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The State in Ancient India: A Study in the Structure and Practical Working of Political Institutions in North India in Ancient Times c23: Index

The State in Ancient India: A Study in the Structure and Practical Working of Political Institutions in North India in Ancient Times c23

Language
English

Contents

Index

c23.1

Abhijñâna Śâkuntala, political touches in, 313—15; king in, 313-14; officers in, 314; revenue in, 315. Abhimanyu, 86. Abhiṣeka, 331. See also Coronation. Abhiṣekanāṭaka, political matter in, 318. Abû Zaidul Hasan, of Sirâj, 399. Abul Fazl, author of Âîn-i-Akbarî, 472, 480; on study of Sanskrit, 482. Âcâra, meaning of, 238. Âcârâṅga Sûtra (Jaina), types of polity in, 503. Âcârya, meaning of, 140. Âcâryâḥ, meaning, etc., of, 252 n. Achaemenides, 196. Acton, on Machiavelli, 390. Adhikaraṇa, 297. Adhikaranalekhaka, 432. Adhikârika, 381, 415. Adhinâyaka, 456. Âdhipatya, 37. Adhirâja, 36, 403. Adhiṣṭhâna, 297, 417. Adhiṣṭḷâya, 189. Adhvaryu, 33. Adhyakṣa, 451. Âdi Purâṇa (Jaina), 391—94; Brâhmaṇas in, 392; creation of Brâhmaṇas in, 509; conception of government in, 392; consecration in, 392-93; institutions of government in, 393-94.

c23.2.1

Âdisimha, 402; and titles, 403. Âditya, 49. Âdityasena, 292. Âdityavardhana, 343. Administration, development in the North, 500—504; in Jâtakas, of provinces, villages, etc., 145 sqq.; in Kâlidâsa, 313-14; in Kautalya, 267 sqq.; in Mahâbhârata, 91 sqq.; in Ṛigveda, 28 sqq.; Mauryan, Chap. VIII; general, and of the capital, 183—87, military, 188-89, pre-Mauryan, Chap. VII; of Guptas, 284 sqq., 292 sqq., after Gupta Empire, 305 sqq.; of Vijayanagara, 470; under Ândhras, 222, 224; under Aśoka, general, 206 sqq.; under Kuṣâns, 229; under satraps, 227-28; administrative machinery, of 8th to 16th centuries, in Almorâ, 409-10, in Deccan, 410, 414-15, in Gujarât, 414, in Magadha, 405—408, in Mârwâr, Bundelkhand B a s t a r, Chattîsgadh, M â l w â, 410-11, in Orissâ, 408-409, in Sindh, 401; of 11th and 12th centuries, material for the study of, 442, in Bengal and East Bengal, 450—52, in Kâmarûpa, 452-53, in Kanauja, 447—50, in Mâlwâ and Central India, 453, in Orissâ, 462, in Western India, South and Deccan, 462—68; similarity of and its causes in various states after Harṣa, 386-87; administrative system of the Marâṭhâs, 471 sqq.; of the 7th century, 365 sqq., material for study of, 343; in Kashmîr and Chambâ, Chap. XV. See also Government, King, State, Justice. Aediles, 186. Aelian, on munificence of Indian kings, 181-82; on presents to kings, 191. Africa, relations between the whites and the blacks in South, 20. Aggamaheṣî, 119. Agni, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 39, 43.

c23.2.2

Agni Purâṇa, 281, 330—34; ambassadors and their classes in, 334; feudatories in, 333-34; foreign affairs in, 334; king and his qualities and duties in, 330-31; law and judicial administration in, 333; local government in, 332; ministers and officers in, 331-32; princes and their education in, 331; revenue in, 333; state in, 330. Agnivarman, 311. Agrahâra, 366, 423; code of, 285 n. Agrahârika, 42. Agriculture, and agriculturists under Mauryas, 189—91; and emigration, etc., in Kauṭalya, 263-64; encouraged by the Hindu State, 513; making the village unit of society, 8; predominance of, in India, 6-7. Ahâla, 95. Âhâra, as an administrative division, 297, 383. Aindra Mahâbhiṣeka, 48, 49, 50. Aindra Śânti, 331. Âîn-i-Akbarî, 472, 480. Aitareya Brâhmaṇa, Andhras mentioned in, 221; rise of kingship in, 25-26. See Vedic Literature. Aja, 310. Ajâtaśatru, 47, 160, 163, 164. Ajîtamâna, 402, 403. Âjîvaka(s), 216. Âjñâdâpaka, 295. Âjñâpati, 383. Akbar, 478, 480; on social reform, 482. Âkranda, 255. Âkrandâsâra, 255. Akṣavâpa, as a Ratnin, 44. Akṣapatalika, 300, 367, 438. Akṣaśâli, 417. Al'-Idrîsî, and his writings, 399. Al'-Masûdî, and his accounts, 399, 401. Al'-Utbî, 446. Alâ-ud-dîn Khiljî, 469. Alberûnî, and his accounts, 442 sqq.; caste in, 442-43; law and justice in, 443-44; on kings enforcing caste rules, 510; ordeals in, 444-45; punishments in, 445-46; Śûdras and their disabilities, 446, 508. Alexander, and India, 492; Brâhmaṇas put to death by, 172; invasion of, 166;

c23.2.3

political arrangements of, 173—75; 168, 171, 176, 177. Amâtya, 112, 223, (or Amacca) 227; 303, 304, 305, 438, 462. Amazons, in harem, in Kauṭalya, 267. Ambassador(s), in A g n i Purāṇa, classes and duties of, 334; in Bhāsa, 318; in Kauṭalya, grades of, 270; in Mahābhārata, 92; in Manu, 242; in Rāmāyaṇa, 112; in Somadeva, 397; in Tiruvalluvar, 279; messengers and their classes in Magadha, in 8th to 10th centuries, 405-406. Ambhi, 168, 174. America, relations between the whites and the blacks in southern states of, 20. Amitagati Sūri, and his works, 460. Amṛtaprabhā, 422. Amṛtaśakti, 341. Amusements, gambling, et., regulation of, in Kauṭalya, 261. Ānand Kaul, 435. Ananta, 429. Anarchy, horrors of, in Rāmāyaṇa, 113. See Nature, state of. Andhakavṛṣṇi (oligarchy), 102. Andhra(s), as a power, 221—24; 194, 500. Aṅga(s), 69, 249. Āṅgiras, 326, 328. Anglican Church, 10. Anglo-French struggles in South India, 470; Anglo-Saxon institutions influenced by Norman conquest, 490. Anon, culture of, resembling pre-Aryan culture, 489. Antamahāpāla, 195. Antapāla, 271. Antarvāsika, 272. Āpaddharma, in Mahābhārata, 99-100. Āpastamba, 58, 59, 60, 74; local government, revenue and law in, 71—73. Arabs, Conquest of Sindh and account of the country by, 398—402, 441. Arakṣika(s), officers, 307. Arbudi, 36. Arcadius, 497. Ardha-Māgadhī, 116. Arhantas, 116. Ārhatas, 376. Ari, 255. Arimitra, 255. Arimitrāmitra, 255. Aristocracy, in Greek accounts, 170-71; in Roman and Hindu Empires, 497;

c23.2.4

of warriors in Mahābhārata, 84. See also Ruling class. Arjuna, 82, 86, 92, 96. Army, and defence in Kauṭalya, 276; and defence in the 7th century, 372; in Jātakas, 151. Arnold, on Rigveda, 17. Arrian, 167 n; on aristocracy in India, 170; on Indian castes, 179, 180; on Indian territory, 173; on revenue, 191; on succession, 183; on tribute, 192. See also Greek accounts. Artaxerxes Ochus, 196. Arthaśāstra(s), 215, 236, 301, 332, 456, 457, 500, 508; Bārhaspatya, 279-80; Kauṭilīya, 250-77; Kural compared to, 278-79; nature, date and authorship of, 250-52. See also Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra. Artisans, exempted from taxes, 192; in Mahābhārata, 95. Āryadeva, 281. Āryapiśuna, 314. Ārya Śūra, 281, 281 n. Āsandī, 354. Aśoka, 13, 115, 116, 169, 189, 215, 216, 218, 220, 373, 430, 502, 506, 510, 513; and religion, 202-205; as prince, 193; end of, 214; government of the kingdom of, 206-13; liberalising and humanitarian elements of his ethics, 199-200; paternal view of government, 196-97; reforms of, 202; revenue of, 213-14. Āśrama, in Jātakas, 121-22. Āśramadharma, 61. Assembly, in clan oligarchies, 157-58; in Epics, 94; in latest Vedic literature, 55; in Ṛigveda, 30-31; National Assembly, 500; nature and work, etc., of, in later Vedic literature, 40-43. See also Council. Assyrian Empire, local government in, 495. Astakula, council of eight, 160. Aṣṭakulādhikaraṇa, 297. Aṣṭapradhāna, council of eight, 471. Aṣṭāvakra, 91.

c23.3

Astynomi, officers, 186. Asuras, 25, 27, 107. See Rākṣasa. Aśvaghoṣa, and his writings, 233-34; Ārya Śūra identified with, 281 n.; on founding of city and city-states, 491. Āśvalāyana Śrauta Sūtra, 59, 77. Aśvamedha (sacrifice), 49, 59, 60, 90, 222, 283, 283 n., 289, 306, 348. Aśvin, 21. Āṭavika(s) (officer), 271. Atharvaveda, nature of, 33; on Sabhā and Samiti, 31 n.; speaking of Itihāsa-Purāṇa, 328. See also Veda and Vedic Literature. Athenian type of republics in India, 499. Atibala, 393. Atri, 17 n. Atri, (Smṛiti writer), 326, 327-28. Aṭṭapatibhāga, 434. Aṭṭhakathā, 158, 160. Aurangzeb, conquest of, in South India, 470; Mughal Empire and death of, 489. Autonomy, and principles of Hindu government, 504, 505; and Smṛitis, 238-39; in Baudhāyana, 69-70; in Manu, 240-41; in Muslim age, 471, 474, 475, 479, 485; in third and fourth centuries, 232; in seventh century, 346; under Āndhras, 222; under Aśoka, 194; under Greek satraps, 174; under Guptas, 286, 287; under Mauryas, 197;

c23.4

in the interregnum between Mauryas and Guptas, 259. Avadâna(s), 341. See also Buddhist literature. Avadha (Oudh), 104. Avalokiteśvara, 354, 361. Avantisundarî Kathâ, 339 n. Avantivarman, 420, 427, 431. Avimâraka, 319. Ayodhyâ, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; description of, in the Râmâyana, 112-13. Ayogava, 53, 392. Ayukta, 297. Ayuktaka, 366, 383. Ayuktapuruṣa, 300. Azes, and his titles, 229.

c23.5

Bâbur, founder of the Mughal Empire, 489. Babylon, culture of, resembling Pre-Aryan culture, 489. Babylonian Empire, local government in, 495. Bactrian Greeks, in Afghânistân and the Puñjâb, 225. Baghdâd, administration of, influencing Muslim administration, 480. Bâhudantiputra, 252 n.; on qualification of ministers, 269. Bakhtiyâr Khiljî, lieutenant of Mohammad Ghorî, 441. Baladeva, a hero of the Harivamśa, 103. Balâdhikrita (military officer), 294. Balâdhyakṣa (military officer), 294. Balance of Power, idea of, in Kautalya, 256. Balhîka, 86.

c23.6

Balharâ, as king of kings in Muslim accounts, 399-400. Bali, 55. Bâlin, 318. Ballâlasena (writer), 461. Bâṇabhaṭṭa, 257 n., 340 n., 343, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 360, 363, 365, 368, 369, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 380, 385, 395; Bhâsa mentioned by, 317. Banavâsî, 416. Bandhuvarman, 305. Bâra Bhuñyas, twelve landholders in Bengal, 474-75. Barbara(s), 80. Bârbhâis, Council of twelve brothers, 471. Bardesanes, on Brâhmaṇas' exemption from paying taxes, 192. Basâdh Seals, 291, 294, 295, 295 n., 305. Basileos Basileon Megalon, Azes styled as, 229. Battlefield, ethics of the, in Mahâbhârata, 100-101. See also War. Baudhâyana, 58, 60, 61; law, justice, revenue, war, etc., in, 68-70. Bengal, and East Bengal, administration of, in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 450-52. Bevan, on Greek influence on India, 175. Bhâgabhogakara, and its meaning, 448. Bhâgadugha, as a Ratnin, 44. Bhagavân Lâl Indrâjî, on Mauryan era, 178 n. Bhaṇḍâgârâdhikṛita (officer), 300.

c23.7

Bhaṇḍâgârika (officer), in Jâtakas, 143, 152; under Andhras, 223. Bhandarkar, D. R., on Aśokan history and inscriptions, 194, 201, 206, 209; on political history after Harṣa, 386; on Subandhu, 340. Bhandarkar, R. G., on date of Kauṭalya, 251; on date of Smṛitis, 237. Bhaṇḍi, 360, 363, 365. Bharadvâja, 17 *n*. Bhâradvâja, 252 *n*; on qualifications of ministers, 269. Bharata, 49, 106, 107. Bharata (Jaina king), 392, 394; creating Brâhmaṇas, 509. Bharata (Râma’s brother), 108, 109, 112, 136, 137. Bhârata (Kuru), 77. Bhârata or Bhâratavarṣa, 81, 219. Bhâratamañjarī, 435. Bhâravi, 389; date of and political matter in, 339. Bhartṛihari, 340, 381. Bhartṛiharinirveda, 391. Bhâsa, 315; date of, 317-18; works and political conditions in, 318-20. Bhâskarâcârya, 455. Bhata(s) (officer), 299, 307, 308, 383, 418, 439, 541; and meaning of, 302. Bhaṭâśvapati (officer), 294. Bhaṭṭa Nârâyaṇa, 381. Bhaṭṭâraka, as title, 291-92. Bhaṭṭârikâ (title), 351. Bhaṭṭikâvya, 381. Bhavabhûti, and his works, 388-89. Bhavisattakahâ, political matter in, 462.

c23.8

Bhîma, 82, 85, 86, 90, 320, 383. Bhîmasena (king), 459. Bhîṣma, 80, 90, 93, 95, 99, 102. Bhogagâma, 141. Bhogapati (officer), 296, 439, 502. Bhogika(s) (officer), 289, 296, 303, 304, 305, 381, 382, 383, 414, 439. Bhogikapâla (officer), 382. Bhoja, 413, 459; on Kâlidâsa, 309; works of, 457. Bhojadeva, 404. Bhukti (administrative division), and administration of, under Guptas, 296-97; 366 *n*, 417, 451. Bhûmaka Kṣaharâta, 226. Bhûmichidra Nyâya, and meaning of, 300-301; in South India, 468. Bhûpati, 310. Bhûta (a tax), and meaning of, 302. Bilhaṇa. See Vidyâpati B. Bimbisâra, 162, 163. Bindusâra, and his reign, 192-93. Bloch, on Ghaṭotkaca, 282*n*. Bloomfield, on Vidatha, 31. Bodhi tree, uprooted, 375. Bodhisatta, 121, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 150. See also Buddha. Brahma, 53, 121. Brahma Purâṇa, 337. Brahmadatta, 122, 128, 131, 139, 142. Brahman, 329, 443, 506. Brâhmaṇa(s) (caste), 13, 23, 29, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 80, 82, 89, 91, 93, 96, 97, 105, 108, 110, 112, 113, 157, 172, 188, 192, 196, 216, 220, 228, 327, 328, 331, 332, 333, 341, 359, 371, 376, 444, 445, 446, 448, 460; and Hindu State, 508, 509; and Jaina Brâhmaṇas, in Âdi Purâṇa, 392; and ordeals, in Bṛihaspati, 326; as a Ratnin, 44; as grantees, 290, 292; as judges, 325; as ministers and buffoons, 391; as rulers 353-54; as rulers in Alberûnî, 442-43; as rulers, in Jâtakas, 123; averse to ecclesiasticism, 10; importance of, 12; in Bhâsa, 320; in Bṛihaspati, 326; in Jâtakas, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 133, 134, 139, 140, 142; in Kashmîr, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425, 429; in Kathâsaritsâgara, 459, 460; in Manu, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 258; in Mokṣapariṣad, 377; in Nârada, 323; in Purâṇas, 336, 337, 338; in Somadeva, 397, 398; influence of, in Râmâyaṇa, 105; Kings of Gândhâra, 285; literary productions of, 114; origin and supremacy, etc., of, in later Vedic literature, 35; taking part in administration, 453, 454; without organisation, etc., 10-11. See also Caste.

c23.9

Brâhmaṇa(s) (scriptures), 57, 79, 89, 253, 329 n, 499; names, etc., of earlier, 34. See also Vedic literature.

c23.10

Brahmaṇaspati, 29.

c23.11

Brahmarṣideśa, 114.

c23.12

Brahmavaivarta Purâṇa, 337.

c23.13

Bṛihadâraṇyaka Upaniṣad, on Dharma, 506. See also Upaniṣad and Vedic literature.

c23.14

Bṛihaddevatâ, 76-77, 77, 86.

c23.15

Bṛihaddharma Upapurâṇa, government and society in, 337-38.

c23.16

Bṛihadratha, 216.

c23.17

Bṛihannâradîya Upapurâṇa, caste and dharma in, 338.

c23.18

Bṛihaspati (god), 43, 50, 312.

c23.19

Bṛihaspati (Smṛiti-writer), 237, 252 n, 322, 327, 369, 379; Arthaśâstra of, 279-80; date of, 323; number of councillors in, 268; on administration, justice, ordeals, etc., 323-26; on Manu, 239.

c23.20

Bṛihatkathâ, 459.

c23.21

British Government, Râjpûtânâ under, 475. See also English East India Company.

c23.22

Buddha, Gautama, 114, 115, 116, 149, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 201, 204, 377; on claims of birth, 120; precepts of, to Vajjians, 161; stories of his previous births, 116.

c23.23

Buddhacarita, 233, 234.

c23.24

Buddhaghoṣa, 116; on coinage, etc., in Gupta age, 287.

c23.25

Buddhagupta, 297.

c23.26

Buddharâja, 381.

c23.27

Buddharasa, 382.

c23.28

Buddhism, 115, 154, 193; affecting the Brâhmaṇa position, 13; affecting caste, 234; idea of Dharma in, 507; influenced by Greek thought, 490; Mahâyâna B., 374. Buddhist(s), 114, 115, 120, 163; in Mokṣapariṣad, 377; persecuted, 216, 373. Buddhist, Assembly, 345, 375, 376; council, 115, 231; celebrations, 374-75. Buddhist literature, 114 sqq., 154, 156, 158, 160, 281; list of states in, 154-55. Buddhist saṃgha, 158, 203; Aśoka's attitude towards, 203-204; nature of, and other organisations, 10. Buddhist Social Theory, compared to Brahmanical, 118. Buddhist Vihâras, 292, 422. Bühler, on date of Manusmṛiti, 237; on Dharma Sûtras, 58; on Mauryan era, 178 n; on meaning of Bhûmichidra Nyâya, 300-301; on meaning of Udranga, 301. Bundeloñ kî Vamśâvalî, 488 n. Bury, on Byzantine Empire, 497. Byzantine Empire and the Hindu Empire, 497-98.

c23.29

Cairo, administration of, influencing Muslim administration, 480. Caityas, 161, 204. Cakravarman, 420. Cakravartin, 290, 354, 394, 404. Cambyses, 495. Çamûpa, 294, 295.

c23.30

Cânakya, 250, 251. See Kautalya. Cânakya (minister), 390. Cânakya Sûtra, 281 n, 457-58. Candabardâî, 477. Caṇḍâla, in Jâtakas, 119, 120, 144; maiden in Śûdraka's court, 352. Candragupta, 189, 193, 193n, 206, 390, 391; accession and conquests of, 177-78; capital of, 184; dominions, etc., of, 282; C. I, 285 n; C. II, 301, 304; dominions, etc., of, C. II, 283. Candrâpîḍa, 352, 353; consecration of, and of his consort, 361-63; education of, 363-64. Candraprabhâ Sûri, 395. Capital, administration of, under Mauryas, 184-87; in Bhâsa, 320; in Mahâbhârata, 91; in Râmâyaṇa, 112-13; of Harṣa, 354, 357; of Kaniṣka, 230-31; of Khâravela, 219-20; of Menander, 225; of Sindh, 401. See Cities. Carakas, 228. Caraṇa, 59, 62. Cârudatta (book), 315, 318. Cârudatta (person), 316, 317. Caṣṭana, 228. Caste, and the Hindu State, 508-10; as influencing form of government, 7-8; as influencing Hindu political life, 11-13; attack on, by Aśvaghosa, 234; in Alberûnî, 442-43; in Alberûnî, as affecting punishments, 445-46; in Atri, 327; in Baudhāyana, 69-70; in Bṛihaspati, 324; in Gautama, 62-64, 66-67; in Jātakas, 118-21; in later Vedic literature, 34-36; in latest Vedic literature, 47; in Mahābhārata, 79-81; in Manu, 239-40; in M a n u, as affecting rules of punishment, 245-46; in Nārada, 323; in Rāmāyaṇa, 105-106; in Ṛigveda, 19 sqq.; in Sūtras, 61; in Upapurāṇas, 337-38; in Viṣṇu, 248; in Viṣṇu Purāṇa, 335; intercaste marriage, etc., in Kashmīr, 419-20; seven castes of India mentioned by Megasthenes, 178-81.

c23.31

Cāṭas, 299, 307, 308, 366, 383, 418, 439, 451; and meaning of, 302.

c23.32

Catuḥśatikā, 281.

c23.33

Caurāsī, 476.

c23.34

Cauroddharaṇika (an officer), 299, 405, 438, 451.

c23.35

Censors, under Aśoka, 201-202.

c23.36

Census, carried out by Khāravela, 219; carried out by Mauryas, 185-86.

c23.37

Ceylon, king of, as vassal, 290.

c23.38

Chach, usurping his master's throne, 401.

c23.39

Chach Nāmā, and its contents, 400, 401.

c23.40

Chambā, administrative machinery of, 437-38; administrative system in, Chap. XV; fiscal system of, 439; local government in, 439; political condition in, 436 sqq.; Rājas 68

c23.41

of, bestowing right to wear sacred thread, 509-510.

c23.42

Charpentier, on date of Viśākhadatta, 398 n; on Uttarādhyayana Sūtra, 320.

c23.43

China, diplomatic relations with, 229; village of China, Indo-China and Siam compared to Ancient Indian village, 511.

c23.44

Chittarājadeva, 462.

c23.45

Cholas, administration of, as ancestor of present Madras administration, 470.

c23.46

Church, Anglican, 10; Buddhist, 231 (see also Buddhist Saṃgha); Roman Catholic, 10.

c23.47

Cīnas, 80.

c23.48

Cintāmaṇi, 340.

c23.49

Cities, in Jātakas, 147-48. See also Capital.

c23.50

Clan-oligarchy. See Oligarchy.

c23.51

Coin, 284, 322, 343, 385, as source of the history of the Gupta age, 285; different divisions of coin standard, 277 n; nature, etc., of coinage in Gupta age, 277 n.

c23.52

Cole, on guilds, 8-9.

c23.53

Colour, as basis of Caste, 20-21. See also Varṇa.

c23.54

Commerce, regulation of, by the state, in Kauṭalya, 264-66.

c23.55

Communication, means of, under the Mauryas, 189.

c23.56

Confederation, Āndhra Empire as, 222; Gupta Empire as, 286; of clan-oligarchies, 160-61; of tribes in Greek accounts, 172-73; confederacy of princes, 344. See also Vajjians. Consecration, and accompanying ceremonies in Agni Purāṇa, 331; in Ādi Purāṇa, 392-93; in Garuḍa Purāṇa, 337; in Jātakas, 133-35; in Kaliṅga, 219; in later Vedic literature, 39-40; in Mahābhārata, 89-90; in Rāmāyaṇa, 110; in seventh century, 361-63; of a feudatory in Kādambarī, 352-53; of feudatories under the Guptas, 288-89. See also Coronation. Coraghātaka (police officer), in Jātakas, 144. Coronation, anniversary of, 212; in Rāmāyaṇa, 110. See also Consecration. Corporation. See Guild. Council, advisory council of a district, under the Guptas, 297; deliberative council, in Kālidāsa, 312; in Kauṭalya, 268; of eight, 160, 471; of twelve, 471. See also Assembly and Aṣṭapradhāna. Court, and its festivities and etiquette in the seventh century, 356-57; classes of, in Bṛhaspati, 323; court festivals, 183, 191; court proceedings, in Alberūnī, 443-44; Hindu court as patron of poets and scholars, etc., in Kauṭalya, 272; court proceedings, etc., in Mṛcchakaṭikā, 316-17; generosity of, under the Guptas, 285 n; in Daṇḍin, 340; in Epics, 94; in Jātakas, 145; in Kālidāsa, 314; in Manu, 247; in Merutuṅgācārya, 458-59; in Rājputānā, 476; kinds of, in Kauṭalya, 274; of Harṣa, 355; of Harṣa of Kashmīr, 427-28; of Saṃdhimat, 421. Crete, culture of, resembling pre-Āryan culture, 489. Criminal Intelligence Department of India, 275. See Spies. Cunningham, on Moga, 225; on Yaudheyas, 287 n. Curtius, 167 n; his description of Indian potentates, 182-83; on Alexander's arrangements, 174; on Indian governments, 171; on Indian kings, 181. Custom, as a check on despotism, 506; force of, 238-39; in Agni Purāṇa, as a source of law, 333; in Bṛhaspati, custom and royal edicts, 324; in Bṛhaspati, when opposed to religion, 280; in Manu, 258; in Manu, as a source of law, 240-41; in Rājputānā, as a force, 477. Cyrus, 495.

c23.57

Daḍanayago (an officer), 231. Dadda, 382. Daḍḍādevī, 403. Dahlmann, J., on the composition of the Mahābhārata, 78. Daityas, 99. Daivaputra, 233. Dakṣa (Smṛti-writer), 327, 328.

c23.58

Dakṣiṇā, in Rigveda, 20. Damayantī, 86, 93. Daṇḍa, a meaning of, 295, in Manu, 241. Daṇḍavāsika (an officer), 438. Daṇḍanāyaka, and variations of the term, 295, 451. Daṇḍanīti, 312. Daṇḍapāla, 271. Daṇḍapāśādhikaraṇa, 295. Daṇḍapāśika, 299, 405, 451. Daṇḍaśakti, 405. Daṇḍika, 299, 438. Daṇḍimahādevī, and her titles, 468. Daṇḍin, 252 n.; date of and political conditions in, 339-40. Danish tax in England, compared to Turuṣkadaṇḍa, 448. Darius, 165, 166, 495, 496; Herodotus on, 493; inscription of, 196. Darśana (system of philosophy), 238. Daśagrāmādhipati, 332. Daśakumāracarita, 339. Daśāparādhāḥ, and its meaning, 303; in Chambā, 435. Daśapura, 304. Daśaratha, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 136, 311. Daśaratha (Maurya), 206, 216. Dasyu(s), 20, 97; hostility towards, 21. Dattādevī, 283 n. Dauhṣādhanika (police-officer), 366. Dauhṣādhasādhanika (police-officer), 405. Dauhṣādhika, 451. Dauvārika (door-keeper), 272.

c23.59

Deccan, administration of, 414 sqq; administrative machinery in, 462 sqq; geography of, 5-6; in the seventh century, 381-84; titles of king, etc., in, 291. See also South. Democracy, difficulty of, in Ancient India, 500; in Greek accounts, 170, 171. See also People and Popular element. Departments, of administration in Kauṭalya, 270-71. Deśadharma, defined by Sukra, 506. Devadatta, 149. Devagupta, 344 n. Devaka, 80. Devala, composition of, 327 n. Devānāmpriya, 195, 196, 197, 199, 205, 206, 206 n. Devāpi, 76, 86. Devas, 25. Dhamma, 140, 201, 202, 208, 213; Aśoka's idea of, 198-99, 200, 202-203, 204. Dhanapāla (writer), 462. Dhānya, and its meaning, 302. Dhanvaviṣṇu, 293. Dharma, 238, 239, 327, 338, 505; definition of, 506-507; idea of, in latest Vedic literature, 56; in Bhāsa, 319; sources of, in Yājñavalkya, 249-50. See also Law. Dharma Śāstra(s), 23, 58, 61, 62, 78, 114, 248, 249, 250, 253, 277, 301, 332, 336, 379, 387, 388, 393, 412, 436, 456, 500, 508; later, Chap. XII; of Manu, 239. See also Smṛti.

c23.60

Dharma Sûtra(s), 23, 30, 57, 58, 61 sqq.; 114, 187, 237, 249, 253, 388, 509. Dharmamahâmâtras, 415. Dharmamahârâjas, 415. Dharmapâla, 456. Dharmapâladeva, 403, 405. Dharmaparîksâ, 460. Dhritarâstra, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 100. Dhruvâdhikarana, 299. Dhruvasena, 307, 348. Diddâ, 429. Diderot, on Machiavelli, 100. Digvijaya, 49, 83, 90, 348, 352, 362, 363, 394, 421, 427, 478, 504. Dîksita, 47. Dilîpa, 311, 330. Diplomacy, in Brihaspati, 280; in Kautalya, 255-56; in Mahâbhârata, 98, 99; in Purânas, 337; in seventh century, 351-52; in Tiruvalluvar, 279; of Bindusâra, 193. Diocletian, effect of his policy, 497. Diodorus, 167 n. 169; description of Patala by, 169; on agricultural land, 190; on Indian castes, 179; on Indian governments, 171. Divira(s), 300, 432. Divirapati, 383. Divorce, in Kautalya, 260. Divyâvadâna, 214. Doma, 420. Donamâpaka, (an officer), in Jâtakas, 143. Dovârika (an officer), in Jâtakas, 144. Drâmila, Kautalya called, 252 n. Drângika, 298, 307, 367. Drona, 90, 93. Dronasimha (Mahârâja), 288. Drupada, 92. Durgapâla (an officer), 271. Duryodhana, 82, 83, 85, 87, 319, 338. Dusyanta, 314, 315. Dûta(s), 44, 213. See also Prahita, Spies, and Messenger. Dûtaka, 295, 303, 304, 305, 308, 366, 383, 405, 412, 468. Dûtavâkyam, sovereignty in, 319. Dutta, M. N., on Kâmandaka’s Nîtisâra, 281 n. Dvairâjya, 259. Dvârapati, 431. Dvija(s), 64, 71, 446. See also Brâhmana (caste), and Vipra.

c23.61

Education, and court patronage in Mughal Empire, 481-83; of princes in Agni Purâna, 331; in Asvaghosa, 234; in Kalinga, 219; in Kautalya, 268 n.; in Pañcatantra, 341; in Persia, 494-95; in seventh century, 363-64; of princes etc., at Taksasilâ, 123-25; of subjects, as king’s duty, in Srîmad Bhâgavata, 338. Egypt, compared to India, 184; extension of Bindusâra’s diplomacy to, 193. Ekâdhirâja, 290. Ekarâja, in Vedic literature, 37. Ekbatana, 181.

c23.62

Election, etc., in later Vedic literature, 38-39; in Mahâbhârata, 87. Emperor, pomp and glory of, in the seventh century, 355-56; titles of, 290-92. See King. Epics, Chap. V, 114, 115, 151, 154, 253, 364, 388, 500; Brihaddevatâ, 76-77; Mahâbhârata, 77-103; Râmâyaṇa, 103-113. Espionage. See spies. Europe, compared to India, 10-11; federation in modern Europe and India, 504; Mediæval Europe and guilds, 8-9; Mediæval Europe compared to India, 259; modern Europe compared to Ancient India in espionage, 275. Excise policy, in Kauṭalya, 261-62. Executive, in clan-oligarchies, 159. See also Administration.

c23.63

Factories, accounts kept of, in Kauṭalya, 271; state factories in Kauṭalya, 263; state of, in Mahâbhârata, 95; state of, in Megasthenes, 181. Fahian, as a source of the history of Gupta age, 284; general observations of, on government, 284-85; on hospitals, etc., 285. Famine relief, in Kauṭalya, 264. Federal-feudal, character of Hindu Polity corroborated by the Arabs, 400; conditions obtaining in India, 226; idea in Bhâsa, 320. See also Feudal-federal. Federal-feudalism in Ancient India, 233; in Gupta Empire, 502; in Jaina works, 395; in Kṣemendra, 436; in Mauryan Empire, 501; in Persian organisation, 496; in Sindh, 346; in Sukranîti, 487; the Muslim rule and, 488-89. See also Feudal-federalism. Federalism, in modern Europe and India, 504. Feudal, administration after the Mauryas, 307-308; conditions after Harṣa, 386; conditions in Kaśmîr, 421; elements in the state in Mahâbhârata, 81 sqq. Feudal tendency, in Jâtakas, 152; in Kâlidâsa, 310; in later Vedic literature, 37; in Mahâbhârata, 94-95; in Rigveda, 31-32. See also Feudalism. Feudal-federal, empire, 282; organisation under the Guptas, 285-86; structure in Vijayanagara, 470; system in Bengal, 452. Feudal-federalism, in the Puñjâb, 474. See also Federal-feudalism. Feudalism, after the Mauryas, 216-17; in Adi Purâṇa and other Jaina works, 394-95; in Arab accounts, 399-400; in interregnum between Mauryas and Guptas, 259; in Kanauja, 499; in Kathâkośa, 461; in Kośala, 162; in Mediæval Europe and India, 504; in Padmagupta, 458; in Râjpûtânâ and Central India, 479; in Subandhu, 340; in 8th—10th centuries, 402-403; under the Andhras, 223; under the Guptas, 285-86, 290.

c23.64

Feudatories, ancestors of Harṣa as, 343-44; and their relations with the Suzerain, in Agni Purâṇa, 333-34; in Mahâbhârata, 83-84; in Nâgânanda and Ratnâvalî, 380; in seventh century, 350-51, 352-53; and titles, etc., after the Guptas, 307; in Chambâ, 436-37; in 8th—10th centuries, 414, 415-16; under the Andhras, 223; as a check on despotism, 507; as high officers, 54; as officers in the seventh century, 366; change in the status of, in seventh century, 353; conservation of, in seventh century, 352-53; government of, 303-304; government of the estates of, in Somadeva, 396; in Arab accounts, 400, 401; in Hindu Empires, 504; in Jaina works, 392, 393, 394-95; in Kâlidâsa, 310, 312; in Kâmarûpa, 453, 455; in Kashmîr, 421; in Kautalya, 257; in Râjpûtânâ, 475-76; in Râmâyaṇa, 106-107; in Sukra, 487; in 7th century A.D., 346, 347, 348, 349, 350; in 8th—10th centuries, in Magadha, 405, 407, 408; making grants in 8th—10th centuries, 412-13; status, grades, conservation of, under the Guptas, 288-90: titles of, in 7th century, in Deccan, 381-84; titles of, their consorts in 7th century, 351; titles and grants, etc., of, in Orissâ, 452; titles, rank, etc., of, in Deccan and Western and South Indian, 462 sqq.; tribute from, in Kautalya, 277; in seventh century, 369; under the Guptas, 303; under the Suṅgas, 217, 356, 363. See also Vassals.

c23.65

Finance, Emergency, in Mahâbhârata, 97. See Revenue.

c23.66

Fiscal policy, etc. See Revenue.

c23.67

Fleet, on Gupta era, 282 n.; on Kauṭilîya Arthaśâstra, 251; on meaning of Câṭas and Bhaṭas, 302; on meaning of Pañcamahâśabda, 384; on meaning of Udranga, 301.

c23.68

Foreign policy, and affairs in Agni Purâṇa, 334; in Jâtakas, 151-52; in Kautalya, 254 sqq.; in Mahâbhârata, 98—100; in Manu, Viṣṇu, Yâjñavalkya, 258; in Tiruval-luvar, 279.

c23.69

France, nobility of mediæval France compared to that of Chambâ, 437.

c23.70

Gahapati, 120.

c23.71

Gâmabhojaka, and his functions, etc., in Jâtakas, 146-47.

c23.72

Gaṇa(s), 102, 156. See also Oligarchy. Gangaridai (or Gandaritai), kings of the, 176, 177. Gārgya, 327. Gārgya Bālāki, 47. Garuḍa Purāṇa, 337, 456. Gāthās, 77. Gaulmika (an officer), 300, 438. Gaumata, 493. Gautama, 58, 61, 70, 73, 323; Caste, Government, Justice, Revenue, etc., in, 62—68. Gautama Buddha, 114, 120. See Buddha. Gautamīputra, 222, 226, 240. See also Sātakarṇi. Geldner, on Assembly, 30. Geography, as influencing Hindu political institutions, 3 sq. Germans, compared to early Indians, 22. Ghaṭotkaca, 282, 286. Gibbon, on oriental history, 498. Gobhila, Gṛihya Sūtra of, 61. Golden age, 375; in Purāṇas, 336, 337. Gondophares, 229. Gopa (an officer), 271. Goptā, 296. Goṣṭhīs, 232, 378. Govardhana, 228. Government, Committee of, in Mauryan military administration, 188; conception of, in Ādi Purāṇa, 392; democratic, in Greek accounts, 170, 171; duties, etc., of, in Purāṇas, 335, in Uttarādhyayana Sūtra, 321; form of, in Ancient India, 7-8; in clan-oligarchies, 156-57; in Rāmāyaṇa, 107; general observations on, by Fahien, 284-85; in Gautama, 64—66; local, in Agni Purāṇa, 332, in Āpastamba, 71-72, in clan-oligarchies, 160; in Kashmīr, 433; in Kauṭalya, 271; in Mahābhārata, 94-95; in Manu, 242-43; in North and South, 500; in Persia, 495-96; in Upapurāṇas, 337-38; in Viṣṇu, 248, in 8th—10th centuries in south, 416; in 11th-12th centuries, 453—55; local and provincial, in 8th—10th centuries, in Magadha, 407-408; nature of, in Greek accounts, 181 sqq.; necessity of, in Rāmāyaṇa, 113; of feudatories, 303-304; of the kingdom under the Mauryas, 189; officers of, and general administration under the Guptas, 292 sqq.; paternal, 196-97; paternal, under the Guptas, 292; sphere of, in Yājñavalkya, 250; spirit and activity of, in the seventh century, 373—75. See also Administration, King and State. Govikarta, as a Ratnin, 44. Grāma, 24-25; as administrative division, 296, 451; administration of, under the Guptas, 297-98. See village, Local Government. Grāmādhipati, 94, 332. Grāmakāyasthas; 433. See also Kāyasthas.

c23.73

Grâmakûṭa 415. Grâmaṇî, 24, 29, 52, 54, 94; as a Ratnin, 44; as a Vîra, 43. Grâmika, 297, 298. Grant, of land, after the Guptas, 306; in Gupta age, 292—94, 302-303; in Kanauja, 447, 449; in 11th-12th centuries, 455-56; in Râjpûtânâ, 477; made by feudatories, 412-13; of Chambâ Kings, 440; of Kashmîa Kings, 422; of Mughals, 482-83. Great Britain, type of monarchy in, compared to India, 499. Greece, compared to India in administration, 186; contrasted with India in respect of geography, 4; contrasted with India in respect of intensity of life, 7; slavery in, 45. See also Hellas. Greek accounts, Alexander’s political arrangements given in, 173—75; combination of tribes in, 172-73; of Ancient India, 166 sqq.; of Takkasilâ, 123; political conditions in, 168—72; republics in, 499; writers of and value of, 166-67, 167 n. Greek titles of Indo-Scythian kings, 229. Greeks, Bactrian, 225; compared to early Indians, 23; influence, in India of, 490—92; invasions by, 215; on Andhras, 221; on drums, etc., 201; on Kathas, 169; political institutions of the, 1.

c23.74

Green, T. H., on Empires of the East, 498. Grihakṛitya, 428, 431. Grihya Sûtra, 57, 58, 61. Gritsamada, 17 n. Guild(s), as a real factor in the life of the community, 511-12; as existing in Mediæval Europe and Ancient India, 8-9; in Bṛihaspati, 324; in Jâtakas, 152-53; in Kauṭalya, 266, 271; in Mahâbhârata, 103; in North and South, 500-501; in Râmâyaṇa, 113; in 7th century, 378-79; in 8th—10th centuries, 413-14; under the Andhras, 224; under the Guptas, 297, 304-305, under the satraps, 228. Guṇabhadrâcârya, 391, 394. Guṇâdhya, 436, 459. Gupta (king), 286. Gupta, administration, records on, 284; dynasty, 282—84; empire, as standing at the centre of Ancient Indian history, 308; composition of, 285—90; destruction of, 322; nature of, 502; empire and after, Chap. XI; era, 282, 282 n.; institutions as reflected in Kâlidâsa, 308 sqq.; period, 222; rule, prophecy about, in Harivaṃśa Purâṇa 284 n.; Guptas, 340 n., 500; fundamental political conditions under the, 285 sqq.; generosity and tolerance of the, 285 n.; grants, etc., under the, 292—94; institutions under the, 215;

c23.75

political conditions in the interregnum between the Mauryas and the Guptas, 259. Gûrjara-Pratihâras, and their decline, 441; ascendancy of, 385-86. Gustav Oppert, on date of Sukranîti, 486 n.

c23.76

Haradatta, 67. Harem, and its influence in Kashmîr, 428; in Adi Purâṇa, 393; in Agni Purâṇa, 332; in Jâtakas, 136-37; in Kâlidâsa, 313; in Kauṭalya, 267, 272; in Râjpûtânâ, 476; in Râmâyaṇa, 111; of the Mauryas, 206; under the Guptas, 296. Haribhadra, and his works, 396. Harihara, 391. Hariṣeṇa, 304; on Samudragupta, 283. Hârita (Smṛiti-writer), 326, 328. Harivaṃśa, 103. Harivaṃśa Purâṇa, 338 n., 394; prophecy about Gupta rule in, 284 n. Harmony, as the law of being of gaṇas, in Mahâbhârata, 102; in council chamber, in Bṛihaspati, 280. Harsa (or Harṣavardhana), 291, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354, 365, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376. 385; an eclectic, 377; as administrator, 354-55; as author, 380; beneficial measures of, 373-74; capital and palace establishment of, 357; charity of, 358-59; court and court-festivals of, 356-57; date of his death, 344, 344 n.; dynasty, etc., of, 343-44; education, etc., of, 363; era of, 363; luxury, etc., of, 357-58; nature of his dominion, 344-45; pomp and glory of, 355-56; succession of, 360-61. Harsa (of Kashmîr), 422, 423, 427. Harṣacarita, 317, 343, 347, 348, 349, 354, 365, 366, 367, 369, 372, 373. Hasan, 435. Hasan Niẓâmî, 447. Hastin (Mahârâja), 288, 289, 303, 304. Hastinâpur, 88. Hastyaśvoṣṭrabalavyâpṛitaka (an officer), 438. Hellas, institutions of, 168; soldiers of, 176. See also Greece, and Greeks. Hemacandra, on Kauṭalya, 252 n. Heraññika (an officer), in Jâtakas, 143. Herodotus, on Darius, 493. Hillebrandt, on the authority of Kauṭilîya Arthaśâstra, 25 n.; on Sabhâ and Samiti, 31 n. Hindu administration or government, aspects of, 510-12; different views on, 498-500; Hindu administrative evolution compared to Greek, Roman and English political development, 503;

c23.77

indigenous origin of Hindu Administrative system, 489 sqq.; influence on Muslim administration of, 479 sqq.; principles of, 504-505. Hindu Empire(s), compared with later Roman Empire, 497-98; compared with Persian Empire, 493-96; compared and contrasted with Macedonian and Roman Empires, 492; nature of, 504-505. Hindu institutions, as influenced by pre-Aryan culture, 489-90; by the Greeks, 490-92; by those of Persia, 492-96; Hindu Political institutions, as influenced by caste, 11-13, by geography, 3 sqq.; by racial characteristics, 9 sqq., by religion, 13; evidence about, 1 sqq.; raw materials for the study of, 15-16; Hindu political theory in mediæval age, 486-87. See also India. Hindu monarchs, checks to despotism of, 506-507; position of, 505; toleration of, 505-506. Hindu Polity, in the Muslim period, 469 sqq.; in Mahârâstra, 471-73, in North, 473-75; in Râjputânâ, 475-79, in Vijayanagara, 470. Hindu State, and caste, 508-10; failure and success of, 512-13; ideals of a, 204-205; in Gupta age, 502; in Mauryan age, 501-502; pluralistic, its task, 512; scope of activity of, 505-506. Hiranya, and meanings of, 302, 369. Hiranyakeśin 75. Hoernle, on date of Kâlidâsa, 309. Holtzmann, on Mahâbhârata, 78. Hopkins, on dates of Smritis, 237; on Dharma Sûtras, 58; on epic, 77. Huns, 224, 284, 291, 322, 350, 363. Hunter, Sir William, on promotion to Brâhmaṇahood, 509. Huviṣka, 230, 231.

c23.78

Ibn Khurdahâ, and his accounts, 399. Ikṣvâku, 106, 107, 109. India, Ancient, compared to Mediæval Europe, 259; called Yin-tu, 345; compared to Egypt, 184; to Europe, 10-11; to Greece and Rome, 45-186; to Italy, 100; contrasted with Greece, 4; geography of, influencing her political institutions, 3 sqq.; history of, viewed from North or South, 14-15; political history of, beginnings of, 154. See Hindu, etc. Indo-Greek dynasties, in west of India, 225. Indo-Parthian dyansties, in west of India, 225; principalities, fall of, 229. Indo-Scythian kings, 229. Indra, 21, 25, 26, 37, 39, 41, 43, 50, 51, 320, 321, 342, 352.

c23.79

Indra (teacher), 252 *n.* Indumatî, 310. Inscriptions, 310, 322, 328, 338, 343, 345, 354, 365, 366, 385, 402, 403, 436, 499; as primary source of Gupta history, 284; as source of 11th-12th century history, 442, 447 sqq.; Naqsh-Rustam Inscription of Darius, 196; of Aśoka, as authority for his reign, value of, 195-96; of the internal between Guptas and Vardhanas, 305 sqq. Interest, in Brihaddharma Purāṇa, 337-38; in Gautama, 67; in Kauṭalya, 265. Irānians, culture, etc., of, akin to those of the Hindus, 493 sqq. See also Persia. Islām, impact of the rising power of, 398. See also Muslim. Italy, mediæval, compared with Ancient India, 100. Itihāsa-Purāṇa, 328-29. I-tsing, 340, 369, 375, 378 *n.*, 380.

c23.80

Jacobi, on date of Viśākhadatta, 390 *n.*; on Rāmāyaṇa, 104. Jahāngīr, 478; on social reform, 482; saying of, compared with Kauṭalya’s, 268 *n.* Jaimini, on local usage, 238. Jaiminīya Nyāya Mālāvistara, 237, 238. Jaina(s), 163, 376; idea of Dharma among the, 507.

c23.81

Jaina literature, 154, 156, 158; from 8th to 10th centuries, 391 sqq.; on Takkasilā, 123. Jaina Nandisūtra, 252 *n.* Jaina orders, nature of, 10. Jaina tradition, about Candragupta, 193 *n.*; about Samprati, 216. Jainism, 116, 154, 154 *n.*, 216; affecting Brahmanic position, 13. Jaipāla, 446, 447. Jalauka, 430. Jambūdvīpa, 162. Jana, 24, 25. Janaka, 47, 48, 91, 111. Janamejaya, 48, 52, 53, 87. Janapada, 162, 287, 499. Janapadasa, 232. Janendra, 306. Jarāsandha, 81, 98, 99. Jātaka(s), 78, 104, Chap. VI, 154, 156, 208, 234, 253, 281, 341, 436; administration of the kingdom in, 145 sqq.; administration of the army in, 151; administration of justice in, 149-50; Aśramas in, 121-22; Buddhist social theory in, 118; caste in, 118-21; choice of a king by the festal car in, 131-32; cities in, 147-48; consecration of the king in, 133-34; court in, 145; duties of the king in, 138-39; feudal tendencies in, 152; foreign affairs in, 151-52; guilds in, 152-53; harem in, 136-37; king and the character of his rule in, 125-27; matter and dates, etc., of, 116-18; ministers and officers in, 142- 45; popular acceptance of king in, 133; Purohita and his functions in, 140—42; relations between kings and princes in, 132-33; revenue and its collection in, 148-49; revolt against the king in, 127-28; royal charity in, 137-38; royal splendour in, 135; ruling class in, 122; succession to the throne in, 128—31; Takkasilâ mentioned in, 123—25; Uparâjan in, 140; villages in, 146-47. Jâtakamâlâ, 281. Jauval, 308. Jayabhata II, 289. Jayakumâra, 393. Jayapatra, 485. Jayâpîḍa, 420, 427. Jayasena, 375. Jayaswal, on ancient Hindu political system, 498-99; on Buddhist Saṃgha, 158; on date of Mudrârâkṣas, 390 n.; on date of Sukranîti, 486 n.; on Dharma Sûtras, 58; on Nandas, 176 n.; on some statues, 164 n. Jayatu Vṛiṣaḥ, 308. Jîmûtavâhana, 488 n. Jina, 220. Jinasenâcârya, 391, 391 n. Johannes Stobaios, on water ordeal in Mauryan administration, 187-88. Jolly, on dates of Smṛitis, 237; on Dharma Sûtras, 58; on Kâmandaka, 281n.; on Kautalya, 251; on Kautilîya Arthaśâstra, 252 n. Jones, Sir W., on dates of Manu, 236; on Manu, 58. Judgment, example of Sanskrit J., 485-86. Justice, administration of, in Agni Purâṇa, 333; in Alberûnî, 443—46; in Baudhâyana, 68—70; in Bṛihaspati, 323—26; in Jâtakas, 149-50; in Kâlidâsa, 314; in Kautalya, 274-75; in Manu, 246—48; in Nârada, 323; in Râjpûtânâ, 476; in seventh century, 369—71, in Yâjñavalkya, 250; administration of, under Aśoka, 210—12, under the Mauryas, 187-88; as a source of revenue under the Guptas, 303; in B a u - dhâyana, 68—70; in Gautama, 65—67; in Kasmîr, 434; in later Vedic literature, 45; in latest Vedic literature, 54-55; in Rigveda, 30; rural J. in Musalmân age, 484; stern J. in Uttara Purâṇa, 395 n.; the Judiciary in clan oligarchies, 160. Justinian, institutes of, compared to those of Manu, 58. Jyeṣṭhakâyastha, 406.

c23.82

Kâdambarî, 343, 361; education of Candrâpîḍa in, 363-64; king’s luxury in, 357-58; political conditions in, 352-53. Kadphises, 229. Kaikeyî, 108, 111. Kalhaṇa, 385, 421, 426, 430, 435, 436, 437, 483, 506, 510; age and work of, 419.

c23.83

Kâlidâsa, 217, 233, 317, 318, 461; Abhijñâna Śâkuntala of, 313—15; as a source of Gupta history, 284; dates, etc., of, 309, 309 *n.*; Kumârasambhava of, 312; Mâlavikâgnimitra of, 312-13; Raghuvamśa of, 309—12; traditions in, 217-18; Vikramorvaśī of, 313. Kalinga, as a power, 218—21. Kaliyuga, 335, 338. Kâma, 239. Kâmandaka, 252 *n.*, 257 *n.*, 280-81, 330, 336. Kâmaśâstra, 250. Kambojas, 237. Kâmarûpa, administration of, in 11th-12th centuries, 452-53. Kaṇâda, 56 *n.* Kanakasabhai, V., on Ancient Tâmils, 277-78. Kanauja (or Kânyakubja), administrative machinery of, 442—50. Kaniṣka, 229—32, 234, 513; end of, 232; titles of the kings of his dynasty, 230. Kaṇva, 17, 314; K. dynasty at Pâṭaliputra, 271; K. Empire, end of, 385. Karaṇas, 300. Karaṇi, 367. Karaṇika, 300. Karmântika, (an officer), 270. Karmasaciva (an officer), 227. Karmasthâna, 430, 431. Karṇa, 82, 83, 90. Kartṛi, 300. Kâruvâkî, 206. Kashmîr, administrative system of, Chap. XV; caste in, 419-20; despotism and tyranny of kings of, and protests, insurrections, etc., against them, 421-26; feudal conditions in, 421; historiography in, 435; justice in, 434; kings in, 427-28; king's harem in, 428; local government in, 433; ministers and officers in, 430—33; revenue in, 434; scope of state activity in, 426-27; sources of history of, 385; succession in, 428—30. Kâśî, 114. Katha(s), (or Kathians), compared to Spartans, 169; rearing of children among the, 168-69. Kathâkośa, political matter in, 461. Kathâsaritsâgara, political matter in, 459-60. Kâtyâyana Śrauta Sûtra, 59. Katyâyana (Smṛiti-writer), 238, 326, 499; date of, 237. Kauṇapadanta, on qualification of ministers, 269. Kauśalyâ, 108, 111. Kauṭalya, 250, 251, 312, 396, 507; agriculture in, 263-64; amusements, gambling, etc., in, 261; civil law in, 266-67; commerce in, 264—66; compared with contemporary southern writers, 277—79; compared with Manu, Viṣṇu and Yâjñavalkya, 258; control of professions in, 262; court and household officers in, 272; defence and army in, 276; departments of state in, 270-71; excise policy in, 261-62;

c23.84

famine relief in, 264; guilds in, 266; interstatal diplomacy and relations in, 254-56; irrigation in, 264; judicial system in, 274-75; king, his timetable, harem, relations with princes, council, etc., in, 267-68; local government in, 271; ministers, etc., and their qualifications in, 268-70; persistence of his ideas in later Sanskrit literature, 280-81; political conditions in, 254 sqq.; projected social legislation in, 260; protectorates in, 256-57; provision against calamities, etc., in, 266-67; Purohita in, 26; regulation of economic life by the state, 263 sqq.; revenue in, 276-77; salaries, pensions, promotion, etc., of officers in, 272-74; scope of state activity in, 259 sqq.; spies in, 275-76; state as a business concern in, 262-63; variations of the names of, and identification of, 252 n, 253 n.

c23.85

Kauthuma, 59.

c23.86

Kautilīya Arthaśāstra, 326, 472; date and authorship of, 251-52, 251 n, 252 n; discovered, 250-51; political condition, administration, etc., in, 254-77; value of, 253-54. See also Kauṭalya.

c23.87

Kauṭilya, 252 n. See Kauṭalya.

c23.88

Kavirāja, (writer), 461.

c23.89

Kayadhu, 25.

c23.90

Kāyastha, 297, 406, 432, 438, 449, 471, 483-84, 484 n, 509; a generic term, 420, 420 n. See Jyesthakāyastha and Grāmakāyastha.

c23.91

Keith, on authorship of Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra, 252 n; on date of Kauṭalya, 251; on early times, 24; on Jātakas, 117; on Purohita, 29; on Rigveda, 2.

c23.92

Kern, on Pāli, 116 n.

c23.93

Khāravela (Jaina king), 7, 218-20; titles of, 220.

c23.94

Khattiya, in Jātakas, 120. See Kṣatriya.

c23.95

Khshathrapāvan, 226.

c23.96

King, acceptance of, by the people and consecration, etc., of, in later Vedic literature, 38-40; and his circle, in Rāmāyaṇa, 110-111; and ministers, in Mudrārākṣasa, 390-91; as central and most important institution, 205-206; as father to his people to promote their material and moral welfare, 196-99; as judge, etc., 45; as real Emperor, 290; behaviour of, towards conquered people, in Manu, Viṣṇu, Yājñavalkya, 258; capital, palace, etc., of, in Mahābhārata, 91; caste of, in Vedic literature, 53; character of his rule in Jātakas, 126-27; charity practised by, in Jātakas, 137-38; choice by the festal car of, in Jātakas, 131-32; consecration of, in Mahābhārata, 90; despotism of, in Kashmīr, 421-22; duties and accessibility of, in Bhavabhûti, 389; duties and qualities of, in Agni Purâna, 330-31; duties of, in Jâtakas, 138-39; in Parâsara, 327; duties, etc., of, in Brihaspati, 280; in Mârkanḍeya Purâna, 334-35; in Somadeva, 396-97; in Srîmad Bhâgavata, 338-39; firmness inculcated on, in later Vedic literature, 43; friends and officers of, in later Vedic literature, 43-44; harem of, in Kashmîr, 428; in Bhâsa, 319; in Brahma Purâna, 337; in Cânakya Sûtras, 458; in Gupta period, 292; in Jâtakas, 125-26; in Kâlidâsa, 310-12, 312, 313-15; in Kathâkosa, 461; in Kathâsaritsâgara, 459; in Mâgha, 389; in Mahâbhârata, 85-86; in Nârada, 323; in Persia, 493-94; in Puruṣaparîkṣa, 460; in Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra, 321; in Varâha Purâna, 336; life of, in Âdi Purâna, 393, in Greek accounts, 181-83; officers of, in latest Vedic literature, 52-53; officers and ministers of, in Mahâbhârata, 91-93; personal share of, in Jâtakas, 133; procession of, in Prabodhacandrodaya, 342; qualities of, in Tiruvalluvar, 278-79; relations between group of neighbouring kings, in Kautalya, 254-56; relations of, with princes, in Jâtakas, 132-33; revolt against, in Jâtakas, 127-28; loyal charity in 7th century, 358-59; royal luxury in 7th century, 357-58; splendour of, in Jâtakas, 135; subject-kings, 350, 356; succession of, in Jâtakas, 128-31; in Mahâbhârata, 86-89; ten duties of, in Jâtakas, 126; time table, harem, relations with princes, council, etc., of, in Kautalya, 267-68; titles of, in Kalinga, 219, in Kanauja, 447; titles of king and his consort from Gupta period onwards, 290-92; titles of kings subjugated by the Guptas, 233; tyranny of, 512; tyranny of, and protests, etc., against, 422-26.

c23.97

Kingdom, as private property, 461; of Kosala, 161-62; of Magadha, 162-67; other kingdoms, 164-165.

c23.98

Kingships, Aryan kingship partly developed from pre-Aryan example, 489-90; in Asvaghoṣa, in Brihaddevatâ, 76-77; in Mahâbhârata, 102; in Rigveda, 25-27; non-Kṣatriya, after the Maryas, 216, in Jâtakas, 123, in Mahâbhârata, 80; in 7th century, 353-54, in 8th-10th centuries, 404; non-Kṣatriya (Sûdra) k., in Matsya Purâna, 335-36, in 7th century, 346; non-Kṣatriya k., 346; of Brâhmanic origin, 221. See also Monarchy, Government, State, etc.

c23.99

Kirâta(s), 80. Kirâtârjunîya, 339, 389. Kiṣkindhâ, 104, 106. Kitavas, 97. Klripta, 306. Konow, on Śûdraka, 315. Koṣâdhyakṣa, 431. Kośala, 104, 106, 107; kingdom of, 161-62. Kośala Devî, 163. Koṣṭhâgâra, 263. Kṛṣṇa, 77, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 102, 103, 252 n., 319, 389; in Jaina literature, 394. Kṛṣṇadeva Râya, 488 n. Kṛṣṇâla, 55. Kṛṣṇaswamy Aiyangar, on administration of South India, 470. Krittivâsa, 488 n. Kṣatra, 53, 60; as Ratnin, 44; as Vîra, 43. Kṣatrapa, 226, 229. See Satrap. Kṣatriya(s), 23, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 62, 65, 69, 80, 82, 84, 89, 92, 96, 99, 100, 105, 106, 112, 320, 328, 332, 353, 354, 449, 508, 509; as governing body, 12; as rulers in Jâtakas, 122, 123; in Alberûnî, 442, 443, 445, 446; in Jâtakas, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 142, 220; in Kashmîr, 420; in Manu, 239; in Ṛigveda, 19; in Somadeva, 397, 398; origin and position, etc., of, in later Vedic literature, 35; variation of the word, ‘Khattiya,’ in Jâtakas, 120. Kṣemendra, and his works, 435-36.

c23.100

Kṣitipasaṃhati, 348. Kula, 160. Kulaputraka, 307, 308. Kumâra, 347, 372, 373, 374, 376. Kumâra Râja, 356. Kumâradevî, 282. Kumârâmâtya, 296, 303, 304, 307, 366, 383, 437. Kumârasambhava, 312. Kumâragupta, 283, 291, 304. Kumârila Bhaṭṭa, 73, 75; on beginning of Smṛitis, 236. Kunâla, 193. Kuṇḍalavana, 231. Kuṇḍina, 93. Kūṇika, 163. Kuntibhoja, 319. Kural (or Muppâl), 278-79. Kûrma Purâṇa, 329 n., 330; state, society, etc., in, 336. Kurus, 78, 87. Kuṣadhvaja, 111. Kuṣâna(s), 228; Kuṣâna dynasty, 229 sqq. Kutsa, 21.

c23.101

Laissez-faire, 12. Lâjukas, 196, 208, 209-210, 211, 212, 213. Lakkhana Paṇḍita, (Laksmaṇa), in Jâtakas, 104, 136. Lakṣmaṇa, 105, 108; variation, Lakkhana Paṇḍita, 104, 136. Lalitavistara, 159. Lallâ Dîkṣita, on meaning of Câṭa, 299. Laṅkâ, 104, 113. Lassen, on Mahâbhârata, Lalitâditya, 421, 423; political testament of, 426, 429.

c23.102

Lalitângadeva, 393. Lâṭa Viṣaya, 304. Lâṭyâyana Śrauta Sûtra, 59. Law, and its administration, in Alberûnî, 443—46; and justice, in Baudhâyana, 68—70; and law suits in Bṛihaspati, 324—25; and sources of law in Agni Purâṇa, 333; in Manu, 240—41; Aśoka's reform in penal law, 211; civil and criminal law, in Gautama, 66-67, in Manu, 244—46; civil law in Kauṭalya, 266-67; criminal law of the Guptas, 285; in Âpastamba, 71, 72-73; in Nârada, 323; in Parâśara, 327; in Persia and India, 493; limbs of a law-suit, in Agni Purâṇa, 333; of inheritance, in Kâlidâsa, 311, 315; of war in Baudhâyana, 70; penal law, in Kauṭalya, 274-75; in 7th century, 371; sources of, in Baudhâyana, 69; the "law," 375; under the Mauryas, 187-88. See also Dharma. Lekhakas, 300, 432. Licchavi, 282. Liṅga Purâṇa, 337. Liṅgâyata Vivecacintâmaṇi, 384. Lipikâras, 213. Local Government. See under Government. Lodîs, feudalism among the, 488. Ludwig, on Sabhâ and Samiti, 30 n.

c23.103

Macdonell, on Bṛihaddevatâ, 76. Macedonian Empire and Hindu Empire, 492. Machiavelli, as a force in Europe, 390; compared to Kauṭalya, 257; compared to Tiruvalluvar, 279; on king's conduct, etc., 99. Mâdhava (king), 376. Mâdhavâcârya, on local usage, 238; on Smṛitis, 237. Madhyama, 255. Madhyamaśî, 45. Madhyamavyâyoga, 320. Magadha, 339; administrative machinery of, in 8th—10th centuries, 405—408; Buddhism in, 114; first beginnings of the imperialism of, 48; kingdom of, 162—64; under the Mauryas, 176—78. Magadhas, 114. Mâgadhî, 116. Mâgha, and his views on politics, 389-90. Mahâbala, 393. Mahâbalâdhikṛita, 294, 304, 305, 381. Mahâbalâdhyakṣa, 294. Mahâbhârata, 76, 77—103, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 112, 113, 116, 239, 243, 250, 252 n., 318, 320, 329 n., 330, 335, 338 n., 381, 390, 396, 461, 471, 491; administration in, 91 sqq.; aristocracy in, 84; caste in, 79—81; consecration in, 89—91; court in, 194; date, character, etc., of, 77—79; ethics of the battlefield in, 100-101; feudal elements in the state in, 81—83; foreign policy in, 98—100; guilds in, 103; king in, 85-86; local government in, 94-95; oligarchies in, 102-103; officers and ministers, etc., in, 91—93; on Dharma, 506; palace, etc., of the king in, 91; popular element in the state in, 86—89; relations of Suzerain with feudatories, 83-84; revenue and taxation in, 96-97; sphere of state activity in, 98; spies in, 95; succession to the throne in, 86—89. See also Epic. Mahâbhândâgâra, 430. Mahâbhoja, 223. Mahâbrahma, 121. Mahâdaṇḍanâyaka, 295, 304. Mahâdevî, as title, 292, 354. Mahâdhana, 122. Mahâdharmâdhyakṣa, 451. Mahâgovinda Suttanta, 158. Mahâkaccha, 264. Mahâkośala, 164. Mahâkṣapaṭalika, 300, 366, 438, 451. Mahâkṣatrapa, 226, 229. Mahâkumârâmâtya, 296. Mahâmaṇḍaleśvara, 462. Mahâmâtras, 201, 202, 203, 208, 208-209, 210, 211, 212, 223. Mahâmattas, 131, 145, 163, Viniccaya M., 160. Mahâmâtya, 438. Mahâmudrâdhikrita, 451. Mahâpratihâra, 296, 308. Mahâpratipîḍa, 430. Mahâpurâṇa, 394. Mahârâja, 225, 226, 230, 231, 233, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 303, 305, 307, 343, 346, 354, 361, 366, 382, 383, 404, 411; M. Devaputra, 230; M. Râjamahata, 229; M. Râjâtirâja, 230. Mahârâjâdhirâja, 233, 282, 286, 290, 291, 308, 344, 346, 354, 361 n, 403, 404, 413, 415, 436, 437; or Parameśvara, 382. Mahârathî, 223. Mahârâya, 225. Mahâśabda, 413, 414, 416. See also Pañcamahâśabda. Mahâsâdhanabhâga, 430. Mahâsâmanta, 285, 288, 307, 346, 366, 413, 414, 416. Mahâsammata, 140. Mahâsâmantâdhipati, 405, 413, 415, 462. Mahâsaṃdhivigraha, 430. Mahâsaṃdhivigrahâdhikaraṇâdhikṛita, 381. Mahâsaṃdhivigrahika, 294, 295, 305, 366, 451. Mahâsarvadaṇḍanâyaka, 295. Mahâsenâpati, 223, 294. Mahâśvaśâlâ, 430 Mahâtmyas, 329 n. Mahattamas, 411, 455. Mahattara, 297, 298, 307, 367, 411, 415, 455. Mahâvîra, 116. Mahâvîracarita, 388. Mahâyâna Buddhism, 230. Mahendra, 212. Mahendranâtha, 310. Mahendrapâla, 391. Mahinda, 116. Mahiṣî, as a Ratnin, 44; as a Vîra, 43. Mahmûd of Ghaznî 386, 446, 447; invasion of, 441. Maine, Sir Henry, on rules of conduct, 62.

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