An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c42: P

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c42

Language: English

v2.c42.138 — 3 parts

P

v2.c42.1

**Pabra,** Dt Hissar. PGW [11.24] and early historical [4.18.1] site. Silak Ram, 1972, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

**Pabumath** (23°37'; 70°31'), Dt Kutch. Fairly high mound yielding Harappa [11.3] red buff, black-painted red ‘reserved slip’ and coarse red wares. Both in shape and in painted designs, the pottery shows similarities with RANGPUR II A, II B and II C. Three varieties of ‘reserved slip’ ware were found: (i) painted in black over dark-grey slipped surface, (ii) painted in red over a light-red surface, and (iii) painted in chocolate over light-grey surface. Sherds of coarse black-painted red ware, akin to the Rang Mahal Ware [11.24], and red-slipped cream ware were also met with. *IAR 1965-6. Purātattva*, 8, 1975-6, p. 159.

v2.c42.3

**Pachad** (18°14'; 73°24'), Dt Kolaba, 22 km from Mahad, where previous exploration has brought to light a few microliths and a unifacial chopper from inside the cave. Subsequent excavation by the ASI (*IAR 1969-70*, p. 23; *1970-1*, p. 22) in the cave in the volcanic trap of the area located about 450 m above mean sea-level has revealed two circular openings inside, measuring 10 × 10 m on the s. side. Two trenches—one at the n. entrance and the other in the e. side of the cave—reached a maximum depth of 1·5 m of which a 5 cm thick deposit contains a loose brown dust on the surface underlain by a 15 cm thick light or ashy earth. Below this is a deposit of rock rubble mixed with brown earth. From this level short, retouched and plain blades, points and a few blade cores have been recovered. This level has been found disturbed by modern pits with a perforated terracotta disc, small bits of charcoal, pottery and fragments of bone. The cave deposit comprises fallen rock fragments and a wind-blown dust from the platform surfaces below, over which modern villages are situated.

v2.c42.4

Further excavation has led to the discovery of a compact deposit in two trenches, 1·5 × 1·5 m each, near the facade of the cave. The 10 cm thick uppermost deposit containing loose, ashy brown earth mixed with small weathered blocks of trap has microliths, pottery, animal bones and charcoal bits and ash. A large number of potsherds, microliths, iron arrowheads, small bones and charcoal bits have been recovered from the intermediate stratum composed of light-brown earth mixed with rock rubble down to 60 cm from surface, while from the lowest one, of compact brown earth on the sloping bed rock, has yielded a good number of microliths comprising retouched points, blades, flakes, fluted cores and hammer-stones. The depth reached here is 80 cm.

v2.c42.5

Though meagre, a few microliths, pottery and charcoal bits have been discovered in the trench on the e. side of the cave. The 20 cm deposit consists of ashy-brown earth with a compact yellowish-brown soil below, with large blocks of debris and boulders from a sterile deposit between 55 cm and 1 m (See KANDIVLI). Joshi, R.V., & Bopardikar, B.P., 1972, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar Papers*, Nagpur, p. 49.—A. BENERJI

v2.c42.6

**Pachala,** Dt Tonk. Kushan red ware and bricks. *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c42.7

**Pachapalaiyam,** Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 220.

v2.c42.8

**Pachchaganapatti,** Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] tombs. *IAR 1965-6.*

v2.c42.9

**Pachilana Bil,** Dt Ujjain Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1971-2.*

v2.c42.10

**Pachimto,** Dt Chprocessaurgarh. Black-and-red ware. See KADUKOTA. *IAR 1957-8.*

v2.c42.11

**Pachmarhi** (22°30'; 78°22'), Dt Hoshangabad, the painted rock-shelters [13] of which have been extensively explored and studied (Hunter, 1935, 1936, who also excavated microliths [4.5] from the floors of the shelters; Gordon, 1935a, b, 1936, 1939a, 1939b, 1940, 1958). These Mahadeo hill rock-shelters, with Pachmarhi as the centre, form one of the richest groups of their class, the ones at Pachmarhi itself being known as Dorothy Deep, Upper Dorothy Deep, Monte Rosa, Mahadeo, Bazar, Jambu Dwip, Nimbu Boj and Marodeo. The shelters at Tamia, Son Bhadra and Jalai are respectively 32, 40 and 64 km away from Pachmarhi. Gordon studied the style, contents and superimpositions of the paintings and was not willing to assign a Stone Age antiquity to any group of them, but his views have now been superseded by the more detailed studies [13; BHIMBETKA], which have shown a Mesolithic [4.5] origin of the art continuing down to historical times. Of the more interesting paintings at Pachmarhi are a ‘Gilgamesh' figure subduing two wild animals at Monte Rosa and a scene of rare humour in which a monkey standing on its hind legs plays on a flute while a man lying on a cot too small for his size has raised arms as if to keep time with the flute, in Upper Dorothy shelter. The other scenes are the usual domestic, pastoral, hunting and fighting scenes.

v2.c42.12

In 1940 the writer visited all the Pachmarhi shelters known to Gordon and discovered two additional important ones named by him Bania Beri (which is in a reality a cave) after the nearest locality, and Dhuandhar near a waterfall, which is very rich in superimposed paintings. In the Bania Beri cave, among other subjects in depicted a large cross around which is a group of men, most of them holding in their hands what may be raised umbrellas. The cross may be a primitive or conventionalized *svastika*. One of the cows appearing below the cross has her belly cut open to reveal a calf in a crouching position inside. In the same cave there is another painted cross composed of small triangles which look like having been made out of a stencil (Lal, 1950). Another example of stencil work had been found by Gordon, 1939a, at Kabra Pahar in Dt Raigarh.

v2.c42.13

The writer also excavated a small trench in the flat area in front of the Bazar Shelter and found an enormous number of microliths both geometric and non-geometric, cores and waste flakes but no pottery.

v2.c42.14

Gordon, 1935a, in *Illustrated London News*, Sep. 21; 1935b, in *Ipek*; 1936, in *Indian Arts & Letters*, 10, 1, pp. 31-41: 1939a, in *Science & Culture*, 5, 5, pp. 269-70; 1939b, *in ibid.*, 5, 6, pp. 322-7; 1940, *in ibid.*, 5, 10, pp. 574-84; 1958, *Prehistoric Background of Indian Culture*, Bombay, pp. 99-117. Hunter, G.R., 1935, in *Nagpur Univ. Jour.*, p. 28; 1936, *in ibid.*, p. 127. Lal, B.B., 1950, in *Archaeology in India*, Delhi, p. 47.—A. GHOSH

v2.c42.15

**Pachur**, Dt N. Arcot. Megalithic [4.17.9] burial site.

v2.c42.16

*IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.17

**Pachwad**, Dt Satara. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools.

v2.c42.18

*IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c42.19

**Padaguru**, Dt Mysore. Megalithic [4.17.8] cairn circles.

v2.c42.20

*IAR 1972-3*.

v2.c42.21

**Padaliya** (24°30'; 74°30'), Dt Chittaurgarh. Six flat copper celts [4.11] similar to those from GANESHWAR were found. The celts possibly originated from the ancient site of Pind, 3 km away.

v2.c42.22

Agrawala, R.C., 1979, in *Man & Environment*, 3, p. 91.

v2.c42.23

**Padalur**, Dt Tiruchchirappalli. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with stone circles having single or double rings, cairn circles and dolmenoid cists, mostly of undressed boulders.

v2.c42.24

Gururaja Rao, B.K., 1971, in *Prof. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Vol.*, Madras.

v2.c42.25

**Padamatikambhampadu**, Dt Nellore. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools were found in the Bairavlakonalingalavagu valley.

v2.c42.26

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.27

**Padamatipadu**. *See* DODLAVAGU VALLEY.

v2.c42.28

**Padamdungari**, Dt Valsad. Stone Age site (of unspecified nature).

v2.c42.29

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.30

**Padam Tekri**, Dt Valsad. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site yielding scrapers, points and cores.

v2.c42.31

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.32

**Padardi**, Dt Sabar-Kantha. Mesolithic [4.5] site.

v2.c42.33

*IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c42.34

**Padaria**, Dt Jabalpur. Middle (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) and Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) factory and camp site.

v2.c42.35

*IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.36

**Padasalgi**, Dt Bijapur. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3] site.

v2.c42.37

*IAR 1963-4*. Pappu, R.S., 1974, *Pleistocene Studies in the Upper Krishna Basin*, Pune, p. 32.

v2.c42.38

**Padda**, Dt Gurdaspur. Early historical [4.18.1] remains. *See* ACHAL-SAHEB.

v2.c42.39

*IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c42.40

**Padeknur**, Dt Bijapur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site.

v2.c42.41

*See* ALMEL.

v2.c42.42

*IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c42.43

**Padhardo**, Dt Kutch. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *See* AJMEL.

v2.c42.44

*IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.45

**Padinhattumuri**, Dt Kozhikode. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with rock-cut caves yielding pottery.

v2.c42.46

*Indian Antiquary*, 8, 1879. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.47

**Padra**, Dt Kheda. Mesolithic [4.5] and Chalcolithic [4.14] site. Pottery comparable with that of RANGPUR II C and III and other antiquities such as sling balls, grinding stones, etc., were found.

v2.c42.48

*IAR 1971-2*. Momin, K.N., 1976, in *Arch. Congress & Seminar*, 1972, Kurukshetra.

v2.c42.49

**Padrajpur**, Dt Sagar. Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools were found in the bed of the Bina.

v2.c42.50

*IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c42.51

**Padri Lalpur**, Dt Kanpur. NBPW [11.16], Black-slipped Ware [11.13] and slipped red ware.

v2.c42.52

*IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c42.53

**Padupariyaram-I**, Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with cist burials.

v2.c42.54

*IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c42.55

**Padur**, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic [4.17.9] site.

v2.c42.56

*AI*, 22, 1966, p. 30.

v2.c42.57

**Pagadalapalli**. *See* KANDLERU VALLEY.

v2.c42.58

**Pagnesar**, Dt Raisen. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] tools from compact gravels on the bank of the Betwa.

v2.c42.59

*IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c42.60

**Pahalgaon, Pahlgaon**, Dt Anantanag. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic) tools of the chopper type [4.2] were found in the LIDDAR VALLEY in deposits assignable respectively to the Second Glacial and the Second Interglacial.

v2.c42.61

**Pahara**, Dt Banda. Neolithic [4.6.3] celts and pounders were found. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c42.62

**Paharpur**, Dt Santal Parganas. On the s. bank of the Gomai river were discovered Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] flake tools on quartzite, scrapers of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) on chert and quartzite and microliths, both geometric and non-geometric, on quartzite, crystal and chert. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c42.63

**Pahlgaon.** *See* PAHALGAON.

v2.c42.64

**Pahlwan**, Dt Jind. The ceramic finds comprise SISWAL, late Harappa [11.4] and OCW [11.5]. Suraj Bhan, & Shaffer. J.G., 1978, in *Man & Environment*, 2, p. 62.

v2.c42.65

**Paigu**, Dt Mainpuri. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c42.66

**Paikara**, Dt Nilgiri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 227.

v2.c42.67

**Paima**, Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] and early historical [4.18.1] site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c42.68

**Paind**, Dt Sangrur. PGW [11.14] site. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 124.

v2.c42.69

**Paisra**, Dt Monghyr. Extensive Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] factory site yielding handaxes made in advanced Acheulian traditions, cleavers invariably made on flakes and side scrapers of various types. *Arch. Congress & Seminar, 1972*, Kurukshetra, 1976.

v2.c42.70

**Paithan** (19°28'; 75°24'), Dt Aurangabad, on the Godavari at a distance of 56 km s. of Aurangabad, famous in ancient Indian literature as Pratiṣṭhāna, a town of consequence referred to in Jaina, Buddhist and Brāhmaṇical literatures. The Jaina literature especially and more so the *Bṛhat-Kalpasūtra-bhāṣya* associate it with the Sātavāhanas and the Nāgas and recent several stories emphasizing the association of both these with the ancient town. It is referred to in foreign accounts as well. The *Periplus* calls it Paethana and places it at 20 days' march s. of Barygaza (BHARUCH). The work further says that Paithan exported large quantities of onyx. Ptolemy refers to it as capital of king Pulumāvi of the Sātavāhana dynasty and places it in Ariake. Pratiṣṭhāna was connected with Madhyadeśa by land routes.

v2.c42.71

At present the area of ancient habitations has been partly disturbed and several mounds are under occupation. Hundreds of antiquities like coins, moulds, terracottas and pottery come up everyday in casual digging and river-bed clearance. This has resulted in the building up of several private collections. The ancient site spreads well ove 4 sq km. Some areas are still called by legendary names, as for instance the Nāga-ghāṭ. There is also another area which is supposed to contain the remains of the palace of king Sātavāhana, though no corroboration is as yet available. Some mounds rise as high as 18 m above the present water level of the Godavari.

v2.c42.72

Paithan has given several early punch-marked coins [3.1], coins of the Sātavāhanas and of Tiberius and Augustus, as well as Roman bullae [6.4] on the surface. During the Sātavāhana rule it was the capital town connected by trade routes to BHARUCH in the n.-w., Nanaghat in the w., and Tagarapura (TOR) in the s.-e. However after the fall of the Sātavāhanas it seems to have lost its importance. During the Chalukya-Rāṣṭrakūṭa period it does not seem to have regained its place of honour. However during the Yādava period it seems to have developed as a sacred place. The famous saint of Maharashtra Ekanātha (16th century) took *samādhi* here.

v2.c42.73

In spite of its long history and apart from legends and myths associated with it, Paithan has not been systematically excavated on a large scale. In 1936-7 the Arch. Dept of Hyderabad under Yazdani excavated a few trenches which gave remains of brick structures, terracotta, beads and a few coins (Yazdani. 1936-7). The antiquities mostly belong to early and late Sātavāhana period. In 1965-6 M.G. Dikshit tapped the locality called Kushan which, according to him, gave Sātavāhana pottery; the horizon below it gave the Chalcolithic Jorwe Ware [11.11] and human burials (*IAR 1965-6*, p. 54). The report of the first excavation is not detailed and that of Dikshit not published.

v2.c42.74

The Prehistoric man lived in the environs of Paithan was established as early as 1863 when Wynne found an agate flake at Mungi near Paithan (Wynne, 1866, pp. 283-4). Around 1904 Beal is reported to have recovered the fossilized remains of the skull of wild elephant (*Elephas namadicus*), the tusk of which has a diameter of 74 cm. The sporadic work done during the last 100 years has given sufficient indication that Paithan and the area contiguous to it was the abode of man in the Lower Palaeolithic [4.2], Middle Palaeolithic [4.3], Chalcolithic [4.14.6], early historical [4.18.9] and medieval times. Well-planned large-scale explorations and excavations are necessary to fully expose the remains.

v2.c42.75

Oldham, T., 1868, in *Records of the Geological Survey of India*, 1, pp. 65-9. Pilgrim, G.E., 1905, *ibid.*, 32, pp. 199-218. Sankalia, H.D., 1942-3, in *Bull. Deccan College Res. Inst.*, 4. Wynne, A.B., 1866, in .*Geological Magazine*, 3. Yazdani, G., 1936-7, in *AR Hyderabad Arch. Dept. 1936-7*.—S.B. DEO

v2.c42.76

**Paiwa**, Dt Ujjain. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c42.77

**Paiyampalli**, Dt N. Arcot, in Tiruppattur (12°30'; 78°36'), Taluka, the only excavated site in Tamil Nadu which shows a clear overlap of the Neolithic [4.6.10] with the Megalithic [4.17.9] culture. The habitations are located on the three terraces of the Talattappamalai hills forming part of the Shevaroy Ranges. Megalithic burials are noticed at the foot of the hill in the U-shaped valley below.

v2.c42.78

Excavation in the habitation area by S.R. Rao of the ASI (*IAR 1964-5*, p. 22; *1967-8*, p. 26) brought to light the two overlapping cultures, Neolithic and Megalithic, with two subdivisions in the former. Besides three cairn circles were also tackled.

v2.c42.79

The Neolithic pottery [11.1.5] of the earlier phase comprises the pale-grey, burnished grey and red wares, the last one in a very small quantity. In the subsequent phase red ware predominates, though the grey ware continues. Some burnished grey vessels bear paintings in red ochre on the rims. This painted ware appears and dies in this very phase itself. The upper levels of this phase represent the overlap phase yielding iron, Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15] and other associatetl remains. The Neolithic pot forms include the lipped bowl, pot with flaring mouth, storage jar and dough plate, the last two being in red ware. The lipped bowl with round base is the most common shape occurring in all the wares.

v2.c42.80

The ceramics of the Megalithic culture consists of the Black-and-red Ware and all-black and red wares. Besides a coarse red ware painted in chocolate or lightbrown exclusively on the outside in the habitation and in orange pigment in burials has also been noticed. The painted designs though elementary and ‘without any proper scheme’ include among others human and floral designs. In the late levels occurs the Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22], the diagnostic ceramic of the early historical period. Nail and finger incisions, palm leaves, wavy lines, triangular notches, etc., form the incised, applied and stamped decorations.

v2.c42.81

During the early Neolithic phase, according to the excavator, the people lived in pit-dwellings [14.13] cut into the natural soil, oval, circular and oblong on plan, with their longer axes along the cardinal directions. One of the pits is divided into two parts by a row of stones. The larger ones have an approach ramp. One stonelined pit shows two occupational phases, the earlier marked by a flat stone at the bottom and the later by a rammed-earth floor 50 cm thick. These dwellings had superstructures of perishable materials as evidenced by post-holes along the periphery. Considering the climatic and environmental conditions of the region the pits appear more to be storage bins or refuse pits rather than dwellings. In the later phase huts with floors levelled with stone chips and plastered with a mixture of mud and ash were the norm.

v2.c42.82

In the Megalithic levels the residences were circular, oval and oblong or plan as deduced from the disposition of the post-holes, their superstructure again being of perishable materials with a central post resting on a perforated stone to support the roof. The circular houses measure 1·5 to 3 m in diameter, while the oblong ones vary from 1·7 to 4 m along the longer axes. The floors are of stone chips with a *murram* spread and are often plastered with lime. A rubble floor has been also noticed on the periphery in some cases. Rubble foundations for houses are also not unusual. The houses are normally single-roomed though double-roomed ones are also present. Terracotta lamps [6.11], as seen from the find of an eight-lipped circular one, illuminated the houses.

v2.c42.83

The tool repertoire of the early Neolithic occupation consists of bone and stone implements, the former being represented by awls, points and scrapers and the latter by axes with pointed and truncated butt-ends at all stages of manufacture. Axe-hammers, mace-heads and perforated stones predominate, besides a short blade industry on silicious stones which on the evidence of the abundance of waste flakes and fluted cores could be presumed to have been manufactured locally. In the later phase bone tools disappear and blade tools increase in frequency. Polished stone axess however continue. Stone objects of domestic utility are querns, mortars, pestles, pounders [6.19] and pebble polishers [16.2].

v2.c42.84

No metal is available in the Neolithic levels. In the Megalithic period iron is used profusely for making sickles, knives, spearheads, arrowheads, axes, nails, etc.

v2.c42.85

Objects of beautification were beads of terracotta in the Neolithic and beads of semiprecious stones including etched ons, shells, glass and terracotta, opaque glass bangles and ear ornaments in the Megalithic. That the Megalithic folk used gold ornaments as well is borne out by a mould of a goldsmith. Terracotta figurines of a long-horned variety of cattle in the Neolithic and birds and animals in the Megalithic represent toys.

v2.c42.86

The economy of both the Neolithic and Megalithic peoples appears mainly to be agricultural and cattlerearing, supplemented by huntings, besides ironworking in the Megalithic period as seen by the profusion of iron slag [16.9.4]. Cereals and pulses—horsegram (*kulti*) and greengram—were cultivated [2]. For harvesting composite tools of short blades seem to have been utilized. The animals domesticated or hunted included the cattle, sheep, deer, pig, foul, jungle cat and rhino.

v2.c42.87

It is not known how the dead were disposed in the Neolithic period. However the Megalithic burials consisted of stone circles [4.17], three of which have been excavated. The first cairn circle concealed an ovoid pit lined with stone slabs, where on the bed rock over a thin spread of greyish earth were interred disarticulated bones of two individuals. The burial furnishing consists of the pots and pans and weapons of iron, etc.—the usual Megalith equipment. The other megalith, also a cairn circle, entombed in an oblong stone-lined pit a sarcophagus [12.9] having 24 legs and containing disarticulated fragmentary human bones. The main pot forms include the tulip-shaped vase, bowl, shallow dish in the Black-and-red Ware and funnel-shaped lid in all-black ware. Besides red-ware vessels are also available. Graffiti [20.1] are noticed on pottery both from the burials and habitations. Iron implements from the burials are arrowheads, spearheads, etc.

v2.c42.88

The Neolithic levels at Paiyampalli on ¹⁴C determinations range in date between 1725 ± 110 B.C. and 1360 ± 210 B.C.; for the Megalithic period the dates are 640 ± 210 and 380 ± 105 and even a little later. The overlap between the Neolithic and the Megalithic must have taken place some time after 1360 ± 210 B.C. but before 640 ± 105 B.C. —K.S. RAMACHANDRAN

v2.c42.89

**Paj-Bangar**, Dt Saharanpur. PGW [11.14] and associated wares. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c42.90

**Pajrana**, Dt Saharanpur. OCW [11.5] and medieval wares. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.91

**Parkara-Buzurg**, Dt Unnao. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.92

**Pakari-Dubey**, Dt Gorakhpur. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature) and NBPW [11.16]. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c42.93

**Pakashma**, Dt Rohtak. Early historical [4.18.1] site. *Jour. Haryana Studies*, 3, 1, p. 65.

v2.c42.94

**Pakhri**, Dt Shahdol. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.95

**Pal**, Dt Rajkot. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) and Harappa [4.9] site. *IAR 1964-5*; *1965-6*.

v2.c42.96

**Palagiri**, Dt Cuddapah. Megalithic [4.17.7] port-holed cists were found on the left bank of the Mogameruru Nadi. *AI*, 4, 1947-8, p. 306.

v2.c42.97

**Palaiyam**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.98

**Palaiyamkottai**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmenoid cists and circle stones. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c42.99

**Palajayankondacholapuram**, Dt Tiruchchirappalli. Megalithic Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] and early historical site. *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c42.100

**Palajor**, Dt Purulia. Microliths (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c42.101

**Palamadai**, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *ASI-AR 1902-3*.

v2.c42.102

**Palamcottah**, Dt Tirunelveli. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *ASI-AR 1902-3*.

v2.c42.103

**Palamtopu**, Dt N. Arcot. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.104

**Palamukkal** (12°12'; 79°44'), Dt S. Arcot. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *AI*, 22, 1966, p. 33.

v2.c42.105

**Palangunattam**, **Palanganattam**, Dt Madurai. Urn burial site [4.17.9] without megalithic appendage. *IAR 1956-7*; *1957-8*.

v2.c42.106

**Palankottai**, Dt Tirunelveli. Prehistoric site (of unspecified nature). Cammiade, L.A., *Gazetteer of Tinnevely Dt.* p. 409. *ASI-AR*, *1936-7*.

v2.c42.107

**Palanswa**, Dt Kutch. Historical site (of unspecified nature). See AJMEL. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.108

**Palasbari**, Dt Purulia. Microliths (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c42.109

**Palasi¹**, Dt Dhule. Microliths associated with ochre-coloured pottery. See DHAMDAI. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c42.110

**Palasi²**. See SIRSA VALLEY.

v2.c42.111

**Palassena**, Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with dolmens and menhirs. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.112

**Palavakkam**, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic [4.17.9] site. *AI*, 22, 1966, p. 28.

v2.c42.113

**Palavoy**, Dt Anantapur. The site, 8 km s.-e. of Kalyandrug on the Kalyandrug-Dharmavaram road, consists of four ash-mounds [14.3] and a Neolithic [4.6.8] habitation. One of the ash-mounds yielded a sequence of three Pds, of which the lowest one was found to be pre-Neolithic marked by the occurrence of patinated trap flakes and microliths. Pd II, Neolithic, was represented by floors with post-holes. An interesting find was an edge-ground bone axe. Other objects included Neolithic stone implements, painted pottery and blotchy grey pottery, all handmade, besides a large number of unbaked clay objects, a large number of fragmentary animal bones some of which were charred. Pd III was post-Neolithic and showed the use of iron. In the habitation area four single urn burials covered with bowls were exposed. The ¹⁴C date for the earliest level is 1965 ± 105 B.C. See AKKAMMAKONDA. *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c42.114

**Palaya-gandharyakottai**, Dt Thanjavur. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with three stone circles. *IAR 1955-6*.

v2.c42.115

**Paleyur**, Dt Dharmapuri. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with port-holed cists.

v2.c42.116

**Pali¹**, Dt Hissar. Pali-1 has plain grey ware and Pali-2 pre-Harappa [11.2], Harappa [1.3] and plain grey wares. IAR 1966-7. *Haryana Studies in History & Culture*, p. 138. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 124.

v2.c42.117

**Pali²**, Dt Pali (wrongly stated to be Marwar). Site on the river Bandi with Series I and II (Lower and Middle Palaeolithic [4.2, 3]) tools. *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c42.118

**Paliad**, Dt Bhavnagar. Early historical site with Red Polished Ware [11.23]. *IAR 1955-6*.

v2.c42.119

**Paliamangalam**, Dt N. Arcot. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site on the river Cooum. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 172.

v2.c42.120

**Paliaura**, Dt. Jabalpur. Microliths (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1962-3*.

v2.c42.121

**Palipalaiyam**, Dt Salem. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with menhirs, cromlechs and cairns. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.122

**Palkhed**, Dt Nasik. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.123

**Palladam Taluka**, Dt Coimbatore. Cairn circles [4.17.9]. (Sites unspecified). *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c42.124

**Pallahara**, Dt Dhenkanal. Series I (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools. *IAR 1957-8*.

v2.c42.125

**Pallapalaiyam**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmens. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras.

v2.c42.126

**Pallasana**, Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with dolmens. *IAR 1969-70*.

v2.c42.127

**Pallathara-Pallipuram**, Dt Alleppey. Ring-wells [14.15] resembling those connected with the Megalithic remains were discovered. *IAR 1970-1*.

v2.c42.128

**Pallavaeer**, Dt Palghat. Megalithic [4.17.10] cists and stone circles. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c42.129

**Pallavamedu**, Dt Chingleput. Excavation at this site traditionally associated with the Pallavas revealed three Pds of occupation. Pd I was characterized by the occurrence of a red ware in varying shades, a terracotta human figurine and shell bangles. Pd II had two structural phases represented by a mud platform and floorings. Notable finds included potsherds with graffiti [20.1], red and black wares and beads of crystal and glass. Pd III produced glass beads, stucco pieces a tiny and pottery similar to that of the earlier period. The structural remains consisted of a large dump extending to 20 m obviously representing the debris of a building of the end of the Pallava rule in *c.* 9th century. *IAR 1953-4*; *1970-1*.

v2.c42.130

**Pallavaneswaram**, Dt Thanjavur. Early historical [4.18.12] site. *IAR 1961-2*; *1963-4*.

v2.c42.131

**Pallavaram** (12°55'; 80°11'), Dt Chingleput, where a palaeolith was found by Foote for the first time in India in 1863. In 1847, Boucher de Perthes first made what then was considered as a daring claim of having found flint tools of human fabrication in the old terrace deposits of the river Somme at Abbeville, in association with long extinct fauna. In 1859 the year when Darwin published his *Origin of Species*, three eminent English geologists—Prestwich, Evans and Falconer—confirmed the claim of Boucher de Perthes unqualifiedly before the Royal Society and in 1863 Lyell published his *Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man*.

v2.c42.132

It is indeed creditable that shortly afterwards Foote of the Geological Survey of India while looking out for similar traces of human artefacts in s. India was rewarded in 1863 for his labours by the find at Pallavaram near Madras of a true Palaeolithic [4.2] among the debris of a pit in the laterite gravel 60 to 91 cm thick overlying the granitic gneiss. This was indeed soon to be followed by his other systematic discovery and in greater numbers of Stone Age tools in the gravel beds of the Korttalayar valley in the company of his colleagues, William King and many others. The discoveries and collections by Foote from all over India were published in 1914 and 1916 in the form of a catalogue; and notes on sites; he also made over his entire collection to Madras Government Museum.

v2.c42.133

The Pallavaram tool is a genuine chipped implement found in a ballast pit of laterite gravel in the Brigade Parade Ground lying to the w. of the National Highway here. In January 1864 Foote revisited the Pallavaram pit and found two more palaeoliths of typical oval shapes in the material exposed by the enlargement of the pit.

v2.c42.134

Pallavaram is also notable for Megalithic monuments [4.17.9] which had been located in the form of terracotta sarcophagi [12.9], seemingly without any cist or enclosures, like the urn burials, round about Trisulam, thus marking an exclusive burial mode. Foote, R.B., 1914, 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, 2, pp. 109-11. Rea, A., 1887, *G.O. No. 1175*, published on 12 August 1887, p. 6.—K.V. SOUNDARA RAJAN

v2.c42.135

**Pallikonda, Pallikondai**, Dt N. Arcot. Megalithic [4.18.9] site. *See* PULICONDAH. Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 169.

v2.c42.136

**Pallipoliem**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.18.9] site. *Madras Jour. of Literature & Science*, 24, 1878, pp. 150-68.

v2.c42.137

**Pallur**, Dt Chingleput. Megalithic [4.17.9] site.

v2.c42.138.1

**Pal-Neodhia**, Dt Allahabad. Early historical [4.18.1] site. *IAR 1962-3*. **Palni-Alinagar**, Dt Bijnor. PGW [11.14] site. *IAR 1959-60*. **Palni hills**, Dt Madura. Megalithic [4.17.9] site with dolmens. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras. **Palsa**, Dt Parbhani. Middle Stone Age. (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) site. *IAR 1970-1*. **Palsoda**, Dt Ujjain. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1971-2*. **Palth**, Dt Kathua. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) tools were collected from the terrace of the river Basantar. Two mace-heads and a gritty red ware were also found. *IAR 1968-9*. **Palwal** (28°8′; 77°19′), Dt Gurgaon. PGW [11.14] site. *AI*, 10 & 11, 1954 & 1955, p. 140. **Palwe-Khurd**, Dt Ahmadnagar. Microliths possibly of Chalcolithic [4.14.6] association and early historical pottery. *IAR 1960-1*. **Palya**, Dt Mysore. Neolithic [4.6.9] remains and burnished brown, red and black-and-red wares. *IAR 1960-1*. **Pama**, Dt Fatehpur (wrongly stated to be Fatehgarh). NBPW [11.16] was found about 1½ km to the n.-e. of Ghazipur. *IAR 1957-8*. **Pambadumpara**, Dt Kottayam. Megalithic [4.17.10] urn burial site. *IAR 1965-6*. **Pambarwan**, Dt Jammu. Late historical pottery and Gupta terracottas. *IAR 1962-3*. **Pampur**, Dt Anantanag. Neolithic [4.6.1] assemblage and menhirs [4.17.1] similar to those found at BURZAHOM. *IAR 1962-3*. **Panagarh**, Dt Burdwan.

v2.c42.138.2

Chalcolithic [4.14.4] black-and-red ware and associated red ware were found on the eroded surface of Siuliburirdanga a few km to the n. of the Damodar. *IAR 1971-2*. **Panaiyampalli**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] cairn circles. *IAR 1961-2*. **Panaiyur**, Dt Tirunelveli. Burial urns [4.17.9]. Cammiade, L.A., *Gazetteer of Tinnevelly Dt*, p. 409. *ASI—AR 1936-7*. **Panappalaiyam**, **Panappalaiyam**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] sites with dolmens. (Same as follow-ing?). Sewell, R., 1882, *Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras*, Madras, p. 217. **Panapalli**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] cairn circles. (Same as preceding?). *IAR 1962-3*. **Panari**, Dt Jhansi. Microlithic (of unspecified nature) site. *IAR 1963-4*. **Panasa**, Dt Allahabad. Bowl and dish fragments of grey ware with paintings and red ware similar to those obtained from the earlier levels of KAUŚĀMBĪ. *IAR 1961-2*. **Panchamauli Pada**, Dt Dhule. Late Stone Age (Mesolithic [4.5]) site. *IAR 1966-7*. **Panchmukhi**, Dt Mirzapur. Rock-shelter with paintings [13]. Misra, V.D., 1977, *Some Aspects of Indian Arch.*, Allahabad, p. 55. **Panchoha**, Dt Allahabad. Chalcolithic [4.14.2] site on the right bank of the BELAN near Deoghat bridge yielding microliths, including crested-ridged flakes, Neolithic celts and sherds of coarse red and black-and-red wares. *IAR 1970-1*. **Panchpedia**, See CHANDRAPRABHA VALLEY. **Panchpheri**, Dt Mirzapur.

v2.c42.138.3

Upper Palaeolithic [4.4] site yielding blades, points, scrapers and burins. *IAR 1970-1*. **Panchwada**, Dt Panch Mahals. Mesolithic [4.5] site. *IAR 1970-1*. **Panchwaniya**, Dt Varanasi. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1962-3*. **Pandavapura**. See FRENCH ROCKS. **Pander**, Dt Bhilwara. Non-megalithic black-and-red ware of AHAR² affinity [11.6.2?] *IAR 1958-9*. **Pandharpur**. Dt Solapur. In the bed of the Bhima were found Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] handaxes in the gravel conglomerate and unstratified microliths (of unspecified nature). In addition a small-scale excavation revealed three late historical and medieval [4.19.7] phases of occupation. Phase I was marked by the presence of a black-grey ware bearing stamped designs in the form of small figures on the tip portions of *hāṇḍī*-like vessels and bowls. Phase II yielded coins and associated pottery of the Indo-Islamic period. Phase III showed structural remains consisting of a complex of massive stone walls, from the foundations of which coins belonging to the early Maratha period, corresponding to the latter half of the 17th century, were recovered. *IAR 1956-7*; *1967-8*. **Pandhrol**, Dt Kutch. Historical site. See AJMEL. *IAR 1965-6*. **Panditon ka Tila**, Dt Kurukshetra. Late Harappa [11.4] ware, PGW [11.14] and early historical [4.18.1] ware.

v2.c42.139

*Kurukshetra Univ. Res. Jour. (Art and Humanities)*, 10, 1976, pp. 28-9.

v2.c42.140

**Pandiyampalaiyam**, Dt Coimbatore. Megalithic [4.17.9] cairn circles. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c42.141

**Pandoli**, Dt Kheda. Early historical [4.18.2] site. *IAR 1971-2*.

v2.c42.142

**Pandrethan** (34°3′; 74°51′), Dt Srinagar, 5 km s.-e. of Srinagar, the ancient capital of Kashmir, Purāṇādhisthāna. There are two dilapidated Buddhist *stūpas*, one of them with a base of three angular offsets and four re-entrant angles. Kak, R.C., 1933, *Ancient Monuments of Kashmir*, London, p. 112. Mitra, D., 1971, *Buddhist Monuments*, Calcutta, p. 110.

v2.c42.143

**Pandu**, Dt Ranchi. So-called Asura site [14.4]. Roy, S.C., 1915, in *Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.*, 1, pp. 241-2, 1916, in *ibid.*, 2, p. 72.

v2.c42.144

**Pandupara**, Dt Trichur. Megalithic [4.17.10] cists. *IAR 1963-4*.

v2.c42.145

**Pandu Rajar Dhibi** (23°35′; 87°39′), Dt Burdwan, situated in village Panduk in the flood-plains of the Ajay amidst the typical rural surroundings of Rādha on a red lateritic [9.6] undulating plain, the mounds locally known as Rajar Dhibi or Raja Pota Danga and associated with legendary king Pāṇḍu. In 1914 a gold coin of Narasiṁhagupta Bālāditya was picked up at the site; a few medieval sculptures found here are locally worshipped. In 1961 a few microliths [4.14.4], sherds of the black-and-red ware [11.6.5] and shiny black-painted red ware sherds were collected from the site by the writer and S.C. Mukherjee, both of the Directorate of Arch., W. Bengal (*AIR 1960-1*, p. 67). Large-scale excavation was undertaken here by the Directorate under P.C. Das Gupta during 1962-5 (*IAR 1962-3*, p. 43; *1963-4*, p. 61; *1964-5*, p. 48), revealing a cultural assemblage of four distinct Pds, Pds I and II Chalcolithic [4.14.4], Pd III of the Iron Age [4.16] with an overlap with the preceding Pd, and Pd IV early historical [4.18.5] and medieval.

v2.c42.146

In Pd I the site seems to have been occupied by a people who lived in the huts erected over the natural lateritic soil and used handmade drab or thick grey ware showing impressions of husks of cultivated paddy [2.2] identified as *Oryza sativa* L. (Graminae). They also produced a wheel-turned thin plain ware of sandy fabric, a pale-red ware decorated with hatched cord designs and coarse (now rolled) black-and-red ware bowls and vases. A single bone point and very few stone tools represent the other cultural equipments of the Pd. The people generally buried their dead within the habitation area primarily in an extended fashion having an e.-w. orientation, but a secondary fractional burial and fragmentary remains (only one molar) preserved in a pale-red urn show the other burial practices. The end of the Pd came in the wake of a devastating flood in the Ajay as seen by the accumulation of a thick layer of sandy silt just overlying the occupational layer of the Pd.

v2.c42.147

The people of Pd II who arrived on the scene after the flood lived in rectangular-to-square or round mud huts framed with thick wooden or bamboo posts and walls made of wattle and daub. Floors of these huts were made of either *murram* sometimes mixed with terracotta nodules or clay mixed with cow-dung and were plastered with lime to prevent dampness. Ovens were used for domestic cooking. The dietary habits of these people can be ascertained from objects like charred rice and impressions of paddy husks on the pottery. Remains of the animal bones identified as *nilgai*, domesticated pig (*Sus scrofa cristatus* Wagner), humped bull (*Bos indicus* Linn.) and antlers of *sambar* (*Cervus unicolor* Kerr) indicate the domestication of some such animals and the utilization of others as food. Antlers were also utilized for fashioning bone tools such as arrowheads and awls.

v2.c42.148

Pd II presents a flourishing stage of occupation of the site and the efflorescence of its culture by the introduction of various ceramic industries mostly turned on the wheel. They are shiny red ware and black-and-red ware, the painted motifs being mostly geometric designs like dots and dashes, chevrons, sigma, criss-cross, solid triangles, wavy bands ladder, etc. The main types are: the bowl; shallow bowl; basin; channel-spouted bowl or basin in black-and-red ware with paintings in white or cream; tulip-shaped vase, often perforated at the bottom; deep bowl with a flaring rim in black-and-red ware; dish-on-stand with short stem in black-slipped ware; bowl-on-stand in red ware, sometimes painted; perforated vase or bowl; thick storage jar; *loṭā*; long-necked jar with a flaring rim; funnel-shaped narrow-mouthed vessel; lid; and dish. Some sophisticated forms like the bowl, dish-on-stand, channel-spouted bowl and perforated vase perhaps indicate their ritualistic use.

v2.c42.149

Among other minor antiquities mention may be made of a few short microlithic tools, sometimes with crested medial ridge, as also point-*cum*-scrapers and flakes, copper objects like nail-parers, fish-hooks [6.6], antimony rods [18.1], heavy spiralled and ordinary bangles, rings, a tubular bead and bone objects like awls, points, harpoons and arrowheads as also beads of semiprecious stones, sometimes etched in white designs.

v2.c42.150

The people of this Pd practised the custom of burying the dead in three different modes, viz. primary (extended) burial, secondary (fractional) burial and urn burial. Five skeletal remains have been unearthed in an extended position with an e.-w. orientation. An interesting secondary burial reveals a burial arrangement where the skull has been found placed vertically on the grave pit with the face turned towards the w. The hip bones are placed symmetrically so as to encircle the skull perhaps for its protection, while the long bones of both the extremities are placed along the sides of the skull. Two burials preserved.in urns of pale-red ware and covered by hemispherical bowls of black-and-red ware as lids placed invertedly have been noticed. Sometimes perforated vases or pots of red ware and beads of copper and semiprecious stones have been found associated with the burials. The skeletal remains have been studied in detail their reports have since been published (Gupta *et al*., 1977). The different burial customs have a striking resemblance with the burial practice narrated in the later Vedic literature (Chakravarty, 1968).

v2.c42.151

The ¹⁴C date of an excavated charcoal sample from the cemetery level of Pd II is 1012±120 B.C. (half-life value not stated). Confirmation about this date is available at MAHISDAL.

v2.c42.152

Most of the pottery types of Pd II are continued in Pd III, but they undergo slight variations in respect of the shape and treatment of the surface. Although the painted and plain red ware and painted and plain black-and-red ware persist, they are outnumbered by plain and painted black-slipped ware [11.13], in which are produced the vase, dish-on-stand, bowl, bowl-on-stand, *loṭā*, dish and lid, sometimes painted in white or cream in the style of the black-and-red ware. The slip on the red ware is applied in various shades of red varying from scarlet and pink to dark-brown and chocolate besides orange, creamish and tan turned due to firing under different conditions. The channel-spouted bowl in black-and-red ware the spouted ends of which were smaller, narrower and rather elongated in Pd II are now turned out in elegant shapes; the spouted ends have splayed ends, while red ochre is applied after firing. Small high-necked vases like the *loṭā* with a flaring rim are produced in both red-slipped and black-slipped ware. In this Pd was also introduced a kind of black burnished ware having incised decorative designs or stylized motifs indicating a peahen holding a snake, a row of fish with a hatched decoration, *pīpal* leaves, bull, undulated signs representing ripples of water as also hatched triangles and scallops. Black-slipped ware having incised and pin-hole decorations recalls the similar pottery from CHIRAND and TEKKALAKOTA. Polished or ground stone celts are found for the first time in this Pd. The main type of axes is of a tiny celt rounded-butt type with thin lenticular section, typical of the e. Neolithic clets [14.6.6], perhaps used after having been hafted in sleeves of wood, bone or horn. They perhaps produce evidence of re-use of an earlier material by some backward communities still living in the Neolithic stage of life and do not appear to be an integral part of the main culture stream of the people of the site.

v2.c42.153

Other minor antiquities of this Pd are a unique leaf-shaped arrowhead wthout any mid-rib in copper, bangles, rings and trinkets of copper, bone pikes and bone arrowheads with tangs, microlithic tools like parallel-sided blades, flakes and fluted cores, beads of semiprecious stones, terracotta figurines of mother-goddess and figurines with pinched head and pin-hole decorations as also gold pellets and pins.

v2.c42.154

Among the noteworthy structural features of this Pd mention may be made of a row of six elliptical ovens flanked by a thick layer of ash containing a broken sword blade of iron and iron slag [16.9.4] which may perhaps be treated as evidence of iron-smelting at the site. Huge accumulations of ash and charcoal with occasional patches of red burnt earth observed in almost all the trenches, as also charred rice associated with these iron tools are weapons, attest to the advent of the iron-using newcomers.

v2.c42.155

Pd IV which followed after a lapse of time indicates two principal phases, the earlier of which is related to the early historical period and the other to the medieval. The cultural assemblage of Pd IV A is represented by the bowl, cup and the so-called ‘ink-pot’ type [20.2] vase of a decadent red ware, a few sherds of the NBPW [11.16], lipped bowl of black ware, stamped pottery, copper ornaments, stone and terracotta beads, polished stone celts, saddle-querns [6.19], stone pestles [6.19], goldsmith's moulds and a disc-like gold bead. The people lived in brick-built houses, the floors of which were paved with bricks. A gold coin of Kaniṣka I recovered from the surface is an important antiquity of this Pd. The cultural repertoire of Pd IV B is related to the post-Gupta period and includes ordinary conical cups, terracotta net-sinkers [6.16] and wares of medieval times like the spouted goblet or jug.

v2.c42.156

Chakrabarti, D.K., 1968, in *Proc. Ind. Hist. Congress 1967*, Patiala, 1, pp. 48-59. Das Gupta, P.C., 1964, *Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi*, Calcutta. Gupta, P., & Pal. A., 1977, in *Bull. Anthropological Survey of India*, 19, 3-4, 1970, pp. 127-294. Mukherjee, S.C , 1966 in Das Gupta, P.C., ed., *Exploring Bengal's Past*; 1967, in *Indian Museum Bull* . 2, 2.—D K CHAKRABARTI

v2.c42.157

**Pandusar**, Dt Ganganagar. Mound yielding historical pottery and copper coins. *IAR 1972-3*.

v2.c42.158

**Pangura**, Dt Ranchi. A Neolithic [4.6.5] polished chisel of dark-green gneiss was found. S.C. Roy, 1916, in *Jour. Bihar & Orissa Res. Soc.*, 2, p. 69.

v2.c42.159

**Panguru** (13°46′; 79°36′), Dt Chittoor. Early Stone Age (Lower Palaeolithic [4.2]) site. *IAR 1967-8*.

v2.c42.160

**Panhali Pada**, Dt Dhule. Middle Stone Age (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.161

**Panhan**, Dt Unnao. NBPW [11.16] site. *IAR 1964-5*.

v2.c42.162

**Panihar**, Dt Gwalior. On the fringes of the forest on the Agra-Bombay highway a collection of palaeoliths included two chopper-chopping tools, Acheulian hand-axes, scrapers, ovates and cleavers [4.2].

v2.c42.163

**Panihari** (29°38′; 75°8′), Dt Hissar. Rang Mahal [11.24] site.

v2.c42.164

**Panipat** (29°24′; 76°58′), Dt Karnal. PGW [11.24] lay immediately over the natural soil and NBPW [11.16] was found higher up in the mound. *AI*, 10 & 11, 1954 & 1955, pp. 141, 145.

v2.c42.165

**Panjanahalli**, Dt Mysore. Black-and-red Ware [11.5] and Russet-coated Painted Ware [11.22]. *IAR 1961-2*.

v2.c42.166

**Panjasaran** (32°13′; 75°54′), Dt Kangra. Cleavers, choppers, discoids, a few scrapers, flakes and cores were obtained in mint condition from the clay. See **BEAS-BANGAṄGĀ VALLEY** *IAR 1966-7*.

v2.c42.167

**Panjra**, Dt Bhandara. Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]) tools. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c42.168

**Pankhan**, Dt Junagadh. Historical site (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1972-3*.

v2.c42.169

**Pannapura**, Dt Raichur. Chalcolithic [4.14.8] site. *Karnataka Bharati*, 6, 1, pp. 64-75.

v2.c42.170

**Pannivaykara**, Dt Kottayam. Megalithic [4.17.10] urn burial site. *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.171

**Panniyannur**, Dt Cannanore. Rock-cut caves, possibly Megalithic [4.17.10]. *IAR 1960-1*.

v2.c42.172

**Panniyannur Amsom**, Dt Kozhikode. The deposits in the Megalithic [4.17.10] rock-cut cave were found to be badly disturbed but broken iron implements, parts of a tripod and a round-based Black-and-red Ware [11.15.3] jar were found in the vicinity. *IAR 1959-60*.

v2.c42.173

**Panod**, Dt Indore. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1958-9*.

v2.c42.174

**Panr**, Dt Samastipur. A few sherds of NBPW [11.16], black ware and a cast copper coin [3.1] were collected from the site of Pandavasthana n.-w. of Dalsingsarai. *IAR 1972-3*.

v2.c42.175

**Pansina** (22°30′; 71°55′), Dt Surendranagar. Late Harappa [4.10] site located on the dried-up bed of the Bhadar river, assignable to Pd II B of **RANGPUR**. *AI*, 18 & 19, 1962 & 1963. p. 206

v2.c42.176

**Pantanda**. Dt Birbhum. Black-and-red ware (of unspecified nature). *IAR 1965-6*.

v2.c42.177

**Panunda**, Dt Cannanore. Megalithic [4.17.10] site with rock-cut cave having recessed entrance. Raghavan, M D., 1936, in *Dr Krishnaswami Aiyangar Commemoration Vol.*, Madras, pp 384-9.

v2.c42.178

**Panur**, Dt N. Arcot. Lower Palaeolithic [4.2] site. Foote, R.B., 1916, *Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities*, Madras, p. 4.

v2.c42.179

**Panwala Khera**, Dt Gurgaon. Early historical [4.18.1] site. Punia, D.S., 1976, unpublished thesis, Kurukshetra Univ.

v2.c42.180

**Panyam**, Dt Kurnool. Lithic tools (of unspecified nature) and megaliths [4.17.7] were found close together near the cement factory. See **BILLA SURGAM**. *IAR 1959-60*.

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**Panzgom**, Dt Anantanag. Neolithic [4.6.1] assemblage similar to that of **BURZAHOM**. *IAR 1962-3*.

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**Paoli**, Dt Jind. Pre-Harappa [4.8] site comparable with **EARLY SISWAL**. See **YAMUNA RIVER**. Suraj Bhan, 1975, *Excavation at Mitathal & Other Explorations in the Sutlej-Yamuna Divide*, Kurukshetra, p. 125.

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**Paota**, Dt Udaipur. Microliths (of unspecified nature) in the Karanpur-ki-nadi valley. *IAR 1962-3*.

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**Papamiya-Tekdi**, Dt Chanda, situated on the Jharpat, 5 km n.-e. of Chanda town. Bifacial pebble choppers and Abbevillio-Acheulian handaxes and cleavers [4.2] were picked up from the gravel beds of the river. From the uppermost gravel were collected scrapers, borers and diminutive axes, ascribable to an early stage of Series II (Middle Palaeolithic [4.3]). From the surface of the same gravel came blades, scrapers, burins, awls, etc., representing a blade-and-burin industry. Latest in the series, the microlithic industry included parallel-sided blades, backed blades, points, lunates, crescents and fluted cores (perhaps of Chalcolithic [4.14.6] association). *IAR 1960-1*.

An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology v2.c42: P

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