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Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.s7: D. Miscellaneous Texts

Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India, Part I: Osteology, or the Bones of the Human Body c7.s7

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D. Miscellaneous Texts

§ 94. Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa on the Muscles

c7.s7.t1.1

1. The statement of Suśruta on the number of the muscles, in Śārīra Sthāna, ch. V, cl. 33, referred to in § 40, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 21 b), Bd² (fol. 20 b), IO² (fol. 24 a)², and EJ (p. 334), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t1.2

¹ The Bombay edition omits kūrpara, as well as udara and uras; probably owing to defective manuscripts. The missing items are required by the context, as well as by the fact that the whole passage is obviously a copy from the statement (§ 88) in the Compendium of Suśruta.

c7.s7.t1.3

² Unfortunately MS. IO¹ (fl. 18 b) is defective at this point, omitting the whole of the text from JE, p. 333, l. 11, to p. 334, l. 11.

c7.s7.t1.4

Pañca peśī-śatāni bhavanti | tāsāṁ catvāri śatāni śākhāsu | koṣṭhe ṣaṭṣaṣṭiḥ | grīvāṁ praty-ūrdhvaṁ catustrimśat ||

c7.s7.t1.5

There are five hundred muscles. Four hundred of them are in the (four) extremities. In the trunk there are sixty-six. Upwards from the neck there are thirty-four.

c7.s7.t1.6

2. The statement in the commentary of Ḍallaṇa, extracted from Jīvānanda’s edition, p. 578, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t1.7

‘Pañca peśī-śatāni’ ity-ādi | māms-āvayava-saṁghātaḥ parasparaṁ vibhaktaḥ peśī ity-ucyate | Gayī tu ‘koṣṭhe ṣaṣṭiḥ | grīvāṁ praty-ūrdhvaṁ catvāriṁśad’iti paṭhati | . . . . . | vṛddha-Vāgbhaṭo ’pi koṣṭhe ṣaṣṭim=ev=āha ||

c7.s7.t1.8

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t1.9

With reference to ‘the five hundred muscles’, the compact mass of flesh, when separated into its several strands, is called muscle. Gayī (or Gayadāsa), however, reads: ‘in the trunk there are sixty; from the neck upwards there are forty.’ . . . . . Vāgbhaṭa the elder, also, says that there are sixty in the trunk.

c7.s7.t1.10

3. The statement of Vāgbhaṭa I, on the same subject, extracted from the Bombay edition, vol. I, p. 225, ll. 20, 21, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t1.11

Pañca peśī-śatāni | tāsāṁ catvāri śatāni śākhāsu | ṣaṣṭir=antarādhau | catvāriṁśad=ūrdhvam ||

c7.s7.t1.12

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t1.13

There are five hundred muscles. Four hundred of them are in the (four) extremities. Sixty there are in the trunk; forty there are upwards (of it).

c7.s7.t1.14

§ 95. *Statement of Suśruta on Dissection*

c7.s7.t1.15

The statement on dissection in the Compendium of Suśruta, referred to in § 45, is edited from the following materials:

c7.s7.t1.16

1. Bd¹ = Bodleian MS., No. 1092 (Hultzsch 349).
2. Bd² = ,, MS., No. 739 (Wilson 290).

c7.s7.t1.17

3. IO¹ = India Office MS., No. 72 b (Cat. No. 2645).
4. IO² = ,, ,, MS., No. 1842 (Cat. No. 2646).
5. EG = Edition of Mudhusudana Gupta (Calcutta).
6. EJ = ,, of Jīvānanda (1889, pp. 335-6).
7. EP = ,, of Prabhuram Jivanaram (Bombay). It is translated in § 45, and runs as follows: Tvak-paryantasya dehasya yo 'yam=aṅga-viniścayaḥ | ¹śalya-jñānadṛte ²naiṣa varṇyate 'ṅgeṣu keṣu-cit || 43 || Tasmān=niḥsaṃśayaṃ jñānaṃ hartrā śalyasya vāñchatā ³ | śodhayitvā ⁴ mṛtaṃ samyag=draṣṭavyo 'ṅga-viniścayaḥ || 44 || Pratyakṣato hi yad=dṛṣṭaṃ śāstra-dṛṣṭaṃ ca yad=bhavet | ⁵ samāsatas=tad=ubhayaṃ bhūyo jñāna-vivardhanam || 45 || Tasmāt=samasta-gātram=a-viṣ-opahatam=⁶a-dīrgha-vyādhi-pīḍitam⁷a-varṣa-śatikaṃ niṣkṛṣṭ-āntra⁸-purīṣaṃ puruṣam=a-vahan-tyām=āpagāyāṃ nibaddhaṃ pañjara-sthaṃ ⁹ muñja-vaikala-kuśa-śaṇ-ādīnām=anyatamena āveṣṭit-āṅgam¹⁰a-prakāśe deśe kothayet | samyak-prakuthitaṃ c=oddhṛtya tato dehaṃ sapta-rātrād=usīra-bāla-veṇu-valkala¹¹-kūrcānām¹²anyatamena śanaiḥ śanair=avaghṛṣya ¹³ tvag-ādīn=sarvān=eva vāhy-ābhyantar-āṅga-pratyaṅga-viśeṣān=yath-oktān lakṣayec=cakṣuṣā ||

c7.s7.t1.18

³ Bd², IO² jñānam=icchatā śalya-jīvinā.

c7.s7.t1.19

⁴ Bd², IO² dhāvayitvā.

c7.s7.t1.20

⁵ IO¹ samāsena dvayaṃ tat=tu tayor=jñāna-vivardhanam; IO² samāgataṃ dvayaṃ cakṣu bhūyo-jñāna-vivardhanam.

c7.s7.t1.21

⁶ IO¹ adīrgham=avyādhikaṃ, om. avarṣaśatikam.

c7.s7.t1.22

⁷ IO² inserts ahīnam after pīḍitam.

c7.s7.t1.23

⁸ So Bd², IO²; but EJ, EG niḥsṛṣṭāntra; IO¹ niḥkṛṣyāmbu, om. purīṣam; EP niḥsṛṣṭa-mūtra.

c7.s7.t1.24

⁹ IO¹ pañjar-ākhyam.

c7.s7.t1.25

¹⁰ Bd² veṣṭit-āṅga-pratyaṅgam.

c7.s7.t1.26

¹¹ Bd² valkaja.

c7.s7.t1.27

¹² So IO¹.², but EG, EJ, EP kūcīnām.

c7.s7.t1.28

¹³ So IO¹.²; but BD² gharṣayan; EG, EJ, EP avagharṣayan.

§ 96. Suśruta on Homology

c7.s7.t2.1

1. The statement of Suśruta on homology in Śārīra Sthāna, ch. VI, cl. 29, referred to in § 28, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 26 a), Bd² (fol. 25 a), IO¹ (fol. 22 b), IO² (fol. 30 a), and EJ (p. 341), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.2

¹ IO¹ (fl. 19 b) om. verses 43b, 44a, b.

c7.s7.t2.3

² IO² (fl. 25 b) jñān-oddhrte.

c7.s7.t2.4

Viśeṣatas=tu yāni sakthni gulpha-jānu-viṭapāni, tāni bāhau maṇibandha-kūrpara-kakṣadharāṇi | yathā vaṅkṣaṇa-vṛṣaṇayor¹=antare viṭapam=evaṃ vakṣaḥ-kakṣayor=madhye kakṣadharam ||

c7.s7.t2.5

¹ IO² vṛṣaṇa-vaṅkṣaṇayor.

c7.s7.t2.6

In particular, just as there are in the leg (the three vital spots) ankle-bone, knee-cap, and ischio-pubic arch, so there are in the arm (the three) wrist-bone, elbow-pan, and collar-bone. Just as between the hip-bone and scrotum there is the ischio-pubic arch, so between the breast-bone and the arm-pit there is the clavicular arch.

c7.s7.t2.7

Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa on the Eyeball

c7.s7.t2.8

2. The statement of Suśruta on the eyeball, in the *Uttara Tantra*, ch. I, verses 16 *b*, 17 *a*, referred to in § 30, and edited from IO² (fol. 3 *a*, v. 19 *b*, 20 *a*) and EJ (p. 659), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.9

Tejojal-āśritam bāhyaṃ teṣv=anyat=piśit-āśritam | Medas=tṛtīyam paṭalam=aśritam tv=asthi c=āparam ||

c7.s7.t2.10

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.11

The outer-one of the protective covers of the pupil consists of a luminous fluid, and the next-one, of flesh. The third is made of fat, and the farther-one, of bone.

c7.s7.t2.12

In the Summary of Vāgbhaṭa I (*Aṣṭāṅga Saṃgraha*, *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. V, vol. I, p. 223, l. 10) the statement is as follows:

c7.s7.t2.13

Bāhyaṃ c=āśritam=agny-ambhasī, dvitīyaṃ māṃsam, tṛtīyaṃ medas=caturtham=asthi ||

c7.s7.t2.14

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.15

The outer-one consists of fire and water; the second, of flesh; the third, of fat; the fourth, of bone.

c7.s7.t2.16

Bhoja on the Nalaka bones

c7.s7.t2.17

3. The doctrine of Bhoja on the *nalaka*, or reed-like bones, as reported by Ḍallaṇa (Jīv., p. 576) and Gayadāsa (Cambridge MS., Add. 2491, fol. 49 a, l. 3), and referred to on p. 80, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.18

Tad-uktaṃ Bhoje । Hasta-pād-āṅguli-tale kūrceṣu maṇi-gulphayoḥ । bāhu-jaṅghā-dvaye cāpi jānīyān=nalakāni tu ॥

c7.s7.t2.19

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.20

In Bhoja’s (treatise) this is said: ‘The bones which are in the digits and flats of the hands and feet, in the clusters, in the wrists and ankles, and also in both the upper and lower limbs,—these one should know to be reed-like.’

c7.s7.t2.21

The manuscripts read *maṇibandhayoḥ*; the reading *maṇi-gulphayoḥ* is a conjectural emendation, which is suggested by the fact that otherwise the statement of Bhoja would entirely ignore the ankle-bones (*gulpha*), which, as homologues of the wrist-bones (*maṇi* or *maṇibandha*), should by parity of reasoning be included in it. The dual of the MS. reading would have to be made to refer, not to the two wrists of the hands, but to the couple of organs consisting of the wrists and their homologues, the ankles, respectively—a very forced interpretation. In the term *bāhu-jaṅghā-dvaya*, *bāhu* denotes the whole upper limb, and *jaṅghā*, the whole lower limb, either of which consists of a couple (*dvaya*) of organs: arm, forearm, and thigh, leg.

c7.s7.t2.22

Daḷḷana on the Aggregate Ten

c7.s7.t2.23

4. The statement of Daḷḷana on the aggregate ten, referred to in § 31, and edited from D⁴ (= Deccan College MS., No. 949, fol. 54 a), and Jīvānanda’s edition, p. 576, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.24

Tala-kūrca¹-gulph-etyādi । kara-pāda-tale² pañca śalākāḥ । tat-prabandhanam=ekam=asthi । dve dve kūrca-gulphayor=iti daśa ॥

c7.s7.t2.25

¹ D⁴ om. kūrca.

c7.s7.t2.26

² So D⁴; Jīv. tale pāda-tale.

c7.s7.t2.27

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.28

As to the phrase ‘sole-cluster-ankle’, &c., there are five long bones in the sole of the hand and of the foot, and there is a single bone which interlocks them. In each of the clusters and ankles there are two bones. This makes altogether ten bones.

c7.s7.t2.29

*Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa on the Number of Kūrca*

c7.s7.t2.30

5. The statement of Suśruta on the number of kūrca, cluster, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. V, cl. 10, referred to in § 31, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 18 *b*), Bd² (fol. 18 *a*), IO¹ (fol. 17 *a*), IO² (fol. 21 *a*), and EJ (p. 330), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.31

Ṣaṭ-kūrcāḥ । te hasta-pāda-grīvā-meḍhreṣu । ¹hastayor-dvau, pādayor dvau, grīvā²-meḍhrayor-ekaikah ॥

c7.s7.t2.32

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.33

There are six clusters. They occur in the hands, feet, neck, and penis. In the two hands there are two; in the two feet there are two; there is one each in the neck and penis.

c7.s7.t2.34

In the Summary of Vāgbhaṭa I (*Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. V, vol. I, p. 223, l. 21) the statement is as follows:

c7.s7.t2.35

Ṣaṭ-kūrcā, hasta-pāda-grīvā-meḍhreṣu ॥

c7.s7.t2.36

*Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa on the Number of Ankles, &c.*

c7.s7.t2.37

6. The statement of Suśruta on the number of ankle-bones, wrist-bones, and cluster-heads, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VI, verse 19, referred to in § 31, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 24 *a*), Bd² (fol. 23 *b*), IO¹ (fol. 21 *a*), IO² (fol. 28 *a*), and EJ (p. 338), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t2.38

¹ Bd¹, BD², IO¹ om. whole of third clause.

c7.s7.t2.39

² IO² om. grīvā.

c7.s7.t2.40

Gulphau dvau, maṇibandhau dvau, dve dve kūrca-śirāṃsi ca । ruja-karaṇi jānīyād-aṣṭāv-etāni buddhimān ॥ 19 ॥

c7.s7.t2.41

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t2.42

There are two ankle-bones, two wrist-bones, and also two cluster-heads each (in the hands and feet). These eight an experienced (physician) should know to be exciters of disease.

c7.s7.t2.43

In the Summary of Vāgbhaṭa I (*Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VIII, vol. I, p. 236, l. 11) there is the following statement:

c7.s7.t2.44

Gulphau maṇibandhau stana-mūle ca ṣaḍ-dvy-aṅgulāni ॥

c7.s7.t2.45

The two ankle-bones, the two wrist-bones, and the two areolae (lit., bases of the nipples)—these six are of the size of two *aṅgula*, or finger-breadths.

§ 97. Suśruta on the Position of Cluster and Cluster-head

c7.s7.t3.1

1. The statement of *Suśruta* on the position of the cluster and of the cluster-head, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VI, cl. 28, referred to in § 49, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 25 *b*), Bd² (fol. 24 *b*), IO¹ (fol. 22 *a*), IO² (fol. 29 *b*), and EJ (p. 340), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.2

Pādasy=aṅguṣṭh=aṅgulyor=madhye kṣipram=iti marma | kṣiprasy=opariṣṭād=ubhayataḥ kūrcaḥ ¹ | gulpha-sandher=adho 'nubhayataḥ ² kūrca-śiraḥ ¹ ||

c7.s7.t3.3

¹ Bd¹, Bd², EJ kūrco nāma, and kūrcaśiro nāma.

c7.s7.t3.4

² So IO¹; but IO² adhaḥ ubhayataḥ, Bd¹, Bd² only ubhayataḥ.

c7.s7.t3.5

*Translation.* Between the great toe and the toe next to it, there lies the vital spot, called *kṣipra*. Upwards of this *kṣipra*, both ways (i. e. externally and internally), there lies the *kūrca*, or cluster. Below the ankle-joint, but not both ways, there lies the *kūrca-śiras*, or cluster-head (astragalus).

c7.s7.t3.6

Ḍallaṇa*, *Gaṅgādhar* and *Nanda Paṇḍita* on the Collar-bone

c7.s7.t3.7

2. The statement of *Ḍallaṇa* on the collar-bone, in his Commentary on *Suśruta*’s Compendium, referred to in § 55, extracted from *Jīvānanda*’s edition, pp. 663, 665, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.8

Akṣakaḥ amsa-sandher=upariṣṭād=bhavati || Akṣakaḥ amsa-sandher=uparibhāgaḥ ||

c7.s7.t3.9

*Translation.* The *akṣaka*, or collar-bone, is located above the shoulder-joint. It is the upper part of the shoulder-joint.

c7.s7.t3.10

*Gaṅgādhar*’s statement, in his commentary on the Compendium of *Charaka*, p. 187, l. 14, is as follows:

c7.s7.t3.11

Dvāv=akṣakau kaṇṭhād=adho 'ṃsakau ॥

c7.s7.t3.12

The two akṣaka, or collar-bones, are the shoulder-bones (which lie) below the throat.

c7.s7.t3.13

Nanda Paṇḍita, in his commentary on the Institutes of Vishnu (Professor Jolly’s ed., p. 197), has the following statement : Akṣaḥ karṇa-netrayor=madhya-bhavaḥ śaṅkh-ādhobhāgaḥ.

c7.s7.t3.14

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.15

Akṣa is the lower portion of the temple which lies between the eye and the ear.

c7.s7.t3.16

Suśruta* and *Vāgbhaṭa* on the Position of the Scapula and Clavicle

c7.s7.t3.17

3. The statement of Suśruta on the position of the shoulder-blade and collar-bone, in the Śārīra Sthāna, ch. VI, cl. 31, referred to in § 55, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 26 b), Bd² (fol. 26 a), IO¹ (fol. 23 a), IO² (fol. 32 b), and EJ (p. 342), runs as follows : Pṛṣṭh-opari pṛṣṭhavaṃśam=ubhayatas=trika-saṃbaddhe aṃsaphalake nāma । bāhumūrdha-grīvā-madhye 'ṃsapīṭha-skandha-¹ nibandhanāv=aṃsau nāma ॥

c7.s7.t3.18

¹ Bd¹ bandha.

c7.s7.t3.19

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.20

In the upper part of the back, on both sides of the vertebral column, there lie the two so-called shoulder-blades, being of triangular form. Between the head of the arms and the neck, there lie the two so-called collar-bones, connecting the shoulder-seat, or glenoid cavity, with the nape of the neck.

c7.s7.t3.21

The comment of Daḷḷana on the preceding statement, referred to in § 56, and extracted from Jīvānanda’s edition, p. 588, runs as follows : ‘Trika-saṃbaddhe’ iti । grīvāyā aṃsa-dvayasya ca yaḥ saṃyogaḥ sa trikaḥ । tatra saṃbaddhe aṃsaphalake ॥

c7.s7.t3.22

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.23

Regarding the phrase trika-saṃbaddha, trebly joined, the place where the two collar-bones connect with the neck, that is the *trika*, and in that place the (two) shoulder-blades are joined.

c7.s7.t3.24

The same statement, as given in the Summary of Vāgbhaṭa I, *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VII, vol. I, p. 234, l. 9, referred to in § 56, runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.25

Pṛṣṭhavaṃsam=ubhayato bāhumūla-saṃbaddhe aṃsaphalake |
grīvā-bāhuśiro-madhye 'ṃsapīṭha-skandha-bandhanāv=aṃsau ||

c7.s7.t3.26

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.27

On both sides of the vertebral column there are the two shoulder-blades, joined on to the base of the arms. Between the neck and the head of the arms there lie the two collar-bones, connecting the shoulder-seat, or glenoid cavity, with the nape of the neck.

c7.s7.t3.28

Suśruta* on the Number of the Scapula and Clavicle

c7.s7.t3.29

4. The statements of *Suśruta* on the number of the shoulder-blades and collar-bones, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. V, cl. 34 and ch. VI, cl. 3, 11, 18, referred to in §§ 55 and 56, and edited from Bd¹ (fols. 21 *a*, 23 *a*, 23 *b*, 24 *a*), Bd² (fols. 20*b*, 22 *a*, 22 *b*, 23 *b*), IO¹ (fols. 18 *b*, 21 *a*), IO² (fols. 24 *a*, 26 *b*, 27 *a*, 28 *a*), and EJ (pp. 334, 336-8), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.30

(1) Akṣak-āṃsau¹ prati samantāt=sapta || 34 ||
(2) ²Aṣṭāv=asthi-marmāṇi || 3 || kaṭika-taruṇa-nitamb-āṃsaphalaka-śaṅkhāsv=asthi-marmāṇi || 11 ||
(3) Aṃs-āṃsaphalak-āpāṅga-nīla-manye³ phaṇau⁴ tathā || 18 ||

c7.s7.t3.31

¹ Read akṣak-āṃsajau.

c7.s7.t3.32

² Bd² om. this clause.

c7.s7.t3.33

³ Bd¹, Bd², EJ nīle manye.

c7.s7.t3.34

⁴ IO² phaṇe.

c7.s7.t3.35

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.36

(1) All round about the collar-bones and shoulder-blades there are seven (muscles).

c7.s7.t3.37

(2) There are eight vital spots in the bones. These are, two each in the *kaṭika-taruṇa*, the hips, the shoulder-blades, and the temples ⁵.

c7.s7.t3.38

⁵ The places referred to appear to be the attachment areas of the

c7.s7.t3.39

(3) There are two (vital spots) each in the collar-bones, shoulder-blades, *apāṅga*, *nīla*, *manya*, and *phaṇa*.

c7.s7.t3.40

Suśruta* on *Aṃsakūṭa

c7.s7.t3.41

5. The statement of *Suśruta* on *aṃsakūṭa*, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VI, cl. 30, referred to in § 55, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 26 *b*), Bd² (fol. 26 *b*), IO¹ (fol. 23 *a*), IO² (fol. 31 *a*), and EJ (p. 341), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.42

*Aṃsakūṭayor=adhastāt=pārśv-oparibhāgayor=apalāpau nāma*¹ ||

c7.s7.t3.43

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.44

Below the two summits of the shoulder, in the upper part of the two sides (of the thoracic cage) there are two (vital spots) called *Apalāpa*.

c7.s7.t3.45

Suśruta* on *Aṃsapīṭha

c7.s7.t3.46

6. The statement of *Suśruta* on *aṃsapīṭha*, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. V, cl. 23, referred to in § 55, and edited from Bd¹ (fol. 20 *b*), Bd² (fol. 19 *b*), IO¹ (fol. 18 *a*), IO² (fol. 23 *a*), and EJ (p. 332), runs as follows:

c7.s7.t3.47

¹ IO¹.² apālāpau, om. nāma.

c7.s7.t3.48

*Aṃsapīṭha-guda-bhaga*²-*nitambeṣu sāmudgāḥ* ||

c7.s7.t3.49

² Bd² pāda-guda-bhaga; Bd¹ pāda-guda and IO¹ guda-pāda, om. bhaga.

c7.s7.t3.50

*Translation.*

c7.s7.t3.51

There are (two) casket-shaped (joints): (one is) the shoulder-seat (glenoid cavity), (the other is formed by) the anal, pubic, and hip-bones (acetabulum).

c7.s7.t3.52

Rājanighaṇṭu* and *Amarakoṣa* on *Bhaga

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7. The definition of *bhaga* in the *Rājanighaṇṭu*, referred to in p. 153, footnote 1, occurs in the Supplement (*pariśiṣṭa*) of that work, chap. xviii, verses 43 and 44 (*Ānandāśrama* ed., p. 399), runs as follows:

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rotator muscles of the thighs about the ischio-pubic arch, of their flexor muscles in the ilium, of the rotator muscles of the arms, and of the temporal muscles of mastication.

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Guda-muṣkadvayor=madhye puṃsām=aṅgaṃ bhagaḥ smṛtaḥ

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. . . . . | yonir=bhago varāṅgaṃ syād=upasthaṃ smara-mandiram ॥ 44 ॥

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*Translation.*

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[Verse 43.] The member of the male between the anus and the bipartite scrotum is known as *bhaga*.

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[Verse 44.] The vulva is (called) *bhaga*, or *varāṅga* (lit. choice part), or *upastha* (underlying), or *smara-mandira* (lit. Cupid's shrine).

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In the edition, published by Ashu Bodha and Nitya Bodha Bhattacharjya (Calcutta, 1899), verse 43 (there numbered 72, p. 389) runs as follows:

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Guda-muṣkadvayor=madhye yo bhāgaḥ sa bhagaḥ smṛtaḥ ॥ 72 ॥

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That is, That part which lies between the anus and the bipartite scrotum is known as *bhaga*.

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In this reading there is no explicit mention of the male, but, of course, the reference to it is implied in the mention of the scrotum. The reading of the Ānandāśrama edition is supported by the Bodleian MS., No. 765 (Wilson, 297), fl. 106 *a*, l. 2.

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The teaching of the *Amarakoṣa* on the subject occurs in its Section II, Chapter vi, verse 76 (in Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar's 5th ed., p. 150, Bombay, 1896), and runs as follows:

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Bhagaṃ yonir=dvayoḥ, śiśno meḍhro mehana-śephasī ॥

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*Translation.*

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The vulva (*yoni*) has also the other name *bhaga*, and the penis (*śephas*) or urinary organ (*mehana*) is (also called) urethra (*meḍhra*), and the ‘piercer’ (*śiśna*).

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The manner in which the two words are contrasted is significant.

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§ 98. *Suśruta and Vāgbhaṭa on Jatru and Grīvā*

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¹ The statements of Suśruta on *jatru*, windpipe, and *grīvā*, neck, in the *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VI, cl. 4, 32, referred to in § 62

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(p. 160), and edited from IO¹ (fols. 20 *a*, 23 *b*, 24 *a*), IO² (fols. 26 *b*, 33 *a*, 34 *b*), and EJ (pp. 336, 342, 343), are as follows :

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(1) Grīvāyām¹ praty-ūrdhvaṁ saptatriṁśat ‖ 4 ‖

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¹ EJ grīvām.

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(2) Ata ūrdhvam²=ūrdhvajatru-gatāny=anuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ ³ ‖ tatra kaṇṭhanāḍīm=ubhayataś=catasro dhamanyaḥ . . . . ‖ grīvāyām=ubhayataś=catasraḥ sirāḥ . . . . . . evam=etāni saptatriṁśad=ūrdhvajatru-gatāni marmāṇi vyākhyātāni ‖ 32 ‖

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³ EJ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ.

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*Translation.*

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(1) In the neck and upwards there are thirty-seven (vital spots).

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(2) Now, further on, we shall describe in detail (the vital spots) occurring from the neck upwards. In that region, in the windpipe there are four *dhamanī*, &c., and in the cervical column there are four blood-vessels, &c. . . . . . Thus, these thirty-seven vital spots which occur from the neck upwards have been described.

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In the Compendium of Vāgbhaṭa II (*Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya*, *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. IV, verse 2 *a*, in 1st ed., vol. I, p. 592) the first-quoted statement runs as follows :

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Pṛṣṭhe caturdaś=ordhvaṁ tu jatros=triṁśac=ca sapta ca ‖

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*Translation.*

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In the back there are fourteen (vital spots); but from the neck upwards there are thirty and seven.

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Suśruta, Vāgbhaṭa, and Mādhava on the Valmīka Disease

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2. The statement of Suśruta on the *Valmīka* disease, in the *Nidāna Sthāna*, ch. XIII, verses 7, 8, referred to in § 62 (p. 161), and edited from IO² (fol. 48 *b*) and EJ (p. 286), runs as follows :

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² IO¹ om. ūrdhvam.

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Pāṇi-pāda-tale sandhau grīvāyām=ūrdhva-jatruṇi ‖

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granthir=valmīkavad=yaś=ca śanaiḥ samupacīyate ‖ 7 ‖

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Toda-kleda-parīdāha-kaṇḍūmadbhir=vraṇair=vṛtaḥ | vyādhir=Valmīka ity=eṣa kapha-pitt-ānil-odbhavaḥ || 8 ||

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*Translation.*

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An anthill-like swelling which gradually grows up in the palm of the hand, in the sole of the foot, in a joint, in the neck, or anywhere above the windpipe, and which turns into pricking, running, burning, and itching ulcers—such a disease is called Valmīka, and is caused by disorders in the phlegm, bile, and air humours.

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The same statement in the Summary of Vāgbhaṭa I, *Uttara Sthāna*, ch. XXXVII, vol. II, p. 316, l. 2, runs as follows:

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Pāṇi-pāda-tale sandhau jatrūrdhvaṁ c=opacīyate | valmīkavac=chhanair=granthis=tad-vad=bahv-aṇubhir=mukhaiḥ || Rug=dāha-kaṇḍū-kled-āḍhyair=Valmīko 'sau samasta-jaḥ ||

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*Translation.*

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An anthill-like swelling with numerous minute apertures, which gradually grows up in the palm of the hand, in the sole of the foot, in a joint, or anywhere above the neck, and is full of burning and itching discharges—such a disease is called Valmīka, and is caused by all (the three) humours.

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The same statement in the Pathology of Mādhava (*Nidāna*, ch. LV, cl. 6, ed. Jīv., 1901, p. 276) runs as follows:

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Grīv-āṃsa-kakṣā-kara-pāda-deśe sandhau gale vā tribhir=eva doṣaiḥ | Granthiḥ sa valmīka-vad=akriyāṇāṃ jātaḥ krameṇ=aiva gataḥ pravṛddhim || Mukhair=anekaiḥ śruti-toda-vadbhir=visarpa-vat=sarpati c=onnat-āgraiḥ | Valmīkam=āhur=bhiṣajo vikāraṃ niṣpratyanīkaṃ cira-jaṃ viśeṣāt || 6 ||

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*Translation.*

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An anthill-like swelling, which has arisen from all the three humours (when disordered) in the neck, shoulder, armpit, and flat of the hand or foot, or in a joint, or in the throat, and which has gradually grown to a size, with numerous raised orifices running and pricking, and which spreads like erysipelas—such a disease the physicians call Valmīka, especially if it has been neglected and is of long standing.

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Suśruta* on *Ūrdhvajatru* and *Jatrūrdhva

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3. The use by Suśruta of the terms ūrdhvajatru and jatrūrdhva, referred to in § 62 (p. 162), is further illustrated by the following two passages. The first occurs in Sūtra Sthāna, ch. I, cl. 5, and, extracted from EJ (p. 2), runs as follows:

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Śālākyam nāma ūrdhvajatru-gatānām rogānām śravaṇa-nayana-vadana-ghrāṇ-ādi-saṃśritānām vyādhīnām ≀ upaśamanārtham ‖

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*Translation.*

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(The branch of medical science) called Minor Surgery is concerned with the cure of the diseases seated in the body from the neck upwards, that is, of the maladies affecting the ears, eyes, mouth, nose, and other organs.

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Chakrapāṇidatta’s comment on this passage in the Bhānumatī (Calcutta edition, p. 20) runs as follows:

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(1) Jatru grīvā-mūlam ≀ jatruṇa ūrdhvam ≀ ūrdhvajatru ‖

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The comment of Ḍallaṇa, in Jīvānanda’s edition, p. 7, is:

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(2) Jatru grīvā-mūlam ≀ anye vakṣo-’ṃsa-sandhim ≀ āhuḥ ‖

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*Translation.*

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(1) The term jatru signifies the base of the neck; hence the term ūrdhvajatru denotes the body from the neck upwards.

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(2) The term jatru signifies the base of the neck. Others explain it as the joint of breast-bone and collar-bone.

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The second passage occurs in the Nidāna Sthāna, ch. I, verse 14, and, edited from IO² (fol. 3 a, l. 3) and EJ (p. 244), runs as follows:

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Tena bhāṣita-gīt-ādi-viśeṣo ’bhipravartate ≀ ūrdhvajatru-gatān ≀ rogān ≀ karoti ca viśeṣataḥ ‖ 14 ‖

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By means of it (i. e. the *udāna* or uprising air humour) speaking, singing, and other functions (such as breathing) are performed ; and in particular (when disordered) it causes the diseases which are seated in the body from the neck upwards.

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The comment of Daḷḷana on the term *ūrdhvajatru* in this passage (Jīv. ed., p. 459) runs as follows : ‘Ūrdhvajatru-gatān’ iti nayana-vadana-ghrāṇa-śravaṇa-śiraḥ-saṃśrayān ॥

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*Translation.* The phrase ‘seated in the *ūrdhvajatru*’ refers to those diseases which have their seat in the eyes, mouth, nose, ears, and the cranium.

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The similar comment of Aruṇadatta, also referred to in § 62, occurs in the *Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya*, *Sūtra Sthāna*, ch. I, verse 1 (1st ed., vol. I, p. 368), and runs as follows : Ūrdhvajatru-vikāreṣu śiro-rog-ādiṣu.

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*Translation.* The phrase ‘in diseases of the *ūrdhvajatru*’ means ‘in diseases which affect the cranium and other parts of the head’.

§ 99. The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa on the Total Number of Bones

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1. The statement in the *Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa*, X, 5, 4, 12 (Weber’s ed., p. 801), on the total number of the bones of the human body, referred to in § 42, cl. 1, runs as follows : Ātmā ha tv=ev=aiṣo ’gniś=citaḥ । tasy=āsthīny=eva pariśritās=tāḥ ṣaṣṭiś=ca trīṇi ca śatāni bhavanti, ṣaṣṭiś=ca ha vai trīṇi ca śatāni puruṣasy=asthīni; majjāno yajuṣmatya iṣṭakās=tāḥ ṣaṣṭiś=ca=aiva trīṇi ca śatāni bhavanti, ṣaṣṭiś=ca ha vai trīṇi ca śatāni puruṣasya majjāno ’tha ॥ 12 ॥

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A similar statement occurs, *ibidem*, XII, 3, 2, 3 and 4 (Weber’s ed., p. 912), and is as follows : Trīṇi ca vai śatāni ṣaṣṭiś=ca saṃvatsarasya rātrayas,=trīṇi ca śatāni ṣaṣṭiś=ca puruṣasy=āsthīny,=atra tat-samam । trīṇi ca śatāni ṣaṣṭiś=ca saṃvatsarasy=āhāni, trīṇi ca śatāni ṣaṣṭiś=ca puruṣasya majjāno 'tra tat-samam || 3 || sapta ca vai śatāni viṃśatiś=ca saṃvatsarasy=āho-rātrāṇi, sapta ca śatāni viṃśatiś=ca puruṣasy=asthīni ca majjānaś,=cātra tat-samam || 4 ||

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For a translation of the above two passages, see § 42, cl. 2.

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Suśruta* on Marrow

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2. The statement of *Suśruta* on marrow, in *Sūtra Sthāna*, XIV, verse 6 (Jīv., p. 48), referred to in § 42, cl. 6, runs as follows:

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Rasād=raktaṃ, tato māṃsaṃ, māṃsān=medaḥ prajāyate |
medaso 'sthi, tato majjā, majjñaḥ śukrasya sambhavaḥ || 6 ||

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*Translation.*

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From chyle originates blood; from the latter, flesh (muscle); from flesh, fat; from fat, bone; from the latter, marrow: from marrow is the origin of semen.

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There is nothing like this statement in that portion of *Charaka*'s text-book, which was composed by *Charaka* himself. In the complement of that work made by *Dṛḍhabala*, however, there occurs, in the *Chikitsita Sthāna*, ch. XIX, verse 14 (Jīv. ed., 1896, p. 656), a similar statement, which is based on *Vāgbhaṭa* I's account of the subject in his *Aṣṭāṅga Saṃgraha*, *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. VI (ed., vol. I, p. 231, l. 12), and which is quoted by *Aruṇadatta*, as *Dṛḍhabala*'s statement, in his commentary on *Vāgbhaṭa* II's *Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya*, *Śārīra Sthāna*, ch. III, verses 62 *a* and 63 *b* (1st ed., vol. I, p. 569). This statement runs as follows:

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Rasād=raktaṃ, tato māṃsaṃ, māṃsān=medas, tato 'sthi ca |
asthno majjā, tataḥ śukraṃ, śukrād=garbhaḥ prajāyate || 14 ||

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