Pre-Buddhist India: A Political, Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey of Ancient India Based Mainly on the Jataka Stories c8: Chapter III—(Contd.)

Pre-Buddhist India: A Political, Administrative, Economic, Social and Geographical Survey of Ancient India Based Mainly on the Jātaka Stories c8

Language: English

Chapter III—(Contd.)

c8.1

c8.2

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| | | | VI, 432. | Mānasa lake, and others with the Rāvaṇhrad or Laṅgā; De, *G. D.*, p. 8. But recent explorers in the Mid-Asia tend to locate it in the vast tract of water near the water-divide of the Kārākoram pass where the headwaters of the Yārkand (Sītā) and the Shyok tributary of the Indus approach. See J. C. Vidyālaṅkār, Proc. *Sixth Oriental Conference*, 1930, pp. 109-10. |
| 7 | Andhapura | Near by was the table-land of Manosilā. | I, 232; IV, 379; V, 392. | Cf. Sven Hedin, *Trans-Himalaya*, II, p. 123. |
| | | A city; a river named Telavāhā flowed between it and the Seriva Kingdom. | I, 111. | Capital of the Āndhras; De, *op. cit.*, p. 7; perhaps an ancient name of mod. Bezwāḍā: *P. H. A. I.*, p. 64. |
| 8 | Ayojjhā | A city. | IV, 82. | Once famous Ayodhyā: it is the A-yu-te of Yuan Chwang who places it 600 *li* (100 miles) to the |

c8.3

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 9 | Arañjaragiri. | A mountain-chain in Majjhima-desa. | III, 463; V, 134; VI, 493, G. 1745; 514. | Cannot be identified with any certainty; it may have been the eastern extension of the Vindhya range. See Kontimārā. |
| 10 | Aritthapura. | It was near or on the R. Kontimārā | VI, 493. G. 1745. | Perhaps the same as the Aristobothra of Ptolemy on the north of the Punjab; De, *G. D.* p. 11; if it was the same as the Śiva-pura mentioned by Patañjali, it is to be located near the mod-ern south-east of the neighbourhood of Navadevakula, a city identified with Newāl in Uṇāo dist. U. P.; Law, *G. E. B.* pp. 23-4; the modern ruined city of Ajudhyā which is confined to the north-east corner of the old site, is only a mile from Faizābād; *C. A. G. I.*, p. 466. |

c8.4

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 11 | Avanti | A kingdom in Dakkhināpatha; its capital was Ujjeni. | III, 463; IV, 390; 397-G. 40; V, 133; IV, 390. | ern Shorkot in Jhang; P. H. A. I., p. 170. It roughly corresponds to modern Mālwā, Nimār and adjoining parts of C. P. : Law, G. E. B., p. 22; P. H. A. I., p. 102. Bhandarkar, C. L. p. 45. |
| 12 | Asitañjanā | A city in the district of Kaṃsa in Uttarāpatha. | IV, 79, 82. | Not identifiable; King Kaṃsa of the Great Epic, however, ruled at Mathurā: See Harivaṃśa, ch. 5, also Manorathapūraṇī |
| 13 | Assaka | A kingdom; it is associated with Avanti: Capital Poṭali. | III, 3; V, 317-G. 99. Ibid. II, 155; III, 3. | As it is clearly associated with Avanti, it must be located in the south, being different from that of the Greeks in the North; it is identical with that mentioned in the Suttanipāta, 977, as situated on the Godāvarī; an Asikanagara is mentioned in the Hāthigumphā Inscription of Khāravela. |

c8.5

c8.6

c8.7

c8.8

c8.9

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 34 | Kañcanaguhā | A cave in the Himālaya region; down the Cittakūṭa mountain; nearby was the Rajatapabbata with a cave, Phalikaguhā. | I, 491, 492 ; II, 6, 9. II, 176. II, 6. | modern town of Kankjol, 18 miles south of Rājmahal : *C. A. G. I.*, p. 548; De, *G. D.*, p. 83. It is mentioned in the *Udāna* commentary, 71, 105, as the dwelling-place of maned lions (*kesarasīhā*.) |
| 35 | Kañcanapabbata | A mountain in the Himavanta. | II, 396, 397, 399 ; VI, 100. | Perhaps it is a mountain among the chain of the Altai range which may rightly stand for all "golden" hills : *Cf.* Jayaswāl *I. A.* LXII, p. 170. |
| 36 | Kaṇṇapeṇṇā (veṇṇā) | A river in the Mahimsaka kingdom flowing from Lake Saṅkhapāla; at its bend stood the mountain Candaka. | V, 162, 163. | It occurs in Khāravela's Inscription (L. 3), if we accept Jayaswāl's reading as *Kaṇhaveṇāgatāya*, *J. B. O. R. S.*, III, p. 454; IV, 374, which is however challenged by Barua, *Old Brāhmī Inscriptions* p. 11, 208 *ff.*, who reads as *Kaḷiṅgagatāya* ; it is |

c8.10

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 37 | Kaṇṇamuṇḍā | A lake in Himavanta. | II, 104 | identical with the modern Wain or Waingaṅgā which has for its main tributary the Kanhan. The Kanhan and the Wain unite in the district of Bhandara and the united stream comes down to meet the Wardhā in the district of Chandan ; Jayaswal, *J. B. O. R. S.* IV, pp. 374-5 ; De, *op. cit.*, p. 104. |
| 38 | Kampilla | A city-capital of Uttarapañcāla | III, 379 ; V, 35-G. 95 ; VI, 433-G. 1500. | The *Sutta Nipāta* commentary, II, 407, says that its waters never grow hot. |
| | | A kingdom : Capital Uttarapañcālanagara. | III, 79 ; V, 21, 98 ; VI, 391, 464. | Identical with modern Kāmpil on the old Ganges, 28 miles N. E. of Fategaḍh in the Farrukhābād dist. U. P. De, *G. D.* p. 188 *C. A. G. I.* p. 413. |
| 39 | Kambojaka | A country. It was famous for its horses ; its people were considered as non-Āryans. | V, 445-G. 315 ; VI, 464-G. 242 ; VI, 208-G. 903. | It was long thought to be the region round about modern Rājaori the ancient Rājapura (Cf. Watters, |

c8.11

c8.12

c8.13

c8.14

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 55 | Kimbilā | A town. | VI, 121-G. 521 | Is it Kimbilā of the *Cullavamsa*? (*P. T. S.*) I, pp. 12, 46; *Mahāvaṃsa* 46, 12-13. Also *Aṅguttara Commentary*, II, 642. |
| 56 | Kumbhavatī | A city—Capital of Daṇḍaki. | III. 463 ; V, 134. | According to the *Rāmāyaṇa*, vii, 79, 18, the name of the capital of Daṇḍaka was Madhumanta, while the *Mahāvastu*, Senart's ed. p. 363, places it at Govardhana (Nāsik); *P. H. A.*, I. p. 62. |
| 57 | Kuru | A kingdom. | II, 214-G. 154 ; III, 400; IV, 361, 444 ; V, 57, 457, 474, 484 ; VI, 255, 278, 322, 325, 329. | “The ancient Kuru country may be said to have comprised the Kurukṣetra and Thāneśwar. The district formerly included Sonepat, was situated between the Saraswatī (mod. Sarsuti) on the north and the Dṛṣadvatī (mod. Rākṣhi) on the south ; De *G. D.* p. 110; *C. A. G.* I., p. 701. |

c8.15

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 58 | Kusamālā | Its extent was 300 leagues ; its capital was Indapatta. | V, 484. See below. | See Indapatta. |
| | | An ocean; green (nīlavaṇṇa) and grassy-like; merchants from Bharukaccha went there for trading purposes; here a great quantity of precious emeralds was to be found. | IV, 140-G. 112. | Ocean named probably after the Kuśadvīpa of the Purāṇas, identified with Nubia on the N. E. coast of Africa. This identification led to Captain Speke's discovery of the Source of the Nile (Scoff, *Periplus*, p. 230); the Kushites were masters of Nubia as early as the 22nd-18th cent. B. C., as their name appears in inscriptions of that period : Jayaswal, *J.B.O.R.S.*, VI, p. 195. |
| 59 | Kusāvatī | A city—capital of Malla country; it is said to have been 100 leagues far from Sāgala, the capital of Madda kingdom. | I, 392 ; V, 278, 285, 293, 294, 297. V, 290. | An older name of Kusinārā, so much famous in the Buddhist period, being the place where the Buddha obtained Parinirvāṇa; it was, very probably, near the modern village of Kāsīā, on the smaller Gaṇḍak |

c8.16

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 60 | Kekaka | A city (*Rājadhānī*) spoken together with two other great cities viz., Uttarapañcāla and Indappatta. | II, 213. | Also called Kekaya. The capital of the Kekayas, according to the *Rāmāyaṇa*, was Rājagṛha (different from the Magadhan Capital) or Girivraja, which is identified by Cunningham with Girjak or Jalālpur on the Jhelum; *C.A.G.I.*, p. 685; Pargiter, *Mārk.*, p. 318 and note. |

c8.17

c8.18

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 64 | Kokanada | A country(?) famous for lute-making. | V, 281, 290. | Pargiter identifies it with the Kokaṅkanas, mentioned in the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa as a people in the North West classed with the Trigartas and Darvas; Mārk. P., p. 372 and note; 380 and note; if it be so, it can, very well, be identical with Kikiangna of Yuan Chwang which is identified by Stein with Waziristan; C. A. G. I., p. 679. |
| 65 | Koṭumbara | A country famous for linen clothes (khomakoṭumbarāṇi). | VI, 47-G. 166 ; 500-G. 1801. | It is one of the group of countries named after trees, like Uduṁbara. See J. Przyluski, Journal Asiatique, 1926, pp. 25 ff. It is so mentioned in the Milinda-pañho—Questions of King Milinda, (S. B. E.) I, p. 2. We long suspected its identity with Audumbara and, to our agreeable surprise, found a support in |

c8.19

c8.20

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 69 | Kosiki | A river—a tributary of the Ganges in the Himavanta region. | V, 2, 5-G. 11. | Identical with the modern Kusi or Kosi; De, *G. D.*, p. 97 ; it flows into the Ganges on its north bank through the district of Purnea; it has shifted its course : Pargiter, *Mārk. P.*, p. 292. See discussion, *Indian Culture*, I and II. |
| 70 | Khuramālā | A sea, "where fish with bodies like men and sharp razor-like snouts dive in and out | IV, 139-G. 106. | According to Mr. Jayaswāl, "the Babylonian National legend of their Man-Fish (Oannes) who was south by the Sarpikā or Syandikā (Sai) river, on the east by the Sadānīrā, wihch separated it from Videha, and on the north by the Nepal hills : it corresponds roughly to the modern Oudh. *P. H. A. I.*, p. 70. See Sāketa and Sāvatthi. |

c8.21

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| | | of water"; merchants from Bharukaccha passed by it in search of wealth; diamonds were found there. | | supposed to have lived in the sea and civilized them, is well-known. "Khar" was a Babylonian God mentioned in their inscriptions of the time of Khammurabi (2200 B. C.); Sayce, *Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylon*, p. 79; Jayaswal, *J. B. O. R. S.*, VI, p. 195. |
| 71 | Khema | A lake in Bārāṇasī. | IV, 424, 427; V, 356, 374-G. 145. | ? |
| 72 | Khemā | A river, flowing straight from the Himavanta. | V, 199-G. 19. | If it has any connection with Khemāvatīnagara or simply Khema, the birth-place of the Buddha Krakuchchada, it may be located near Gutiva, 4 miles to the south of Tilaura in the Nepalese Terai; P. C. Mukerji, *Antiquities of Terai, Nepal*, pp. 49, 55; De, *G. D.*, p. 99. |

c8.22

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 73 | Gaggali | A village-built on the southern bank of the Ganges. | VI, 431. | ? |
| 74 | Gaṅgā | A river; there was a great natural lake very near to the river; when there was a flood, the two became one; | See Anderson's Index; II, 79; V, 392. | It is of course the river Ganges; for its course, see De, G. D., p. 61; *I.A.*, L., pp. 8, 33, 65; Malalasekara's *Dictionary*, I, pp. 733-5. |
| | | "Whatever streams pour themselves into the Gaṅgā, all these lose names and kind"; the river had winter floods (*himoḍaka*); there were red fish in the river; it came on the way between Uttarapañcāla and Mithilā; it met the Yamunā at a certain place; its another name was Bhāgīrasī. | VI, 359-G. ? II, 450. III, 52. VI, 427. II, 151. V, 255-G. 27; VI, 204-G. 879. | The confluence is at Prayāga or Allāhābād, as is well-known. Named after Bhāgīratha; D. N. Sen, *I. A.*, L. p. 192. |
| 75 | Gandhamādana | A mountain in Himavanta. | III, 452-3, 478-G. 86; IV, 16, 287-G. 40-1, 438; V, 63-G. 163, 196-G. 11, | According to Mr. De, it was a part of the Rudra-Himālaya, G. D., p. 60. For description |

c8.23

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 76 | Gandhara | A kingdom; | 395-G. 222 ; VI, 79-G. 304, 83, 518-G. 1936, 519, 528-G. 2010, 533, G. 2054, 579-G. 2376. | in Literature see Malalasekara, op. cit. I, pp. 746-8. |
| | | | I, 191, 273, 285, 317, 395 ; II, 217 ; III, 364, 365, 367-G. 77 ; VI, 500-G. 1796. | Occurring in the Vedic Literature under the name Gandhara; Vedic Index, I, pp. 218-9; it comprised the districts of Peshawar and Rawalpindi in the Northern Punjab; P. H. A. I., p. 39; it lay on both sides of the Indus; see also, Jayaswal, I. A. LXII, pp. 131-2. |
| | | famous for its bright robes (*Indagopakavannabha Gandhara Pandu Kambala*). | VI, 500-G. 1796. | |
| | | Capital Takkasila—a great centre of learning; it included Kasmira; it had trade relations with Videha. | I, 191, 273, 285, 317, 395 ; II, 217 ; III, 377 ; III, 365, Ibid. | See under Takkasila; the older capital seems to have been Puskaravati; De, op. cit., p. 61, C. A. G. I., pp. 56-8; 676; Puskaravati (Pencelaotis of |

c8.24

c8.25

c8.26

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 86 | Cakkavāla | A mountain. | VI, 282. | ? |
| 87 | Caṇḍoraṇa | A mountain in the Himavanta region. | IV, 90, 93-G. 4, 6. | It should have probably been a part of the Altāi mountain which in the Mongolian (*altai-ula*) means the ‘mountains of gold.’ Jayaswāl, *I. A.*, LXII, p. 170. |
| 88 | Caṇḍapassa | A mountain in the Himavanta region. | IV, 283, 288; V, 38. | ” |
| 89 | Caṇḍaka | A mountain, which stood on a bend of the river Kaṇṇapeṇṇā in Mahimsaka Kingdom. | V, 162. | It may, possibly, be located somewhere near the Wardhā river in the district of Chanda. *J. B. O. R. S.*, IV, p. 375; De identifies it with the Malayagiri-Malabār Ghāṭs; *G. D.*, p. 46. |
| 90 | Campā | A city—Capital of Aṅga kingdom; it was situated on the river Campā which flowed between Aṅga and Magadha; it was 60 leagues from Mithilā; | IV, 32; VI, 31, 42, 256; IV, 454. | Its actual site, as pointed out by Cunningham, is probably marked by two villages named Campāpura and Campānagara, which still exist near Pāṭharghāṭā—a very ancient site covered with |
| | | VI, 32. | | |

c8.27

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| | | | | |
| | | it was a very busy trading centre from which traders sailed to Suvaṇṇabhūmi. | VI, 34. | ruins—24 miles to the east of Bhāgalpur, *C.A.G.I.*, pp. 546-7. |
| | | | | It is very probable that these emigrant-traders settled in Suvaṇṇabhūmi (or Lower Burmā) first, and then further East, and established the great settlement of the same name—Campā in Indo-China. See R. C. Majumdar, *Campā*, intro., pp. xxii-xxiii, De, *J.A.S.B.*,1914;Elliot,*Hinduism and Buddhism*, III, pp. 137 *ff.* |
| 91 | Cittakūṭa | A mountain in the Himavanta. | II, 107, 176 ; III, 208, 209, 247, 248 ; IV, 212-4, 215-218, 423-4, 427, 430 ; V, 337-8, 352, 354-8, 365, 381 ; VI, 125, 126-G. 561, 127. | If it is the same as mentioned in the *Rāmāyaṇa* and the *Purāṇas* it may be identified with the hill lying 65 miles W. S. W. of Allāhābād, Raychaudhury, *Studies in Indian Antiquities*, p. 134; but the *Jātaka’s* association of it with the Himālayas is rather inexplicable. |

c8.28

c8.29

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 96 | Takkasilā | A city—capital of Gandhāra ; it was a great seat of learning. | See Andersen's p. 61. | It was known to the Greeks as 'Taxila' ; it has been located by Cunningham near the ruins near Shāh-dheri, 12 miles N. W. of Rāwalpiṇḍi ; *C. A. G. I.*, pp. 680-1 ; see for the description of the ruins Marshall, *A Guide to Taxila*, pp. 1-4. |
| 97 | Tambapaṇṇi | An Island. There was a city named Sirisavatthu ; paddy grew wild. | II, 127, 129. | It is Tāmraparṇi of the *Purāṇas* and Taprobane of the Greeks, the first among whom to mention it is said to be Onesikritos, the pilot of Alexander's ship ; McCrindle, *Ancient India* as described in *Classical Literature*, pp. in Rājputānā, where several coins bearing the legend "*Majj-hamikāya Sivi Janapadassa*" have been found. It is however the Jettaraur of Alberuni, the capital of Mewār ; *C. A. G. I.*, p. 669 ; De, *G. D.*, p. 81. |

c8.30

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 98 | Tikūṭa | A mountain spoken with Mallagiri and Paṇḍaraka. | IV, 438-G. 169. | 102 ff. It is to be identified with Ceylon. |
| | | | | It is probably identical with the *Trikūṭa* of the Vedic Literature, which is identified with the modern Trikoṭa, a lofty mountain to the north of the Punjab and south of Kashmir, containing a holy spring: *Ved. Ind.*, I, p. 329; De, *G. D.*, p. 205. |
| 99 | Timbaru | A *tittha* or a sacred place for offering gifts spoken together with Bāhukā, Gayā, and Doṇa. | V, 385-G. 199. | ? |
| 100 | Telavāhā | A river on which stood Andhapura to which traders from the Seriva kingdom came after crossing the river. | I, 111. | Dr. Bhandarkar identifies it with the modern Tel or Telingiri; both flowing not far from each other and on the common confines of Madras and the Central Provinces: *I. A.*, 1918, p. 71; *Aśoka*, p. 34; Dr. Raychaudhury however says that "if 'Seri' or |

c8.31

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 101 | Thūṇa | A Brāhmaṇa village coming between Mithilā and the Himavanta. | VI, 62. | ‘Śrī-rājya’ refers to the Gaṅga kingdom of Mysore, Telavāhā may have been another name of the Tuṅgabhadrā-Kṛṣṇā and Andhapura identical with Bez-wāḍā.” *P.H.A.I.*, p. 64. It occurs also in *Mahāvagga*, V, 13, 12 and *Divyāvadāna*, p. 22 ; it has not been identified. Prof. Majumdar, however, on the description of it in the *Mahāvagga* as the Western boundary of the Buddhist Middle Country, proposes to identify it with Thāneswar which is said by Yuan Chwang to be the said boundary; *C. A. G. I.*, Intro. p. xliii; the *Jātaka* description would however seem to indicate its position to the north of Mithilā and south of the Himālayas. |

c8.32

c8.33

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 106 | Dadhimāla | A sea—looking like milk and curds ; merchants from Bharukaccha came there seeking for riches ; silver was produced in abundance there. | IV, 140-G. 110. | According to Mr. Jayaswāl, the Dadhimāla sea by the Kuśa country is evidently what we call the Red Sea, both the names having been derived from the appearance of the sea thickened by the peculiar matter which floats in it: *J. B. O. R. S.*, VI, p. 195. |
| 107 | Dantapura | A city—capital of Kalinga. | II, 367, 371, 381 ; III, 3, 376 ; IV, 230, 231, 232, 236. | Various identifications have been put forward: Cunningham placed it in Rāja Mahendri, 30 miles to the N.E. of Coringa: *C.A.G.I.*, pp. 592-3; De identifies it with Dantan on the Kāsāi in the district of Midnāpore; *ibid.*, p. 735; De, *G. D.*, p. 53. Mr. G. Rāmdās places it in the neighbourhood of Chicacole: *E. I.* XIV, p. 361; M. Sylvan Lévi however correctly identifies it with the Paloura of Ptolemy |

c8.34

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 108 | Damila | A kingdom ; very near to it was an island named Kāradīpa ; its chief port was Kāvirapaṭṭaṇa. | IV, 238. | It is the Limurike of Ptolemy which, according to Dr. Caldwell, was a mistake for Damir-ike (See McCrindle's *Ptolemy*, p. 49) 'ike' in Tamil meaning country. It is identified with Kerala or the Malabar coast. De, *G. D.*, p. 52. |
| 109 | Dasaṇḍa | A kingdom ; it was famous for sharp-edged swords (*tikkhiṇadhāraṃ asiṃ*). | III, 338-G. 39 ; VI, 238-G. 1065. | The '*Periplus*' mentions Dosarene as famous for Ivory (Scoff. *Periplus*, pp. 47, 253) Nonnos mentions the "serried ranks of the Dosareans"; McCrindle, *Ancient India as described in Classical Literature*, p. 198 ; the country is and accepts its location as given by Mr. Rāmdās : *Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in Ind.* 163, *ff.* 171. The place must be near the Chilka lake and the old route from Māluḍ : *J. B. O. R. S.*, XXI, pp. 137-8. |

c8.35

c8.36

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 114 | Dhammapāla | A village in Kāsī kingdom. | IV, 50. | ? |
| 115 | Nandamūlaka | A mountain in the Uttarahimavanta. | III, 240, 245, 304, 377, 379, 407, 433, 439, 471, 472 ; IV, 114-6, 342, 367-8, 370 ; V, 248. | ? |
| 116 | Nammadā | A river spoken together with the sea and the Ganges as containing big crabs. | II, 344-G. 51 ; IV, 392, 397-G. 40. | It is the river Nammadus of the *Periplus*, Scoff, op. cit. p. 30, and the *Nai-mo-te* of Yuan Chwang, Watters, op. cit. II, p. 241; it is the modern Narmadā which rises in the Amarakantaka mountain and falls into the gulf of Cambay. |
| 117 | Nalamālā | A sea : which, had the appearance of an expanse of reeds or a grove of bamboos; merchants from Bharukaccha passed across it in quest of riches : it was full of coral of the colour of the bamboos. | IV, 140, 141-G. 114. | It was a canal which took the *Jātaka* mariners from Kuśanīla country into the volcano sea (*Valabhā mukha*). It existed, as pointed out by Mr. Jayaswāl, in the time of Seti I, 1380 B.C.; this canal joined the Red Sea near the Bitter lake with |

c8.37

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 118 | Nāgadīpa | An island : it was on one side of Tambapaṇṇi and the river Kalyāṇi was on the other ; it came on the way of the mariners from Bharukaccha to Suvaṇṇabhūmi. | II, 128 ; III, 187-8 ; IV, 238. | The name of this island occurs in the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas as one of the 9 divisions of India (or rather Greater India). C. A. G. I., pp. 8-9 ; and App. 1. Unfortunately it has not been definitely identified ; Gerini's identification of it with Ceylon is not conclusive : Researches on Ptolemy's Geography, p. 380 ; Cf. J. C. A. S., 1848, p. 71 ; Tennett Ceylon etc., I, pp. 331-2 and notes ; Senaveratana, The Story of the Sinhalese, I, p. 2, the Nile and made a navigation from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean possible. The canal ceased to exist in the next millennium, as in 609 B. C., Necho started building another canal without success. J. B. O. R. S., VI, p. 195. |

c8.38

c8.39

c8.40

c8.41

c8.42

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 135 | Bāveru | A kingdom, where traders from India sailed for trading purposes. It is said that there were no birds, and peacock was first introduced there by the Indian traders. | III, 126, 127. | It is correctly identified with ancient Babylon. See Rhys Davids, *Buddhist India* p. 104; *C. H. I.*, I, p. 396. The fact of the taking of the peacock from India receives a tacit support from the Greek and Roman sources. See McCrindle, *The Invasion of India*, pp. 362-3; *Cf. C. H. I.*, I, p. 396, Lévi, *Annuaire de L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes*, 1913-4. |
| 136 | Bāhīya | A kingdom, whose foresters were known. | I, 421-G. 107; III, 432-G. 15. | Identical with Bāhlīka known to the *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, See *Ved. Ind.* II, p. 67. It lay between the Chenab and the Sutlej. The Bāhlīkas were probably settlers from Balkh, the capital of Bactria. They lived by robbery, as Mr. De says; according |

c8.43

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 137 | Brahmavaddhana | A city—another name of Bārāṇasī. | IV, 119; V, 312, 313, 314, 316, | Benares ? |
| 138 | Bharu | A kingdom of which Bharukachcha was a sea-port town. | II, 171, 172; IV, 137. | It must have been a small kingdom with Bharukachcha (Broach) as its capital. Huen-Tsang gives a short but graphic description of it—his Po-lu-ka-che-po; according to him "it was 2400 or 2500 *li* in circuit *i.e.*, about 400 miles; the soil was brackish and vegetation sparse. Salt was made by boiling water and the people were supported by the sea." |
| | | | | to a passage from the *Mahābhārata* quoted by Majumdar, the Bāhīkas were also called Jārtikas (Jāts) and Āraṭṭas (the Arattai of the *Periplus*) C. A. G. I., pp. 686-7. Cf. Pargiter, *Mārk.*, p. 311 note. |

c8.44

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 139 | Bharukaccha | A sea-port town of Bharu kingdom. | III, 188, 190-G. 57 ; IV, 137, 138, 139-G. 106, 140-G. 108, 110, 112, 141-G. 114, 116, 142. | Watters, Yuan Chwang, II, p. 241. This may equate it with modern Gujarāt. It is Barygaza of Ptolemy and the *Periplus* and Bargoza of Strabo: See McCrindle, *Ancient India* as Described in Classical Literature, pp. 78 ff; Scoff, *The Periplus*, pp. 40, 287. It is modern Broach. |
| | | From the port, traders went to Suvaṇṇabhūmi probably via Taṃbapaṇṇi and Nāgadīpa—and also towards the west across the Arabian Sea and the Persian gulf. | III, 188. | |
| | | | III, 126-7. | |
| | | | IV, 137-142. | |
| 140 | Bhāgīrathī | A river. | V, 255-G. 27 ; VI, 204-G. 879. | It is the name given to the stream which rises at Gangotri in the mountains of Garwāl (in the Rudra Himālaya) and is considered to be the primary and the holiest source of the Ganges. See De, *The early Course of the Ganges*, I, A., L., p. 10. Later on |

c8.45

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 141 | Beṇṇākaṭa | A country(Janapada). | VI, 237-G. 1062. | It is most probably the same as Beṇṇākaṭa occurring in the *Nāsik Inscriptions* where it is taken to be situated in the dist. of Govardhana(*i.e.*, Nāsik): *E.I.*, VIII, pp. 67-71; A. S. W. I., IV, p. 104; Rapson, *Coins of the Andhras*, Introd., pp. xxix, xxvii. Mr. V. S. Bakhle however rightly separates Beṇṇākaṭa from the ‘Govaddhanasa’ and looks for Beṇṇākaṭa outside the dist. of Nāsik. He has successfully tried to identify the country with the tract round about modern Kolhāpur and watered |
| | | | | it became synonymous with the Ganges. Tradition connects it with Bhagiratha, the Āryan hero : D. N. Sen, *Trans-Himālāyaṇ Reminiscences in Pāli Literature*, *I. A.*, L, p. 192. |

c8.46

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 142 | Bhogavatī | The golden city of the Nāga Varuṇa: a glorious description of its splendours is given in several *gāthās*. | VI, 269-G. 1164. | It is considered as a mythical city. But Mr. De in his remarkable work on *The Rasātala or the Underworld* identifies it with Balkh—the Bactria of the Greeks. "The name of Bhogavatī" he says, "is the Sanskritized form by Beṇā or the modern Kṛṣṇa *J. B. B. R. A. S.*, III (N. S.), pp. 87 *ff*. Beṇṇākarpara is mentioned as a *Bhāga* of King Pravarasena II in the *Seoni Copper plate Grant* (Circa 430 A. D.) Fleet, *Gupta Inscriptions*, No. 56. A city by name Beṇṇāyada occurs also in two old Jaina stories given in Jacobi's *Erzählungen* (Trans. J.J. Meyer, *Hindu Tales*, pp. 205, 223), which we take to be the same as our Beṇṇākaṭa. |

c8.47

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| | | | | of Bakhdhi mentioned in the *Avestā* (*Vendīdād*), ch. I, (S.B.E. Vol. I, p. 2) which was the ancient name of Balkh.” *I. H. Q.*, II, pp. 518-9. According to Strabo, Balkh was the ornament of all Ariana: McCrindle, *Ancient India*, pp. 100 *ff*. Hamilton and Falconer, *Strabo*, II, pp. 252-3. It is however also possible that the place is identical with its namesake Bhogavatīpura Nāgapura, the capital of Śāvaka—the Tamilian form of Jāvā. See S. K. Aiyangar, *Some Contributions*, pp. 374 *ff*; it was also, another name for Ujjayinī: Raychaudhury, *P. H. A. I.*, p. 378. It seems from all this that Bhogavatī was essentially a general name for a Nāga capital. |

c8.48

c8.49

c8.50

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 149 | Manosilā | A mountain near the Anotatta lake in the Himavanta. | I, 232; III, 379; V, 392, 423. | The word *Manosilā* means red-arsenic rock. Sven Hedin, in his *Trans-Himalaya,* Vol. II, p. 123, speaks of a Cinnabar red hill lying on the north side of a slightly indented bay of the Western shore: See, *I. A.* Vol. L. p. 162. |
| 150 | Malla | A kingdom—capital Kusāvatī. | IV, 327, 331-G. 137; V, 278. | It may correspond to the territory round about Kāsia which preserves the ruins of the old Kusāvatī and Kusīnārā. *Cf.* P. H. *A. I.*, p. 88. |
| 151 | Mallagiri | A mountain-spoken together with Paṇḍaraka and Tikūṭa. | IV, 438-G. 169. | It was probably some peak of the Kārākorum mountains which are situated, according to the *Mahābhārata*, between the Nīla and Niṣadha, *i.e.*, the Kuenlen and the Hindukush: De, *G.D.* p. 123. It is perhaps identical with the Maleus of Pliny. McCrindle, *Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature,* p. 109. |

c8.51

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| 152 | Mahimsaka | A kingdom. Its capital city was Sakula. It was outside the boundary of Magadharattha. The river Kannapennā issuing out of the lake of Mānusiya, flowed in the kingdom and on its bend stood the mount Candaka. | I, 356; V, 162, 337; V, 337. | Nowhere in the Purāṇas or in the Buddhist Pāli Literature does this name occur. One is however readily tempted to connect it with the people variously termed in the Purāṇas as Māhiṣakas, Mahisas, Māhiṣmakas: See Pargiter, Mārk, P., p. 333. But without going into the controversy about the identity between Mahiṣamaṇḍala and Mysore or Māhiṣmatī (See discussion between Rice and Fleet reprinted in Q. J. M. S., III, pp. 53-76), we may state that Mahimsaka appears clearly to be different from Māhiṣmatī; for, Mahimsaka was watered by the Kaṇṇapeṇṇā, while Māhiṣmatī stood on the Narmadā Cf. Munshi, I. A., LI, pp. 217 ff. J. R. A. S. 1910, pp. 867 ff. |

c8.52

c8.53

| No. | Name | Description | Reference | Identification |
| | | It was 60 yojanas far from Campā. At its four gates were four market towns named Yavamajjaka. | VI, 32. VI, 330. | within the Nepal border, north of which the Muzaffarpur and the Darbhaṅgā districts meet. C. A. G. I., p. 718; P. H. A. I., p. 33. |
| 156 | Mucalinda | A lake in the Himavanta spread over with white scented lotus. | VI, 518-G. 1943; 519, 534-G. 2065; 535-G. 2069; 536-G. 2079; 539-G. 2109-11, 582. | It is very probably identical with the lake Mucukunda located 3 miles to the west of Dholpur in Kāśmīr; De, G. D. p. 132. |
| 157 | Mejjhārañña | A great forest of the country of King Mejjha. | III, 310, 311-G, 127; IV, 389-G. 24; V, 267-G 96. | The Mahābhārata mentions a Medyāraṇya, which should perhaps be taken as identical with our Mejjhārañña. See Sörensen's Index, p. 477. What particular locality it indicates we are unable to ascertain. See discussion on Mejjha, Supra, pp. 29-30. |
| 158 | Mejjha | A kingdom. | IV, 388; V, 267-G. 96. | Not identifiable. See above. |

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Linked texts (29)

Jātaka — Pāli
Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
Aitareyabrāhmaṇa — Mahidāsa Aitareya, Sanskrit
Mahāvagga — Pāli
Baudhāyanaśrautasūtra — Baudhāyana, Sanskrit
Sattasūriyasutta — Pāli
Vepullapabbatasutta — Pāli
Majjhimanikāya — Pāli
Viṣṇupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa — Vālmīki, Sanskrit
Apadāna — Pāli
Mahāvastu — Sanskrit
Milindapañha — Pāli
Suttanipāta — Pāli
Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
Aṣṭādhyāyī — Pāṇini, Sanskrit
Divyāvadāna — Sanskrit
Uttarajjhayaṇa — Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit
Tibetan translation ('Chi med mdzod) — Classical Tibetan
Penukonda Plates of Mādhava II (495 AD) — Sanskrit
Dīghanikāya — Pāli
Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Meghadūta — Kālidāsa, Sanskrit
Harivaṃśa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
Mahāvaṃsa — Pāli
Saṃyuttanikāya — Pāli
Purāṇa — Sanskrit
Bhagavadgītā — Vyāsa, Sanskrit