A Concise History of Science in India c15.8

c15.8

| Date | Scientific and Technological Developments | Remarks |
| | *Yūnāni Tibb*. | Incorporation of Persian, Arabic medical and Āyurvedic knowledge from Central Asia |
| | Metal stirrup; introduction of paper. | |
| Thirteenth–fifteenth cent. A.D. | *Śārāṅgdhara Saṃhitā*: opium in its materia medica, urine and pulse examination for diagnostic purpose. | Foreign influences |
| | *Rasaśāstra* texts: *Rasārṇava*, *Rasaratnākara*; *Rasaratnasamuccaya*, etc.; classification of alchemical and iatrochemical substances, details of experimental techniques. | Skill in complex chemical processes |
| | Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita: further refinement of arithmetic and algebraic operations. | |
| | Parameśvara, a prolific commentator on earlier astronomical and mathematical works. | Belonged to Kerala family of astronomers |
| | Nīlakaṇṭha Somasutvan: elucidation of astronomical ideas. | Of the *Āryabhaṭīya* school |
| | Pyrotechnics. | Production centres in the south |
| *c.* sixteenth cent. A.D. | Gaṇeśa Daivajña, astronomical and mathematical commentator; Divākara family of astronomers and mathematicians. | Maharashtra school |
| | More *Rasaśāstra* texts; use of mercurial and non-mercurial compositions as internal medicine becomes widespread. | Iatro-chemistry became established |
| | *Bhāvaprakāśa*: extensive materia medica; treatment of syphilis. | |
| | Gunpowder and guns. | Largely used during the Mughal period |
| | *'Āīn-i-Akbarī*: astronomical ideas; crafts; agriculture and animal husbandry; perfumery; pyrotechnics. | |
| | Advent of the Portuguese physician Garcia da Orta, introduction of new economic plants. | Publication of Garcia's *Colloquies* (1565) |