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The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century c5: Documents

The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century c5

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English

Contents

Documents

I

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MINUTE OF GOVERNOR SIR THOMAS MUNRO ORDERING THE COLLECTION OF DETAILED INFORMATION ON INDIGENOUS EDUCATION: 25.6.1822\*

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(*TNSA: Revenue Consultations: Vol.920: dated 2.7.1822*)

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1. Much has been written both in England and in this country about the ignorance of the people of India and the means of disseminating knowledge among them. But the opinions upon this subject are the mere conjectures of individuals unsupported by any authentic documents and differing so widely from each other as to be entitled to very little attention. Our power in this country and the nature of its own municipal institutions have certainly rendered it practicable to collect material from which a judgment might be formed of the state of the mental cultivation of the people. We have made geographical and agricultural surveys of our provinces. We have investigated their resources and endeavoured to ascertain their population, but little or nothing has been done to learn the state of education. We have no record to show the actual state of education throughout the country. Partial inquiries have been made by individuals, but those have taken place at distant periods—and on a small scale and no inference can be drawn from them with regard to the country in general. There may be some difficulty in obtaining such a record as we want. Some Districts will not—but others probably will furnish it—and if we get it only from two or three it will answer in some degree for all the rest. It cannot be expected to be very accurate, but it will at least enable us to form an estimate of the state of instructions among the people. The only record which can furnish the information required is a list of the schools in which reading and writing are taught in each district showing the number of scholars in each and the caste to which they belong. The Collectors should be directed to prepare this document according to the form which accompanies this paper. They should be desired to state the names of the book generally read at the schools. The time which scholars usually continue, at such schools. The monthly or yearly charge to the scholars and whether any of the schools are endowed by the public and if so the nature and amount of the fund. When there are colleges or other institutions for teaching Theology, Law, Astronomy, etc. an account should be given of them. These sciences are usually taught privately without fee or reward by individuals to a few scholars or disciples, but there are also some instances in which the native governments have granted allowances in money and land for the maintenance of the teachers.

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2. In some districts, reading and writing are confined almost entirely to Bramins and the mercantile class. In some they extend to other classes and are pretty general among the Patails of villages and principal Royets. To the women of Bramins and of Hindoos in general they are unknown because the knowledge of them is prohibited and regarded as unbecoming of the modesty of the sex and fit only for public dancers. But among the women of the Rujbundah and some other tribes of Hindoos who seem to have no prejudice of this kind, they are generally taught. The prohibition against women learning to read is probably from various causes, much less attended to in some districts than in others and as it is possible that in every district a few females may be found in the reading schools, a column has been entered for them in the Form proposed to be sent to the Collector. The mixed and impure castes seldom learn to read, but as a few of them do, columns are left for them in the Form.

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3. It is not my intention to recommend any interface whatever in the native schools. Everything of this kind ought to be carefully avoided, and the people should be left to manage their schools in their own way. All that we ought to do is to facilitate the operations of these schools by restoring any funds that may have been diverted from them and perhaps granting additional ones, where it may appear advisable. But on this point we shall be better able to judge when we receive the information now proposed to be called for.

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| 25th June 1822. | (Signed) |
| | *Thomas Munro* |

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Ordered in consequence that the following letter be despatched: No. 459 Revenue Department

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To, The President and Members of the Board of Revenue

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Gentlemen,

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I am directed to state that it is considered by the Honourable the Governor-in-Council to be an object of interest and of importance to obtain as accurate information as may be procurable with regard to the actual state of education throughout the country, and to desire that the several Collectors may be required to furnish such information according to the accompanying Form. Besides reporting the number of schools in which reading and writing are taught, the number of scholars in each and the castes to which they belong, the Collectors should state the time which scholars usually continue at school, the monthly or yearly charge to the scholars, whether any of the schools are endowed by the public and in such cases the nature and amount of the fund. When there are colleges or other institutions for teaching Theology, Law, Astronomy, etc., an account of them should be given. These sciences are usually taught privately to a few scholars or disciples by individuals without any fee or reward, but there are also some instances in which the native government has granted allowances in money and land for the maintenance of the teachers.

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Although generally education is confined to particular castes and is not extended to females, yet as there are exceptions, which in certain districts may be numerous, the accompanying Form is adopted to include them.

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It is to be clearly understood by the Collectors that no interference whatever with the native school is intended. Everything of that kind should be carefully avoided and the people should be left to manage their schools in their own way. All that ought to be done is to facilitate the operation of the schools, by restoring any funds that may have been diverted from them and perhaps granting additional funds where it may appear advisable.

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Fort St. George, 2nd July 1822.

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*D. Hill,* *Secretary to Government*

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CIRCULAR—FORT ST. GEORGE—25TH JULY 1822

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*(TNSA: BRP—Vol. 920, Pro. 25.7.1822, pp. 6971-72 No. 7)*

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1. I am directed by the Board of Revenue to transmit to you the accompanying copy of a letter with its enclosure from the Secretary to Government in the Revenue Department, and to desire that you will submit the required information together with a statement in the prescribed Form at your earliest convenience.

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2. In calling for the information from the different parts of your Collectorate, you will cause your public servants clearly to understand, and to make known to the people that no interference with the schools is intended, though every assistance will be given to facilitate their operations and to restore any funds which may appear to have been diverted from their original purposes.

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Fort St. George, 25th July 1822.

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*R. Clarke,* *Secretary*

IV

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PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, CANARA TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 27.8.1822

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*(TNSA: BRP: Vol.924 Pro.5.9.1822, pp.8425-29 Nos.35-6)*

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1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated 25th ultimo, together with its enclosure being copy of letter from the Secretary to Government Revenue Department dated 2nd July directing me to forward a statement filled up as per Form transmitted, and to report upon the state of education in this zillah.

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As the preparation of the necessary information to fill up the statement in question, would take up a considerable time and as any just criterion of the actual extent of such schools as exist in this zillah cannot be formed upon it, I have considered it expedient to submit this address, explanatory of the foregoing causes, which will I think show the preparation of the document for this Province unnecessary.

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2. There are no colleges in Canara for the cultivation of the abstruse Sciences. Neither are there any fixed schools and masters to teach in them.

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There is no instance known of any institutions of the above description having ever received support in any shape from the former governments.

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3. The education of the few Bramin children of the higher classes in towns or villages, is conducted in the house of the principal man. He selects a teacher, who receives for each child a small sum, a present of cloth at particular ceremonies, and the same for a few others, children of the friends of the principal man, who also meet at his own house for the same purpose. The Moolla* in the same manner teaches a few Mussulman children on the same principle. It is entirely a private education, and the master is as often changed as the scholars. There is nothing belonging to it which can assimilate it with a shadow of public education, or indeed of regularity in learning.

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The children are taught to read and write and accounts, and unless belonging to the highest classes, the attainment of Persian and Hindwy and Canarese at the same time is seldom or ever pursued. Indeed, amongst those classes, it is so entirely a private tuition, that any estimate of the numbers of their children learning such languages could not be but erroneous.

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4. Education is undoubtedly at its lowest ebb in Canara. To the Bramins of the country the Conkanny and Shinnawee and to the 2nd class of the former, the little education given, is confined. Amongst the farmers, generally speaking, and probably amongst one half of its population, the most common forms of education are unknown and in disuse, or more correctly speaking were never in use.

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5. As applicable to the subject I beg leave to introduce an extract from a letter to the assistant surgeon of the zillah, written to him in consequence of a wish on the part of the Superintendent General of Vaccination to obtain information from me, on the practicability of inducing the upper classes of natives in Canara, to undertake the situations of practitioners, who from their supposed superior attainments would be enabled to facilitate the progress of vaccination.

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*Extract of Paras 6th, 7th and 8th*

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6. I have stated that I consider there is no objection to the Christian practitioner, but with regard to employment of men of the other various castes in this district, causes exist which I am led to believe would render the attempt futile. The mass of people are cultivators, there are no manufactures to speak of in Canara, it is a country of cottages dispersed in valleys and jungles, each man living upon his estate and hence there are few towns, even these are thinly populated. Hence I am led to conjecture from a lesser congregation of people the Arts and Sciences have never, at least in later times, become of that consequence in Canara to cause them to be taught and cherished. Probably there is no District in the Peninsula so devoid of artists or scientific men.

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7. The soil of Canara is the natives undoubted right, gained by the first of all claims, the original clearing of it for cultivation. Thus, to this day his detestation of quitting his house and the fields by which it is surrounded. For those wants to which he is thus naturally exposed for cloth and for the various necessities of life which his land does not yield him, he is indebted to the few bazar men in the very few towns in each talook; these men chiefly Concanese are again indebted to their more opulent brethren established on the coast for supplies which are bartered for the products of the soil. These again are confined to three or four principal articles so that they do not afford room for much individual foreign enterprise, and consequently the provision of them remains with the people, who, have ever retained it, and thus strangers are in a great degree excluded from the country.

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8. From these causes I certainly consider the general want of Men of Science originates, and also that men, where their occupation is so entirely taken up with one pursuit would not be induced to quit it on any account, much less for the occupation of a travelling vaccinator.

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6. Subsequently to my arrival in Canara, I had endeavored to persuade some of the original farmers, the Bunts, to send their nephews (for they are the heirs, not the sons) to Mangalore for education—without success. A Christian school has been established in which Latin and Portuguese alone are taught.

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7. Should the Board after this explanation still consider the preparation of the Form transmitted with their letter, desirable, and according to the views of the government, I shall endeavor to obtain the particulars. It will be, I beg to repeat, a very fallacious statement. Amongst the numerous servants of this extensive Collectorate there is but one, who writes Persian; the literary knowledge of all others is confined to Hindwy and Canarese. Even Sanscrit is very partially known, and the Ballabund is confined to a very few of the class of Bramins who read the Shastras. Amongst this latter class I have found many, who could not read some of the ancient inscriptions, which they assert are in a different character from the Hala Canarese, and Ballabund they were taught.

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Mangalore, Principal Collector’s Cutcherry, 27th August, 1822. (Order thereon)—35-36 Ordered to lie on the table: *T. Harris,*

V

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COLLECTOR OF TINNEVELLY TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 18.10.1822 *(TNSA: BRP: Vol.928 Pro.28.10.1822 pp.9936-7 No.46-7)*

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I have the honor of forwarding the Statement of Schools in this District required by your Deputy’s letter of the 25th July last.

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The preparation of the account has been delayed by enquiry into the castes of the female scholars, who in almost all instances are found to be dancing girls.

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Tinnevelly District, Sharenmadavy, 18th October 1822.

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*J.B. Hudleston* *Collector.*

VI

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ASSISTANT COLLECTOR, SERINGAPATAM TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 29.10.1822

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*(TNSA: BRP: Vol.929 Pro.4.11.1822 pp.10260-2 Nos.33&4)*

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1. I have the honor to transmit in conformity to the instructions conveyed in your letter of the 25th July last, a statement exhibiting the number of seminaries within this zillah.

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2. The extent of information acquired under the present prevailing system of education is extremely limited—nothing more is professed to be taught in these day-schools than reading, writing, and arithmetic, just competent for the discharge of the common daily transactions of society.

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3. There are no traces on record, as far as I can ascertain, of endowments in land towards the support of colleges and schools having at a former period been granted either by the then existing government or any patriotic private individuals. The superintendents of the different seminaries were left for remuneration, entirely to the parents of the respective students frequenting them, and which system obtains to the present day.

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4. It appears that for each pupil the preceptor receives 5 annas monthly which makes the total annual expenditure for the purposes of education within the Island of Seringapatam amount to rupees 2,351 and annas 4. This sum, divided amongst 41 superintendents, gives each on an average the very inadequate and trifling income of rupees 57 annas 5 and pice 5.

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Seringapatam 29th October 1822.

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*H. Vibart* *Assistant Collector in charge.*

VII: Collector, Tinnevelly to Board of Revenue: 7.11.1822

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*(TNSA: BRP Vol.931, Pro.18.11.1822 No.37, pp.10545-6)*

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I have now the honor of forwarding a complete account of schools in this district according to the prescribed Form. The accounts from the talook of Punjamahl not having been received at the time of my sending those of the other talooks.

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The total under the head of population appears to have been erroneous, and is correctly given in the statement, now sent:

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Tinnevelly, *J.B. Hudleston,* 7th November 1822. *Collector.*

VIII

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PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, COIMBATORE TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 23.11.1822

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(*TNSA: BRP: Vol.932, Pro.2.12.1822, pp.10939-943, No.43*)

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To, The President and Members of the Board of Revenue

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Gentlemen,

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1. I have the honor to forward the information called for in Mr Clarke’s letter of the 25th July 1882 regarding the schools in the district.

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2. The statement No.1 is drawn up after the Form which accompanied Mr Clarke’s letter.

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The statement No.2 shows the particular language taught in each school, the number of pupils, the average amount of stipends paid by parents, to the teachers, the average annual charge to pupils for the purchase of cadjans.

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The statement No.3 shows the number of institutions in which Theology, Law and Astronomy are taught, the number of pupils educated in them, and the amount of maximum land granted by the Hindu Government, for their support, and assumed either by the Mussulman, or by the British Government.

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3. The earliest age at which boys attend school is 5 years, they continue there until they are 13 or 14. Those who study Theology, Law, etc., begin at about 15 and continue to frequent the colleges until they have attained a competent knowledge in the Science, or until they obtain employment.

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4. Besides their regular stipends, school masters generally receive presents, from the parents of their pupils, at the Dassarah and other great feasts; a fee is also given when the pupil begins a new book. The annual stipend from one pupil varies from Rs.14 to Rs.3 per annum, according to the circumstances of the parents. The school hours are from 6 a.m. to 10, and from 1 to 2 p.m. until 8 at night. Besides the several festivals they have regular holidays, 4 days in each month on the full moon, the new moon, and a day after each.

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5. The education of females is almost entirely confined in this district to the dancing women, who are generally of the Kykeler caste, a class of weavers. There are exceptions to this rule, but the numbers are too insignificant to require notice.

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6. There is a school for teaching English in the town of Coimbatore, which is superintended by an English writer belonging to this Cutcheree.

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Coimbatore, 23rd November 1822. *(Signed) J. SULLIVAN,* *Principal Collector.*

IX: Collector of Madura to Board of Revenue: 5.2.1823

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(*TNSA: BRP—Vol. 942, Pro. 13.2.1823, pp. 2402-406 No. 21*)

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1. I had previous to the receipt of the instructions of government made some little inquiry into the state of the schools in this district and have endeavoured to ascertain, should their number be increased, if the poorer classes would be induced to bring their children to them, to be educated amongst the lower class; I see little hope of such an improvement. They say as they are poor, their children are better employed in attending bullocks, etc., by which they gain a livelihood, than being at school. In the Fort of Madura and the different Cusbah villages some schools might be established with advantage. Many people of caste would, I have no doubt, send their children to such schools, and as the benefit derivable from education began gradually to develop itself, the numbers would increase. Five or 6 schools in the Fort of Madura, and 2 or 3 in each of the Cusbahs, granting the masters a small monthly salary of 30 to 40 fanams\* would be sufficient, and I have no doubt the Heads of Villages would be induced to send their children there, which would render such establishments most desirable as very few Nattawkars throughout the district can either read or write, and are consequently totally dependent on the Curnams.

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2. From the statement it would seem, that in a population of nearly 800,000, there are stated to be only 844 schools, and in them 13,781 children educated. That the number should be increased must be wished for.

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3. From the several statements received from the different divisions, it does not appear that any Mauneom lands are enjoyed for the purpose of schools; but that the teachers are paid by the poorer classes of people from ½ to 1 fanam for each scholar per month, and from 2 to 3 and 5 fanams by those in better circumstances, and that a teacher derives from 30 to 60 cully fanams\*\* per month in large villages, and from 10 to 30 fanams in small villages—scholars usually first attend school at the age of 5 and leave it from 12 to 15.

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4. In Agrahrom villages inhabited by Bramins, it has been usual from time immemorial to allot for the enjoyment of those who study the Vaidoms (Religion), and Pooraunoms (Historical traditions), an extent of Mauneom land yielding from 20 to 50 fanams per annum, and in a few but rare instances to the extent of 100 fanams, and they gratuitously and generally instruct such pupils as may voluntarily be brought to them.

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5. Female children devoted for the profession of dancing girls at the Hindoo temples are only instructed at schools.

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Teroomungalom, 5th February, 1823. *R. Peter,* *Collector.*

X

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PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, TANJORE TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 28.6.1823 *(TNSA: BRP: Vol.953, Pro.3.7.1823 pp.5345-5347 No.61)*

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With reference to your Secretary’s letter of the 25th of July last, and its enclosures, I have the honor now to transmit a statement in the prescribed Form, prepared from the Returns received from the Tasildars of the number of schools and colleges in this District accompanied by two other statements Nos.1 and 2, more in detail, which will I expect, afford every information, that your Board and government desire to receive on the subject, being necessary for me only to add that it does not appear, any funds granted for these institutions, have been either resumed or diverted from their original purpose.

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Tanjore Negapatam, 28th June, 1823. *J. Cotton,* *Principal Collector.*

XI

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COLLECTOR, MADRAS TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 13.11.1822 (*TNSA: BRP: Vol.*931, *Pro. 14.11.1822 pp. 10, 512-13 No. 57-8*)

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1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter under date the 25th July last, with one from government and to forward the statement therein called for.

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2. Adverting to the Orders of Government above referred to I beg leave to submit the information I have been able to obtain on the several questions connected with the system of education adopted in this Collectorate.

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3. The schools enumerated in the statement comprise only those in which the various descriptions of the Hindoo and Mussulman children are educated.

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4. These children are sent to school when they are above five years old and their continuance in it depends in a great measure on their mental faculties, but it is generally admitted that before they attain their thirteenth year of age, their acquirement in the various branches of learning are uncommonly great, a circumstance very justly ascribed to an emulation and perseverance peculiar only to the Hindoo castes.

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5. Astronomy, Astrology, etc., are in some instances taught to the children of the poorer class of Bramins gratis, and in certain few cases an allowance is given proportionate to the circumstances of the parents or guardians.

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6. In this Collectorate there are no schools endowed by the public. Those denominated ‘Charity schools’ include a few institutions of that description under the immediate control of the missionary society. The scholars in them are therefore of various sects and persuasions.

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7. These Charity schools are abolished at the pleasure of their supporters.

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8. The allowances paid to each of the teachers in a school seldom exceed 12 pagodas per annum for every scholar.

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Madras Cutcherry, 13th November 1822. *L.G.K. Murray,* *Collector.*

XII

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PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR, NORTH ARCOT DISTRICT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 3.3.1823

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*(TNSA: BRP: Vol.944, Pro.10.3.1823, pp.2806-16 No.20-1)*

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1. Accompanying I have the honor to forward a statement of the colleges and other institutions in this District for the education of pupils.

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2. In addition to the Form received with your Secretary’s letter I have prepared an abstract, showing the different descriptions of these institutions, and the means by which they are supported.

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3. Those receiving endowments from the government are as follows. The Persian schools at Arcot, mention of which was made in Mr Chamier’s letter, transmitted by me to your Board under date 10th December 1822.

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4. Some colleges (28) are established in different parts of the district, the expenses of which are defrayed from Mauneoms and Mairas, which have been granted by former governments on this account, and which are still appropriated to these purposes, the total of their amount is Rs.516-11-9.

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5. A Persian School in the Sautgud talook is also supported on the grant of a *Yeomiah* of ¼ rupee per diem, where about 8 scholars are instructed in the Persian language, and a trifling Maira of rupees 5-8-4 is received for one of the colleges in the talook of Cauvareepauk. These form the whole of the expense defrayed by government on this account.

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6. Certain of the institutions from different branches of learning will be seen entered as free of charge, these are conducted by persons of some acquirements and who voluntarily give up a part of their time for this purpose, but the greater portion of the seminaries are instituted by those gaining their livelihood by this means, and rates of charge are very variable, being according to the nature of the studies, or the means of the parties.

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7. The Tamil, Taloogoo and Hindwy schools are the most extensive; to these the scholars are sent generally about the age of 5 and in the course of five or six years are generally found sufficiently forward to commence by assisting in the preparation or copying of the accounts, according to their different walks in life, sometimes as volunteers in the public Cutcherries or in the situations with Curnums, Shroffs, Merchants or others, whence they graduate to situations in the public service or their hereditary occupations.

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Collector’s Cutcherry 3rd March, 1823. *William Cooke,* *Principal Collector.*

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STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF NATIVE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN EACH DISTRICT OF THE NORTHERN DIVISION OF ARCOT AND OF THE NUMBER OF SCHOLARS

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| Name of the District | | Schools & Colleges | | | Bramin Scholars | | | Vysea Scholars | | | Soodra Scholars | | |
| | | S | C | T | M | F | T | M | F | T | M | F | T |
| Chittoor Talook | (Audayanum | — | 1 | 1 | 8 | — | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (Hindoovee | 3 | — | 3 | 28 | — | 28 | 1 | — | 1 | 3 | — | 3 |
| | (Teloogoo | 18 | — | 18 | 15 | — | 15 | 33 | — | 33 | 135 | 2 | 137 |
| | (Tamul | 7 | — | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 72 | — | 72 |
| | (Persian | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (English | 1 | — | 1 | 2 | — | 2 | — | — | — | 3 | — | 3 |
| | | 30 | 1 | 31 | 53 | — | 53 | 34 | — | 34 | 213 | 2 | 215 |
| Tiruputty Talook | (Audayanum | — | 2 | 2 | 57 | — | 57 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (Hindoovee | 1 | — | 1 | 5 | — | 5 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (Teloogoo | 16 | — | 16 | 48 | — | 48 | 51 | — | 51 | 160 | — | 160 |
| | | 17 | 2 | 19 | 110 | — | 110 | 51 | — | 51 | 160 | — | 160 |
| Cauvarepauk Talook | (Audayanum | — | 9 | 9 | 69 | — | 69 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (Sausrapautum | — | 3 | 3 | 34 | — | 34 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| | (Hindoovee | 1 | — | 1 | 3 | — | 3 | — | — | — | 10 | — | 10 |
| | (Teloogoo | 23 | — | 23 | 43 | — | 43 | 36 | — | 36 | 191 | 11 | 202 |
| | (Tamul | 40 | — | 40 | 30 | — | 30 | 39 | — | 39 | 426 | 3 | 429 |
| | (Persian | 6 | — | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | 2 |
| | (English | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 |
| | | 71 | 12 | 83 | 179 | — | 179 | 75 | — | 75 | 634 | 14 | 648 |

c5.s10.13

| Name of the District | | All other Castes | | | Grand Total | | | Musulman Scholars | | | Total Hindoos & Musalman | | |
| | | M | F | T | M | F | T | M | F | T | M | F | T |
| Chittoor Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 8 | — | 8 | — | — | — | 8 | — | 8 |
| | (Hindoovee | — | — | — | 32 | — | 32 | — | — | — | 32 | — | 32 |
| | (Teloogoo | — | — | — | 183 | 2 | 185 | 4 | — | 4 | 187 | 2 | 189 |
| | (Tamul | — | — | — | 72 | — | 72 | — | — | — | 72 | — | 72 |
| | (Persian | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 | 5 | — | 5 |
| | (English | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 |
| | | — | — | — | 300 | 2 | 302 | 9 | — | 9 | 309 | 2 | 311 |
| Tiruputty Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 57 | — | 57 | — | — | — | 57 | — | 57 |
| | (Hindoovee | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 |
| | (Teloogoo | 19 | — | 19 | 278 | — | 278 | 10 | — | 10 | 288 | — | 288 |
| | | 19 | — | 19 | 340 | — | 340 | 10 | — | 10 | 350 | — | 350 |
| Cauvarepauk Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 69 | — | 69 | — | — | — | 69 | — | 69 |
| | (Sausrapautum | — | — | — | 34 | — | 34 | — | — | — | 34 | — | 34 |
| | (Hindoovee | — | — | — | 13 | — | 13 | — | — | — | 13 | — | 13 |
| | (Teloogoo | 91 | 1 | 92 | 361 | 12 | 373 | 1 | — | 1 | 362 | 12 | 374 |
| | (Tamul | 46 | — | 46 | 541 | 3 | 544 | 4 | — | 4 | 545 | 3 | 548 |
| | (Persian | — | — | — | 2 | — | 2 | 66 | — | 66 | 68 | — | 68 |
| | (English | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 | — | — | — | 5 | — | 5 |
| | | 137 | 1 | 138 | 1025 | 15 | 1040 | 71 | — | 71 | 1096 | 15 | 1111 |

c5.s10.14

| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Sholungeer Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Ganeteshaustrum (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul (Persian | — — — 1 16 19 2 | 5 7 2 — — — — | 5 7 2 1 16 19 2 | 34 23 3 6 29 19 — | — — — — — — — | 34 23 3 6 29 19 — | — — — — 8 7 — | — — — — — — — | — — — — 8 7 — | — — — — 83 183 — | — — — — — — — | — — — — 83 183 — |
| | | 38 | 14 | 52 | 114 | — | 114 | 15 | — | 15 | 266 | — | 266 |
| Tiruvullum Talook | (Audayanum (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul | — 1 4 18 | 6 — — — | 6 1 4 18 | 20 2 12 16 | — — — — | 20 2 12 16 | — — 9 16 | — — — — | — — 9 16 | — — 10 110 | — — — — | — — 10 110 |
| | | 23 | 6 | 29 | 50 | — | 50 | 25 | — | 25 | 120 | — | 120 |
| Sautgud Talook | (Audayanum (Pautasalah (Grenthum (Teloogoo (Tamul (Persian | — — 1 6 14 10 | 1 4 — — — — | 1 4 1 6 14 10 | 9 13 8 7 12 — | — — — — 1 — | 9 13 8 7 13 — | — — — 6 7 — | — — — — — — | — — — 6 7 — | — — — 20 88 — | — — — — — — | — — — 20 88 — |
| | | 31 | 5 | 36 | 49 | 1 | 50 | 13 | — | 13 | 108 | — | 108 |
| Cuddapattum Talook | (Teloogoo | 16 | — | 16 | 16 | — | 16 | 36 | — | 36 | 43 | — | 43 |

c5.s10.15

| (1) | (2) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | (21) | (22) | (23) | (24) | (25) | (26) |
| Sholungeer Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 34 | — | 34 | — | — | — | 34 | — | 34 |
| | (Saustrapautum | — | — | — | 23 | — | 23 | — | — | — | 23 | — | 23 |
| | (Ganeteshaustrum | — | — | — | 6 | — | 6 | — | — | — | 3 | — | 3 |
| | (Hindoovee | — | — | — | 3 | — | 3 | — | — | — | 6 | — | 6 |
| | (Teloogoo | — | — | — | 120 | — | 120 | — | — | — | 120 | — | 120 |
| | (Tamul | 3 | — | 3 | 212 | — | 212 | 1 | — | 1 | 213 | — | 213 |
| | (Persian | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | — | 9 | 9 | — | 9 |
| | | 3 | — | 3 | 398 | — | 398 | 10 | — | 10 | 408 | — | 408 |
| Tiruvullum Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 20 | — | 20 | — | — | — | 20 | — | 20 |
| | (Hindoovee | — | — | — | 2 | — | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | — | 2 |
| | (Teloogoo | 9 | — | 9 | 40 | — | 40 | — | — | — | 40 | — | 40 |
| | (Tamul | 19 | — | 19 | 161 | — | 161 | 15 | — | 15 | 176 | — | 176 |
| | | 28 | — | 28 | 223 | — | 223 | 15 | — | 15 | 238 | — | 238 |
| Sautgud Talook | (Audayanum | — | — | — | 9 | — | 9 | — | — | — | 9 | — | 9 |
| | (Pautasalah | — | — | — | 13 | — | 13 | — | — | — | 13 | — | 13 |
| | (Grenthum | — | — | — | 8 | — | 8 | — | — | — | 8 | — | 8 |
| | (Teloogoo | 14 | — | 17 | 47 | 3 | 50 | — | — | — | 47 | 3 | 50 |
| | (Tamul | 1 | 3 | 1 | 108 | 1 | 109 | 29 | — | 29 | 137 | 1 | 138 |
| | (Persian | — | — | — | — | — | — | 110 | 5 | 115 | 110 | 5 | 115 |
| | | 15 | 3 | 18 | 185 | 4 | 189 | 139 | 5 | 144 | 324 | 9 | 333 |
| Cuddapattum Talook (Other talooks follow) | (Teloogoo | 33 | — | 33 | 128 | — | 128 | — | — | — | 128 | — | 128 |

c5.s10.16

| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Arcot Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul (Persian (English | — — 3 13 50 9 1 | 3 5 — — — — — | 3 5 3 13 50 9 1 | 16 28 12 14 38 — 4 | — — — — — — — | 16 28 12 14 38 — 4 | — — — 15 10 — — | — — — — — — — | — — — 15 10 — — | — — — 132 662 — 13 | — — — — — — — | — — — 132 662 — 13 |
| | | 76 | 8 | 84 | 112 | — | 112 | 25 | — | 25 | 807 | — | 807 |
| Pullecondah Talook | (Audayanum (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul (Persian (English | — 3 17 65 10 4 | 1 — — — — — | 1 3 17 65 10 4 | — 13 21 8 — — | 2 — — — — — | 2 13 21 8 — — | — — 46 35 — — | — — — — — — | — — 46 35 — — | — 12 130 788 — 32 | — — 11 1 — — | — 12 141 789 — 32 |
| | | 99 | 1 | 100 | 44 | — | 44 | 81 | — | 81 | 962 | 12 | 974 |
| Terwvttoor Talook | (Audayanum (Pautasalah (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — 1 6 46 | 3 1 — — — | 3 1 1 6 46 | 16 2 8 8 97 | — — — — — | 16 2 8 8 97 | — — — 9 31 | — — — — — | — — — 9 31 | — — — 59 471 | — — — 4 — | — — — 63 471 |
| | | 53 | 4 | 57 | 131 | — | 131 | 40 | — | 40 | 530 | 4 | 534 |

c5.s10.17

|(1)|(2)|(15)|(16)|(17)|(18)|(19)|(20)|(21)|(22)|(23)|(24)|(25)|(26)|
|Arcot Talook|(Audayanum|—|—|—|16|—|16|—|—|—|16|—|16|
| |(Saustrapautum|—|—|—|28|—|28|—|—|—|28|—|28|
| |(Hindoovee|17|—|17|29|—|29|—|—|—|29|—|29|
| |(Teloogoo|8|1|9|169|1|170|—|—|—|169|1|170|
| |(Tamul|63|—|63|773|—|773|8|—|8|781|—|781|
| |(Persian|—|—|—|—|—|—|96|—|96|96|—|96|
| |(English|—|—|—|17|—|17|—|—|—|17|—|17|
| | |88|1|89|1032|1|1033|104|—|104|1136|1|1137|
|Pullecondah| (Audayanum|—|—|—|2|—|2|—|—|—|2|—|2|
|Talook|(Hindoovee|—|—|—|25|—|25|—|—|—|25|—|25|
| |(Teloogoo|11|—|11|208|11|219|12|—|12|220|11|231|
| |(Tamul|17|1|18|848|2|850|64|—|64|912|2|914|
| |(Persian|—|—|—|—|—|—|81|4|85|81|4|85|
| |(English|—|—|—|32|—|32|2|—|2|34|—|34|
| | |28|1|29|1115|13|1128|159|4|163|1274|17|1291|
|Terwvttoor Talook|(Audayanum|—|—|—|16|—|16|—|—|—|16|—|16|
| |(Pautasalah|—|—|—|2|—|2|—|—|—|2|—|2|
| |(Hindoovee|—|—|—|8|—|8|—|—|—|8|—|8|
| |(Teloogoo|—|—|—|76|4|80|—|—|—|76|4|80|
| |(Tamul|1|—|1|600|—|600|—|—|—|600|—|600|
| | |1|—|1|702|4|706|—|—|—|702|4|706|

c5.s10.18

| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Poloor Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul (English | — — 1 48 2 | 1 — — — — | 1 — 1 48 2 | 9 4 11 29 — | — — — — — | 9 4 11 29 — | — — 5 42 — | — — — — — | — — 5 42 — | — — 4 414 — | — — — — — | — — 4 14 — |
| | | 51 | 1 | 52 | 53 | — | 53 | 47 | — | 47 | 418 | — | 418 |
| Wundawash Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautam (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — 9 47 | 6 2 — — | 6 2 9 47 | 38 6 29 31 | — — — — | 38 6 29 31 | — — 5 8 | — — — — | — — 5 8 | — — 33 404 | — — — — | — — 33 404 |
| | | 56 | 8 | 64 | 104 | — | 104 | 13 | — | 13 | 437 | — | 437 |
| Sutawaid Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — 15 10 | 3 — — — | 3 — 15 10 | 6 2 25 — | — — — — | 6 2 25 — | — — 45 39 | — — — — | — — 45 39 | — — 25 12 | — — — — | — — 25 12 |
| | | 25 | 3 | 28 | 33 | — | 33 | 84 | — | 84 | 37 | — | 37 |
| Bungauree Talook | (Audayanum (Caveapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — 9 1 | 2 1 — — | 2 1 9 1 | 8 1 19 — | — — — — | 8 1 19 — | — — 25 — | — — — — | — — 25 — | — — 25 4 | — — — — | — — 25 4 |
| | | 10 | 3 | 13 | 28 | — | 28 | 25 | — | 25 | 29 | — | 29 |

c5.s10.19

(Cols. 15-26 on next page)

c5.s10.20

| (1) | (2) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | (21) | (22) | (23) | (24) | (25) | (26) |
| Poloor Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul (English | — — — 25 — | — — — — — | — — — 25 — | 9 4 20 510 — | — — — — — | 9 4 20 510 — | — — — 11 18 | — — — — 2 | — — — 11 20 | 9 4 20 521 18 | — — — — 2 | 9 4 20 521 20 |
| | | 25 | — | 25 | 543 | — | 543 | 29 | 2 | 31 | 572 | 2 | 574 |
| Wundawash Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautam (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — — 4 | — — — — | — — — 4 | 38 6 67 447 | — — — — | 38 6 67 447 | — — — — | — — — — | — — — — | 38 6 67 447 | — — — — | 38 6 67 447 |
| | | 4 | — | 4 | 558 | — | 558 | — | — | — | 558 | — | 558 |
| Sutawaid Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — 83 40 | — — 1 — | — — 84 40 | 6 2 178 91 | — — 1 — | 6 2 179 91 | — — 1 1 | — — — — | — — 1 1 | 6 2 179 92 | — — 1 — | 6 2 180 92 |
| | | 123 | 1 | 124 | 227 | 1 | 228 | 2 | — | 2 | 279 | 1 | 280 |
| Bungauree Talook | (Audayanum (Caveapautum (Teloogoo (Tamul | — — — — | — — — — | — — — — | 8 1 75 4 | — — — — | 8 1 75 4 | — — — — | — — — — | — — — — | 8 1 75 4 | — — — — | 8 1 75 4 |
| | | — | — | — | 88 | — | 88 | — | — | — | 88 | — | 88 |

c5.s10.21

| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Mogaraul Talook | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Hindoovee (Teloogoo | — — — 30 | 1 1 — — | 1 — 2 30 | 6 4 15 15 | — — — — | 6 4 15 15 | — — — 64 | — — — — | — — — 64 | — — — 86 | — — — — | — — — 86 |
| | | 32 | 2 | 34 | 40 | — | 40 | 64 | — | 64 | 86 | — | 86 |
| Venkatagery Coteh Talook | (Teloogoo | 2 | — | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | — | 2 | 6 | — | 6 |
| Abstract | (Audayanum (Saustrapautum (Ganatesaustrum (Grenthem (Hindoovee (Teloogoo (Tamul (Persian (English | — — — 1 16 201 365 40 7 | 43 24 2 — — — — — — | 43 24 2 1 16 201 365 40 7 | 298 117 3 8 92 312 280 — 6 | — — — — — — 1 — — | 298 117 3 8 92 312 281 — 6 | — — — — 1 395 234 — — | — — — — — — — — — | — — — — 1 395 234 — — | — — — — 25 1142 3634 5 53 | — — — — — 28 4 — — | — — — — 25 1170 3638 5 53 |
| | Grand Total | 630 | 69 | 699 | 1116 | 1 | 1117 | 630 | — | 630 | 4856 | 32 | 4888 |

c5.s10.22

| Total Population | Male | Female | Total | Total Population | Male | Female | Total |
| 1. Chittoor Talook | 2835 | 2618 | 5453 | 5. Tiruvallam Talook | 2732 | 2314 | 5096 |
| 2. Tiruputty Talook | 1814 | 1536 | 3350 | 6. Sautgud Talook | 2172 | 1682 | 3854 |
| 3. Cauvarepauk Talook | 5580 | 4578 | 10758 | 7. Cuddapanuttum Talook | 1001 | 780 | 1781 |
| 4. Sholunger Talook | 2575 | 1791 | 4366 | 8. Arcot Talook | 6254 | 5915 | 12169 |

c5.s10.23

| (1) | (2) | (3) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) |
| | 2 | Rajasambapoorama Annachetterum | Venkobahchary | — | 1 | — | — | 1 |
| | | | Soobahbutt | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| | 5 | Sakoovarumbapporam | Jeagnadavadiar | — | 5 | — | — | 5 |
| | | | Jyahsastry | — | 17 | — | — | 17 |
| | | | Narayanasastry | — | 5 | — | — | 5 |
| | | | Rajasastry | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| | | Rajasambahpettah | Appausastryvadiar | — | 1 | — | — | 1 |
| | | Mulliamanachatram | Punchanadyvudiar | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| Town & Villages belonging to His Highness the Rajah | 2 | Dropdambapooram | Soobramenysastry | — | 8 | — | — | 8 |
| | 2 | Soolachnamcapooram | Yeganarainsastry | — | 4 | — | — | 4 |
| | | | Lingyah | — | 4 | — | — | 4 |
| | | Sydambayeepooram | Ramasashasastry | — | 15 | — | — | 15 |
| | | | Vedarinyavadiar | — | 10 | — | — | 10 |
| | | Yemoonam– | Soobaditchetar | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| | | Cahpettah | Vengoosastry | — | 3 | — | — | 3 |
| | | Mohanam | Ragoonadiengar | — | 3 | — | — | 3 |
| | 4 | Cahpooram | | | | | | |
| | 4 | Rajakomarambah– pooram | Ragoonadachary | — | 3 | — | — | 3 |
| | | | Annahvedauny | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| | | | Auyaloowadiar | — | 4 | — | — | 4 |
| | | | Sashavadiar | — | 2 | — | — | 2 |
| | | | Umbaviyas | — | 3 | — | — | 3 |
| | | | Jyahavadiar | — | 5 | — | — | 5 |
| | | | Jyahovingar | — | 5 | — | — | 5 |
| | | | Jyahviengar | — | 8 | — | — | 8 |
| Total | 71 | | 71 | | 407 | — | — | 407 |
| Grand Total | 109 | | | | 769 | — | — | 769 |

c5.s10.24

Tanjore Nagapatam 28th June 1823

c5.s10.25

J. Cotton, Principal Collector

c5.s10.26

| ABSTRACT SHOWING THE DIFFERENT DESCRIPTIONS OF | | | | | |
| Schools | Col- | To- | No. of | The time which | Col- |
| | leges | tal | Schol- | scholars usually | leges |
| | | | ars | continue at school | |
| Audayanum | – | 43 | 43 | 298 | 10 or 12 years | 7 |
| or Theologi- | | | | | 1 |
| cal Studies | | | | | 7 |
| | | | | | 28 |
| | | 43 | 43 | 298 | 43 |
| Sastrapottom | – | 24 | 24 | 117 | 8 or 9 years | 18 |
| at | | | | | 2 |
| Hindoo law | | | | | 1 |
| etc. | | | | | 3 |
| | – | 24 | 24 | 117 | 24 |
| Ganeeta | – | 2 | 2 | 3 | 10 or 12 years | 2 |
| Sastrum | | | | | |
| or Astronomy | | | | | |
| Grundum | 1 | – | 1 | 8 | 5 or 6 years | 3 |
| Hindvee | 16 | – | 16 | 135) | 580 |
| Teloogoo | 201 | – | 201 | 2218) | |
| Tamil | 365 | – | 365 | 4506) | |

c5.s10.27

| Schol- | Remarks | Amount | | |
| ars | | Rs. | A. | P. |
| 84 | Free of charge | — | — | — |
| 12 | Ditto - the teacher being their own relatives | — | — | — |
| 39 | The monthly charge to each scholar being from 1 Annah and 2 pice the lowest rate and 2 Rs. the highest rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 14 Annas and 24 Rs as the higher Class | | | |
| | Total monthly receipts of the 7 colleges Rs.2.9.6 or yearly charge of -ditto- | 331 | 2 | — |
| 163 | Public Colleges Caw. Annas Teerwa Maniem Poorjee 12 4 ¾ 36.12.6) Nunjee 26 4 ¾ 342.13.8) 38 8 ¾ 379.10.2) Mairah — — 137.01.7) ———— Rupees 516.11.9) The Annual Allowance to each teacher in the Colleges is from Rs.3.8 the lower class and 36 Rs. and 12 as. the higher class. | 516 | 11 | 9 |
| 298 | Yearly charge | 847 | 13 | 9 |
| 81 | Free of Charge | — | — | — |
| 14 | Ditto - the teachers being their own relatives | — | — | — |
| 4 | Public Colleges Mairah in Umbee Village amounts to | 5 | 8 | 4 |
| 18 | The monthly charge to each Scholar is from 2 Annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 1 Re the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class 1 Re. and 14 Annas, and 12 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly Rs.8-11-6 or yearly charge of Ditto | 104 | 10 | — |
| 117 | | 110 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Free of Charge | — | — | — |
| 131 | Free of Charge | — | — | — |
| 6736 | The Monthly charge to each Scholar being from 1 a. and 3 pice the lower rate and 1 Re 12 as. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the | (Continued) | | |

c5.s10.28

| Schools | Col-leges | Total | No. of Schol-ars | The time which scholars usually continue at school | Col-leges |
| !...contd.) | | | | | |
| | 583 | — | 583 | 6867 | | 583 |
| Persian | 40 | — | 40 | 398 | | 1 |
| | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | 7 or 8 years | 6 |
| | | | | | | 1 |
| | | | | | | 31 |
| | | | | | | 40 |
| | 40 | | 40 | 398 | | |
| English | 7 | — | 7 | 61 | 6 or 7 years | 3 |
| | | | | | | 4 |
| | 7 | — | 7 | 61 | | 7 |

c5.s10.29

Collectors Cutcherry, 3rd March 1823

c5.s10.30

| Schol-ars | Remarks | Amount Rs. | A. | P. |
| | lower class 15 annas and 21 Rs as the higher rate-Total monthly receipts of the 580 Schools is Rs. 1795-0-5 ¼ or yearly charge of -ditto- | 21540 | 5 | 4 |
| 6867 | | 21540 | 5 | 4 |
| 13 | Free of Charge | — | — | — |
| 2 | -do- teachers being their own relatives | — | — | — |
| 68 | Public schools-1 School consists of 8 scholars established at Paranambut in Sautgud talook-Mahommed Ghouse is the teacher who receives a Ycomiah-¼ Rupee per diem-7½ Rupees per month-or yearly allowance is Rs..90 | 90 | — | — |
| | Cusba Arcot Schools consist of 60 scholars | | | |
| | @12 per each School-5 Tutors | | | |
| | @4 Rupees each per month-Rs.20 | 20 | — | — |
| | 1. Darogah Gholum Mahuddeen | | | |
| | @20 Rs. per month-Expence | 20 | — | — |
| | Keechudu or boiled rice allowed once per day is | 63 | 7 | 8 |
| | 1. Cook | 2 | 8 | — |
| | Monthly | 105 | 15 | 8 |
| | or yearly charge | 1271 | 12 | — |
| | | 1361 | 12 | — |
| 7 | Nabobs-1. Tutor named Moollah Saheb at Mailcoopum Village Yearly allowance granted to him is Rupees | 28 | 7 | 11 |
| 308 | The monthly charge-to each scholar being fro m 2 annas and 6 pice the lower rate and 2 Rs. the higher rate making the yearly charge to each scholar of the lower class. 1 Rupee and 14 annas and 24 Rs. as the higher rate-Total monthly receipts of the 31 Schools Rs. 119-4-2 or | 1431 | 2 | — |
| 398 | | | | |
| | Yearly charges | 2822 | 5 | — |
| 17 | Free of charge | — | — | — |
| 44 | The monthly charge to each scholar being from 10 annas the lower rate and 3 Rupees 8 Annas the higher rate-Making the yearly charge to each Scholar of the lower Classes 7½ Rs., and 42 Rs. as the higher rate-Total mnthly receipts of the 4 schools is Rupees | 45 | — | — |
| 61 | Yearly charge is | 540 | — | — |

Collector of Chingleput to Board of Revenue: 3.4.1823

c5.s11.1

*(TNSA: BRP: Vol. 946, Pro. 7.4.1823 pp. 3493-96 No. 25)*

c5.s11.2

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Secretary’s letter of the 25th of July last, and to transmit a statement in the prescribed Form, respecting the places of tuition and number of scholars in the this district.

c5.s11.3

2. There are no colleges properly so called but there are a few places in which the higher branches of learning are taught to a small number of pupils which I have classed separately.

c5.s11.4

3. A village school master earns from 3½ to 12 rupees per month. I think the average is no more than 7 rupees. The scholars are subsisted in their own houses and only attend the school during a part of the day. For the most part their attendance is very irregular. Few of the school masters are acquainted with the grammar of the language which they profess to teach, and neither the master nor scholars understand the meaning of the sentences which they repeat.

c5.s11.5

4. I do not find that any allowance has been made by the Native Governments for education in this district, but in some villages there are trifling Mauneoms, from a quarter of a Cawny to two Cawnies of land, for Vaidavartyars or Theological teachers.

c5.s11.6

5. I have published in the district that there is no intention to interfere with the people in the mode of education, and that no change is contemplated except it be to aid existing institutions.

c5.s11.7

6. Education cannot well, in a civilized state, be on a lower scale than it is and I much fear there does not exist the same desire for improvement as is reported of the natives of Bengal.

c5.s11.8

Zillah Chingleput, Poodooputnum, 3rd April 1823.

c5.s11.9

*S. Smalley,* *Collector.*

XIV

c5.s12.1

PRINCIPAL COLLECTOR OF SOUTH ARCOT TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 29.6.1823 Cuddalore

c5.s12.2

*(TNSA: BRP: Vol.954, Pro.7.7.1823, pp.5622-24 No.59-60)*

c5.s12.3

1. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Deputy Secretary's letter under date the 25th of July 1822 with its enclosures, in conformity to which I herewith submit a statement of the number of native schools and colleges in this Collectorate drawn out according to the Form received from your Board.

c5.s12.4

2. The number of schools which this statement exhibits have each one teacher where reading and writing in the Malabar and Gentoo languages, are taught. The payment made for each scholar is from 1 fanam to 1 Pagoda per month according to the condition and circumstances of their parents. The scholars generally attend the school from 6 to 10 o'clock in the morning then from 12 to 2 and lastly from 3 to 7 and 8 o'clock in the evening.

c5.s12.5

3. There are no private or public schools for teaching Technology, Law, Astronomy, etc., in this Collectorate, and no allowance of any sort has ever been granted by the Native Governments to schools the masters of which are entirely supported by the parents of the scholars.

c5.s12.6

Principal Collector's Cutcherry, Cuddalore, 29th June, 1823. *C. Hyde,* *Principal Collector.*

XV

c5.s13.1

COLLECTOR, NELLORE TO BOARD OF REVENUE: 23.6.1823 *(TNSA: BRP: Vol.952, Pro.30.6.1823 pp.5188-91 No.26)*

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1. I would have replied to your letter of the 25th July last before now, had I not met with unavoidable difficulties in obtaining the required information about the native schools they referred to, in the Zemindary talooks.

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2. I herewith forward the statement A prepared according to the Form conveyed in your letter above mentioned, showing the number of schools, scholars, etc., in the district under my charge.

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3. The statement B which accompanied this letter shows the number of persons, who teach Vedums, Arabic, Persian, etc., on receiving allowances in money or land granted for the same by the Carnatic Government and continued by the Company, and it also shows the number of scholars as well as the amount of the said allowances.

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4. It is to be observed that the schools mentioned in the statement A are not endowed by the public with any emoluments. They are partly established occasionally by individuals for the education of their own children and partly by the teachers themselves, for their own maintenance.

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5. It is stated that the scholars in these schools continue therein from 3 to 6 years. The school master is paid from 2 annas to 4 rupees monthly for each scholar, and the expenses for the subsistence of a scholar is about 3 rupees monthly, and one rupee for his writing things, etc., and 2 rupees if it is the English language.

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6. The natives, I understand, send their children to school when they are about 5 years of age and besides the allowance mentioned in the preceding paragraph each scholar gives him about one seer rice once every fortnight, at the new and full moons. They also pay him some presents when they are first put in the school, and after they finish the reading of any of their introductory books, such as Baularamayanum, Amarum, etc., and also pay a present to him when they complete their education, and leave the school.

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7. The native schools in the district are not permanently held by the teachers; some people who are anxious to have their children educated soon employ learned men to undertake their children’s education separately in their own houses, settling with them their wages from 2 annas to 4 rupees monthly, and also give them victuals in their houses. Some who cannot sufficiently pay the teachers out of their own money procure some other children in addition to their own for being educated and get adequate allowance to them by way of subscription from these children, from one quarter, to one rupee each month. When they see their children improved they give leave to the teachers and consequently break up the schools.

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I beg leave to subjoin a list of the description of the native schools mentioned in the statement A adverted to:

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| Genttoo Schools | 642 |
| Vedum Schools | 83 |
| Astronomy Schools | 5 |
| Laws Schools | 15 |
| Astrology Schools | 3 |
| English Schools | 1 |
| Persian and Arabic Schools | 50 |
| Tamil Schools | 4 |
| Hindoostany Music Schools | 1 |
| | |
| Total native schools | 804 |

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Nellore, June 1823.

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*T. Fraser,* *23rd* *Collector.*

XVI: From Collector, Masulipatam to Board of Revenue

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*(TNSA: BRP: Pro.13.1.1823)*

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To, The President and Members of the Board of Revenue, Fort St. George.

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Gentlemen,

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I have the honour to forward the statement of the number of native schools and colleges and of the number of scholars in each of the Collectorate under my charge in the Form which accompanied your Secretary’s letter of 25th July last.

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2. In order to render the information more complete under the head of ‘schools and colleges’, the several languages and sciences are distinguished, and one additional column is introduced for Chatreya scholars next to that of the Bramins. The scholars who are instructed in the Gentoo\* language usually enter the schools in their fifth year, and continue in them till about the twelfth, or seventeenth of their age. The school hours are from six to nine in the morning, and again from eleven to six in the evening.

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