Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c21: Appendix C

The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh c21

Language
English

Contents

Appendix C

c21.1

*Geographical Elements.*

C. (1) Astrolabe Gazetteer

c21.s1.1

¹ See page 25: This is a selection only. The small figures in italics are approximate modern values. For lists see Ptolemy, al-Battānī, Ulugh Beg, the Āin-i-Akbari, etc.

c21.s1.2

| Place. | Longitude. | Latitude. | Inhirāf. | Distance. |
| | ° ' | ° ' | ° ' | |
| Mecca . . . . . . . . | 77 40 | 21 20 | 0 0 | 0 |
| Madina . . . . . . . . | 75 39 | 25 24 | 34 10 | 86 |
| Ardabil . . . . . . . . | 82 48 | 38 19 | 17 33 | 377 |
| Astarābād . . . . . . . | 89 54 | 36 46 | 38 48 | 416 |
| Baghdād . . . . . . . . | 80 44 | 33 21 | 12 45 | 266 |
| Baital Muqaddas² . . . . | 66 35 | 31 47 | 45 16 | 309 |
| Banāras . . . . . . . . | 117 53 | 26 18 | .. | .. |
| Balkh . . . . . . . . | 101 46 | 36 45 | 60 36 | .. |
| Baṣra . . . . . . . . | 84 47 | 30 39 | 34 19 | 230 |
| Dāmghān . . . . . . . . | 88 54 | 36 16 | 38 0 | 382 |
| Damiat . . . . . . . . | 63 31 | 31 48 | .. | .. |
| Dihli⁴ . . . . . . . . | 113 77 | 28 44 | 87 34 | 763 |
| Dimishq . . . . . . . . | 70 36 | 33 30 | 30 31 | 293 |
| Golkandah . . . . . . . | 114 78 | 18 12 | .. | .. |
| Gwaliār . . . . . . . . | 115 78 | 26 18 | .. | .. |
| Halb⁵ . . . . . . . . | 72 37 | 35 10 | 58 29 | .. |
| Hamadān . . . . . . . . | 83 48 | 35 50 | 22 17 | 320 |
| Herāt . . . . . . . . | 94 62 | 34 28 | 53 17 | 439 |
| Isfahān . . . . . . . . | 86 51 | 32 39 | 40 28 | 330 |
| Iskandariyah⁶ . . . . . . | 61 29 | 30 51 | .. | .. |
| Kābul . . . . . . . . | 104 69 | 34 30 | 69 57 | 604 |
| Kāshān . . . . . . . . | 86 | 34 | .. | .. |
| Kashmir . . . . . . . . | 108 | 35 | 68 44 | 605 |
| Kūfah . . . . . . . . | 79 30 | 31 30 | 12 31 | 223 |
| Lahore . . . . . . . . | 109 74 | 31 35 | 78 26 | 674 |
| Manṣurah . . . . . . . . | 105 | 27 40 | 82 50 | 576 |

c21.s1.3

² Jerusalem.

c21.s1.4

⁴ 119 on 'Jaipur D.'

c21.s1.5

⁵ Aleppo.

c21.s1.6

⁶ Alexandria.

c21.s1.7

C. (1) Astrolabe Gazetteer—contd.

c21.s1.8

| Place. | Longitude. | Latitude. | Inhirāf. | Distance. |
| | ° ' | ° ' | ° ' | |
| Marāghah . . . | 82 46 0 17 | 37 37 20 21 | 16 17 | 360 |
| Migr ¹ . . . | 63 21 20 15 | 30 30 20 2 | 58 38 | 335 |
| Moṣul . . . | 77 43 0 9 | 34 34 30 19 | 4 12 | 285 |
| Nishāpūr . . . | 92 58 30 40 | 36 36 21 8 | 46 25 | 440 |
| Qāin . . . | 93 20 33 40 | 54 1 | 414 |
| Qandhār . . . | 107 65 40 40 | 33 31 0 36 | 75 0 | 656 |
| Qazwin . . . | 85 0 35 0 | 27 34 | 352 |
| Sabzwār . . . | 91 30 36 5 | 44 12 | 422 |
| Samarqand . . . | 99 66 26 59 | 39 34 37 40 | .. | .. |
| Shirāz . . . | 88 52 0 40 | 29 29 36 39 | 53 58 | 279 |
| Sirhind . . . | 111 76 33 23 | 30 30 30 30 | .. | .. |
| Tarāblis ² . . . | 45 12 0 26 | 32 32 0 49 | 78 17 | 674 |
| Tabriz . . . | 82 46 12 38 38 0 2 | 15 40 | 367 |
| Tiflis . . . | 83 44 0 56 | 43 41 0 35 | 14 41 | 486 |
| Ujjain . . . | 102 ³ 75 0 47 | 24 23 30 10 | 77 57 | 510 |
| Yezd . . . | 89 54 0 30 | 32 31 0 35 | 48 29 | 331 |

c21.s1.9

¹ Cairo.

c21.s1.10

² Tripoli.

c21.s1.11

³ Possibly wrongly copied for 112; I₂ gives 110° 50' and 23° 30'.

C. (2) Longitudes and Latitudes of Ujjain, Delhi, Benares, Jaipur

c21.s2.1

| Name of Place. | Date. | Authority. | Locality of observation. | Longitude. | Latitude North. |
| | A. D. | | | | |
| UJJAIN . . . | 550 | *Pañchasiddhāntikā* . | .... | 44° East of Alexandria.¹ | 24° 0' 0" |
| | 1000 | Hindu canon according to Albirūni. | .... | .... | 24° 0' 0" |
| | 1010 | Albirūni . . . | .... | .... | 22° 49' 0" |
| | 1150 | Bhāskara . . . | .... | .... | 22° 30' 0" |
| | | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 110° 50' East of Fortunate Isles.² | 23° 30' 0" |

c21.s2.2

¹ The longitude of modern Alexandria is given as 29° 51' East of Greenwich. The astrolabes generally gave 61° 54' East of the Fortunate Isles (see p. 127).

c21.s2.3

² For the longitude of the Fortunate Isles see p. 25 where it is estimated at 35° West of Greenwich.

c21.s2.4

C. (2) Longitudes and Latitudes—contd.

c21.s2.5

| Name of Place. | Date. | Authority. | Local'ty of observation. | Longitude. | Latitude North. |
| UJJAIN—contd. | C. 1734 | Jai Singh . . . | Observatory . . . | .... | 23° 10' 0". |
| | 1792 | W. Hunter (*As. Res.*, 1795, p. 141f). | Near Rana Khan's Garden. | 75° 46' East of Greenwich. | 23° 11' 34·2". |
| | | W. Hunter . . . | Near Scindia's Palace | 75° 55' 3" East of Greenwich. | 23° 10' 56·5". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | .... | 23° 11' 30". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Hill 1678 . . . | .... | 23° 11' 6". |
| DELHI . . | .. | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 113° 15' East of Fortunate Isles.¹ | 28° 39' 0". |
| | 1729 | Jai Singh . . . | Observatory . . . | .... | 28° 39' 0". |
| | 1734 | Father Boudier . | " . . . | 75° 0' East of Paris² | 28° 37' 0". |
| | 1792 | W. Hunter . . . | " . . . | 77° 2' 27" East of Greenwich. | 28° 37' 0". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | 1° 16' 8" East of Ujjain. | 27° 35' 0". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Pīr Ghāib Jām'i Masjid . | 77° 12' 52" . . 77° 14' 2·8" . . | 28° 40' 35·1". 28° 39' 2·3". |
| BENARES . . | 550 | Pañchasiddhāntikā . | .... | 54° East of Alexandria. | |
| | .. | Astrolabes . . . | .... | 117° 20' East of Fortunate Isles. | 26° 15' 0". |
| | 1795 | R. Barrow, *As. Res.*, IV 1795, p. 326. | .... | 82° 54' East of Greenwich. | 25° 18' 36". |
| | 1825 | Warren, from Hindu Books. | .... | 4° 37' 0" East of Ujjain. | 25° 38' 0". |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Observatory . . . | 83° 0' 46·1" East of Greenwich. | 25° 18' 24·9" |
| JAIPUR . . | .. | Astrolabe . . . | .... | 109° 6' East of Fortunate Isles. | 26° 36'. |
| | | Tieffenthaler . . | .... | 73° 43' East of Paris | 26° 53'. |
| | 1734 | Father Boudier . | Observatory . . . | 73° 50' East of Paris | 26° 56'. |
| | 1915 | Trigonometrical Survey of India. | Minaret. . . . | 75° 49' 18·5" East of Greenwich. | 26° 55' 27·4". |

c21.s2.6

¹ For the longitude of the Fortunate Isles see p. 25 where it is estimated at 35° West of Greenwich.

c21.s2.7

² The longitude of Paris Observatory is 2° 20' 13·5" East of Greenwich.

c21.s2.8

C. (3) Observatory Elements.

c21.s2.9

(a) Position.

c21.s2.10

| | Latitude. | Longitude East of Greenwich. | Magnetic Declination for 1915. | Annual Variation. |
| | | | *h. m. s.* | East. | |
| DELHI . . . . . . | 28° 37' 35" | 77° 13' 5" | 5 8 52·3 | 1° 45' | -1 |
| JAIPUR . . . . . | 26° 55' 27·4" | 75° 49' 18" | 5 3 17·2 | 1° 45' | |
| UJJAIN . . . . . | 23° 10' 6" | 75° 46' 2" | 5 3 4 | 0° 45' | |
| BENARES . . . . | 25° 18' 24·9" | 83° 0' 46" | 5 32 3·1 | 1° 5' | |

c21.s2.11

(b) Time.

c21.s2.12

| Place. | Longitude East of Greenwich. | Difference between local and standard time. | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOCAL SUN TIME AND CLOCK (i.e., STANDARD) TIME. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Jan. 1. | Feb. 12. | Mar. 15. | April 15. | May 15. | June 14. | July 15. | Aug. 15. | Sept. 1. | Oct. 1. | Nov. 2. | Dec. 25 |
| | | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* | *M. S.* |
| Standard . . | 82° 30' 0" | 0 0 | +3 11 | +14 24 | +9 6 | 0 0 | -3 48 | 0 0 | +5 44 | +4 23 | 0 0 | -10 16 | -16 21 | 0 0 |
| Delhi . . . | 77° 13' 5" | +21 8 | +24 1 | +35 32 | +30 14 | +21 8 | +17 20 | +21 8 | +26 52 | +25 31 | +21 8 | +10 52 | +4 47 | +21 8 |
| Jaipur . . | 75° 49' 18" | +26 43 | +29 54 | +41 7 | +35 49 | +26 43 | +22 55 | +26 43 | +32 27 | +31 6 | +26 43 | +16 27 | +10 22 | +26 43 |
| Ujjain . . | 75° 46' 2" | +26 56 | +30 7 | +41 20 | +35 12 | +26 56 | +23 8 | +26 56 | +32 40 | +31 19 | +26 56 | +16 40 | +10 35 | +26 56 |
| Benares . . | 83° 0' 46" | -2 3 | +1 8 | +12 21 | +7 3 | -2 3 | -5 51 | -2 3 | +3 41 | +2 20 | -2 3 | -12 19 | -18 24 | -2 3 |

c21.s2.13

Standard time in India is 5½ hours before Greenwich time. The minus sign indicates that standrad time is behind local sun time. Therefore, to find standard time from dial time, and the plus quantities and subtract the minus quantities, as given in the table. For intermediate dates proportionate parts will give approximate results. The time is given to the nearest second only for 1916. The annual variation is small.

C. (4) Climates and Longest days

c21.s3.1

| Climates. | Hours of longest day. | Latitudes. | | | | | Longest Days. | |
| | | After Ptolemy. | Al-Battāni.¹ | On Jaipur A Astrolabe. | Calculated from hours. | | Calculated from latitudes. | |
| | | | | | | | Latitudes. | H. M. |
| First . . . . | { 12½ 13 | 12° 30' 16° 27' | .. 16° 39' | 12° 43' 16° 44' | .. 16° 43' | | 20 21 | 13 13 13 17 |
| Second . . . | { 13¼ 13½ | 20° 14' 23° 51' | 20° 28' 24° 5' | 20° 31' 24° 10' | .. 24° 10' | | 22 23 | 13 21 13 25 |
| Third . . . . | { 13¾ 14 | 27° 12' 30° 2' | 27° 28' 30° 40' | 27° 34' 30° 46' | .. 30° 46' | | 24 25 | 13 29 13 34 |
| Fourth . . . | { 14¼ 14½ | 33° 18' 36° 0' | 33° 37' 36° 22' | 33° 43' 36° 28' | .. 36° 28' | | 26 27 | 13 38 13 42 |
| Fifth . . . . | { 14¾ 15 | 38° 35' 40° 56' | 38° 54' 41° 15' | 39° 1' 41° 21' | .. 41° 21' | | 28 29 | 13 47 13 52 |
| Sixth . . . . | { 15¼ 15½ | 43° 41' 45° 1' | 43° 25' 45° 22' | 43° 30' 45° 39' | .. 45° 32' | | 30 40 | 13 56 14 51 |
| Seventh. . . | { 15¾ 16 | 46° 51' 48° 32' | 47° 12' 48° 53' | 47° 38' 48° 59' | .. 48° 59' | | 50 60 | 18 10 18 31 |
| | 16½ | 50° 4' etc. | .. | .. | .. | | .. | .. |

c21.s3.2

¹ Opus Astronomicum, Ed. Nallino, 2nd part, 65—66.

c21.s3.3

The calculated results are obtained from the formula 180°+2h / 15 = the longest day, where sinh = tan φ . tan ω and where ω=23° 29', and φ=the latitude.

Linked texts (2)