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State and Government in Ancient India c27: Subject-Index

State and Government in Ancient India c27

Language
English

Subject-Index

c27.1

*N. B.—Numbers refer to page numbers*

c27.2

*Abhilashitārtha-Chintāmaṇi*, 21 *Adhikārimahattara*, 230 *Adhyakshas*, 198-9, 320 Adjudication in village, 236-8; 250-4 Administration in the Vedic age, 310-2; in the age of Later Samhitas and Brāhmaṇas, 313-4; in Magadha, 315; under Mauryas, 315-33; in the Dark Age, 334-338; under the Guptas, 338-50; under Harsha, 345-56; under the Rāshtrakūṭas,356-64, in north India during 750 to 1200, A. D. 365-369 in south India, 370-6 Administrative divisions, 208-9; 320-3 336-7; 372-3. Agesinai repulic, 119, 121. *Agrahārika*, 205 Aggression, encouraged, 292 ff. *Aitareya Brāhamaṇa*, on types of States, 39. *Ākranda*, 294 *Ākrandāsāra*, 294 *Akshapaṭalika*, 199 *Akshāvāpa*, 153 Ally, 44-45, 294 *Amātya*, Revenue Minister, 173 *Amātya*, I.A.S. or I. C. S. officer, 207; 329; 345 *Amāṭya-parishad*, Privy Council, 166-7 Ambāshṭha republic, 119 Ambassadors, resident and non-resident, 300; their grades, 301 their inviolability, 301 Ambulance corps, 197 *Āmuktāmālyada*, 18, 21 Anarchy and village councils, 236-7, 253-54. Andhakavṛishṇi republic, 121 *Aṅganigūhaka*, 194 *Aṅgarakshaka*, 194 Annexation, policy of, 308 *Antyaja*, 68-9, 385 *Anugraha* (privilege), 148 *Āraṇyādhikṛita*, 199 Aristocracy, 112-13 Aristotle's *Politics*, 6 Arjunāyana republic, 119 Army, under the Nandas, 315; under the Mauryas, 325-6; under Harsha, 353; under the Rāshtrakūṭas, 363 Army Department, 195-98; 324-5; 345 *Arthaśāstra*, its meaning and derivation, 3-4 *Arthaśāstra* of Kauṭilya its date and author, 10-16; authors mentioned in it, *,,*; society in, 13; republics in, 13; and Megasthenes, 13-14; influence of, 15-6. Artisans, tax on, 280 Aśoka's cabinet, 174-75, 318-9 innovation in administration, 330-1 Astrologer, royal, 194 Aśvamedha, 295 *Aśvapati*, 195 *Atharvaveda* on administration, 5; on *sabhā* and *samiti*, 142-43 *Ātmāyatta* state, 108; 183 Audience Hall, seats in, 106 *Audraṅgika*, 199 *Āvasathika*, 194

c27.3

B

c27.4

Bahudanta, author, 7 Bahudhānyaka, a branch of the Yaudheyas, 119 Bali, tax, 262, 311 Balance of power, principle of, 293 Bāṇa on *Arthaśāstra*, 15 Banking and village Panchāyats, 238-9 Bapaji Muslaman Vs. Narsoji Jagadale, 237 *Bārhaspatya-arthaśāstra*, 20 *Bhāgdhuk*, 161 Bhagga republic, 121 Bhāsa and Kauṭilya, 12 Bharadvāja, author, 7, 8 Bhaṭṭasvāmin, 273 *Bhaujya*, a state type, 37 *Bhukti*, 209; 346 *Bhūtopāttapratyāya*, 298 Blackstone on king's divinity, 94-95 Body-guard, 194 Boundary officiers, 199 Bousset or king's divinity, 95 Brahmā, an author, 7 Brahmagupta republic, 118 Brahamaṇas, their influence on the State, 51-53, their position relative to that of the Kshatriyas, 54-55; their legal privileges, 68-70; their exemption from taxation, 267-9; their strength in the ministry, 181

c27.5

Bṛihaspati, author, 7 Buddha's advice to republics, 379 Buli republic, 121 Budget, 288-9

c27.6

C

c27.7

Cabinet, of Aśoka, 175; 318; inner, 166; *see* also under Ministry. Caste system, its effect on government, 51-55; 77; 385-6; flexible in early times, 77 Cattle breeding, tax on, 280 Cavalry commander, 195 Central Assembly, in republics 127-31; in monarchies, 139-146; in Vedic period, 143-146; not denoted by *Paura-jānapadas*, 146-55 Central Government, how it supervised and controlled provinces and districts, 191-92; necessity of its being strong, 387-9 Central Secretariat, its power of supervision and control, 190-191; its emissaries, 191 Chamberlain, 194 Chandraguptasabhā, 12 Chārāyaṇa, author, 7 Chariot corps, commander of, 195 Charioteer, a *ratnin*, 161 Chief Justice, 203 Chief of Staff, 195 *Choroddharaṇika*, 204 Citizens, varieties of, in the West, 65; not known in India, 65-66; privileged classes among, 65; and foreigners, 66-7; duties of, 70-1; equal rights for, 69-70 City-Council, 222-3 City Government, 220-4 City states, 39-40 City Magistrate, 222 Civic duties, as part of *dharma*, 64-5 Clan origin of republics, 136-7 Commander-in-Chief, 195 Commerce department, 200-2 Commissioner's division, 202, 209 Composite State, 40-41 Confedarate state, 36; 120, 132 Conquest, permission for, 291-3 Constitution of India, *see* Indian Constitution Constitutional cheecks, 98-100 Contract theory, 30-2, not fully analysed 33 Coronation ceremony, 77-80 in minority, 87 Courts, highest, 248-9; provincial, 250; popular, 250; other varieties, 246-7 Crown-Prince; *see* Yuvarāja

c27.8

D

c27.9

*Daṇḍa*, 42 Daṇḍin on *Arthaśāstra*, 15 Daṇḍdaki republic, 118 *Daṇḍanīti*, meaning of, 1-2 *Daṇḍanāyaka*, an officer, 195 *Daṇḍapāśika*, an officer, 204 *Daśāparādhika*, an officer, 204 Dāmaṇi republic, 118 Dānapati, 205 Daughter as heir to kingdom, 87-8 Decentralisation, causes and consequences of, 103-4 Departments, number of, 193 Departmental heads, their names, duties and functions, 192-207 *Deśasadhārma*, no legal enactments, 149 *Devaputra*, as king's title, 90 *Dharma*, its protection, state's duty; 48; consequences of this theory, 49-50 Dharma, law, nature of, 259-61 *Dharmamahāmātra*, 205 *Dharmāṅkuśa*, an officer, 172 *Dhūta*, an officer, 199 *Digghanikāya*, on origin of State, 26-9 District administration, 215-20 Distribution of functions, 61 District council, 216-18; 341, 357 Divine origin of State, 29 Divinity of king, in India and elsewhere, 89-94 *Drāṅgika*, market officer, 202. Dual kingdom, 335 *Durgādhyaksha*, for commander, 196 *Dvairājya*, 38, 335 *Dvandva*, rival parties in republics, 120

c27.10

E

c27.11

Ecclesiastical department, 204-5, 344 Edict-making power, 156-8 Election, of kings, 80-4; of members of Central Assembly, 143-4; of members of the village council, 234-5 Elephants, superintendent of, 195 Elephant corps, commander of, 185 Embassy, 300-2 Emperor, his control over feudatories, 302-7; influence of feudatories over him, 302-8 Empire in ancient India, its nature, 295-6; 386-8 Equality for all citizens, 67-8 Executive councillors in republics, 133-5 Expenditure of the state; 288-9 Extra-taxes, 152; 266

c27.12

F

c27.13

Federation of states, 40-1; 120; 132 Feudatories, their relations w itht he paramount power, 302-8; in Vedic time, 291; their gradation and duties 305-6; control of the paramount power over them, 304-6 Finance department, 200 Fines, 287 Foreigners, and the State, their disabilities hardly any, 66 Foreign affairs, control over, 126, 198 Foreign minister, 198; 326; 343; 353 Foreign rulers, and Hindu administration ideals, 334-5 Fort commander, 196 Franchise in republics, 112; in European republics, 113; in modern India, 378 Functions of the state, 58-60; their distribution, 61

c27.14

G

c27.15

*Gaṇas*, as republics, 109-113 *Gaṇapūraka*, whip, 131 *Gaṇatitha*, one who completes quorum, 131 Gaurasīras, author, 7 General, election of, 126 Gifts at coronation, 80 Ghoṭamukha, author, 7 *Godhyaksha*, 199 Golden Age, theory of, 26-7 Gopāla king, election of, 83 *Goshṭī*, court, 252 *Govikartana* a *ratnin*, 161 *Govyachchha*, a *ratnin*, 161 *Grāmamahājana*, 235 *Grāmamahattara*, 230 *Grāmasamaya*, 150 *Grāmaṇī*, 160, 311 *Grāmavṛiddha*, village elders, 230 Greek historians and Indian republics, 110-112 Guild courts, 252 Gupta administration, position of the king, 339-41; his powers, 341-2; central government in, 342; superior services under, 345; provincial and district administration under, 346; non-official district councils, 347; village and town administration 348-9; taxation, 349; general estimate 349-50

c27.16

H

c27.17

Harem, 188 Harsha, election of, 83, 352 Harsha's administration; king's position, 352; secretariat, 352; departments, 353; administrative divisions, 354; efficiency of, 355; was Harsha elected king? 83, 352 *Hastyadhyaksha*, 195 Headman of the village, 225-8 Heredity among ministers, 179; in kingship, 84-5 Hereditary officers, 219 *Hiraṇyasamudāyika*, 199 Hobbes on origin of State, 31-2

c27.18

I

c27.19

Incarnation, king as, 91 Indra, author, 7 Industries run by state, 201-2 Indian Constitution and village councils, 382, rightly dispenses with caste privileges, 377-8; rightly provides for a strong central government, 386-8; its policy of mixed economy, 384 Individual liberty and state, 60 Infantry commander, 195 Internal autonomy, of feudatories, 305-6 Inspection officers, 191-2; 353 International relations, in time of war, 395; peace, 300

c27.20

J

c27.21

Jails, 257, 328 Jānaki republics, 119 Jālamaṇi republic, 119 *Jānapadadharma*, meaning of, 148-9 *Jana*, 34-5 *Jānapada* seals, 154 *Janman*, 33 Jayaswal on *Arthaśāstra*, 11, on Paura-Jānapada, 146-55; on kings divinity, 95 Jewelry, when exempted from octroi, 279 Jinasena, on origin of state, 29 Joint family, and origin of state, 35-6 Judicial department 203; 327; 344; procedure, 284-50, courts 57-58 Jurisprudence, principles of, 255-6 Jurors, 249 Justice in Vedic age, 246-7

c27.22

K

c27.23

Kamalavardhana, his lelection to the throne, 84 n. 1. *Kāmandaka-nītisāra*, 18 Kamboja republics, 118 *Kañchukin*, 188 Karma doctrine and polity, 56 *Karmasachivas*, 195 Kātyāyana, author, 7 Kauṇapadanta, author, 7 Kauṇḍoparatha, a republic, 118 *Kauṭtika*, 222 Kaushṭaki, a republic, 118 Kauṭilya, works mentioned by, 7; name uncomplimentary, 12, date of his work, 10-5 Khāravela and Parliament, 148 *Kharvaṭaka*, 323

c27.24

King, origin of, 75-6; and religious functions, 76; different types of, 36; training of, 5-6, 100; position of the king before 500 Bc. 104-06, after 500 B. C., 106-108; how far hereditary, 81-2; rules of inheritance 84-5; his election, 80-4; as final court, 247; king and law, 55-6; 62-3; conceptions about, 95-98; his divinity 89-95; 310; 333, 334, 340; in West 92-4; as protector of Dharma, 95; as fountain of justice, 247; as servant of the people, 97; as trustee of the people, 97; control over his powers, 98-104; precuations for his safety, 106 rebellion against, 101-2; legislative power of, 61 King-makers, 82 Koliya republic, 121 *Koṭṭapāla*, fort commander, 196 Kranashṭhaki, republic, 118 Kshatriyas, their position *vis a vis* the Brāhmaṇas, 52-55; their position in republics, 114-5 *Kshāttā* a *ratnin*, 162 Kshudraka-Malava confederacy, 120-121 Kukkuras, a republic, 121 *Kula* court, 252 *Kulapati*, 76 *Kulaputras*, 192 *Kumārāmatya*, 207, 345 Kuṇinda republics, 118 Kushāṇa emperors, their temples of ancestors, 90

c27.25

L

c27.26

*Laisse faire*, doctrine of, 59 Land tax, its rate, 270-1, remission in 271; in cash or kind, 271-2, forfeiture for non-payment of, 273 Land ownership, 273-8 Law, nature of, 259-60 Laws, power of making, 155-59; of Nature, 156 Law department, 203; 327; 344 Lawyers, 258-9 Legislation, power of, 155-9 Lichchhavi, origin of their central assembly of 7707, 125 Locke on contract theory, 32 Lower House, 126

c27.27

M

c27.28

Madhuka trees, ownership of, 286 *Madhyama* 294 Madra republic, 121 Magician, as the first king, 34 *Mahattama*, 228-30 *Mahattara*, 228-30 *Mahattarādhikārin*, 230 *Mahāmātras*, 207, 315 Mahabharata, composite work, 10; its references to earlier discussions and authors of political science, 6-7; administrative matters discussed in, 9-10; on the origin of State, 26-28; king's election, 82 *Mahābalādhikṛita*, 195 *Mahājanasammata*, first king, 25 *Mahākshapaṭalika*, 199 *Mahāmātya*, 207, 310 *Mahāmudrādhyaksha*, 198 *Mahāprachaṇḍadaṇḍanāyaka*, 195 *Mahāpratīhāra*, 195 *Mahāsenāpati*, 195 *Mahāśvapati*, 195 *Mahavyūhapati*, 195 Mālava republic, 120-21 Malla republic, 121 *Mānasollāsa*, 21 *Maṇḍala* theory, 290-95 *Maṇḍaleśvara*, 302 Mango trees, ownership of, 286 *Maryādā-āhurya*, 196 Mattamayūrakas, 119 *Mātsyanyāya*, 27 *Maula-bala* 197 Mauryan administration, king in, 316-8; ministry in, 318-20; provincial government in, 321; district administration in, 322-3; departments in, 324; superior services under 328-9, Aśoka's innovations in, 331; as a welfare state, 332-3 Military department, 195-197, 324-25, 343; 353 Military force under civil officers, 211-15 Mines, department of, 201 ownership of, 285; taxes on or royalties from, 285 Ministers, their importance 160; their number, 165; their qualifications, 177-9; their power, 164; division of work among, 167 procedure in the meetings of, 174; revision of royal orders by, 175; their influence over king, 182-183; their appointment, 179-80; not always separate from departmental heads, 192-3; number of Brāhmaṇas among, 181; total number of, 165; relations with king, 182-3; their portfolios, 167; their secretaries, 176; in Vedic age, 161-64; in later times, 164-5, under Mauryas, 318-20; under the Guptas 343 under Harsha, 352; in provincial administration, 165, 321; minister-controlled state, 183; Mint, superintend of, 202 Mixed economy in ancient India, 384 Monarchy, types of, 36-37; disappearance of, 381 Moral order 56-7 Moriya republics, 121 *Mudrādhipa*, passport officer, 198

c27.29

N

c27.30

*Nāḍu*, the name of a division, 219, 372 Nanda administration, 315 *Nāradasmṛiti* on Golden Age, 30 Nationality and State, 46-7 Navy, 198 *Nisṛishṭārtha-dūta*, 300 *Nītiśāstra*, meaning of, 2-3 *Nītisāra* of Kāmandaka, 18 *Nyāvakaraṇika*, 204 *Nītimayūkha*, 21

c27.31

O

c27.32

Octroi, 278-9 Ordeals, 258 Ownership in forests, 285; of trees, 285; in waste land, 285, in arable land, 273-77; in mines, 285; treasure troves, 286

c27.33

P

c27.34

Palace department, 194-5; 324 *Pālāgala*, a ratnin, 162 Pañchagaṇa republic, 119 *Pañchamaṇḍalī*, village council, 230 *Paṇḍita*, minister for religion, 172 Pāṇini, on republics, 118 importance of his work, 118 n. 1 *Paṇyādhyaksha*, 202 Paramount power; its control over feudatories, 304-308 Parāśara, author, 7 *Parimitrārtha-dūta*, 300 Parliament, see under *Central Assembly* and *Paura-Jānapada*. *Pārshṇigrāha*, 294 *Pārshṇigrāhāsāra*, 294 Pārśva, a republic, 118 Party factions, 128-130 Parties, how named in republics, 130 Passport officer, 194 Pātaliputra, government of, 225-6; 324 Patañjali and Kauṭilya, 12 *Pathaka*, a subdivision, 218 Patriarch, 34; 80 Patriotism, 70-72 *Pattyadhyaksha*, 195 *Paura-jānapada-sabhā*, not in the *Rāmāyaṇa*, 147-8; or in *Mṛichchhakaṭika*, 149; not in inscriptions 148; 153-4; not under Khāravela, 148 its supposed powers, 149-53; Philosophical concepts in polity, 55-7 Piśuna, an author, 7 Pleaders, 258-9 Poet-laureate, 194 Police department, 204 Political Agent, 304 Political obligations, grounds for, 72-4 Political science, names for, 1-4; its history, 4-23; its writers, 4-23; relative importance of, 1-4; contents of the lost works on, 8; why original works upon it not written in latter times, 17-18; becomes a secular science, 3-4 influence of religious and philosophical concepts on 55-7 Portfolioes, 167-73; combination of, 177 Popular assemblies at centre in Vedic times 140-44 in later times, 145-55; in provinces, 214; in districts, 216; in Tehsils, 219 in towns, 221-3 *Pradhāna*, chief minister, 169 *Prāḍvivāka*, 172 *Pradeshṭris*, 322 *Pradesikas*, 322 *Prakṛitis*, seven, 44-45 *Pramātā*, 199 *Pratīhāra*, 194 *Pratinidhi*, a minister, 169 Priest as the first king, 34 Prime-minister, 169 Primogeniture, 84 Prince, training of, 85-86 Privileged classes, 68-9 Provincial administration, 209-12 Pūga, village court, 252-3 *Purohita*, his influence on administration, 53-4; his place in ministry, 168, his duties, 168 Purukutsa, king, his semi-divinity, 89 *Pustapāla*, record officer, 216

c27.35

Q

c27.36

Quarter-master General, 198 Queen, her position among *ratnins*, 161; her position in administration 88; 337

c27.37

R

c27.38

*Rājadharamaparvan*, topics discussed n 9 *Rājakṛitaḥ*, 81 *Rājanītikāṇḍa*, 21 *Rājanīti kalpaturu*, 21 *Rājanītiprakāśa*, 22 Rājan, meaning of, in republican state, 113-4 Rājanyaka republic, 114 Rājasūya sacrifice, 32

c27.39

*Rajjuka*, 213, 322; 336 Ramchandra Pant Amatya, an Author, 23 *Rāmāyaṇa*, on king's election, 82; and *Paurajānapadasabhā*, 147 *Raṇabhāṇḍāgārādhipa*, 198 *Rāshṭra*, 36, 208-9 Rāshṭrakūṭa administration, king in, 356; *Yuvarāja* in 357; ministry under, 358; feudatories under 359; provincial and district administration in, 360; village administration in, 361; popular voice in, 361-2; taxation under, 364 *Rāshṭrapati*, 360 *Rāshṭramahattara*, 214 *Rathādhipati*, 195 *Rathakāra*, a *ratnin*, 161 *Ratnins*, 161-4 Rebellion, right of, 101-2 Record office, 189 Record officer, 189 Recruitment of officers, 206-7 Regency council, 87 Religious concepts, their influence on polity 55-7 Religious endowments officers, 205 Reporters, 191 Representative system, 145 Republics, evidence of their existence, 108-13; were they democracies ? 112-3 ruling power in, generally with Kshatriyas, 113, in Vedic age, 39, 107; in the *Arthaśāstra*, 112; in the Punjab, 118-22; in Sindh and Rajputana, 120-1, in northern Bihar and Gorakhapur, 121-24; their constitution and administration, 125-8; their Central Assembly and its powers, 127-8; executive of, 132-5; party factions in, 128-31; tribal consciousness in 136; how and when they disappeared, 136-8; see also, 316, 339 Resident, his control over feudatories, 304 Revenue department, 198 Revenue minister, 173 *Ṛigveda*, reference to government in, 5, 139-41 Rousseau on origin of state, 32 Royal astrologer, 194 Royal court, 106-7, 356 Royal household, 194 Royal messengers, 192 Royal physician, 194 Royal titles, 333-4; 339, 356 Rudradāman, election of, 83

c27.40

S

c27.41

Sabaracae republic, 110 *Sabhā*, in Vedic times 140-1, 145; in *agrahāra* villages, 232 *Sachivāyatta-tantra*, 108, 183 *Sahanīya*, 188 Śaka-Kushāṇa age, government in, 334-338 Śākya republics, 122 Salaries of officers, 330 Salt tax, 280 *Samāhartā*, 257; 321-2 *Sāmantas*, 302 Samaya, not legislative enactments, 149-50 *Saṅgrahana* 323 *Saṁgrahītā*, a *ratnin*, 161 *Samiti* in Vedic times, 140-1; its powers, 142-3 its disappearance, 144-5 *Śaulkika*, 278 *Samrāt*, 37 *Śāntiparvan*, topics disussed in, 10 Sappers and Miners, 197 Saptagana republic, 117 *Sapta-prakṛitis*, 44-5 *Śaṅkthādhikṛita*, 199 *Śāsanaharadūta*, 301 Schools of polity, 6 Secretariat, officers, 187-8 ,, Central, its function of supervision and control, 190-1; its emissaries, 192 Secretary to ministers, 168 Self-help in adjudication, 245-1 Semi-secular literature, development of, 4-5 Sovereignty where residing, 62-3 Śibi republic, 121 Someśvara, 21 Sources of Hindu polity, 1-25; literary, 1-23, Vedic, 21; epigraphical, 24; numismatical, 24 Specialisation in studies, 5-6 Spies, 191 *Śramaṇamahāmātra*, 172 *Śreṇi* court, 252 *Śrotriya* and taxes, 267-9 State, theories of its origin, 26-32; its types, 36-41; its tribal nature 40; confederation of, 40; composite, 40; unitary, 41; regarded as an instrument of weal and not of coercion, 42-3; its limbs or seven constituents, 44-5; how far was unity of language and race regarded as essential for it, 46-47; its aims, 47-51; how far theocratic, 51-55; scope of its activity, 58-60; and individual freedom, 59; and citizen’s equality; 68-69; grounds for obligation to 72-4; its legislative powers, 135-9; its sources of income, 263-288; its items of expenditure, 288-90; its Reserve Fund, 290. *Sthānīya*, 323 Sub-committees of village councils, 235 Sub-feudatories, 303-7 Śūdras, injustice to, 49, 69; 385 courtesy to, 151 *Śukranīti*, 18-20 *Śulkādhyaksha*, 202 Superintendent, of courtesans, 201; of cattle, 199; of currency, 202; of palace, 194; of markets, 202; of tolls, 202; of waste land, 199; of wine, 201; of weaving, 200; *Svārāṭ*, 37

c27.42

T

c27.43

Takshila, rebellion of, 154 Tax-collectors, 263 Taxation, in Vedic age, 261-4. Tehsil administration, 219 Temple property, tax on, 269 Territorial divisions, 208-9; 322-4; 337; 360-1 Theft, government’s responsibility to compensate for, 151 Theocracy, 51-5 Time table for kings, 100 Tolls, superintendent of, 202, 276 Tours for inspection, 191 Town administration, 220-4; under Mauryas, 323; under Guptas, 348 Town council, 220-4 Training of the prince, 85-6 Treasurer, 173 Treasure-trove, ownership of, 286 Treasury department, 200 Tribal state, 43 Tributes, 287; 304 Trigartaśashṭha republic, 118 Tyrants to be opposed and killed by people, 101-2

c27.44

U

c27.45

Unrighteous war, 293 Untouchables, 49; 69; 151. 389 *Uparajās*, meaning of, 123 Upper House, 125-6 *Ur*, village assembly, 231 Uśanas, author, 7 Uttarakuru, a republican state, 39 Uttaramadra, a republican state, 39 Uttaramerur *sabhā* constitution, 235-6

c27.46

V

c27.47

*Vairājya*, 37, 39 *Vārika*, 222 *Varṇāsrama* and state, 49-50 Vātavyādhi, an author, 7, 8 Vedic age, government in, 310-13 Viceroys under Mauryas, 320-1; under Guptas, 345 *Vidatha*, an assembly of the learned, 141 Videha republic, 122 Village accountant, 227 Village Assembly, Primary, a truly democratic body, 228; number of its members, 228; its meetings, 241; its powers, 242 Village councils, and headman, 219-221; among republics, 135, control of central Government over, 242-3; its development, 229-3; powers of, 236-7 in Tamil country, 231-33; in northern India, 229; in Karnātak, Mahārāshtra, and Gujarat, 234-5; in Gupta administration, 348; its sub-committees, 233-4; qualifications of the members of, 232; selection of the members of, 232; their functions, 233-4; sources of revenues of, 240; its method of work, 241-2; why they worked successfully, 237 possibility of their revival, 382 Village disputes, 236-7 Village groups as administrative units, 209 *Vinayasthitisthāpaka*, 172; 205 Viajas, first king, 27 *Viś*, 35 Viśālāksha, author, 7, 8 *Vishayapati*, 215; 346 *Viśpati*, 30, 76 Voting, for village council, 231-2; in republic assemblies, 131; in Vedic *samitis*, 143 Vṛishṇi, a republic, 121 Vṛika, a republic, 118

c27.48

W

c27.49

War, righteous, rules of, 297; unrighteous, rules, of, 298; causes of, 297 War weapons, 197 War minister, 170 Warden of the marches, 196 Waste land, ownership of, 285

c27.50

Weavers, tax on ; 280 Weaving, superintendent of, 200 Welfare state, 332-3 Wergeld, 69 Widows, right of inheritance of, 286-7 Wine, tax on, 280; superintendent of, 201 Women and administration, 37-8; 161 Writ, 188.

c27.51

Y

c27.52

Yādava republic, 121 Yaudheya republic, 119-120 *Yukta*, 13 *Yuktikalpataru*, 21 *Yuvrāja*, his training, 85; 100 ; not among *ratnins*, 162; under Mauryas, 330, under Rāshṭrakūṭas, 357

c27.53

P. 198, at the end of the first para :

c27.54

Apparently it did not play any effective part in Indian history. India has no doubt a long coast, but it has no natural harbours. As is the case with Greece and Scotland, we have no rugged coast line with a number of islands near the coast, which encourage enterprise at sea. So our navy did not become powerful even in peninsular India or in Bengal.

c27.55

P. 323 Add a footnote on Kharvataka and Droṇamukha.

c27.56

The terms Kabbaṭa (Kharvaṭaka) and Doṇamuha (Droṇa-mukha) occur in the Mallijñāta, a Jain work (which is being edited by my student Dr. Roth), as the names of territorial divisions along with Kheḍa, Maḍamba, etc. Abhyayadevasūri, a 12th century commentator, explains Kabbaṭa as a *kunagaram* or a small or insignificant town and Doṇamuha as ‘*jalapatha-sthalapathayuktam*, a place which has both land and water approaches. This explanation apparently supports the *Arthaśāstra* according to which Droṇamukha was bigger than Kharvaṭaka.

c27.58

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c27.59

STATE AND GOVERNMENT IN ANCIENT INDIA

c27.60

A. S. ALTEKAR

c27.61

The present work by a well- known authority on Ancient India deals in a comprehensive manner with the ancient Hindu political ideas, theories and ideals and describes the different features and aspects of the ancient Indian administration in its numerous branches. It is based not merely on a study of the different Smṛti books and Arthaśāstra works in in Sanskrit, which give us the theoretical picture, but it also utilizes fully all the data bearing on the subject available in Vedic and classical literature, Buddhist and Jain works, ancient books on history and accounts of foreign travellers and historians. Rich material supplied by inscriptions has been fully tapped and the discerning critic will not be unwilling to concede that no previous work on the subject attempts to give such a comprehensive synthesis of the divergent data supplied by theoretical and literary works on the one hand and by inscriptions and purely historical records on the other. The material has been arranged chronologically and also province-wise, whenever it was possible to do so. In each chapter, attempt has been made to trace the development of political theories and institution from age to age, though the material in some cases was not quite sufficient to do so.

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