरोदकत्राश्च. Omitted in Vy b. Lévi locates the Ramaṭhas between Ghazni and Wakhan (J.A., 1918, p. 126). The Ruddhaṭakas may have lived in the gold-producing Rudok area of Tibet.

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6. Mk—कैकेया दशमालिकाः ; Bmd—केकेया दशमालिकाः ; Vy ac—केकेया दशमाणिकाः ; de—केकेया दशमानिकाः; Mts a—कैकेया दशमानकाः;

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क्षत्रियोपनिवेशश्च¹ तथा शूद्रकुलानि च² ।। ³काम्बोजा दरदाश्चैव⁴ वर्वरा अङ्गलोकिकाः⁵ । चीनाश्चैव तुषाराश्च⁶ बहुला बाह्यतो नराः⁷ ।।

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*b*—कैकैया दशनामकाः, *c* (v.l.)—कैकैया दशनामिकाः; Vmn *a*—कैकैया दशमास्तथा, *b*—कैकैया दशनास्तथा; Vy *e* (v.l.)—केशपा दशमाणिकाः. Omitted in Vy *b*. For the Kekayas, cf. Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 52 ff. They lived between the Jhelam and the Beas and had their capital at Girivraja (Jalālpur on the Jhelam). The Daśamānakas may have lived in the Dasht valley in Kalāt.

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1. Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd—क्षत्रियोपनिवेशश्च; Mts—क्षत्रियोपनिवेश्याश्च; Vmn—क्षत्रियाः प्रतिवैश्याश्च. Omitted in Vy *b*. For the Kṣatris (Greek Xathroi) living near the confluence of the Chenab and the Indus, see Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, p. 207.

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2. Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd—वैश्यशूद्रकुलानि च; Mts—वैश्याः शूद्रकुलानि च; Vmn—तथा शूद्रकुलानि च. Omitted in Vy *b*. See p. 23, note 8 above.

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3. The following two lines are omitted in Mts and partly in Vy *b*.

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4. Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd, Vmn—काम्बोजा दरदाश्चैव. The Kāmbojas probably lived in the land extending from the Rajauri valley in Kashmir to the Hindu Kush. The Daradas lived round Daratpuri in the upper valley of the Kishengaṅgā in northern Kashmir. Some scholars locate the Kāmbojas near Badakhshan beyond the Hindu Kush. See Chapter IV. below.

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5. Mk *abc*—वर्वरा हर्षवर्द्धनाः; Vy *acde*—वर्वराः प्रियलौकिकाः; Mk *d*, Bmd—वर्वरा अङ्गलोकिकाः; Vmn *a*—वर्वराश्चाङ्गलोकिकाः, *b*—वर्वराश्चाङ्गलोकिकाः. Aṅgaloka is also mentioned elsewhere in the Purāṇas; cf. below, p. 60, note 9. Varvara reminds one of Barbaricum, a port on the principal mouth of the Indus in the early centuries of the Christian era. But apparently the same people is also mentioned elsewhere; cf. *loc. cit.*, note 7. Aṅgaloka may be the land of the Agalassoi of the Greeks. But they lived in the land between the Jhelam and the Chenab.

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6. Mk *ad*, Bmd, Vy *e* (v.l.)—चीनाश्चैव तुषाराश्च; Vy *acde*—पीनाश्चैव तुषाराश्च; Mk *bc*—चीनाश्चैव तुखाराश्च; Vmn—वेणाश्चैव तुषाराश्च. चीन = the Tibeto-Chinese peoples. तुखार, तुषार—cf. Tukhāristān of the Arabs which included the old Bactria and indicated the mountainous country on both sides of the middle Oxus as far as Badakhshan though the country to the south of the river was usually understood by the name (Wellhausen, *The Arab Kingdom and its Fall*, tr. p. 430). For the Chinas, see Jarret, *Ain-i-Akbarī*, pp. 118-19; also below, p. 60, n. 6; p. 61, n.1; Chapter IV.

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7. Mk *abc*—बहुला बाह्यतो नराः; Vy *acde*, Mk *d*—पल्लवा बाह्यतोदराः; Bmd—पल्लवाश्च क्षतोदराः; Vmn—बहुधा बाह्यतो दराः; Vy *b*—मल्लकोदराः (?), *c* (v.l.)—रन्धाराः क्षतोदराः ।

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क्षत्रयोथ भरद्वाजाः¹ प्रस्थलाश्च दसेरकाः² । लम्पाकास्तल(श्चाव?)गानाश्च³ चूलिका जागुडैः सहः⁴ ।। ⁵ओपधा(औरसा?)श्चानिमद्राश्च⁶ किरातानाञ्च जातयः⁷ । तोमरा हंसमार्गश्च⁸ काश्मीरास्तङ्गणास्तथा⁹ ।।

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1. Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd—आत्रेयाश्च भरद्वाजाः; Mts *a*—क्षत्रयोथ भरद्वाजाः; *bc*—अत्रयोथ भरद्वाजा; Vmn—आत्रेयाः सभद्वाजाः; Vy *b*—आत्रेयाश्च भरद्काः

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2. Mk *acd*—पुष्कलाश्च कशेरुकाः; *b*—पुष्कलाश्च कुशरुकाः; Vy *adde* Bmd—प्रस्थलाश्च कसेरुकाः; Mts—प्रस्थलाः सदसेरकाः, *c* (v.l.)—प्रस्थलाः सहसौभकाः; Vmn, Mk *c* (v.l.)—प्रस्थलाश्च दशेरकाः. Both Prasthala and Puṣkalāvataka are mentioned in the list of Bs, 16, 26. Rām, IV.43, 11 locate Prasthala in the north. Puṣkala=people of Puṣklāvatī, modern Prang-Charsadda-Mir Ziyarat region near Peshawar. Daseraka=Maru, i.e. the Marwar region in Rajputana.

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3. Mk—लम्पाकाः शुलकाराश्च; Vy *acde*, Bmd—लम्पाकास्तनपाश्चैव; Mts *a*—लम्पाकास्तलनाश्च *bc*—लम्पाकास्तलगानाश्च, *c*(v.l.)—लम्पाकास्त- ङ्गाणश्चैव; Vy *e* (v.l.)—लम्पाकास्तानकाश्चैव, लम्पाकास्तनकाश्चैव, लम्पाका- स्तनसाश्चैव, *b*—लम्पाकास्तलकूनाश्च. Lampāka=modern Laghman in Afghanistan. The Āvagānas or Afghans are mentioned in Bs.

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4. Mk—चुलिका जागुडैः सह; Vy *acde*, Bmd—पीडिका जुहुडैः सह; Vy *b*—सूलिका जगरैः सह, *e*(v.l.)—चूडिका जुहुडैः सह; Mts—सैनिकाः सह जाङ्गलैः; Vmn—चूडिकास्तङ्गणैः सह । Jāguḍa=South Afghanistan with its capital at Ghazni. The Culikas were the Sogdians living to the north of the Oxus. See Bagchi in *JDL*, XXI.

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5. The following three lines are omitted in Mts and Vy *b*.

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6. Mk *a*—ओपधाश्चालिमद्राश्च, *bd*—ओपधाश्चानिमद्राश्च, *c*—ओषधा- श्चानिमद्राश्च; Vy *a* अपसाश्चालिमद्राश्च; Bmd, Vy *cde*—अपगाश्चालि- मद्राश्च; Vmn—अलसाश्चालिमद्राश्च. Aurasa=people of Urasā, modern Hazara District. See below, p. 61, note 8.

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7. Mk, Vy *acde*, Bmd, Vmn—किरातानाञ्च जातयः । cf. p. 22, n. 1.

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8. Mk—तामसा हंसमार्गश्च; Vy *acde*, Bmd—तोमरा हंसमार्गश्च; Vmn—तामसा कर्ममार्गश्च. See p. 36, note 5. Haṃsamārga=Humza in North-West Kashmir.

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9. Mk *ac*, Vy *acde*, Bmd—काश्मीरास्तङ्गणस्तथा; Mk *b*—काश्मीरा- स्तङ्गणस्तथा; *d*—काश्मीरास्तुमणास्तथा; Vmn—सुपार्श्वा गणकास्तथा. Kāśmīra=people of the upper Vitastā valley. The land of the Taṅgaṇa or Taṅgana people probably had its headquarters at Taṅgaṇapura near Joshimath in the Garhwal District, U.P. (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXI, p. 286).

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कुलूताश्चाहू(बाही?)काश्चैव¹ ऊर्णा(हूणा?) दार्वास्तथैव च²। एते देशा उदीच्यास्तु³ प्राच्यान् देशान् निबोधत⁴।।

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III

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अङ्गा वङ्गा मुद्गरा⁵ अन्तर्गिरिवहिर्गिरी⁶।

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1. Mk—शुलिकाः कुहकाश्चैव; Vy a, Bmd—चुलिकाश्चाहुकाश्चैव; Vy cde—चूलिकाश्चाहुकाश्चैव; Vmn a—कुलुतो कुहिकाश्चूर्णाः, b—कुलूताः कुहिकाश्चूर्णाः; Vy e (v.l.)—चूलिका बाहुकाश्चैव. For the Kulūtas of Kulu in the Kangra Dist., see Allan, Cat. C.A.I., p. c; for the Bāhikas of the Punjab, see Sircar, Sel. Ins., I, p. 276 n.

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2. Mk ac—जर्णा दार्वास्तथैव च, d—ऊर्णा दार्वास्तथैव च; Bmd, Mk b—ऊर्णा दार्वास्तथैव च; Vmn—तूर्णपादाः सकुक्कुटाः ; Vy acde—पूर्णदार्वास्तथैव च. The reading suggested by another passage (p. 36, note 8) is हूणा दार्वा०. The Harṣacarita places the Hūṇas in the Uttarāpatha apparently somewhere about the Western Panjab. Dārva=people of Dārvābhisāra which roughly comprised the Punch and Naoshera regions between the Jhelam and the Chenab.

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3. Mk abc—एते देशा हूदीच्यास्तु; d—एते दशा हूदीच्यास्तु; Vy aede, Bmd—एते देशा हूदीच्याश्च; Mts—एते देशा उदीच्यास्तु. Vmn has rather freely—माण्डव्याः पानवीयाश्च उत्तरपथवासिनः । Cf. p. 37, n. 5.

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4. Vy acde, Bmd, Mts—प्राच्यान् देशान् निबोधत; Mk—प्राच्यान् देशान् निबोध मे । Cf. p. 37, n. 6.

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5. Mk abc—अधारका मुदकराः, d—अन्धा वका मुद्गराः, c (v.l.)—अन्धवाश्च मुद्गराः ; Vy acde, Bmd—अन्धवाकाः सुजरकाः; Vy b—अन्धवाका मुद्रकाः; Mts ab—अङ्गा वङ्गा मदगराः, c—अङ्गा वङ्गा भद्गराः, v.l.—अङ्गा वङ्गा भद्रकाः, अङ्गा वङ्गा मदगराः, Vmn—अङ्गा वङ्गा मदगुराः. Aṅga and Vaṅga appear to have been separated from Āṅgeya and Vāṅgeya through confusion (cf. below). Mudgaraka (modern Monghyr) is the same as Mudgara of Km and Mudgagiri of inscriptions. Aṅga=East Bihar and Vaṅga=South-East Bengal. For the Aṅga capital Campā near Lakhisarai in the Monghyr Dist., see JBRS, Vol. XLI, p. 150. For the Vaṅga capital near the mouth fo the Bhāgīrathī, see below.

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6. Mk abc—अन्तर्गिर्या बहिगिराः, c (v.l.)—अन्तर्गिरबहिंगिराः; Vy acde, Bmd, Mk d—अन्तर्गिरबहिंगिराः; Mts—अन्तर्गिरबहिंगिरी; Vmn—स्वन्तर्गिरबहिंगिराः; Vy b—प्राग्गिरबहिंगिराः. Antargiri and Bahirgiri may be located towards the north of Prāgjyotiṣa (Assam) on the strength of Mbh, II, 27, 1-3.

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¹तथा प्रवङ्ग-वाङ्ग्रेया² मलदा मल्लवर्त्तकाः³ ।। ⁴ब्रह्मोत्तरा प्र(श्री?) विजया⁵ भार्गवाङ्गेय-मल्लकाः⁶ । प्राग्ज्योतिषाश्च पौण्ड्राश्च⁷ विदेहास्ताम्रलिप्तकाः⁸ ।।

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1. The line is omittted in Mts ab.

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2. Mk ac—यथा प्रवङ्ग रङ्ग्रेयाः; b—तथा प्रवङ्ग रङ्ग्रेयाः; c (v.l.) तथा सवङ्गा वङ्ग्रेयाः; d—तथा प्लवङ्गा रंगेयाः; Vy acde—तथा प्रवंगवंगेयाः; b—तथा प्रथगवंगेयाः; Bmd—तथा प्रवंगा बङ्गाश्च; Vmn—तथा प्रवंगवाङ्गेयाः; Mts c—ततः प्लवंगमातङ्गाः. The correct reading of the names and their identification are doubtful.

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3. Mk abc—मानदा मानवर्त्तकाः; c (v.l.)—मालदा मालवर्त्तिकाः; d—मालदा मलवर्त्तिकाः; Vy acde—मालदा मालवर्त्तिनः; e (v.l.)—मलदा मलवर्त्तिनः; मालवा मलवर्त्तिनः; b—मालवा मालवर्त्तिकाः; Mts c—यमका मल्लवर्णकाः; Bmd—मालदा मालवणिकाः; Vmn—मांसादा वलदन्तिकाः. The Maladas and Mallavartakas are also known from Km. Cf. p. 33, note 8 below.

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4. This line is omitted in Vy b.

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5. Mk acd—ब्राह्मोत्तराः प्रविनजयाः; Vy acde, Bmd, Vmn a, Mk b—ब्रह्मोत्तराः प्रविनजयाः; Vmn b—ब्रह्मोत्तराः प्राविजयाः; Mts abc—सुह्मोत्तराः प्रविनजयाः; c (v.l.)—सह्योत्तराः प्रविनजयाः. The reading सुह्मोत्तर is not supported by Km which reads सुह्म (the ancient name of Rāḍha in South West Bengal) and ब्रह्म or ब्रह्मोत्तर side by side. Brahmottara may be associated with the name of Burma which is derived from the Mrama, one of the three tribes that migrated into Burma and ultimately lent their name as a national designaton to all Burmese. Cf. below, p. 64 note 1. But for a Barmhattar in Sarkar Satgaon, see Jarret, op. cit., p. 141. Śrīvijaya (modern Palembang in Sumatra) was the capital of the Śailendra emperors in the early medieval period.

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6. Mk abc—भार्गवा ज्ञेयमल्लकाः; d—भार्गवा गेयमल्लकाः; Vy acde, Bmd—भार्गवा गेयमर्थकाः; Mts abc—मार्गवा गेयमालवाः; c (v.l.)—भार्गवां-ज्ञेयमालवाः; भार्गवाश्चार्यगलवाः; मार्गवा ये च मालवाः; Vmn a—भार्गवांगेय-मर्यकाः; b—भार्गवांगेयमर्षकाः. The correct reading of the names and their location are doubtful.

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7. Mk—प्राग्ज्योतिषाश्च मद्राश्च; Vy—प्राग्ज्योतिषाश्च मुण्डाश्च; Bmd—प्राग्ज्योतिषाश्च पौण्ड्राश्च; Mts—प्राग्ज्योतिषाश्च पुण्ड्राश्च; Vmn—प्राग्ज्योतिषाः पुण्ड्राश्च. Prāgjyotiṣa=modern Gauhati area of Assam and the adjoining region. Pauṇḍra=people of North Bengal with their city called पुण्ड्रनगर (later पुण्ड्रवर्द्धन); modern Mahāsthān in the Bogra District.

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8. Mk, Vy acde, Bmd, Mts, Vmn—विदेहास्ताम्रलिप्तकाः; Vmb—आबिकास्ताम्रलिप्तकाः. Videha=a people living in North Bihar and the adjoining region with their capital at Mithilā, modern Janakpur in the मल्ला मगध-गोनर्दाः¹ प्राच्या जनपदाः स्मृताः² ॥

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³अथापरे जनपदा⁴ दक्षिणपथवासिनः⁵ । पाण्ड्याश्च केरलाश्चैव⁶ चोलाः कुलयास्तथैव च⁷ ॥ सेतुका मूषिकाश्चैव⁸ कुमारा वनवासकाः⁹ ।

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Nepalese Tarai. Tāmraliptaka= people of the district round modern Tamluk in South-West Bengal.

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1. Mk *abc*—मल्ला मगधगोमन्ताः; *d*—मल्ला मगधगोमेदाः; Vy—माला मगधगोविन्दाः; Bmd—माला मगधगोनन्दाः ; Mts *a*—शाल्वमगधगोनर्दाः; *bc*—शाल्वमागधगोनर्हाः, Vmn—माला मगधमानन्दाः. For the Mallas of the district round Kuśinagara (Kasia in the Gorakhpur District), see Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, pp. 106 f. Note that Magadha was sometimes located in Madhyadeśa (p.22, note 4) and sometimes in Prācya. *Vj* which locates the Andhras and Sālvas (cf. p. 27, note 5,) in East India apparently relied on these erroneous texts of the Purāṇas. For Gonarda which belonged to East India only theoretically, see *JAHRS*, Vol. IX, part i, p. 1 ff., and below.

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2. Mk, Vy *a*, Bmd, Mts—प्राच्या जनपदाः स्मृताः; Vmn—प्राच्या जनपदास्त्वमे; Vy *cde*—प्राच्यां जनपदाः स्मृताः ।

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3. The following line is omitted in Vmn.

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4. Mk, Vy, Bmd—अथापरे जनपदाः; Mts—तेषां परे जनपदाः

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5. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts—दक्षिणपथवासिनः. Cf. p. 37, n. 10.

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6. Mk *ac*, Vmn—पुण्ड्राश्च केरलाश्चैव; Mk *b*—पुण्ड्राश्च केवलाश्चैव; Vy, Bmd, Mts, Mk *d*—पाण्ड्याश्च केरलाश्चैव. The Pāṇḍyas and Keralas lived about the Madurai-Ramanathapuram-Tirunelveli region and the Malayalam-speaking area respectively.

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7. Mk *ac*—गोलाङ्गूलास्तथैव च, *b*—गोलाङ्गूलार्तथैव च, *d*—चोलाः कुलयास्तथैव च; Vy, Bmd—चोल्याः कुलयास्तथैव च; Mts—चोलाः कुलयास्तथैव च; Vmn—चौडाकुल्याश्च राक्षस. For the reading गोलाङ्गूल which seems to be a later emendation, see *Bs*, 16, 3. The Colas lived about the Tanjavur and Tiruchirappalli Districts of Madras State.

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8. Mk—शैलषा मूषिकाश्चैव; Vy, Bmd—सेतुका मूषिकाश्चैव; Mts—सेतुकाः सूतिकाश्चैव; Vmn—जानुका मूषिकादाश्च. Setuka=people of Setubandha-Rāmeśvara. Muṣika=probably the people living on the banks of the Musi now running by the town of Hyderabad (Raychaudhuri, *op. cit.*, p. 80). Another river of this name runs through the Nellore and Guntur Districts.

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9. Mk *abc*—कुसुमा नाम वासकाः, *d*—कुमारा वनवासकाः; Vy *acde*—कुमना वनवासकाः; Bmd—कुनासा वानवासकाः; Mts—कुपया वाजिवासिकाः, महाराष्ट्र माहिषकाः¹ कलिङ्गाश्चैव सर्व्वशः² ॥ कावेराः सह चैषीका³ आटव्याः शबराश्च ये⁴ ॥ पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यमूला (या)⁵ विदर्भा दण्डकैः सह⁶ ॥ पोरिका मौलिका (मोलका?) श्चैव⁸ अश्मका भोगवर्द्धनाः⁹ ॥

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c (v.l.)—कुपथा वाजिकाः शकाः, कुपथा वाजिकाशिकाः ; Vmn—कुमारदा महा-शकाः; Vy b—रुमना वनवासिकाः. The Vanavāsakas were the inhabitants of modern Banavasi in the North Kanara District. Kumāra=people of Cape Comorin called Kumāridvīpa.

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1. Mk. Vy, Bmd, Vmn a—महाराष्ट्र माहिषकाः ; Mts a—नवराष्ट्रा माहिषकाः; bc—नवराष्ट्रा माहिषकाः; Mk d, Vmn b—महाराष्ट्र माहिषकाः. Mahārāṣṭra=modern Marāṭhā country. Māhiṣaka=people of the ancient Mahiṣaviṣaya in Mysore or of Māhiṣmatī on the Narmadā.

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2. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts, Vmn—कलिङ्गाश्चैव सर्व्वशः; Mts c (v.l.)—कपिलाश्चैव सर्व्वशः. The Kalinga country originally comprised the present Puri and Ganjam Districts of Orissa and the adjoining regions.

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3. Mk—आभीराः सहवैशक्याः; Vy abe (v.l.), Bmd—आभीराः सहचैषीकाः; Vy cde—अभीराः सहचैषीकाः; Mts—कारूषाश्च सहैषीकाः; c (v.l.) कावेराश्च सहोषीकैः; Vmn—आभीराः सहवैसक्याः. Kāvera=people living on the Kāverī.

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4. Mk abc—आढव्याः शबराश्च ये; Mk d, Vy b—आटव्याः शबराश्च ये; Vy acde. Bmd—आटव्याश्च वराश्च ये; Mts—आटव्याः शबरास्तथा, Vmn—आरण्याः शबराश्च ये. Śavara foresters=the Saoras of Ganjam and Visakhapatnam.

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5. Mk abc—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यमौलेयाः, d—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यमालयाः; Vy ace, Bmd—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यमूलाः; Vy ad—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यमूलाः; Mts—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यपुषिकाः; Vmn—पुलिन्दा विन्ध्यशौलेयाः. The reference is to the Pulindas of the Vindhyan region.

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6. Mk, Vy bcde, Mts be, Vmn b—वेदर्भा दण्डकैः सह; Vy a, Bmd, Mts a—विदर्भा दण्डकैः सह; Vmn a—वेदभो दण्डकैः सह. The Prakritism in the form वेदभो is interesting to note. Vidarbha=modern Berar and the adjoining regions. Daṇḍaka is the old name of parts of the Marāṭhā country including especially the Nasik District.

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7. The following lines together with the first line of the next Section are omitted in Mts.

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8. Mk—पोरिका मौलिकाश्चैव; Vy a—पौनिका मौलिकाश्चैव, cde—पानिका मौनिकाश्चैव, b recognises मूलिक only; Bmd—शोलिका मौलिकाश्चैव. Paurika=people of Puri in the Konkan. Maulika=people of Mūlaka, the district round Paithan on the Godavari in the Aurangabad District, Bombay.

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9. Mk, Vy ab, Bmd, Vmn b—अश्मका भोगवर्द्धनाः; Vy cde—अस्मका

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नै(ऋ?)षिका: कुन्तला अन्धा¹ उद्रिदा नलकालिका:(०लूपा:?)² । दाक्षिणात्याश्च वै देशा³ अपरान्तान् निबोधत⁴ ॥

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V

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⁵शूर्पिरका: कोलवना⁶ दुर्गास्तालीकटै: सह⁷ ।

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⁷ Mk abc—दुर्गाश्चानीकटै: सह, d—दुर्गाश्चामीकटै: सह; Vy acde—दुर्गा: कालीटकै: सह, b—दुर्गास्तल्लीटकै: सह; Bmd—दुर्गा: कालीटकै: सह; Vmn—दुर्गास्तालीकटै: सह. The reading तालीकट is supported by Bs, XIV, 11 and Mbh, II, 31, 65 (where तालाकट is a mistake for तालीकट). Tālikaṭa=Taḷakāḍ,

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भोगवर्धना:; Vmn a—अलका भोगवर्धना:. Aśmaka was contiguous to Mūlaka and had its capital at Paudanya, identified by Raychaudhuri with Bodhan in the Nizamabad District of Andhra Pradesh. Bhogavardhana reminds us of the Bhokardan Taluk of the Aurangabad District, Bombay.

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1. Mk ac—नैषिका: कुन्तला अन्धा:, b—नैषिका: कुन्तला अन्धा: d—नैषिका: कुन्तला आन्धा:; Vy ace—नैणिका: कुन्तला अन्धा:, b—नैतिका कुन्तला अन्धा:; d—नैर्णिका: कुन्तला आन्धा:; Bmd—मैन्दिका: कुन्तला अन्धा:; Vmn—नैमिका: कुन्दला आन्धा:. Kuntala=people of the region around the North Kanara District. The Andhra people lived in Andhrāpatha about the mouths of the Krishna and the Godavari. Originally they appear to have spread over large parts of the Central and Northern Deccan. For the Ṛṣikas on the Krishna, see Sircar, Sel. Ins., 1, p. 198 n.

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2. Mk—उद्रिदा वनदारका:, Vy acde, Bmd—उद्रिदा नलकालिका:, b—उद्रिदा नलकालिका:; Vmn a—उच्छिदा नलकारका:, b—उलिदा नलकारका: । नलकालिका:=नलकालुपा: ? =the Nalas and Ālupas ? उद्रिदा=अभीर ? The Ābhiras ruled in the northern part of Mahārāṣṭra and the Koṅkaṇ.

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3. Mk—दाक्षिणात्यास्त्वमी देशा:; Vy, Bmd—दाक्षिणात्याश्च वै देशा:. Vmn has rather freely—दाक्षिणात्या जनपदस्त्वमे शालकटांकट (b—°कटकट) Al--Bīrūnī wrongly recognises दाक्षिणात्य and वैदिश (sic. वै देशा:) as two janapadas of the South and refers to the following countries of the West as those belonging to the South.

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4. Mk abc—अपरान्तान् निबोध मे; d—अपरांस्तान् निबोध मे; Vy, Bmd—अपरांस्तान् निबोधत । Cf. p. 37, n. 10.

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5. The following line is omitted in Mts.

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6. Mk—सूर्यरका: कालिबला: ; Vy acd—शूर्पारा: कोलवना:, e—सूर्पाकारा: कालवना: ; Bmd, Vy b—शूर्पिरका: कोलवना; Vmn—शूर्परिका वारिधाना: Śūrpāraka=Sopara not far from Bombay. Kolavana=Kolāpura (Kolhapur), or Koḍagu (Coorg).

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पुलेयाश्च सुरा(मुर?) लाश्च¹ रूपसास्तामसैः सह² ।। ³तथा तुरमिनश्चैव (तुम्बवनाश्चैव ? )⁴ सर्वे चैव कारस्कराः⁵ । नासिकाद्याश्च ये चान्ये⁶ येचैवोत्तरनर्मदाः⁷ ।।

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the Western Gaṅga capital which was really in the south. Durga=people of the valley of the Durgā, a tributary of the Śābarmatī.

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1. Mk—पुलिन्दाश्च सुमोनाश्च ; Vy acde, Bmd—पुलेयाश्च सुरालाश्च ; Vy b—पुलेयाश्च करालाश्च (?) ; Mts—कुलीयाश्च सिरालाश्च ; Vmn—पुलीया-इवासिनौलाश्च. For a river called मुरला in which the अपरान्त elephants sported, see Sel. Ins., p. 453n. The Murala people is known to have come into contact with Pratīhāra Mahīpāla I according to Rājaśekhara’s Bālabhārata or Pracaṇḍaṭāṇḍava (N. S. P. ed., I. 7) and with Kalacuri Karṇa according to the Bheraghat inscription (Ep. Ind., II, p. 11). Paramāra Sindhurāja (c. 995-1010 A.D.) is represented in the Navasāhasānkacarita (X, 14-20) as having defeated the Muralas. The reading of the other names and their location are uncertain.

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2. Mk—रूपपा: स्वापदै: सह; Vy acde, Bmd—रूपसास्तापसै: सह ; Vmn—तापसास्तामसास्तथा ; Vy b—रूपकास्तामसै: सह. The reading of the names and their location are uncertain.

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3. Vmn has for the following two lines—कारस्करास्तु भमिनो नासिकान्ता: सूनर्मदा:

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4. Mk—तथा कुरुमिनश्चैव ; Vy acde, Bmd—तथा तु रसिताश्चैव ; Mts—तथा तैत्तिरिकाश्चैव ; Vy b—तथा तरूपणाश्चैव, e (v. l.)—तथा तु रमिनश्चैव Tumbavana=Tumain in the Guna Dist. of M. P.

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5. Mk—सर्वे चैव कठाक्षरा: ; Vy b, Mts, Mk c (v. l.)—सर्वे कारस्करा-स्तथा ; Vy acde—सर्वे चैव परक्षरा:, e (v. l.)—सर्वे चैव परस्करा: ; Bmd—सर्वे चैवापराक्षरा: ; cf. Vmn—कारस्करास्तु भमिन:. Mk d has, after this, the following additional lines—कारस्करा लोहजंघा वाजेया राजभद्रा: । तोसला: कोसलाश्चैव त्रैपुरा वैदिशस्तथा ।। तुषारास्तम्बुराश्चैव सर्वे चैव करस्करा: ।। The second of the three lines is taken out of the following Section. The Kāraskaras are known from Baudh. Dh. S., I, 2, 14—आरट्टान् कारस्करान् पुण्ड्रान् सौवीरान् बंगकलिङ्गान् प्राणूनान्ति च गत्वा पुनस्तोमेन यजेत सर्वपृष्ठया वा ।। Dey’s Geog. Dict. identifies Kāraskara with Karkal near Mangalore. But it is doubtful.

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6. Mk—नासिकाद्याश्च ये चान्ये ; Vy, Bmd—नासिकाद्याश्च ये चान्ये ; Vy e (v. l.)—नासिकाद्याश्च ये चान्ये, नासिकाद्याश्च ये चान्ये ; Mts a—वासिका-इचैव ये चान्ये, bc—बासिक्याश्चैव ये चान्ये. Nāsikya=people of Nasik in Bombay State.

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7. Mk, Vy b—ये चैवोत्तरनर्मदा: ; Bmd, Mts, Vy cde (v. l.)—ये चैवत्तर-नर्मदा: ; Vy ae—ये वै चान्तरनर्मदा:. Uttara-Narmada=people living on the northern bank of the Narmadā.

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भारु(भृगु)कच्छाः स-माहेयाः¹ सह सारस्वतैरपि² । कच्छीयाश्च सुराष्ट्राश्च³ आनर्ताश्चार्बुदैः सह⁴ ।। इत्येते अपरान्ताश्च⁵ शृणुध्वं विन्ध्यवासिनः⁶ ।। VI 'मलदाश्च कारूषाश्च⁷ मेकलाश्चोत्कलैः सह⁹ ।

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1. Mk—भीरुकच्छाः समाहेयाः ; Vy *acd*—भानुकच्छाः समाहेयाः ; Bmd Mts, Vy *e* (v. 1.)—भारुकच्छाः समाहेयाः ; Vmn—दारुकच्छाः सुमाहेयाः ; Vy *be*—भानुकच्छाः समाहेयाः. The Prakritism in the form भारुकच्छ (Pāli भरुकच्छ) for the Sanskritic भृगुकच्छ is interesting to note. Bhṛgukaccha=Broach. Māheya=people of the Mahi valley. Both the tracts are in Gujarat.

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2. Mk, Vmn, Vy *b*—सह सारस्वतैरपि ; Mts—सह सारस्वतैस्तथा, Vy *acde*, Bmd—सहसा शाश्वतैरपि. Sārasvata=people of the Sarasvati (Sarsuti) valley in the Eastern Punjab or in Gujarat (cf. Jarrett, *An-i-Akabari*, p. 229).

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3. Mk—काश्मीराश्च सुराष्ट्राश्च ; Vy, Bmd—कच्छीयाश्च सुराष्ट्राश्च ; Mts *a*—कच्छीकाश्चैव सौराष्ट्राः, *bc*—काच्छीकाश्चैव सौराष्ट्राः ; Vmn—वातसीयाश्च सुराष्ट्राश्च. Kacchiya=people of Kutch. Surāṣṭra=South Kathiawar.

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4. Mk *acd*, Vmn—आवन्त्याश्चार्बुदैः सह, Mk *b*—अवन्त्याश्चार्बुदैः सह; Vy *acde* (v.l.)—अनन्ताश्चार्बुदैः सह ; Bmd, Vy *e*—आनर्ताश्चार्बुदैः सह; Mts—आनर्ता अर्बुदैः सहः ; Vy *b*—अनर्ता हृद्बुदैः (sic) सह. Anarta=district round Dvārakā. Arbuda=Mount Abu in Rajasthan.

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5. Mk, Vy *e* (v.l.)—इत्येते ह्यपरान्ताश्च ; Vy *acde*, Bmd—इत्येते सम्परीताश्च; Mts—इत्येते अपरान्तास्तु. Vmn has rather freely—इत्येते पश्चिममाशां स्थिता जानपदा जनाः.

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6. Mk *acd*—शृणु विन्ध्यनिवासिनः, *b*—शृणु विन्ध्यनिवासिनः ; Vy *acde*, Bmd—शृणुध्वं विन्ध्यवासिनः; Mts—शृणु ये विन्ध्यवासिनः.

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7. Vy *b* omits several lines and makes the *janapadas* mentioned in the following two Sections as those belonging to the West. See p. 31, note 3.

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8. Mk *a*—सरजाश्च करुषाश्च, *bcd*—सरजाश्च करुषाश्च ; Vy *acde*, Bmd, Mts—मालवाश्च करुषाश्च ; Vmn—कारूषाश्चैकलव्याश्च; Vy *b*—मलदाश्च करुषाश्च. See p. 28, note 3. The Mālavas (Malloi of the Greeks) lived on the lower Irāvati (Rāvi) in the Punjab in the fourth century B.C. Later they are found settled in Rajputana and ultimately they gave their name to modern Malwa in Central India. Kārūṣa, which is also called Bṛhadgṛha, is the same as the present Shahabad District of Bihar. The Maladas probably lived to the west of the Kārūṣas and to the east of Prayāga (Allahabad). Lama Tāranātha who locates a Mālava country near Prayāga seems to have confused the Maladas with the Mālavas of Western India on the strength of erroneous Puranic passages quoted in the present note. cf. Bhandarkar's List, No. 1068.

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9. Mk—केरलाश्चोत्कलैः सह ; Vy *ae*—रोकलाश्चोत्कलैः सह; Bmd, ¹उत्तमर्णा(का ?) दशार्णश्च² भोजा: किष्किन्धकै: सह³ ।। तोशला: कोशलाश्चैव⁴ त्रैपुरा वैदिशस्तथा⁵ ।

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Mts, Vmn, Vy *bcd*—मेकलाश्चोत्कलै: सह. The name Mekala is still preserved in that of the present Maikal range which is the connecting link between the Vindhyas and the Satpuras and stretches from the Khairagarh area in M. P. to the Rewah region (Raychaudhuri, *Stud. Ind. Ant.*, p. 134). The Mekalas lived near the Amarkantak hills. Utkala was the western fringe of the Midnapur District and the adjoining parts of Orissa.

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1. The following line is wrongly placed in Section I in Mk *d*.

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2. Mk, Bmd, Vmn, Vy *d*—उत्तमर्णा दशार्णश्च ; Vy *ace*—उत्तमर्णा दशार्णश्च, *b*—उत्तमर्णा बशार्णश्च; Mts—औण्ड्रा माषा दशार्णश्च. Daśārṇa formed parts of modern East Malwa (cf. the river of the same name at p.47, n.4) and the adjoining regions. It was also known as Ākara and had its capital at Vidiśā. The Uttamakas may be the Uttamabhadras of the Pushkar region.

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3. Mk—भोज्या: किष्किन्धकै: सह ; Vy, Bmd, Mts—भोजा: किष्किन्धकै: सह ; Vmn—गोप्ता किकरवै: सह. The Bhojas originally lived in Berar but later founded a kingdom in the Goa region. The Kiṣkindhakas may be the people of Kekind in Jodhpur (Bhandarkar’s List, Nos. 199, 208, 1009) or of the Ramayanic Kiṣkindhyā identified with the Raichur-Bellary area of Mysore and the adjoining regions. In any case, *Vindhya* is used in a wide sense.

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4. Mk, Vmn *b*—तोशला: कोशलाश्चैव; Vy *acde*—तोसला कोसलाश्चैव; Bmd—तोसला: कौशलश्चैव; Vmn *a*—तोशला शोकलाश्चैव; Mts *ac*—स्तोशला कोसलाश्चैव, *b*—स्तोशला कौसलाश्चैव ; Vy *b* -recognises कोसल only. Both the names could be spelt either with the dental or with the palatal sibilant. Tośala was no doubt the district round the city of Tośali (modern Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar in the Puri District, Orissa). In the early medieval period, the Tośala *janapada* is known to have been divided into Uttara-Tośala and Dakṣiṇa-Tośala. Kośala here is no doubt Dakṣiṇa-Kośala, identified with the modern Raipur-Bilaspur-Sambalpur region of M. P. and Orissa. See Raychaudhuri, *PHAI*, pp. 252, 452.

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5. Mk *a*—त्रैपुरा वैदिशस्तथा, *bcd*—त्रैपुरा वैदिशस्तथा ; Vy—त्रपुरा वैदिकास्तथा; Bmd, Mts—त्रैपुरा वैदिशास्तथा ; Vmn—त्रैपुरा: खेलिशास्तथा. The Traipuras were the people of Tripura or Tripuri, modern Tewar in the Jabalpur District. The Vaidiśas were the people of Vidiśā, modern Besnagar near Bhilsa in M. P.

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तुम्बुरास्तम्बुराश्चैव (तुम्बानास्तम्बवनाश्च?)¹ पटवो निषधैः सह² ॥ ³अनूपास्तुण्डिकेशाश्च⁴ वीतिहोत्रा अवन्त्यः⁵ ॥

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1. Mk *abc*—तुम्बुरास्तम्बुलाश्चैव, *d*—तुम्बरास्तम्बुलाश्चैव ; Vy *acde*, Bmd—तुम्बुरास्तम्बुराश्चैव; Mts *a*—तुम्बरास्तम्बराश्चैव, *bc*—तुमुवास्तम्बराश्चैव; Vmn—तुरगास्तम्बराश्चैव; Vy *b*—थर्पुरास्तम्बुराश्चैव. One of the names appears to be a mistake for तुम्बवन, modern Tumain in the Guna Dist., M. P. The other locality may be Tummāna (=Tumān), 45 miles north of Ratanpur in the Bilaspur Dist., M. P.

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2. Mk *a*—पटवो निषधैः सह, *bc*—पटवो नैषधैः सह, *d*—पटवी नैषधैः सह; Vy *acde*, Bmd—पट्टसुरा निषधैः सह; Vy *e* (v.l.)—पट्टसुराः नैषधैः सह; Mts *ab*—पद्गमा निषधैः सह, *c*—पद्गमा नैषधैः सह; Vmn *a*—वहेला निषधैः सह, *b*—वहेला नैषधैः सह; Vy *b*—षत्तुमानाः पधैः सह. The Niṣadhas are associated with the Pāriyātra. They probably lived about Nalapura, modern Narwar in the Shivapuri Dist., M. P. The other people's name and location are uncertain.

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3. The following four lines are omitted in Vy *b*.

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4. Mk *abcd*—अन्नजास्तुण्डिकाराश्च, *c* (v.l.)—अनूपास्तुण्डिकेशाश्च; Vy *acde*, Bmd, Vmn—अनूपास्तुण्डिकेशाश्च; Vy *e* (v.l.)—अणुपास्तुण्डिकेशाश्च; Mts—अरूपाः शौण्डिकेशाश्च. Omitted in Vy *b*. Anūpa was on the Narmadā with the city of Māhiṣmati (modern Māndhātā in the Nimār District, M. P.) as its capital. The Haihaya king Arjuna, son of Kṛtavīrya, ruled at Māhiṣmati. Like the Bhojas, Vītihotras and Avantis mentioned in the Section, the Tuṇḍikeras were a branch of the Haihayas. According to the Purāṇas (Mts, 43, 48-49; Vy, 94, 51-52; Bmh, 13, 203-04; Pdm, Sṛṣṭi-khaṇḍa, 12, 35-36; Hv, I, 33, 51-52), the Haihayas were subdivided into five clans, viz., Vītihotra (wrongly called वीरहोत्र in some texts), Bhoja, Avanti, Tuṇḍikera (called कुण्डिकर, तौण्डिकर and तुण्डकेर in some texts) and तालजंघ. Pargiter (*AIHT*, p. 98, etc.) refers to the name of the Haihaya clan श्याति read in some texts as सुरताः, सब्जाताः, असंख्याताः, सुजाताः, etc. The Haihayas were themselves a branch of the Yādavas. See, e. g., Vsn, IV, Ch. II, Sections i ff.

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5. Vy *acde*, Bmd—वीतिहोत्रा ह्यवन्त्यः; Mk—वीरहोत्रा ह्यवन्त्यः; Mts—वीतिहोत्रा अवन्त्यः; Vmn—वीतिहोत्रास्त्ववन्त्यः. Omitted in Vy *b*. The Avanti people lived in West Malwa and the Vītihotras probably on the Narmadā to the south of the Avantis.

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एते जनपदाः सर्वे¹ विन्ध्यपृष्ठनिवासिनः² ॥

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अतो देशान् प्रवक्ष्यामि³ पर्वताश्रयिणश्च ये⁴ । निराहारा हंसमार्गाः⁵ कुरुवस्तङ्गुणाः खसाः⁶ ॥ कर्णप्रावरणाश्चैव⁷ हूणा दार्वाः स-हूकाः⁸ ।

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1. Mk, Vy, Bmd—एते जनपदाः सर्वे; Mts—एते जनपदाः ख्याताः. Vmn has rather freely—सुकेशा विन्ध्यमूलस्थास्त्वमे जनपदा स्थ(b-स्मृ)ताः:

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2. Mk, Vy, Bmd, Mts—विन्ध्यपृष्ठनिवासिनः

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3. Mk, Vy acde, Bmd, Mts—अतो देशान् प्रवक्ष्यामि; Vmn—आद्यान् देशान् प्रवक्ष्यामः. The reference below is to the Himalayan peoples.

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4. Mk, Vy acde, Bmd, Mts—पर्वताश्रयिणश्च ये; Vmn—पर्वताश्रयिणस्तये

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5. Mk—नीहारा हंसमार्गाश्च; Vy acde, Bmd—निगर्हरा हंसमार्गाः; Mts—निराहाराः सर्वगाश्च; Vmn a—निहारं हंसमार्गाः, b—निराहारा हंसमार्गाः. The Haṃsamārgas of the Himalayan region are also known from other passages; cf. below, Chapter III, Section VIII; also above, p. 26, note 8. They lived in North-West Kashmir. The name and location of the other people are uncertain.

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6. Mk—कुरुवो गुर्गुणाः खसाः; Vy acde—क्षुपणास्तङ्गुणाः खसाः, e (v.l.)—कुणपास्तङ्गुणाः खसाः, क्षुपणास्तङ्गुणास्त्रसाः, क्षुपणास्तङ्गुणाः स्वसाः; Bmd—कुपथास्तङ्गुणाः खसाः; Mts—कुपथा अपथास्तथा; Vmn—कुपथास्तङ्गुणाः खशाः. These Kurus are doubtless the celebrated Uttarakurus living in the Himalayan region. The Khasas (identified with the modern Khakkas) lived about Kashmir. Mts, Vy and Bmd refer to a Himalayan locality called कुपथ or अपथ (cf. Chapter III, Section X, G). For the Taṅgaṇas, see above, p 26, note 9.

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7. Mk. कुन्तप्रावरणाश्चैव; Vy acde—कुशप्रावरणाश्चैव; Bmd, Vy b—कर्णप्रावरणाश्चैव; Mts, Vmn, Vy e (v.l.)—कुथप्रावरणाश्चैव. Both कुथप्रावरण and कर्णप्रावरण situated in the Himalayan region are elsewhere mentioned in Mts, Vy and Bmd (cf. Chapter III, Section X, G and H). Rām, IV, 40, 25 locates कर्णप्रावरण in the eastern direction, probably in the eastern Himalayas.

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8. Mk a—ऊर्णा दार्वाः सकृत्रकाः; bcd—ऊर्णा दार्वाः सकृत्रकाः; Vy acde—हूणा दार्वाः सहूकाः; Bmd—हूणदर्वाः बहुदकाः; Mts a—ऊर्णा दार्वाः समुद्रकाः, bc—ऊर्णा दार्वाः समुद्रकाः; Vmn—ऊर्णाः प्लुष्टाः सहूकाः; Vy b—हूणा दार्वाः सहूकाः; e (v.l.)—हूणा दार्वाः सुहूकाः, हूणा दार्वाः सहूकाः. For the Hūṇas and Dārvas, see p. 27, note 2 above. For the Hūhukas of the Himalayan region, see Chapter III, Section X, H.

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त्रिगर्त्ता मालवाश्चैव¹ किरातास्तामरैः (०स्तोमरेः ?) सह² ॥

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VIII

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