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A History of Indian Medical Literature v1.c25: Part 4: Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha

A History of Indian Medical Literature v1.c25

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English

Contents

Part 4: Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha

v1.c25.2

The maṅgala of the Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha is addressed to the Ekavaidya, to those conversant with the medical tradition, to Pitāmaha,² and other (deities)³ (1.1).⁴

v1.c25.3

The descent of āyurveda from the world of the gods to earth is more elaborately described than in the Hṛdaya. The line of transmission in the divine realm is identical, but the Samgraha relates that Indra gives the āyurveda, characterized as an upaveda of the Atharvaveda, to a group of sages consisting of Punarvasu, Dhanvantari, Bharadvāja, Nimi, Kāśyapa, Kaśyapa, and (Ā)lambāyana. On the basis of Indra's teachings, each of these seven sages wrote a treatise on the eightfold āyurveda, dealing with kāya, bāla, graha, ūrdhvāṅga, śalya, damṣṭrā, jarā, and vṛṣa⁵ (1.4–10). Thereupon, they passed their knowledge on to a group of pupils: Agniveśa, Hārīta, Bheḍa, Māṇḍavya, Suśruta, Karāla, and others, who, in their turn, composed a medical treatise (1.11–13ab).⁶

v1.c25.4

The Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha is described as a comprehensive textbook, extracted from earlier specialized works; it was written with a view to meet the needs of the present age of the world (1.13cd–18).⁷ Kāyacikitsā will be its favourite subject (1.19).⁸ Every syllable of the work will be in conformity with tradition (1.20).⁹

v1.c25.5

The verse on the three doṣas of the Hṛdaya (Sū.1.6cd–7ab) is expanded by adding that the doṣas may be subject to increase (vṛddhi) or decrease (kṣaya), or maintain a balanced state (sāmya); increase and decrease may be present to a high (utkṛṣṭa), moderate (madhya) or slight (alpa) degree (1.21–22). A.s.Sū.1.23–28ab = A.h.Sū.1.7cd–12.

v1.c25.6

Six types of saṃsarga and ten types of saṃnipāta¹⁰ are briefly referred to (1.28cd).¹¹ A.s.Sū.1.29 = A.h.Sū.1.13.

v1.c25.7

Disorders described as arising from rasa, etc., are actually brought about by doṣas staying in rasa, etc.; their characterization as rasaja, etc., is to be interpreted as a figurative expression (upacāra)¹² (1.30).¹³

v1.c25.8

The chief function of each of the seven dhātus is mentioned (1.31). The dhātus maintain the body and each dhātu nourishes the subsequent one of the series (1.32ab).¹⁴ A.s.Sū.1.32cd–37ab = A.h.Sū.1.14–18.

v1.c25.9

Guṇas added to the series of twenty of the Hṛdaya are the objects of the senses, and the guṇas called vyavāyin and vikāṣin (1.37cd); vyavāyin and vikāṣin are defined (1.38).¹⁵ Some authorities are reported to regard vyavāyin as a high degree of the guṇa called sara, and vikāṣin as a high degree of tīkṣṇa (1.39ab).¹⁶ Sattva, rajas and tamas are the three mahāguṇas (1.39cd).

v1.c25.10

The verses of the Hṛdaya on the four limbs of treatment (pādacatuṣṭaya) (Sū.1.27–29) and the classification of diseases according to their degree of curability (Sū.1.30–35ab) do not form part of A.s.Sū.1.17

v1.c25.11

The chapter ends with a table of contents of the Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha (1.48–64).18

v1.c25.12

Chapter two (śiṣyopanayanīya)19 has no parallel in the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya.

v1.c25.13

The subjects dealt with are: the qualities required in a student (2.2–4ab); circumstances unsuitable to study and some rules for proper study (2.4cd–5); rules for the student’s behaviour (2.6–7ab); requirements for an accomplished physician (2.7cd–18ab);20 types of patients to be rejected on account of moral defects, etc. (2.18cd–20).21

v1.c25.14

A.s.Sū.2.21–23 = A.h.Sū.1.27–29.

v1.c25.15

More important than the four limbs of treatment (pādacatuṣṭaya) are the moral qualities of a physician (2.24–25ab).

v1.c25.16

A.s.Sū.2.25cd–28ab = A.h.Sū.1, additional verse and 31–32.

v1.c25.17

The characterization of easily curable diseases is slightly expanded (2.28cd). The characterization of diseases which are difficult to cure (2.29), amenable to palliative treatment only (2.30–31), or incurable (2.32–33ab), differs from that found in the Hṛdaya.

v1.c25.18

Treatment should be initiated only after assessment of the degree of curability of a disease (2.33cd–34ab).

v1.c25.19

Physicians are warned that curable diseases may become incurable under particular circumstances (2.34cd–36ab).

v1.c25.20

The importance of the physician’s ethical standards is stressed again (2.36cd–38).

v1.c25.21

Chapter three (dinacaryā) is much longer (127 verses) than the corresponding chapter of the Hṛdaya (Sū.2; 48 verses).

v1.c25.22

The rules for the proper way of getting up in the morning, attending to one’s natural urges, sipping water from the palm of one’s hand (ācāma) (3.2–12ab),22 and brushing one’s teeth (3.12cd–21)23 are elaborate. Scraping of the tongue (jihvānirlekhana) is added to the daily toilet (3.16cd–17).24

v1.c25.23

A.s.Sū.3.18 = A.h.Sū.2.4.

v1.c25.24

Trees and shrubs unsuitable to tooth-brushing are mentioned (3.19–21ab). Toothbrushes and sandals should not be made with the wood of the palāśa and asana (3.21cd). The lower teeth should be brushed first. After cleansing the teeth, the eyes should be washed while holding water in one’s mouth; this water should be cold in summer and autumn (3.22).25 The gods and one’s elders (vṛddha) should be paid homage to; one should be attentive to the maṅgalāṣṭaśata26 and look at a golden vessel filled with ghee (3.23).

v1.c25.25

A.s.Sū.3.24ab = A.h.Sū.2.5ab.

v1.c25.26

The effects of applying a collyrium are described (3.24cd–25ab).

v1.c25.27

A.s.Sū.3.25cd–26ab = A.h.Sū.2.5cd–6ab.

v1.c25.28

Anutaila27 should be used as an errhine, followed by holding a gaṇḍūṣa in the mouth;28 the beneficial effects of these practices are described (3.26cd–30). Next, smoking, 29 the application of fragrant substances, putting on a garland, etc., are mentioned as beneficial (3.31–33ab).

v1.c25.29

Rules are given for the use of clothing, garlands and footwear (3.33cd–34).

v1.c25.30

The beneficial effects of keeping fragrant substances in the mouth and of betel chewing are described (3.35–38ab). 30

v1.c25.31

After the performance of these activities, one should begin the daily work suited to one’s occupation (3.38cd–40). Rules for conduct are given (3.41–42), 31 followed by a long series of prescriptions and prohibitions (3.43–54ab). 32

v1.c25.32

The beneficial effects of abhyaṅga are described (3.54cd–57), 33 followed by 34 those of abhyaṅga of the head (3.58cd), 35 filling the ears with oil (3.59ab), 36 and abhyaṅga of the feet (3.59cd–60ab). 37 A.s.Sū.3.60cd = A.h.Sū.2.9cd. Physical exercise (vyāyāma) is defined (3.61ab). A.s.Sū.3.61cd–69ab = A.h.Sū.2.10–17. Additional rules related to bathing are formulated (3.69cd–73). A.s.Sū.3.74 = A.h.Sū.2.18. Rules are given concerning the proper food to be taken and its consumption (3.75–79). 38

v1.c25.33

The proper way of passing the afternoon leisure time is described (3.80), followed by a long series of prescriptions and prohibitions regarding daily behaviour (3.81–125), 39 for a small part also found in the Hṛdaya. 40 The results of observing the rules are found in the concluding verses (3.126–127).

v1.c25.34

Chapter four (ṛtucaryā) differs considerably from the corresponding chapter of the Hṛdaya (Sū.3).

v1.c25.35

The chapter opens with an exposition (in prose) on time (kāla) (4.2). The units of time are dealt with (in prose), the six seasons, the months, and the two halves of the year (4.3–4).

v1.c25.36

The units of time, absent from the Hṛdaya, resemble those of Suśruta. 41 Mātrā is a synonym of akṣinimeṣa; 42 the nāḍikā is added and said to be 20 1/10 kalā; 43 two nāḍikās form a muhūrta; 44 the yāma is added too and said to consist of 3 3/4 muhūrta; 45 a day and a night consist of four muhūrta each. 46

v1.c25.37

The first month of the year is Mārgaśīrṣa, while it is Māgha in the Hṛdaya. The cycle of the seasons begins with hemanta, whereas śiśira is the first season in the Hṛdaya.

v1.c25.38

The first half of the year is called udayana or ādāna, the second half dakṣiṇāyana or visarga.

v1.c25.39

The āgneya character of ādāna and the saumya character of visarga are described (in prose, concluded by a verse) (4.5–7). 47

v1.c25.40

The seasons are described, 48 their effects on the human organism, and the regimen to be observed (in verse): hemanta (4.8–19ab), śiśira (4.19cd–20ab), vasanta (4.20cd–27ab), grīṣma (4.27cd–38ab), varṣāḥ (4.38cd–49), and śarad (4.50–60ab). 49 A.s.Sū.4.60cd–62ab = A.h.Sū.3.57cd–59. Two concluding verses are added (4.62cd–64).

v1.c25.41

Chapter five (rogānutpādanīya) largely agrees with the corresponding chapter of the Hṛdaya (Sū.4). A.s.Sū.5.1–22 = A.h.Sū.4.1–21ab. A.s.Sū.5.23 replaces A.h.Sū.4.21cd, without changing the contents. A.s.Sū.5.24–25 = A.h.Sū.4.22–23. Verses added (5.26–31) describe the numerous bad effects arising in those who neglect to remove impurities from their bodies. A.s.Sū.5.32–43 = A.h.Sū.4.26–36. Two concluding verses (4.44–45) are added.

v1.c25.42

Chapter six (dravadravyavijñānīya) is much longer than the corresponding chapter of the Hṛdaya (Sū.5). 50 Many kinds of water are described (6.2–50). 51 A.s.Sū.6.2 = A.h.Sū.5.1. A.s.Sū.6.3 is added to the description of rainwater (gaṅgāmbu). A.s.Sū.6.4–6ab = A.h.Sū.5.2–4ab. A.s.Sū.6.6cd–7ab replaces A.h.Sū.5.4cd and is more elaborate on the same subject. 52 A.s.Sū.6.7cd = A.h.Sū.5.5ab. Three additional verses (6.8–10) are about the relationships between the colour of the soil and the taste of the water fallen on it, and about the relationships between soils with predominance of one of the mahābhūtas and the taste of the water. 53 A.s.Sū.6.11ab = A.h.Sū.5.5cd. A.s.Sū.6.11cd–15ab are added to the text of the Hṛdaya; they deal with the properties of the water from wells, tanks, etc. (6.11cd–15ab). 54 A.s.Sū.6.15cd–19 = A.h.Sū.5.8cd–12. A.s.Sū.6.20–22ab corresponds to A.h.Sū.5.6–7ab. A.s.Sū.6.22cd–23ab = A.h.Sū.5.7cd–8ab. The bad effects of polluted water are described (6.23cd–24), 55 followed by measures to purify it (prasādana) (6.25–27ab). 56 Rules are given about the proper use of water, cold, tepid or warm, dependent on the condition of a patient; prohibitions are also formulated (6.27cd–45ab). 57 The properties of water boiled after placing a noble metal or (semi-)precious stone in it are separately dealt with (6.45cd–49). A.s.Sū.6.50 = A.h.Sū.5.19. A.s.Sū.6.51ab replaces A.h.Sū.5.20ab. The section on milk (6.51–75) and dairy produce is slightly longer than in the Hṛdaya. A.s.Sū.6.51cd–59 = A.h.Sū.5.20cd–29ab. Two verses (6.60–61) on the effects of milk on persons with particular habits are added. A.h.Sū.6.62–66 = A.h.Sū.5.29cd–35ab. A.h.Sū.6.67 replaces A.h.Sū.5.35cd. A.h.Sū.6.68–72ab = A.h.Sū.5.36–40.

v1.c25.43

An ardhaśloka on old ghee (6.72cd) is added, followed by one on ghṛtamaṇḍa⁵⁸ (6.73ab).

v1.c25.44

A.s.Sū.6.73cd–74ab replaces A.h.Sū.5.41ab; dadhikūcīkā is mentioned instead of the kūcīkā of the Hṛdaya, moraṭa instead of moraṇa; takrapiṇḍaka and kṣīraśāka⁵⁹ are added items.

v1.c25.45

A.s.Sū.6.74cd = A.h.Sū.5.41cd.

v1.c25.46

A.s.Sū.6.75ab is an addition.

v1.c25.47

A.s.Sū.6.75cd = A.h.Sū.5.42ab.

v1.c25.48

The section on the sugarcane and its products, to which other kinds of sugar and honey are added, is also expanded (6.76–93).

v1.c25.49

A.s.Sū.6.76–77ab = A.h.Sū.5.42cd–43ab.

v1.c25.50

An ardhaśloka on the properties of sugarcane juice is added (6.77cd).

v1.c25.51

A.s.Sū.6.78–84ab = A.h.Sū.5.43cd–50ab.

v1.c25.52

An ardhaśloka on sugar prepared from other plants is added (6.84cd).

v1.c25.53

A.s.Sū.6.85–88ab = A.h.Sū.5.50cd–53.

v1.c25.54

A verse explaining why heated honey should never be used is added (6.88cd–89ab).

v1.c25.55

A.s.Sū.6.89cd–90ab = A.h.Sū.5.54.

v1.c25.56

Some verses on the actions of honey are added (6.90cd–92).⁶⁰

v1.c25.57

The last verse of this section mentions the four kinds of honey: bhrāmara, pauṣpika, kṣaudra and mākṣika; their good qualities increase in the mentioned order;⁶¹ when old, only kṣaudra and mākṣika honey should be used (6.93).

v1.c25.58

The next section is on oils (6.94–106ab) and animal fats (6.106cd–109ab).

v1.c25.59

A.s.Sū.6.94–95 = A.h.Sū.5.55–56.

v1.c25.60

A verse on the general actions of oils is added (6.96).

v1.c25.61

A.s.Sū.6.97–98 = A.h.Sū.5.57–58 (the oils of eraṇḍa and raktairaṇḍa).

v1.c25.62

A.s.Sū.6.99ab = A.h.Sū.5.61ab (the oils of umā and kusumbha).

v1.c25.63

The Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha adds the oils of dantī, mūlaka, rakṣoghna, karañja, ariṣṭa, śigru, suvarcalā, iṅgudī, pīlu, śaṅkhinī, and nīpa, the oils made from the heartwood (sāra) of sarala, agaru, devāhva and śimśapā, those of tuvara, aruṣkara, karañja, nimba, akṣa, atimuktaka, akṣoḍa, nālikera, madhūka, trapusa, ervāru, kūṣmāṇḍa, śleṣmātaka, priyāla, śrīparṇī, and kimśuka (6.99cd–105).⁶² The verses on sarṣapa,⁶³ akṣa and nimba oil of the Hṛdaya (Sū.5.59–60) are absent from the Samgraha.⁶⁴

v1.c25.64

Sesamum oil is regarded as the best, kusumbha oil as the worst kind (6.106ab).⁶⁵

v1.c25.65

A.s.Sū.6.106cd–107ab = A.h.Sū.5.61cd–62ab.

v1.c25.66

The best sources of vasā are the bulūka,⁶⁶ hog (sūkara), pākahamsa, and cock (kukkuṭa);⁶⁷ bad sources are the kumbhīra, buffalo (mahiṣa), kākamadgu, and kāraṇḍa (6.107cd–108);⁶⁸ the best medas is that of the goat,⁶⁹ the worst that of the elephant (6.109ab).⁷⁰

v1.c25.67

The section that follows is about fermented, particularly alcoholic, fluids (6.109cd–134).

v1.c25.68

A.s.Sū.6.109cd–115ab = A.h.Sū.5.62cd–68.

v1.c25.69

The properties of jagala, medaka and bakkasa, which are related to vāruṇī, are added (6.115cd–116).⁷¹

v1.c25.70

A.s.Sū.6.117–118ab = A.h.Sū.5.69–70ab.

v1.c25.71

The properties of kauhalī and ariṣṭa are added (6.118cd). A.s.Sū.6.119–124ab = A.h.Sū.5.70cd–75.

v1.c25.72

Verses on surāsava, maireya, dhātakya-bhiṣuta, drākṣāsava, mṛdvīkāsava, ikṣurasāsava are added (6.124cd–126), followed by verses on the general properties of āsava (6.127ab), the five best sources for preparing an alcoholic drink, and the properties of alcoholic drinks when prepared from a mixture of source materials (6.127cd–128). A.s.Sū.6.129–134 = A.h.Sū.5.76–81.

v1.c25.73

A section on various kinds of urine, animal excrements, bile, and rocanā (6.135–142) ends the chapter.⁷²

v1.c25.74

⁷² [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.75

Some verses on the properties and medicinal uses of urines, also mentioning that cow's urine is the best kind, are added (6.137–139ab), followed by verses on the properties and medicinal actions of various kinds of animal excrements (6.139cd–141). The last substances described are bile, gallstones (rocanā) and human urine (6.142).

v1.c25.76

The concluding verse (6.143) is identical with that found in the Hṛdaya (Sū.5.⁸⁴).

v1.c25.77

Chapter seven (annasvarūpavijñānīya) is much longer again than the corresponding chapter of the Hṛdaya (Sū.6).⁷³

v1.c25.78

⁷³ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.79

The chapter begins with a section on śūkadhānya (7.2–21). A.s.Sū.7.2–12ab = A.h.Sū.6.1–11ab.

v1.c25.80

The tṛṇadhānya group (7.12cd–15) is much larger;⁷⁴ added are: jūrṇāhva,⁷⁵ gadī, varuṇapādikā, toyaśyāmāka,⁷⁶ hastiśyāmāka,⁷⁷ śilbika (or śilbikā), śīśira, uddāla,⁷⁸ nīvāra,⁷⁹ varūka,⁸⁰ baraka,⁸¹ utkaṭa,⁸² madhūlikā,⁸³ antanirguṇḍī, veṇuparṇī, praśāntikā,⁸⁴ gavethu,⁸⁵ kāṇḍa,⁸⁶ lauhitya,⁸⁷ toyaparṇī,⁸⁸ and mukundara⁸⁹ (7.12cd–15). A.s.Sū.7.16 = A.h.Sū.6.12cd–13ab.

v1.c25.81

⁷⁴ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.82

⁷⁵ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.83

⁷⁶ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.84

⁷⁷ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.85

⁷⁸ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.86

⁷⁹ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.87

⁸⁰ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.88

⁸¹ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.89

⁸² [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.90

⁸³ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.91

⁸⁴ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.92

⁸⁵ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.93

⁸⁶ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.94

⁸⁷ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.95

⁸⁸ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.96

⁸⁹ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.97

A verse is added on the properties of uddālaka, nīvāra and madhūlikā (7.17). A.s.Sū.7.18–19ab = A.h.Sū.6.13cd–14.

v1.c25.98

A.s.Sū.19cd–20ab agrees with A.h.Sū.6.15ab on anuyava and vamśajayava (= veṇuyava). A.s.Sū.7.20cd–21 = A.h.Sū.6.15cd–16.

v1.c25.99

The first part (7.22–29) of the section on śimbidhānya differs from that of the Hṛdaya and has no verses in common with it. The items forming part of śimbidhānya, mentioned in the first verse (7.22), are: mudga, maṅgalya, vanamudga, makuṣṭhaka, masūraka, āḍhakī,⁹⁰ and caṇaka.⁹¹ Their general properties and actions are enumerated (7.23–24ab).⁹² The best kinds and varieties for particular purposes are mentioned (7.24cd–25).⁹³

v1.c25.100

⁹⁰ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.101

⁹¹ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.102

⁹² [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.103

⁹³ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.104

The properties and actions of rājamāṣa, kulattha and niṣpāva are described (7.26–29).⁹⁴ A.s.Sū.7.30–31ab = A.h.Sū.6.21cd–22. A.s.Sū.7.31cd deals with kuśāmraśimbī.

v1.c25.105

⁹⁴ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.106

The general properties and actions of the remaining śimbidhānyas are mentioned (7.32).

v1.c25.107

The properties and actions of sesamum (tila) form the next subject (7.33–34ab);⁹⁵ the black variety is the best, followed by the white one; the red variety is less esteemed (7.34cd).

v1.c25.108

⁹⁵ [Text of the note missing in source]

v1.c25.109

A.s.Sū.7.36a–c = A.h.Sū.6.25a–c. A.s.Sū.7.36d–37ab is an expansion of A.h.Sū.6.25d. A.s.Sū.7.37cd = A.h.Sū.6.26ab. The next section is about prepared foods (kṛtānna). A.s.Sū.7.38–43 = A.h.Sū.6.26cd–32ab. The verses on meat broth (rasa) (7.44–46ab) are an expanded version of A.h.Sū.6.32cd. A.s.Sū.7.46cd–47ab = A.h.Sū.6.33. An ardhaśloka on māṣa soup is added (7.47cd). Various dishes, together with their properties, are described: khala,96 kāmbalika97 and dakalāvaṇika98 (7.48–50ab). The heaviness (gaurava) of yūṣa, rasa, sūpa and śāka is said to increase in the mentioned order (7.50cd–51ab). A.s.Sū.7.51cd–52ab = A.h.Sū.6.34. Dishes added are parpaṭa and kṣāraparpaṭa (7.52cd), rāga and ṣāḍava99 (7.53–54). A.s.Sū.7.55–58ab = A.h.Sū.6.35–38ab. An ardhaśloka on the actions of dhānā is added (7.58cd). A.s.Sū.7.59ab = A.h.Sū.6.38cd.100 Dishes added are saktupiṇḍī (7.59cd), avalehikā and śaṣkulīmodaka101 (7.60). A.s.Sū.7.61 = A.h.Sū.6.39cd–40ab. A verse on the properties and actions of saktu is added (7.62). A.s.Sū.7.63–64 = A.h.Sū.6.40cd–42.

v1.c25.110

The section on animals and their flesh (7.65–110) begins with an enumeration of the group of animals called mṛga102 (7.65–66). 103 This group contains more species than found in the list of the Hṛdaya. Added are: kālapucchaka,104 varapota,105 śvadaṃṣṭra,106 rāma,107 kohakāraka,108 karāla,109 kṛtamāla,110 and pṛṣata.111 A.s.Sū.7.67–69ab = A.h.Sū.6.44–46ab (the viṣkira group). The praṭuda group (7.69cd–73ab) is larger112 than in the Hṛdaya (Sū.6.46cd–47ab).113 Added are: śatapattra,114 koyaṣṭi,115 khañjarīṭaka,116 durṇāmāri,117 kṛśāgrahā,118 laḍūṣa,119 vaṭahan,120 gokṣvela,121 diṇḍimāṇava,122 jaṭī,123 duṇḍubhi,124 pākāra,125 lohapṛṣṭha,126 kulīṅgaka,127 śārṅgākhya,128 cirīṭi(ka),129 kaṅku,130 yaṣṭikā,131 mañjarīyaka,132 godhāputra,133 priyātmaja,134 kalaviṅka,135 parabhṛta,136 aṅgāracūḍaka,137 pārāvata,138 and pāṇavika.139 The bileśaya group (7.73cd–74) is larger than in the Hṛdaya (Sū.6.47cd).140 Added are: śveta-, śyāma-, citraprṣṭha- and kālakākulīmṛga,141 cillaṭa,142 kūcīkā,143 śalyaka,144 śāṇḍaka,145 vṛṣāhi,146 kadalī,147 and nakula.148 A.s.Sū.7.75–77ab = A.h.Sū.6.48–50ab (the prasaha group). A.s.Sū.7.77cd–78ab = A.h.Sū.6.50cd–51ab (the mahāmṛga group). The jalacārin group of birds (7.78cd–80) is larger than the corresponding apcara group of the Hṛdaya (Sū.6.51cd–52ab).149 Added are: mṛṇālakaṇṭha,150 raktaśīrṣaka,151 puṇḍarīkākṣa,152 śarāri,153 maṇituṇḍaka,154 kākatuṇḍa,155 ghanārāva,156 ambukukkuṭa,157 nadyāsya,158 and mallika.159 A.s.Sū.7.81–83 = A.h.Sū.6.52cd–55ab.

v1.c25.111

An ardhaśloka on the larger groupings is added (7.84ab). A.s.Sū.7.84cd = A.h.Sū.6.55cd.

v1.c25.112

An ardhaśloka on the flesh of jāṅgala animals is added (7.85ab). 160 A.s.Sū.7.85cd = A.h.Sū.6.56ab.

v1.c25.113

Verses added are about the flesh of the hariṇa, an animal of a coppery (tāmra) colour, the eṇa, of a black colour, 161 and the śaśa, 162 followed by that of the birds called lāva and kapiñjala 163 (7.86–87). The wild (vanya) pārāvata and kapota are also added (7.88ab). 164

v1.c25.114

A.s.Sū.7.88cd–89 = A.h.Sū.6.57–58ab.

v1.c25.115

An ardhaśloka on the tittiri is added (7.90ab). 165 A.s.Sū.7.90cd–92ab = A.h.Sū.6.58cd–60ab. A.s.Sū.7.92cd–93ab = A.h.Sū.6.61–62ab. 166 A.s.Sū.7.93cd replaces A.h.Sū.6.62cd. A.s.Sū.7.94ab = A.h.Sū.6.63ab.

v1.c25.116

An ardhaśloka on the flesh of the godhā 167 and mūṣika is added (7.95ab). A.s.Sū.7.95cd–97 = A.h.Sū.6.65, 60cd, 66.

v1.c25.117

An ardhaśloka on the haṃsa is added (7.98ab). 168 A.s.Sū.7.98cd–100 replaces A.h.Sū.6.67ab. These verses deal with the properties of fish, in particular the rohita, which is the best, and the cilicima, which is the worst kind; a half-verse on the kulīra is added. A.s.Sū.7.101–102ab = A.h.Sū.6.63cd–64. A.s.Sū.7.102cd–103 takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.68.

v1.c25.118

A.s.Sū.7.104–106a takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.67cd. These verses enumerate those animals which are the best among the members of their group: eṇa, kuraṅga, hariṇa and śaśa (among the mṛgas), lāva, kapiñjala, tittiri and krakara (among the viṣkiras), godhā and śvāvidh (among the bileśayas), gṛdhra and lion (among the prasahas), śārikā (among the pratudas), nyaṅku (among the mahāmṛgas), haṃsa (among the jalacārins), rohita, kacchapa and vartmī (among the aquatic animals); 169 the very best among their respective groups are the lāva, 170 eṇa, 171 godhā, 172 and lion.

v1.c25.119

A.s.Sū.7.106b–d enumerates the animals not suitable for consumption: cow, frog, ṛṣya and kāṇakapota.

v1.c25.120

A.s.Sū.7.107 is concerned with the merits, respectively demerits, of eggs, the flesh of young, and that of old animals.

v1.c25.121

A.s.Sū.7.108–110 = A.h.Sū.6.69–71.

v1.c25.122

The next section is that on vegetables (śāka) (7.111–165). A.s.Sū.7.111–121 = A.h.Sū.6.72–82.

v1.c25.123

Some verses are added on vegetables which resemble in their properties and actions those described in the preceding verses (7.118–121). The plants mentioned (7.122–124ab) are: śyāmā, 173 śālmali, 174 kāśmarya, bhañjī, 175 karṇaka, 176 yūthikā, 177 vṛkṣadinī, 178 kṣīravṛkṣa, 179 bimbī, 180 tanika, 181 vṛkṣaka, 182 lodhra, 183 śaṇa, 184 kacchudāra, 185 śelu, 186 vṛṣamuṣṭikā, 187 bhallātaka, 188 kovidāra, 189 kamala, 190 utpala, 191 and kimśuka. 192 A verse on the properties and actions of bhañjī and abhīruja karīra 193 is added too (7.124cd–125ab). A.s.Sū.7.125cd–129ab = A.h.Sū.6.83–86.

v1.c25.124

An added verse (7.129cd–130ab) says that jīvantī is the very best vegetable; 194 bhaṇḍī, 195 parvaṇī 196 and parvapuṣpikā 197 are described as eliminating vāta and pitta. A.s.Sū.7.130cd–134 = A.h.Sū.6.87–91ab.

v1.c25.125

A.s.Sū.7.135ab differs from A.h.Sū.6.91cd in adding śṛṅgāṭaka and kaśeruka, while omitting kumuda– and utpalakaṇḍaka. 198

v1.c25.126

A.s.Sū.7.135cd–136ab differs from A.h.Sū.6.92 in omitting śṛṅgāṭaka and kaśeruka and adding kadamba. 199

v1.c25.127

A.s.Sū.7.136cd–137ab = A.h.Sū.6.93.

v1.c25.128

A.s.Sū.7.137cd–138 takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.94ab; the jīvanta, jhuñjhu and eḍagaja of the Hṛdaya are absent; extra items are yātukā, 200 śālakalyāṇī, 201 śrīparṇī, 202 piluparṇikā, 203 kumārī, 204 jīva, 205 loṇikā, 206 kuṣmāṇḍa, 207 nīlinī, 208 svarcā, 209 vṛkadhūmaka, 210 and lakṣmaṇā. 211

v1.c25.129

A.s.Sū.7.139ab = A.h.Sū.6.94cd. 212

v1.c25.130

A.s.Sū.7.139cd, an addition, mentions jīvantika, 213 cuñcuparṇī, 214 prapunnāṭa, 215 and kuberaka. 216

v1.c25.131

A.s.Sū.7.140–143 = A.h.Sū.6.95–98.

v1.c25.132

A.h.Sū.6.99 on śatāvarī sprouts (aṅkura) and vaṃśakarīra is absent; its place is taken by A.s.Sū.7.144–146, where the following vegetables are mentioned: ūrupūka, 217 lāṅgalī, 218 tila, 219 vetasa, 220 pañcāṅgula, 221 vaṃśakarīra, 222 bilva, 223 rāsnā, 224 balā, 225 vatsādanī, 226 gaṇḍīra, 227 and citraka. 228

v1.c25.133

A.s.Sū.7.147–148ab = A.h.Sū.6.100–101ab.

v1.c25.134

A.s.Sū.7.148cd–149ab, on sārṣapaśāka, 229 the worst kind of vegetable, replaces A.h.Sū.6.101cd.

v1.c25.135

A.s.Sū.7.149cd–151ab = A.h.Sū.6.102–103.

v1.c25.136

A.s.Sū.7.151cd takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.104ab.

v1.c25.137

A.s.Sū.7.152–153 = A.h.Sū.6.104cd–106ab.

v1.c25.138

A.s.Sū.7.154 adds a number of plants to those mentioned at A.h.Sū.6.106ab; these plants form the haritaka group, 230 a term absent from the Hṛdaya; the group consists of: dhānya, 231 tumburu, 232 śaileya, 233 yavānī, 234 śṛṅgiveraka (or śṛṅgiverakā), 235 parṇāsa, 236 gṛñjana, 237 ajājī, 238 jīraka, 239 and gajapippalī. 240

v1.c25.139

A.s.Sū.7.155–157 replaces A.h.Sū.6.106–107; these verses, on the properties and actions of the haritaka group of vegetables, add some more plants belonging to it: kharāhvā, 241 kālamālikā, 242 dīpyaka, 243 kṣavaka, 244 dvīpi, 245 and bastagandhā. 246

v1.c25.140

A.s.Sū.7.158a–c = A.h.Sū.6.108a–c; 7.158d differs from A.h.Sū.6.108d and mentions dhānakā. 247

v1.c25.141

A.s.Sū.7.159, an addition, is about kharāhvā and citraka.

v1.c25.142

A.s.Sū.7.160–161ab, on garlic (laśuna), takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.109cd–110ab, on the same subject. A.h.Sū.6.109ab, on ārdrikā, is absent from the Saṃgraha.

v1.c25.143

A.s.Sū.7.161cd, still on garlic, is identical with A.h.Sū.6.110cd.

v1.c25.144

A.s.Sū.7.162 = A.h.Sū.6.111.

v1.c25.145

A.s.Sū.7.163 takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.112ab.

v1.c25.146

The verse on gṛñjanaka of the Hṛdaya (Sū.6.112cd–113ab) misses in the Saṃgraha.

v1.c25.147

A.s.Sū.7.164–165 = A.h.Sū.6.113cd–115ab.

v1.c25.148

The section on fruits (7.166–207ab) also contains a number of additions.

v1.c25.149

A.s.Sū.7.166–172 = A.h.Sū.6.115cd–122ab.

v1.c25.150

Some verses (7.173–175ab) are added; they deal with nālikera, 248 moca, 249 and the fruit of rājādana. 250

v1.c25.151

A.s.Sū.7.175cd–176ab = A.h.Sū.6.122cd–123ab.

v1.c25.152

An ardhaśloka on the fruits of madhūka 251 and badara 252 is added (7.176cd).

v1.c25.153

A.s.Sū.7.177–178 = A.h.Sū.6.123cd–125ab.

v1.c25.154

A.h.Sū.6.125cd–126ab on the fruit of bilva is absent.

v1.c25.155

A.s.Sū.7.179–181 are added; they deal with the fruits of tinduka, 253 aśmantaka, 254 asīna (or āsīna), 255 phalinī, 256 bimbi, 257 todaṇa, 258 ṭaṅka, 259 aśvakarṇa, 260 bakula, 261 gāṅgeru, 262 dhava, 263 dhanvana, 264 śvetapāka, 265 kapittha, 266 siñcatī, 267 bhavya, 268 jambū, 269 kṣīrivṛkṣa, 270 and puṣkara. 271

v1.c25.156

A.s.Sū.7.182–183 on the fruit of kapittha occurs instead of A.h.Sū.6.126cd–127ab.

v1.c25.157

The verses of the Hṛdaya on jambū fruit 272 and the mango (āmra) 273 (Sū.6.127cd–129ab) are absent.

v1.c25.158

Verses added (7.184–190) are about the properties and actions of the fruits of siñcatīkā, bhavya, jambū, kṣīrivṛkṣa, akṣakī, 274 āmra, the juice of sahakāra fruit, 275 the fruit of lavalī 276 and bilva. 277

v1.c25.159

A.s.Sū.7.191ab is related to A.h.Sū.6.129cd.

v1.c25.160

A.s.Sū.7.191cd and 192 are added; they are concerned with the fruit of kośāinla, 278 karañja, 279 and śami. 280

v1.c25.161

A.s.Sū.7.193, on the fruit of pīlu, takes the place of A.h.Sū.6.130.

v1.c25.162

A.s.Sū.7.194ab = A.h.Sū.6.131ab.

v1.c25.163

A.s.Sū.7.194cd–195ab, an addition, describes the fruits of nīpa, 281 śatākṣika, 282 prācīnāgara, 283 tṛṇaśūlya, 284 iṅgudī, 285 and vikaṅkata. 286

v1.c25.164

A.s.Sū.7.195cd–207ab = A.h.Sū.6.131cd–143ab.

v1.c25.165

The section on medicinal substances (auṣadhavarga) of the Hṛdaya (Sū.6.143cd–171) is absent from the Saṃgraha. Instead, a mātrādiprakaraṇa is found (7.207cd–261), which deals with a variety of subjects.

v1.c25.166

This section is introduced by a series of verses (7.207cd–210).

v1.c25.167

First, the dependence of the effects of medicinal substances on the dosage employed 287 and the combination with other substances 288 is described by means of examples (7.211–217); next, the changes of qualities, resulting from the way of preparation, are discussed 289 (7.218–228).

v1.c25.168

A number of verses are devoted to the subject of dehasātmya, i.e., substances suitable to particular peoples and unwholesome to others (7.229–233). 290 Peoples mentioned are the maruvāsins, Prācyas, Saindhavas, Aśmakas, those living in Malaya and Koṅkaṇa, the Udīcyas, Avantis, Bālhīkas, Bālhavas, Cīnas, Śūlikas, Yavanas, and Śakas.

v1.c25.169

Examples of sātmya of various types are given (7.234–237).

v1.c25.170

Numerous verses are concerned with the varying effects of substances, pharmaceutical preparations and remedial measures in general, dependent on the disease of the patient, the doṣa(s) involved, the season in which the disease occurs, etc. (7.238–259).

v1.c25.171

The concluding verses declare that an intelligent physician should take into consideration all these manifold (vicitra) factors (dharma), subtle (sūkṣma) and difficult to evaluate (durlabhahetuka), not taught by science, and to be assessed by himself.291

v1.c25.172

Chapter eight (annarakṣāvidhi) deals with the protection of the king from poison, one of the functions of the royal physician (prāṇācārya); it corresponds to the first part of chapter seven of the Hṛdaya, but is much more elaborate.

v1.c25.173

The first part of this chapter (8.1–20) is in prose.

v1.c25.174

The chapter begins with stressing the importance of protecting wealthy people, and in particular a king, from being poisoned, and the place of the court physician as the one chiefly entrusted with this task (8.2–3).292 Kings are said to be vulnerable to diseases on account of their way of living (8.3). Precautions concerning the royal meal (8.4–5) and some general characteristics of poisoned food (8.6)293 are described, followed by the signs of poisoning exhibited by a series of dietary items (8.7–8).294

v1.c25.175

The next subjects are: characteristics enabling one to recognize a poisoner (viṣada) (8.9);295 the testing of foods by burning them and examining the colour, form, smell, and other features of the flames and the fire (8.10);296 the treatment of disorders caused by inhaling the smoke of burned poisoned substances (8.11); the testing of foods by feeding them to various animals, which react to poison in a specific way (8.12);297 the treatment of disorders caused by inhaling the vapours (bāṣpa) of burning poisoned foods (8.13)298 and by touching poisoned substances (8.13);299 the symptoms occurring when poisoned food is being swallowed down;300 the symptoms occurring when poisoned food has reached the āmāśaya (8.14);301 their treatment (8.15);302 the symptoms indicating that the poison has reached the pakvāśaya;303 their treatment (8.16); the symptoms caused by a poisoned collyrium,304 errhine (nasya), or dhūma;305 the treatment of these conditions (8.17);306 the symptoms caused by a poisoned substance used for abhyaṅga and the treatment of these symptoms;307 the same symptoms are caused by poisoned substances used for udvartana, gharṣaṇa,308 pariṣeka309 and anulepana,310 by poisoned ornaments (bhūṣaṇa),311 vehicles (yāna),312 couches (śayyā),313 bedding (āstaraṇa), clothing (vastra),314 armour (kavaca),315 wooden sandals (pādukā),316 shoes (upānah),317 and foot-stools (pādapīṭha);318 their treatment should be carried out on the same lines (8.17); specific treatment of the disorders caused by poisoned ornaments (ābharaṇa),319 foot-stools, parasols (chatra), chowries (cāmara), and fans (vyajana) (8.18); the symptoms caused by poisoned oils for inunction of the head (śiro’bhyaṅga); their treatment;320 the same measures are applicable in disorders caused by poisoned water for washing the head, poisoned combs (kaṅkata),321 garlands (sraj),322 and headcoverings (uṣṇīṣa)323 (8.19); the symptoms caused by poisoned oils for filling the auditory duct (karṇapūraṇa)324 and by poisoned cosmetics (mukhālepa);325 their treatment (8.20).

v1.c25.176

Some verses are devoted to various measures to be taken by the physician in order to protect the king and his food (8.21–25ab).

v1.c25.177

The next section, in verse, is concerned with the storage room for medicines (bheṣajāgāra)326 and its location (8.25cd–26ab);327 the royal kitchen (mahānasa), its construction and location, the personnel to be employed,328 and the qualities required for these persons³²⁹ (8.26cd–31); ³³⁰ the qualities required in the royal physician, who also accompanies the army on march (8.32–33); ³³¹ the measures to be taken by the physician for protection of the army from being poisoned in all sorts of ways (8.34–40); ³³² the characteristics of poisoned water and soil, and the counter-measures to be taken (8.41–48ab); ³³³ the same concerning poisoned air (8.48cd–53ab); ³³⁴ the poison-girl (8.53cd–56); ³³⁵ precautions the king should take concerning his food (8.57).

v1.c25.178

A verse (8.58) introduces a long prose passage on the preparation of an antidote (agada), a collyrium (añjana) in this case, called sarvārthasiddha, to be employed by kings, high officials (mahāmātra), ³³⁶ brāhmaṇas studying the Vedas and other sciences, etc. This drug, to be prepared very carefully, ³³⁷ accompanied by rituals, derives from the king of Videha; earlier, it was given by the Aśvins to Indra in order to enable him to kill Vṛtra. ³³⁸ It should be administered while muttering a dhāriṇī addressed to the Tathāgata, Arhant Samyaksambuddha. Many divinities and sages are to receive homage during one of the stages of the process of preparation: Āryāvalokiteśvara, Āryatārā, Brahmā, Dakṣa, the Aśvins, Rudra, Indra, Āditya, Soma, Varuṇa, Vaiśvānara, ³³⁹ Vāyu, Viṣṇu, Janaka, Bharadvāja, Dhanvantari, Suśruta, Bhavya, ³⁴⁰ Sukanyā, ³⁴¹ Skanda, Cyavana, Vainateya, ³⁴² and others (8.59–61).

v1.c25.179

The remaining part of the chapter, in verse, begins with preparations, devised by Bṛhaspati, which, when sprinkled on various objects, make poisons innocuous; these preparations are meant for royal use (8.62–66). It proceeds with another preparation, to be mounted in gold, which, worn as a jewel, neutralizes poisons (8.67–69ab), and one more of the same type, called saumyākhyāgada (8.69cd–71ab). The plants called mūṣikā and ajaruhā, tied to the wrist (hastabaddha), perform the same function (8.71cd). ³⁴³

v1.c25.180

Another drug, when rubbed on musical instruments and banners, has the same effect again (8.72–73).

v1.c25.181

A series of verses contain various recipes of antidotes for use by the king (8.74–96). ³⁴⁴ Substances of animal origin, ³⁴⁵ as well as metals, form conspicuous ingredients of these and the preceding compound drugs. An authority quoted is Gautama (8.86). Hṛdayāvaraṇa by means of ajeya- and amṛtaghṛta is also mentioned (8.89). ³⁴⁶

v1.c25.182

The last part of the chapter describes how the physician should behave towards the king in general (8.97–108ab), and with regard to a number of specific duties, in particular ritual activities for protection of the king³⁴⁷ (8.108cd–113).

v1.c25.183

The chapter ends with two concluding verses (8.114–115). ³⁴⁸

v1.c25.184

Chapter nine (viruddhānnavijñānīya), about antagonistic (viruddha) foods, which should not be eaten together, and a variety of other subjects, corresponds to the second and third parts of chapter seven of the Hṛdaya.

v1.c25.185

The chapter begins with foods to be avoided in combination with the flesh of domestic animals, those living in marshy regions, and aquatic animals; ³⁴⁹ the combination of fish and milk is particularly unwholesome, and among fish the one called cilicima; ³⁵⁰ the cilicima is described (9.2). ³⁵¹ Other articles of diet not going together with milk are enumerated (9.3). ³⁵² A long series of antagonistic combinations of foods, drinks and anupānas follow (9.3–6). ³⁵³ Antagonistic drugs are not dealt with, on account of the complexity of the subject and the difficulties involved (9.6).

v1.c25.186

After this section in prose, verses follow.

v1.c25.187

First, some stanzas describe antagonism (virodha) in general (9.7–8), examples of this interaction, its bad effects, and the general lines of treatment to be adopted (9.9–12ab).³⁵⁴

v1.c25.188

A.s.Sū.9.12cd–13 = A.h.Sū.7.46cd–47.

v1.c25.189

Some additional verses state that the rules about antagonism do not apply in diseased conditions, where antagonistic or normally unwholesome articles may prove to be of curative value (9.14–15).

v1.c25.190

The procedure to be adopted in giving up unhealthy dietary habits is discussed; one quarter of the unwholesome item should be replaced by the same quantity of something wholesome with intervals of one, two or three days, until the process is completed (9.16–17).³⁵⁵

v1.c25.191

The three upastambha(na)s (mainstays of the body) are dealt with in prose; these consist of food, sleep and enjoyment (abrahmacarya) (9.18).³⁵⁶

v1.c25.192

The next section, in verse, is concerned with sleep.

v1.c25.193

Three verses describe the physiology of sleep, which is a state chiefly connected with tamas (9.19–21).

v1.c25.194

A.s.Sū.9.22–23 = A.h.Sū.7.53cd–55.

v1.c25.195

An additional verse (9.24) compares the beneficial effects of sleep with those of tapas.

v1.c25.196

A.s.Sū.9.25–29 = A.h.Sū.7.55cd–60.

v1.c25.197

The disorders arising from unhealthy sleeping habits (ahitanidrā) are described (9.30–32ab),³⁵⁷ followed by the way in which the need to sleep long hours (atinidratā) arises (9.32cd–33). The treatment of this condition is discussed (9.34–35).³⁵⁸ The verses on the causes (7.36)³⁵⁹ and symptoms of insomnia (nidrānāśa) (9.37–39)³⁶⁰ give more details than those of the Hṛdaya.

v1.c25.198

An ardhaśloka on the curability of insomnia is added (9.40ab).

v1.c25.199

A.s.Sū.9.40cd–41 = A.h.Sū.7.65–66ab.

v1.c25.200

The treatment of insomnia is more elaborate (9.42–46) than in the Hṛdaya, though part of the verses are identical.³⁶¹

v1.c25.201

A.s.Sū.9.47ab = A.h.Sū.7.68cd.

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