Pramāṇa · Search · About · API

A History of Indian Medical Literature v4.c59: Part 8: Authors and works from the 16th to the 20th centuries

A History of Indian Medical Literature v4.c59

Language
English

Contents

Part 8: Authors and works from the 16th to the 20th centuries

v4.c59.1

Authors and works from the 16th

v4.c59.3

1 NCC II, 109–110. Check-list Nrs. 19 (*Ānandamālā*), 1042 (*Yogajñāna*), 1070 (*Yogaśāstra*). STMI 435–436. J. Filliozat, Liste Nr. 10: *Ānandamālikā* by Ānandasiddha, extracted from a *Vaidyakasārasamgraha*. Cat. Jammu Nr. 3326: *Ānandamālikā* by Ānandasiddha. CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 17: *Ānandamālā* (with commentary) by Ānandabhāratī (according to the introductory verses) or Nṛsimhabhāratī (according to the last colophon); Nr. 187: *Yogaśāstra* or *Yogajñāna* by Ānandasiddha. The most common title of Ānandabhāratī's treatise is *Ānandamālā*.

v4.c59.4

2 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 187.

v4.c59.5

3 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 17: this MS may contain a text that differs from Ānandabhāratī's *Ānandamālā*.

v4.c59.6

4 Compare STMI 436.

v4.c59.7

5 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 187.

v4.c59.8

6 See on the Daśanāmīs: Ch. Eliot (1988): II, 209; J.N. Farquhar (1967): 174; J. Gonda (1963): 83–84 (with bibliographic references); J.C. Oman (1905): 153.

v4.c59.9

7 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 17.

v4.c59.10

8 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 17.

v4.c59.11

9 P.K. Gode (1953a).

v4.c59.12

10 Raghunātha, son of Jayarāma, wrote a kāvya, called *Rasikramaṇa*, dating from 1564/65, and containing a biography of Durvāsas, who was probably a contemporary of Pratāparudra (1497–1540), the Gajapati king of Orissa; Durvāsas may have lived between 1500 and 1575 (CC I, 485 and 497; P.K. Gode, 1953a).

v4.c59.13

11 A MS of the *Siddhāntamakaranda* by Viśvarūpabhāratī, pupil of Nṛsimhabhāratī, dates from 1531/32 (CC II, 138 and 172; P.K. Gode, 1953a).

v4.c59.14

12 CC I, 113, 155, 407, 408; II, 31, 93, 215, 233; III, 25, 89. No particulars are known about a *Kusumajananavidhi* by Bhāvamiśra (CC I, 113; III, 25; NCC IV, 258). A *Sarvauṣadhanidāna* by Bhāvamiśra has also been recorded (CC II, 215 and 233; STMI 37). A *Vaidyanighaṇṭu*, attributed to Bhāvamiśra by C.G. Kashikar (1977: 155), may be the same as the *Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu* or the *Guṇaratnamālā*; C.G. Kashikar mentions that this work describes 150 drugs more than those found in the *Dhanvantarinighaṇṭu*.

v4.c59.15

13 See: commentaries on the *Mādhavanidāna*. S.C. Banerji (1988: 125) says that Bhāvamiśra, son of Miśra Laṭakana, to have written a book, entitled *Tāntrikacikitsā*, which is based on the *Rasapradīpa* and *Rasendracintāmaṇi* (Banerji refers to *G. Haldar's Vaidyaka-vṛttānta*, 210).

v4.c59.16

¹⁴ Check-list Nr.

v4.c59.17

¹⁴⁰ STMI 36–37. Editions: a with Hindi transl. by Datta Ram Chaubey, Bombay 1855. b by Pandit Jibananda Vidyasagara, Madhyastha Press, Calcutta 1875 [Haas, Cat. BM, p.18; IO.9.E.8] (reviewed by R. Roth, ZDMG 31, 1877: 157–158); 2nd. ed., Calcutta 1897 [BL.14043.cc.10]. c Part II, with Bengali translation by Kaviraj Russicklal Gupta, New Arya Press, Calcutta 1884 [IO.979].

v4.c59.18

*d by Kāliśacandra Sena, Calcutta 1887. e with Hindī commentary by Vaidya-(Paṇḍita-)Rāva-Śrī-Kṛṣṇacandra, 2 vols., Cyava-na-prakāśa Press, Delhi 1887 [IO.8.I.2 and 3; 4]. *f by Nārāyaṇaśarman, son of Rāmacandra, with notes by Kṛṣṇa Śāstrin Navare, Jagadīśvara Press, Bombay 1887. g with Hindī transl. by Kālicaraṇa, son of Gokulacandra, Lucknow 1894 [BL.14043.f.4]. h with Bengalī transl. by Kāliprasanna Kaviśekhara, Calcutta 1901 [BL.14043.dd.9]. *h1 with Hindī transl., ed. by Nut Behari Roy, Vangavasi Electro-machine Press, Calcutta 1904. i with Gujarātī transl. by Lakhanāra Camanarāva Śivaśaṃkara Vaiṣṇava, madhya- and uttarakhanda, Śrī Jaina Printing Press, Ahmedabad 1905 [BL.14043.dd.11; IO.19.F.14]. j with Bhāvamiśra's ṭīkā, ed., with Bengalī transl., by Devendranātha Senagupta and Upendranātha Senagupta, 2nd ed., Dhanvantari Steam Machine Press, Calcutta 1912/13 [IO.23.G.27]. k with Hindī transl. and notes by Lālā Śāligrāma Vaiśya of Moradabad, Veṅkaṭeśvara Press, Bombay 1919 [BL.14044.d.4; IO.San.F.14]; *ed. Bombay 1933/34; śrīmallaṭakanatanayaśrībhāvamiśraviracitaḥ bhāvaprakāśa, śrīlālaśāligrāmavaiśya kṛta hindī ṭīkā sahita, evam paṃ. kanitīnārāyaṇa miśra āyurvedaviśarada dvārā saṃśodhita, Khemrāj Śrīkṛṣṇadās Prakāśan, Bombay 1989. l with Gujarātī transl., madhya- and uttarakhanda, Tattvavivecaka Press, Bombay 1923 [IO.San.D.454]. m with Hindī formula by Brahmaśaṃkara Miśra and Rūpalāl Jī Vaiśya, Kāśī Sanskrit Series 130/ Haridās Sanskrit Series 39, *1st ed., Vārāṇasī 1938; vol. I, 3rd ed., 1947, 4th ed., 1961; vol. II, 3rd ed., 1961. n with Sarvāṅgasundarī Hindī commentary by Lālcandrajī Vaidya, 1st. ed., Dillī 1958; 3rd. ed., vol. I, 1967, vol. II, 1970. o Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra (text, English translation, notes, appendices and index), vol. I (including Nighaṇṭu portion), translation by Prof. K.R. Srikantha Murthy, Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi 1998.

v4.c59.19

References are to m. The title of the work occurs in one of the concluding verses. See on the Bhāvaprakāśa and its author: G. Liétard *(1868), (1896): 16–17.

v4.c59.20

15 Separate editions of the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu (also called Harītakayādinighaṇṭu): *a Harītakayādinighaṇṭu, with Hindī transl. by Paṇḍit Raṅgīlāl and Śrījagannāthasāstrī, Nirṇaya Sāgar Press, Bombay 1891/92. b Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu, with notes by Gaṅgāviṣṇu Śāstrī, assisted by Paṇḍit Bhānudatta, Economical Press, Lahore 1904 [BL.14043.cc.25; IO.21.E.1]. c śrībhāvamiśrakṛta-bhāvaprakāśāntargataḥ harītakāyādinighaṇṭuḥ, patiyālārajyānivāsi-rājavaidya-...śīvaśarmavaidyaśāstrīkṛta-śīvaprakāśikā bhāṣāṭīkāsahitaḥ, Veṅkaṭeśvar Press, Bombay, 1st ed., 1926 [IO.San.D.462]. *d Nighaṇṭusārasaṃgraha, or Bhāvamiśra's Materia Medica, explained and supplemented with copious extracts from standard works by Paṇḍit Brahmaśaṃkara Miśra, Haridās Sanskrit Series 61, Benares 1937. e Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu, with Lalitārthakarī Hindī commentary by Paṇḍit Viśvanāthadvivedī Śāstrī, *1st ed., Lahore 1941/42; 8th ed., Dillī/Paṭṇā/Vārāṇasī 1974; *ed., Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1998. See on Viśvanāth Dvivedī: DGV IV, 312–313; S.

v4.c59.21

Miśra (1988). f Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu, ed. with Hindī commentary by K.C. Chunekar and G.S. Pandey, Vidyābhavan Āyurveda Granthamālā 28, Vārāṇasī, 1st ed., 1969; 5th ed., 1977; the text of the commentary is identical with that of ed. m of the complete Bhāvaprakāśa; this ed. is provided with indexes. *g ed. by Paṇḍit Rāmacandra Śarmā, Aligarh, n.d.

v4.c59.22

Translation: *English translation with notes, appendices and index by K.R. Srikantha Murthy, vol. 1 (including the Nighaṇṭu), Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi 1998. The ophthalmological chapter (cikitsā 63) of the Bhāvaprakāśa has been translated into German by A.A.M. Esser (1930; reviewed by J. Filliozat, JA 223, 1933, 107–109, and by A. Mieli, Archeion 16, 1934: 246–248), (1932; reviewed by J. Filliozat, JA 223, 1933, 107–109). See also A.A.M. Esser (1931a), (1931b), (1933), (1934; reviewed by A. Mieli, Archeion 16, 1934, 246–248).

v4.c59.23

16 The Laghutrayī consists of the Mādhavanidāna, Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā and Bhāvaprakāśa; the Carakasaṃhitā, Suśrutasaṃhitā and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā are collectively known as the Bṛhattrayī. 17 The story of the descent of āyurveda is told twice, with Ātreya and Bharadvāja as the protagonists. The assembly of sages is described in the second version (1.35–43ab) and differs somewhat from that in the Carakasaṃhitā: Garga, Gobhila, Hārīta and Parāśara are added, while Abhijit, Aśmarathya, Badiśa, Bhikṣu Ātreya, and a number of other sages are absent. 18 See on Śeṣa: Patañjali. See also: J. Gonda (1954): 151–152. 19 Compare on the nighaṇṭu: DGV IV, 291–292; V. Dvivedī (1966): 233–242. 20 See on samaśarkaracūrṇa (cikitsā 12.35–36) and maricādyacūrṇa (cikitsā 12.39–40): R.R. Desāī (1978): 475. 21 The formula of madanamañjarīvaṭī is ascribed to him. Compare Rasayogasāgara, pakārādi 503. 22 Quoted on the nāḍī called samīraṇā, located in the madanātapatra, a part of the female genitals. The madanātapatra is probably the clitoris (see K. Mylius, 1995: 176–177). Candramauli is mentioned in the Pañcasāyaka (see R. Schmidt, 1911: 50). 23 The recipe of kaṇḍūrākṣasataila, attributed to Hārīta. 24 This may be Bhāvamiśra's Guṇaratnamālā. 25 It is not clear which work is quoted. 26 The source of the first quotation is unknown; the second one is from the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu (māṃsa 58). 27 Compare these lists with the one compiled by P.V. Sharma (1972a): 73–74 (see for the same list, without references, AVI 188–189); additional sources, mentioned by P.V. Sharma, are: Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya, Aṣṭāṅgasamgraha, Bheḍa, Cikitsākalikā, Rājanighaṇṭu, Rasaḥṛdayatantra, Rasaratnasamuccaya, Rasendramaṅgala, Rasendrasārasamgraha, Rugviniścaya, Triśatī and Varāhamihira (verification proved impossible due to the inexact references). Several references to sources may be due to the editor of ed. m; examples are: Ātreya (cikitsā 1.30), Brahmapurāṇa (5.164), Cakradatta (cikitsā 1.26), Dhanvantari (cikitsā 1.272). 28 E.g., Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu 191ab = Dhanvantarīyanighaṇṭu 1.70ab; guḍūcyādi 263 = 2.38ab; āmrādi 83ab = 5.72ab. 29 E.g., Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu, guḍūcyādi 132ab and ef = Madanapāla 1.320; guḍūcyādi 258–259ab = 1.262; guḍūcyādi 297 = 1.292 a-d; guḍūcyādi 307 = 1.316. 30 E.g., Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu, dhānya 79ab = Rājanighaṇṭu, śālyādi 126ab. It depends on the date of the Rājanighaṇṭu whether or not it can have been one of Bhāvamiśra's sources.

v4.c59.24

31 Some pākas and other preparations have been taken from the Rasaratnākara according to P.V. Sharma (1972a: 70). 32 The Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā is the major source of prakaraṇa seven; almost all the definitions of the series beginning with dīpana (6.12–237) are already found in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (1.4) and in Vaṅgasena (dīpanapācanadravyalakṣaṇādhikāra). 33 See the saṃnipāta fevers in the section on special features of the Bhāvaprakāśa. 34 H.H.M. Schmidt indicates in his edition of the text that Yogaśataka 5, 7, 9, 14 (= cikitsā 37.11), 16 (= cikitsā 35.20), 17 (= cikitsā 29.36), 18 (= cikitsā 68.13), 31 (= cikitsā 6.35), 37 (= cikitsā 54.146), 56 (= cikitsā 66.146), and 76 (= cikitsā 71.152) are incorporated in the Bhāvaprakāśa. 35 Bāpālāl Vaidya (1982): 616. 36 This Mallinātha, different from the well-known commentator on works of Kālidāsa, etc., cannot be dated exactly; he lived between the beginning of the fourteenth and the seventeenth century (see A.A. Ramanathan, 1971: Intr. XLVI–XLVII). The Bhāvaprakāśa quoted need not be the medical work; several treatises of the same title are known. 37 See JAI 157: written in Hindī, completed in A.D. 1761/62. 38 This work is said to date from 1500–1510, which cannot be correct if Bhāvamiśra’s Bhāvaprakāśa is quoted in it. 39 Cat. BHU Nr. 251. 40 P.V. Sharma (1972a): 74; AVI 189. 41 See JAI 155. 42 Also quoted as Nighaṇṭu. 43 Quoted as Nighaṇṭu. 44 See the upodghāta to vol. II of ed. m. 45 See, e.g., cikitsā 1.447–448, 716 and 805; 21.2; 31.15. 46 The information on drugs has been collected by Bāpālāl Vaidya (1982, Appendix XIV). 47 See, e.g., cikitsā 5.63, 71–72 and 73–80; 8.30–34; 22.33. 48 E.g., cikitsā 61.15 (dāruṇaka = rūsī); 61.37 (vyaṅga = jhāīṃ); 61.71 (cippa = veḍavā); 61.118 (alasa = kandaī); 61.122 (dārī = bivāī); 61.132–133 (lakṣmaṇ = lāśuna); 61.151 (jālagardabha = agnivāta); 71.127–128 (kukuṇaka = kothuāha); 71.133–134 (pārigarbhika = ahīḍī). 49 AVI 194. S.K. Ramachandra Rao (1985): 39. 50 CC II, 93. STMI 91. 51 Compare the three āvartas of Suśruta (Śā.5.43). See on the nāḍīs of the female genitals: P. Tewari (1986): I, 6–9. 52 Usually six chief parts are mentioned: head, trunk, the two arms and the two legs. 53 Cf. A.s.Śā.12.5. See on the aṣṭamaṅgala: A. Wayman (1989). 54 See on the evil eye in India, for example: A.L. Basham (1978): 172; G.W. Briggs (1953): 392–395; J. De Cunha (1886–1889); J.A. Dubois (1947): 149–150, 228; J. Gonda (1970a): 3, 5, 59–60 (with references); O.P. Jaggi (1973): III, 64–65, 126–127, 185, 204; P.B. Joshi (1886–1889); S.L. Srivastava (1974): 267–268; P. Tivārī (1990): 465. 55 Usually four types are distinguished: asita, pīta, līḍha and khādita (Ca.Sū.28.3). 56 Many of these verses are also found, in a different order, in Vaṅgasena’s treatise. 57 These definitions are also found, in a slightly different order, in the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā (1.4). 58 The sources of the verses on these subjects remain unknown; they have not been borrowed from Vaṅgasena; mukhaparīkṣā and the tailabindu method of mūtraparīkṣā are absent.

v4.c59.25

59 The verses on this subject have been taken from monographs on nāḍīparīkṣā. See on the examination of the pulse in the Bhāvaprakāśa: N.P. Rai, S.K. Tiwari, S.D. Upadhya and G.N. Chaturvedi (1979): 114–116; S. Upadhyaya (1986): 55–57. 60 The order of Vaṅgasena differs from that adopted by Bhāvamiśra. 61 Vaṅgasena has viṣhoraka, a reading mentioned in a gloss by Bhāvamiśra. 62 Vaṅgasena has babhru, a reading mentioned in a gloss by Bhāvamiśra. 63 Bhallu corresponds to the fevers called vidhu and phalgu by Vaṅgasena; Bhāvamiśra mentions phalgu as a variant of bhallu. 64 Vaṅgasena has karkoṭaka, a reading mentioned by Bhāvamiśra in a gloss. 65 Compare the fevers described in the Bhālukitantra as quoted in the Madhukośa ad Mādhavanidāna 2.18–23 (see G.J. Meulenbeld, 1974: 103–105); see G.J. Meulenbeld (1974: 165–169) for a translation of Vaṅgasena’s verses and notes on Bhāvamiśra’s variants. 66 See G.J. Meulenbeld (1974: 169–170) for a translation of these verses. 67 One verse only, describing antaka (1.501), is also found in Jvaratriśatī (177), Jvaranirṇaya (4.114) and Jvaratimirabhāskara (7.309). The verses on the therapy of these fevers (1.641–694), however, also occur, at least for the major part, in the Jvaratriśatī. 68 See G.J. Meulenbeld (1974: 171–172) for a translation of these verses. 69 The references are to the verses of cikitsā 24 where the particular disorder is described. 70 Compare on the disorders not separately described: 24.215–219. 71 The list agrees only partially with Ca.Sū.20.14. 72 The list agrees only partially with Ca.Sū.20.17. 73 P. Rāy (1956): 206: it is often found to be almost pure calomel (Hg2Cl2) and sometimes a mixture in indefinite proportions of calomel and corrosive sublimate (HgCl2); U.Ch. Dutt (1922): 29: perchloride of mercury. See on the preparation of rasakarpūra: W. Ainslie (1826): II, 351–353; R.R. Desāī (1979): 962–963; U.Ch. Dutt (1922): 29–30; D. Joshi and G. Prabhakara Rao (1992); V.V.R.D. Prasad, P.G. Rao and D. Joshi (1992). See on the action of rasakarpūra: A.K. Choudhary et al. (1999). See on the history of the treatment of syphilis with mercurial preparations: E. Lesky (1959). 74 The root of Smilax species; see AVI 344; E. Balfour (1968): III, 679–680; U.Ch. Dutt (1922): 265; DWH III, 500–503; J. Jolly (1901: 106; C.G. Kashikar 128–129); B. Laufer (1967): 556–557; Watt VI (part 3), 253–255; WIRM IX, 365–368. 75 Usually identified as Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. 76 Authors and works mentioning śītalā or related names for this disease (śītalī, śītalikā) and the goddess associated with it are: Ādhamalla (ad Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā 1.7.91–100ab), Anantakumāra’s Yogaratnasamuccaya (22), the Arkaprakāśa (6), Ballālasena’s Yogamuktāvalī, Bhoja’s Rājamārtaṇḍa (30.2–5), Cāmuṇḍa’s Jvaratimirabhāskara (14.73–93ab), Dalhaṇa (ad Su.Ni.5.34 and 13.38; Ci.33.12), the Haṃsarājanidāna ((pramehādipitābheda 14), the Kaiyadevanighaṇṭu (8.263), Kalyāṇa’s Bālatantra (13.90–91), the Kusumāvalī (ad Siddhayoga 73.17), Māhuka’s Haramekhalā (4.305–306), Mevārāma’s Vaidyakaustubha (10.43–55), Nārāyaṇa’s Tantrasārasaṃgraha (11), the Nighaṇṭuratnākara (II, 730–732), Sodhala’s Gadanigraha (kāya 41.69 and 71–73), Śrīkaṇṭhasūri’s Hitopadeśa (8.47–49), Trimalla’s Bṛhadyogatarangiṇī (126.93–105), the Vaidyavinodasaṃhitā (13.140–158), Vidyāpati’s Vaidyarahasya (masūrikācikitsā 9; netraroga 68), and the Yogaratnākara (724–726). See on smallpox, śītalā, etc.: Mādhava. See on Śītalā also: P. Kolenda (1982); R.W. Nicholas (1982). Compare the references to Śītalā in G.J. Meulenbeld (1984c): 91.

v4.c59.26

77 Called duḥkhakodravā according to a gloss of Bhāvamiśra. 78 Bhāvamiśra adds in a gloss that it is called dāma in Magadha. 79 According to a gloss of Bhāvamiśra its vernacular name is camaragoṭhī. 80 This hymn is said to derive from the Kāśīkhaṇḍa of the Skandapurāṇa, but cannot be traced there; see on this Kāśīkhaṇḍa: R. Adriaensen, H. Isaacson (1998): 15–16. Cikitsā 60.55–82 has been translated into French by P. Cordier (1901b). 81 Suśruta's number of thirty-one has been increased to thirty-four by distinguishing four types of raktapitta instead of one. 82 Ayurvedic contraceptive and antifertility drugs have been studied extensively. See for a number of these studies: R.B. Arora, N. Ghatak and S.P. Gupta (1971); S.K. Batta and G. Santhakumari (1971); B. Bhaduri et al. (1967), (1968); Bhagwan Dash and R.N. Basu (1968); K.V. Billore and K.C. Audichya (1978); L.L. Bodhankar, S.K. Garg and V.S. Mathur (1974); J.G. Buch, R.K. Dikshit and S.M. Mansuri (1988); R.C.D. Casey (1960); B. Chakrabarti, A. Chaudhuri and P.R. Chowdhury (1968); R.R. Chaudhury and M. Haq (1980); R.R. Chaudhury, M. Haq and U. Gupta (1980); R.R. Chaudhury and S.B. Vohora (1970b); R.V. Desai and E.N. Rupawala (1967); M.L. Dhar et al. (1968); B.N. Dhawan et al. (1980); S.K. Dixit and G.K. Bhatt (1975); T. Dutta and U.P. Basu (1968); B.B. Gaitonde and R.T. Mahajan (1980); S.K. Garg (1972), (1976); S.K. Garg and G.P. Garg (1971a), *(1971b); S.K. Garg, V.S. Mathur and R.R. Chaudhury (1978); S.K. Garg, S.K. Saksena and R.R. Chaudhury (1970); S.K. Garg, S.B. Vohora and R.R. Chaudhury (1969); N. Gowri, Kanchana Srinivasan and S. Venkataraghavan (1982); M.L. Gujral et al. (1960); M.L. Gujral, D.R. Varma and K.N. Sareen (1960); M.L. Gupta, T.K. Gupta and K.P. Bhargava (1971); R.S. Gupta, Nutan Sharma and V.P. Dixit (1990); K. Hemadri and S.S. Rao (1983); A. Joshi (1976); V.P. Kamboj (1988); V.P. Kamboj and B.N. Dhawan (1982); M. Kapoor, S.K. Garg and V.S. Mathur (1974); G. Keshri et al. (1988); U. Khanna et al. (1969); U. Khanna and R.R. Chaudhury (1968); S.D. Kholkute et al. (1972), (1976), (1978); S.D. Kholkute, S. Chatterjee and K.N. Udupa (1976); S.D. Kholkute, M.B. Kekare and S.R. Munshi (1979); S.D. Kholkute, V. Mudgal and K.N. Udupa (1977); S.D. Kholkute and K.N. Udupa (1974), (1976); R.L. Khosa and R.H. Singh (1972); C.K. Kokate et al. (1985); M. Krishna Reddy, C.K. Kokate and N. Chari (1984), (1989); B. Lal, D.N. Srivastava and K.N. Udupa (1976); R. Lal et al. (1986); B.S. Malhi and V.P. Trivedi (1972); M.S. Mameesh, L.M. El-Hakim and A. Hasan (1963); S.R. Munshi et al. (1972); S.R. Munshi and I. Ljungkvist (1972); S.R. Munshi and S.S. Rao (1972); S.R. Munshi, T.A. Shetye and R.K. Nair (1977); J.M. van der Nat (1989); 51; M. Oommachan (1981); A. Pakrashi, B. Basak and N. Mookerji (1975); A. Pakrashi and P.L. Pakrashi (1977); A.O. Prakash et al. (1988); A.O. Prakash and R. Mathur (1979); P. Premakumari, K. Rathinam and G. Santhakumari (1977); N. Radhakrishnan and Mohammed Muzaffer Alam (1976); N. Radhakrishna Pillai, Muzaffer Alam and K.K. Purushothaman (1977); V.S.N. Rao, P. Dasaradhan and K.S. Krishnaiah (1979); K. Rathinam, Santhakumari and N. Ramiah (1976); J.H. Rawal (1991); M.K. Razdan, K. Kapila and N.K. Bhide (1969); S.S. Riar et al. (1988); S.K. Saksena, S.K. Garg and R.R. Chaudhury (1970); G.V. Satyavati (1984); G.V. Satyavati, A.K. Gupta and N. Tandon (1987): 24–39; V.K. Saxena (1973); J.D. Sharma et al. (1987); V.N. Sharma and K.P. Saksena (1959); M.P. Singh, R.H. Singh and K.N. Udupa (1982); S. Singh and K. Singh (1992); S.P. Singh (1985); K.C. Sinha et al. (1984); M. Sinha, P.V. Tewari and H.K. Pati (1992); D. Suganthan and G. Santhakumari (1979); P.V. Tewari and C. Chaturvedi (1968), (1981); P.V. Tewari, C. Chaturvedi and S.N. Dixit (1970); P.V. Tewari, C. Chaturvedi and V.B. Pandey (1973a),

v4.c59.27

(1973b); P.V. Tewari, H.C. Mapa and C. Chaturvedi (1976); P.V. Tewari, M. Sinha and C. Chaturvedi (1979); P.V. Tiwari (1974); P.V. Tiwari and C. Chaturvedi (1971); P.V. Tiwari, D.N. Misra and C. Chaturvedi (1982); P.V. Tiwari, S.K. Sharma and K. Tikku (1975); S.B. Vohora, S.K. Garg and R.R. Chaudhury (1969). See also on contraception in India: N.E. Himes (1970): 114–125. See on contraception in literature: R. Schmidt (1911). See on indigenous fertility regulation in various cultures and regions: N.E. Himes (1970); L.F. Newman (1985). See on the history of contraception in general: B.E. Finch and H. Green (1963); N.E. Himes (1970); A. McLaren (1990). See on the history of contraception in the Graeco-Roman world: N.E. Himes (1970): 79–101. 83 See cikitsā 70.158–162 and 163–164; 72.32–38 and 41–48. Compare AVI 190–194 on special features of the Bhāvaprakāśa; see also P.V. Sharma (1972a): 63–75. 84 Cikitsā 50.42. 85 Cikitsā 50.42. 86 Cikitsā 50.42. 87 Cikitsā 49.34; 50.39. 88 Cikitsā 50.41. 89 Cikitsā 49.34. 90 Cikitsā 50.42. 91 The botanical identifications are those of ed. m of the Bhāvaprakāśa and ed. f of the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu. 92 Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC. Other identifications are: B. candolleanum Wight (absent from WIRM; see Hooker I, 437) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 239), Mimosa pudica Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1107), Neptunia oleracea Lour. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1163), and Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1523). Compare T.B. Singh and K.C. Chunekar (1972): 24. 93 Dioscorea species. 94 Colocasia antiquorum Schott. 95 Curcuma amada Roxb. 96 Pyrus communis Linn. Other identifications are: Cydonia oblonga Mill. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 545), Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 671), Psidium guajava Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 1357 and 1358), Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1642), and Vitis vinifera Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1718). 97 Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Compare M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 535 (idem). 98 Cannabis sativa Linn. 99 Lepidium sativum Linn. 100 Cf. Ḍa. ad Su.Sū.38.29 (cagalāntrī is either a variety of vṛddhadāraka or of budhnā), 39.5 (cagalāntrī = vṛddhadāraka) and 46.249 (cagalāntrī is vṛddhadāraka or budhnā). 101 Centipeda minima (Linn.) A.Br. et Aschers. = A. orbicularis Lour. 102 Trichosanthes anguina Linn. 103 Panicum miliaceum Linn. 104 Cinnamomum camphora T.Nees et Eberm. 105 Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. = A. vulgaris Linn. Also identified as A. sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 171; P.K. Hajra et al., 1995: 41–43: agnidamanaka). 106 Baliospermum montanum Müll.-Arg.

v4.c59.28

107 Of disputed identity. Regarded as the same as dantī, as Cressa cretica Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 504), Croton tiglium Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 516), Jatropha curcas Linn., J. glandulifera Roxb., J. glandulosa Vahl (absent from Hooker and WIRM), J. gossypifolia Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 962–965), and Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1096).

v4.c59.29

108 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. Also identified as Cinnamomum verum Presl. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 409).

v4.c59.30

111 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. var. fistulosus (Stocks) Duthie et Fuller. Also identified as Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. (absent from Hooker and WIRM) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1644).

v4.c59.31

112 Unidentified.

v4.c59.32

113 Smilax china Linn. See on the term dvīpāntara: J. Gonda (1938): 143.

v4.c59.33

114 Identified as Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Wight (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1049).

v4.c59.34

115 Aganosma caryophyllata G. Don. Also identified as Myrtus communis Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1156).

v4.c59.35

116 P.K. Hajra et al. (1995a: 159–160) mention Sphaeranthus africanus Linn. as śvetahapuṣā and S. indicus Linn. as hapuṣā.

v4.c59.36

117 Of disputed identity; different from candana and raktacandana. Identified as Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 498), Crocus sativus Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 508), Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1363), and regarded as a synonym of lavaṅga (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1562).

v4.c59.37

118 Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. and Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt = T. palmata Roxb.

v4.c59.38

119 Jasminum officinale Linn. forma grandiflorum (Linn.) Kobuski.

v4.c59.39

120 Probably Jasminum humile Linn.

v4.c59.40

122 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Also identified as Basella alba Linn. var. rubra (Linn.) Stewart (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 217).

v4.c59.41

123 Rheum australe D. Don = R. emodi Wall. ex Meissn. (see S.S.R. Bennet, 1987). Also identified as Euphorbia pilosa Linn. (absent from WIRM; see Hooker V, 260) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 709), Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. (absent from Hooker and WIRM) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 780), and G. morella Desr. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 783).

v4.c59.42

124 Karañjī is identified as Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Others regard Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb. as karañjī (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 281).

v4.c59.43

125 Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.

v4.c59.44

126 Phoenix dactylifera Linn.

v4.c59.45

127 Papaver somniferum Linn.

v4.c59.46

128 Acacia latronum Willd. Others regard Acacia leucophloea Willd., A. nilotica Delile, subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan, Barleria prionitis Linn., and Garuga pinnata Roxb. as kiṅkirāta (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 19, 20, 212, 793).

v4.c59.47

129 Blumea lacera DC. Compare M. Abdul Kareem (1997), Nrs. 246–249 (four species of Blumea are regarded as kukundara).

v4.c59.48

130 Crocus sativus Linn.

v4.c59.49

131 Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. = Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. (compare M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 364). Also identified as Bombax insigne Wall. and Tecoma undulata G. Don = Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 255 and 1592).

v4.c59.50

132 Portulaca quadrifida Linn. Compare M. Abdul Kareem (1997), Nr. 1335.

v4.c59.51

133 Portulaca oleracea Linn. Compare M. Abdul Kareem (1997), Nr. 1334.

v4.c59.52

134 Identified as Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 870), Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karsten, and T. troupii Hole (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 1584 and 1587).

v4.c59.53

135 Euryale ferox Salisb.

v4.c59.54

136 Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Also identified as Cassia senna Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 351).

v4.c59.55

137 Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R.Br. Also identified as Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 195; compare WIRM II, rev. ed., 2: Pennell replaced by Wettst.) and Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 673).

v4.c59.56

138 Raphanus sativus Linn.

v4.c59.57

139 Identified as Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 168) and Crinum asiaticum Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 505).

v4.c59.58

140 Identified as Arisaema album N.E. Br. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 63) (see Hooker VI, 498; absent from WIRM; compare WIRM I, rev. ed., 420–422).

v4.c59.59

141 Amaranthus caudatus Linn.

v4.c59.60

142 Identified as Iris germanica Linn. and I. versicolor Thunb. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 933 and 935; I. versicolor is absent from Hooker and WIRM).

v4.c59.61

143 Hyoscyamus niger Linn. Also identified as Artemisia maritima Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 169).

v4.c59.62

144 Pogostemon cablin Benth. = P. patchouli var. suavis Hook.f. Also identified as Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. = F. indica Pugsley (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 776; compare WIRM IV, 68).

v4.c59.63

145 Of disputed identity. Regarded as the same as kuṣṭha (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 499). Also identified as Inula racemosa Hook.f. and I. royleana DC. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 913 and 914).

v4.c59.64

146 Identified as Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn., Polygonum plebeium R.Br., Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz, and Xanthium strumarium Linn. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nrs. 1202, 1332, 1381, 1733). The valid name of X. strumarium is now X. indicum Koenig (see Flora of India 12: 427–429).

v4.c59.65

147 Asparagus racemosus Willd.

v4.c59.66

148 Asparagus sarmentosus Linn.

v4.c59.67

149 Trichodesma zeylanicum R.Br. Also identified as Dalbergia volubilis R.Br. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 573).

v4.c59.68

150 Alpinia galanga Willd.

v4.c59.69

151 Zingiber zerumbet Rosc. ex Smith.

v4.c59.70

152 Unidentified.

v4.c59.71

153 Acacia suma Buch.-Ham. = A. suma Kurz. Also identified as Acacia senegal Willd. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 24; Akhtar Husain et al., 1992: 5).

v4.c59.72

155 Identified as Tabernaemontana crispa Robt. (absent from Hooker and WIRM) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1580) and Valeriana jatamansi Jones (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 1676). 156 Eruca sativa Mill. Also identified as Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 287). 157 Melilotus indica All. = M. parviflora Desf. 158 Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait. 159 Chenopodium album Linn. 160 Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. (see P.K. Warrier, V.P.K. Nambiar and C. Ramankutty, 1994: II, 64). 161 Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. 162 Jasminum diversifolium Kobuski = J. heterophyllum Roxb. Also identified as J. bignoniaceum Wall. (absent from WIRM; see Hooker VII, 602) (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 942). 163 Compare the list compiled by P.V. Sharma (1972a): 66–67. 164 Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. 165 Probably the same as śivalingī. 166 Probably a synonym of bhavalingī. Bhāvamiśra mentions in a gloss that its vernacular name is pañcaguriyā. 167 Thespesia populnea Soland. ex Correa (P.V. Sharma, 1997). Its vernacular name is gajahada according to Bhāvamiśra’s own gloss. 168 A fragrant substance called āṇḍī according to Bhāvamiśra’s own gloss. 169 The same as vanasūraṇa according to Bhāvamiśra’s own gloss. Vanasūraṇa is not described in the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu. Vajrāṇḍī is regarded as identical with sūraṇa (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 119). Araṇyasūraṇa (= vanasūraṇa) is identified as Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth (see M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 120a). 170 Compare: Kṣemakutūhala. 171 Flat, roasted circlets of wheat or other cereals. See K.T. Achaya (1994; see index). 172 Called gujiyā in the vernacular. See K.T. Achaya (1994; see index s.v. gujiyā). 173 Called besan in the vernacular. See K.T. Achaya (1994; see index s.v. besan). 174 Compare the fishes of Su.Sū.46 and Cakrapāṇi’s Dravyaguṇa. 175 Very small fish. 176 Compare the bhākuṭa of Cakra’s Dravyaguṇa. 177 Compare the elaṅga of Cakra’s Dravyaguṇa. 178 Compare the illisa of Cakra’s Dravyaguṇa. 179 Small fish. 180 The vernacular name is paptā. It may be Ompok pabo (Ham.) = Callichrous pabo Day, called pabdā in Bengal, and prized as nourishing food (see WIRM IV, Supplement 23–24). A.K. Nadkarni (1954: II, 214) mentions Callichrous pabda Ham.-Buch. as the pabda. 181 The vernacular name is puṇṭhī. It may be Puntius sophore Ham., called thus in Bengal (see WIRM IV, Supplement 21). A.K. Nadkarni (1954: II, 214) regards it as the mahseer, Barbus sophore Ham.-Buch.; the scientific name of the mahseer is Tor tor (Ham.) (see WIRM IV, Supplement 21). 182 The vernacular name of this fish is ṭeṅgrā. It may be Mystus vittatus (Bl.), esteemed as food (see WIRM IV, Supplement 26). Compare A.K. Nadkarni (1954): II, 215 (Macrones tangra). 183 Compare the śilinda of Cakra’s Dravyaguṇa. 184 These headings are attributed to Bhāvamiśra by Bāpālāl Vaidya, who collected the vernacular words they contain (1982, App. XIII).

v4.c59.73

185 CC I, 155 and 408; II, 31. NCC VI, 52. CESS A 5, 254. STMI 139–140 and 630. 186 Cat. IO Nr. 2751, a complete MS (complete F.R. Dietz, 1833: 136: Miśrabhāva’s Guṇaratnamālākoṣa). A.B. Keith (1935): 751 (Nr. 6248). See also M.A. Stein (1894): 182 (Nr. 3121): complete. 187 See V.N. Dwivedi, C.N. Dube and Y.N. Sharma (1974). 188 This proves that it is anterior to the Bhāvaprakāśa. It may also be quoted as Ratnamālā in the Bhāvaprakāśa. 189 Śivadatta quotes from works called Bhāvaguṇanāmamālā, Bhāvaguṇaratnamālā and Guṇaratnamālā. 190 See: Ṭoḍara’s Āyurvedasaukhya. 191 The author mentions his name at the beginning of chapter two of the Bhāvaprakāśa. He is also called Miśrabhāva (see the colophons of ed. m and Cat. Mysore XIII, Nr. 42144). G. Hāldār (Vṛddhatrayī 334) calls him Bhavanāthamiśra. The name of the author is Bhavadevamīśra in the Kavīndrācāryasūcipatram (Nr. 1078). P. Hymavathi (1993: 98) is of the opinion that Bhāvamiśra belonged to a family of Miśraśaivas (see his information on this form of Śaivism). 192 See the colophons of ed. m; CC I, 408; Cat. IO MS Nr. 2751. Variants are Laṭaka Miśra (VŚS, Preface 9; S.K. Ramachandra Rao, 1985: I, 38), Laṭakana Miśra (V. Śukla I, 227), Laṭhakana (Cat. IO MS Nr. 2657). Bhāvamiśra is quoted as Laṭakanasūnu by Sukhānanda in his commentary on Lolimbarāja’s Vaidyajīvana. P. Hymavathi (1993: 98–99) says that the name Laṭaka(na) may point to a physician familiar with venereal diseases and having prostitutes among his patients. 193 As indicated by his name ending in -miśra (AVI 188; P.V. Sharma 1972a: 163). 194 The author does not refer to his place of birth or residence. It is usually assumed that he lived in Northern India: Uttar Pradeś (P. Rāy, 1956: 162–163; V. Śukla I, 212), Benares (J. Jolly, 1901: 2, C.G. Kashikar 3; Bhagvat Sinh Jee 38), Kānyakubja (Gapanatha Sena, 1924: 57), or Magadha (AVI 188 and 392; DGV IV, 291; P. Śukla I, 126–127). One of the very few authors to adduce arguments for assigning him to a particular region is P.V. Sharma: Bhāvamiśra mentions the famous temple of Viṣṇupada (2.2: śrīpatipada) at Gayā; he uses regional names prevalent in Magadha and describes, e.g., types of banana which are commonly grown in Bihār. Bāpālāl Vaidya states (1982: 616) that some scholars believe that he belonged to Kāśī or Gorakhpur because even today people with names such as Laṭakana, Guṭakana, Maṭakana, etc., are met with there. Bhagvat Sinh Jee (38) records the tradition that Bhāvamiśra was an inhabitant of Benares where he had no less than four hundred pupils (see also P. Hymavathi, 1993: 100). Dattarāma says in his Bṛhannighaṇṭuratnākara (I, 36) that Bhāvamiśra was born in the country of the Madras and settled later in Vārāṇasī, where he became a renowned physician with four hundred pupils. P. Hymavathi (1993: 99–102) is convinced that Bhāvamiśra was belonged to the South. He argues that arrangements of the seasons which distinguish a prāvṛṣ, and do not mention a śiśira, are characteristic of Southern India (see on the seasons: Bhāvaprakāśa I.5.323–326). Other arguments adduced by Hymavathi are: the prescription of rasakarpūra against syphilis (it is said to be mentioned for the first time with this indication in the Rasapradīpikā); the recommendation to patients suffering from viṣamajvara to visit the holy places Śrīśaila (gloss ad cikitsā 1.800) and Puruṣottamākṣetra (gloss ad cikitsā 1.800; N.N. Bhaṭṭacharyya, 1991, and N. Dey, 1979: Puruṣottama and Puruṣottamākṣetra designate Purī in Orissa); the use made of works in the South, such as the Madanapālanighaṇṭu and the treatises of Lolimbarāja; the reference to a place called Mudgal (Nighaṇṭu, āmrādi 127;

v4.c59.74

said to be situated in the Kṛṣṇa-Tuṅgabhadrā doāb; see the details given by Hymavathi). P.V. Sharma (AVI 189) interpreted the word mudgal as referring to the Mughals. The geographical names which occur in the *Bhāvaprakāśa* have been collected by P.V. Sharma (1972a: 72–73). 195 P. Cordier (1899b): 562. 196 P.V. Sharma’s Foreword to Vol. I of the *Āyurvedasaukhya*. 197 See about the species of *Smilax* used as copacīnī: M. Abdul Kareem (1997), Nrs. 1493–1497; DWH III, 500–503; Watt VI (Part 3), 253–255; WIRM IX, 365–368. See also: W. Ainslie (1826): I, 70–72. See on the chemical constituents of *Smilax aspera* Linn.: S. Rangaswami and K.N.N. Ayengar (1968). Indian sarsaparilla, employed as a substitute, derives from a botanically unrelated plant, *Hemidesmus indicus* R.Br. = *Periploca indica* Willd. (W. Ainslie, 1826: I, 381–383; R.N. Chopra et al., 1958: 187–189; DWH II, 446–449; WIRM V, 33–34), and some other species. Copacīnī is called dvīpāntaravacā in the *Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu*. See on the Indian substitutes for sarsaparilla: R.V. Krishna Rao, T. Satyanarayana and D.V.S. Padmasree (1989); S.P. Wahi, M.S. Ansari and S. Prasad (1971a), (1971b). 198 See on the way syphilis may have reached India: Ed. Jeanselme (1931): 102. See about syphilis in India and in Indian medicine: I. Bloch (1901): 284–291; N. Chevers (1886): 325–330; P.D. Gaitonde (1983): 72–73; HIM I, Intr. 132–137; P. Hymavathi (1993): 259–262; J. Jolly (1901): 106 (C.G. Kashikar 128–129); N.M. Penzer (1952): 65–66; Radha Krishna (1927); D.V.S. Reddy *(1936)*, *(1938a)*, *(1938b)*, *(1938c)*, *(1939a)*, *(1939b)*, *(1940)*, (1972a); H.E. Sigerist (1961): 131–132. Less well-known works dealing with syphilis are, for example, the following works written in Telugu: Veṅkaṭanātha’s *Pañcatantramu*, the *Navaratnākara* and Tuḷḷūru Śarabharāju’s *Śarabharājiyamu*; the *Navaratnākara* describes twelve, the *Śarabharājiyamu* eighteen kinds of the disease (see P. Hymavathi, 1993: 261). Syphilis and its treatment by Indian physicians are often mentioned in the records left by European travellers; see, for example: Anonymous (1965c): 248–249 (taken from the notes and observations of John Marshall). See on syphilis in Persian medical literature: C. Elgood (1979): 375–382. See on the earliest descriptions of the disease and its treatment (with mercury and salsaparilla) in China: Ed. Jeanselme (1931): 99–100. The history of syphilis is discussed in several books and articles; see, for example, I. Bloch (1901, 1911); A.W. Crosby (1972): 122–164, (1977); Mirko D. Grmek (1991): 133–144 (with references); E.H. Hudson (1965); E. Jeanselme (1931): I, 1–432 (with references); N.M. Penzer (1952): 44–68. Yaws (framboesia), like syphilis caused by a spirochaete of the genus *Treponema*, is not described as a distinct entity in āyurvedic texts; see on yaws in India: M.J. Joshi and C.D. Deshpande (1972): 8–9. 199 U.Ch. Dutt (1922), Preface 13. DWH III, 500. F.A. Flückiger and D. Hanbury (1986): 648. B. Laufer (1967): 556–557. See especially Garcia d’Orta’s 47th Colloquy on the root of China: Garcia d’Orta (1979): 378–389; the first edition of d’Orta’s work was published in Goa on 10 April 1563. See about d’Orta and his work: K.T. Achaya (1994): 168–169; A.K. Bagchi (1997): 116–122; V. Bali (1889–1891); J. Barros (1988); C.R. Boxer (1963); R. Desmond (1992): 14–15; Conde de Ficalho (1983); H. Friedenwald (1941); P.D. Gaitonde (1983): 118–140; E. Jeanselme (1934); M. de Jong (1964); M. de Jong and D.A. Wittop Koning’s Introductions to the facsimile ed. (1963) of Carolus Clusius (1567); R.N. Kapil and A.K. Bhatnagar (1976); Sir C.R. Markham’s Intr. to his English translation of the *Coloquios* *(1913; repr. 1979)*; N.M. Penzer (1952): 189–199; D.V.S. Reddy *(1938c)*,

v4.c59.75

*(1939d)*, *(1939e)*, *(1940b)*, *(1974)*; *L. Roddis (1931); J. Semmelink (1885a): 34–47; A.X. Soares (1923); M. Vallauri (1955); *A. Vogl (1887); R. Watermann (1964). Compare the Latin version of d’Orta by Clusius (1963: facsimile edition 168–173 on radix Chinae). See on Clusius (1526–1609): C.R. Boxer (1963): 24–28; R. Desmond (1992): 16–17; Conde de Ficalho (1983): 367–392; F.W.T. Hunger (1927), (1943); J. Theunisz (1939); D.A. Wittop Koning (in: Clusius, 1963: 24–33). See on the China root also the account by the Dutch traveller Jan Huyghen van Linschoten (1563–1611) (see D.V.S. Reddy, 1972a). See on the China root in Yūnānī medicine: O.P. Jaggi VIII, 67. See on the Portuguese in India: A.K. Bagchi (1997): 108–136; Conde de Ficalho (1983); J.M. de Figueiredo (1984); J.B. Harrison (1975). 200 J. Jolly (1901): 3 (C.G. Kashikar 3), who refers to *R. Garbe (1899), Nr. 153. H.H. Wilson (1984: III, 236–237) supposed Bhāvamīśra to have lived about the first half of the seventeenth century; he relied on a MS dated A.D. 1668/69. 201 Haragovinda Śāstrī (1970), prastāvanā 10. 202 C. Vogel, IL 316. 203 At least two recipes of Harṣakīrti may have been taken from the *Bhāvaprakāśa*: kāmeśvaramodaka (*Yogacintāmaṇi*, p.31 = *Bhāvaprakāśa*, cikitsā 72.39), and rativallabhapūgapāka (*Yogacintāmaṇi*, p.29–30 = *Bhāvaprakāśa*, cikitsā 72.32–38). 204 P.V. Sharma (1972a): 74. 205 NCC VIII, 338 and X, 203: Dalapatirāja wrote a work on dharmaśāstra in twelve sections, called *Nṛsiṃhaprasāda*, between 1490 and 1512; he was a minister of Nizām Shāh of Devagiri (1490–1508). D. Pingree (CESS A 3, 96) states that Dalapati was the samastakaraṇādhīśvara of Nizāma Śāha, the ruler of Devagiri, who is probably Burhān, Nizām Shāh of Ahmadnagar (1510–1533); his floruit is about 1511/12 according to Pingree. See on Burhān: J.N. Chaudhuri (1984): 416–420 (dates of his reign: 1509–1553). 206 NCC IX, 19 and 23: different from the Dāmodara who wrote the *Harivandana*. Sometimes identified with the latter (CC I, 251; STMI 92). See also: commentaries on the *Vaidyajīvana*. 207 NCC IX, 162. ABI 307 and 599. C.G. Kashikar (1977): 154. V. Raghavan (1972): 181. 208 See, for example, *Rasayogasāgara*, kakārādi 248; takārādi 328. 209 NCC I, 206. 210 CC I, 412 and 752; II, 38 (*Cikitsotsava*, 44, 94, 181 and 215. Check-list Nr. 152. STMI 77–78. H.D. Velankar (1944): 123: *Cikitsotsava*. CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 139. Coll. Punyavijayaji Nr. 154: *Haṃsanidāna* by Haṃsarāja, with bījaka (2 copies). 211 This title is mentioned by the author himself in the introductory verses, at the end of the chapter on fevers, and in the last verse of the chapter on mūtraparīkṣā. The colophons of the edition also call it *Bhiṣakcakracittotsava*. 212 Edition: *haṃsarājanidāna*, kavivara haṃsarājapraṇīta, dattarāma māthura kṛta haṃsarājārthabodhinī ṭīkā sahita, Tejakumār Press, Lakhnaū 1952. References are to page numbers of this edition. 213 NCC VII, 379. Check-list Nr. 747. STMI 77–78. CBORI XVI, 1, Nrs. 308–309. Cat. München Nr. 397 (a copy of one of the BORI MSS). The introductory verses are identical with those of the *Bhiṣakcakracittotsava*. 214 See, e.g., jvara (6), (prameha)pītikā (95). 215 See, e.g., atisāra (28). 216 See, e.g., grahaṇī (30), arśas (32), kṛmi (37), pāṇḍuroga (39), raktapitta (42), aruci (51–52), tṛṣṇā (56).

v4.c59.76

217 See, e.g., chardi (53), vātarakta (75), śūla (81), gulma (86), visarpa (118). 218 See, e.g., jvara (21–23), pāṇḍuroga (39), raktapitta (42), kāsa (46), svarabheda (50), chardi (54), tṛṣṇā (55), śūla (80), kuṣṭha (114). 219 Also referred to at the end of the chapter on jvara (26). 220 Also referred to at the end of the chapter on jvara (26). 221 Also mentioned in the body of the work (93). 222 Also referred to at the end of the chapter on jvara (26). 223 Also referred to at the end of the chapter on jvara (26). 224 See V.P.P. Śāstrī (1984): 391–392. 225 See JAI 123–125. 226 Abhinyāsa is described at Su.U.39.42 and A.h.Ni.2.33cd. 227 This disorder is described in a verse added to the chapter on pāṇḍuroga of the Mā-dhavanidāna. A closely related stanza is found in Cakrapāṇidatta's commentary ad Ca.Ci.16.132cd–133, and in Ḍalhaṇa's commentary ad Su.U.44.12. 228 Not occurring among Mādhava's types. 229 Probably the same as Mādhava's ṛṣyajihva. 230 Unknown from other sources. 231 Probably the same as Mādhava's kiṭibha. 232 Probably the same as pūyālasa. 233 These verses, which may be a later addition (they are absent from CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 139), are the only ones of Haṃsarāja's work which are quoted from an earlier source; they are identical with Su.Śā.2.38–43. 234 See CC II, 181; NCC VII, 379; Check-list Nrs. 152 and 747; STMI 77; CBORI XVI, 1, Nrs. 139 and 308–309. 235 CBORI XVI, 1, Nr. 308: it refers to a work called Jvaratimira, which cannot be but that of Cāmuṇḍa. 236 P.V. Sharma (AVI 246) does take this Dāmodara into account. 237 The worship of Śītalā is recommended in cases of pramehapiṭikā, of which masūrikā is a particular variety (102). 238 AVI 246. V.P.P. Śāstrī (1984) also assumes that the Dāmodara, referred to by Haṃsarāja, is either the father of the author of the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā or the author of the Bhīmavinoda. 239 CC I, 477 and 763; II, 111, 146, 184, 219; III, 102 and 127 (also recorded as Vaidyakasārasaṃgraha and Vaidyakasāroddhāra). H.D. Velankar (1944): I, 365. Check-list Nr. 1040. STMI 79–81. Editions: *a with Hindī transl., ed. by Paṇḍit Śrīdhara Śivālāl, Bombay 1868. b with Hindī ṭīkā and Maravāḍī vacanikā, Jñānasāgara Press, Bombay 1869 [IO.12.G.22]. c with Hindī commentary, called Bhāvārthaprakāśinī, by Nārāyaṇaprasāda Mukundarāma, Gujarātī Printing Press, Bombay 1896 [IO.19.G.19]. d with Gujarātī transl. by Vaidya Pūrṇacandra Śarmā of Ahmedabad, ed. by M.R. Jaguṣṭe, 1st ed., Ahmedabad 1898 [BL.14053.ccc.20]; Union Printing Press, Ahmedabad 1900 [IO.1484]; 2nd ed., Jaina-vidyāvijaya Press, Ahmedabad 1908 [BL.14043.cc.33; IO.18.BB.29]; *ed., Ahmedabad 1912 (see STMI 81). e with Marāṭhī transl., ed. by D.G. Saḍekar, Dhanamjaya Press, Khanapur 1907 [BL.14043.cc.27; IO.27.BB.21].

v4.c59.77

*f with Hindī comm. by Dattarāma Māthura, Bombay 1909/10 (see Cat. BHU 130). g with Hindī comm. by Sītārām Śarmā, 1941. h yogacintāmaṇi, śrīmadbhiṣakśiromaṇiśrīharṣakīrtinirmitaḥ, māthuravamśāvatam-saśrīyutakanhaiyyālālapaṭhakatanayadattarāma(caube)-māthuramāṇijūṣāhindīṭīkāsahitaḥ, Lakṣmī Veṅkaṭeśvar Steam Press, Bombay 1954; Khemrāj Śrīkṛṣṇadās Bambaī Prakāśan, Bombay 1989. References are to page numbers of ed. h. See on some MSS of the work: Cat. BHU Nrs. 130–135; Cat. Mysore Nr. 42584 (Vaidyakasāroddhāra); Cat. Tanjore Nr. 11094; CBORI XVI, 1, Nrs. 158–161; D. Wujastyk (1990): 108–109: Bodleian d.717.4 (with commentary), d.724(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), d.727(8), e.138; Coll. Punyavijayaji Nrs. 99–101; V.P.P. Śāstrī (1984): 391 and 395. 240 See C. Vogel, IL 358–359, on Harṣakīrti's dictionaries. 241 See STMI 79 and the Introduction to M.M. Patkar's edition of Harṣakīrti's Śāradīyā-khyanāmāmālā, Sources of Indo-Aryan Lexicography 6, Poona 1951. See also JAI 114. Compare CC I, 763; II, 184. 242 The title is mentioned in the introductory and concluding verses of the work. The colophons of ed. h call it Vaidyakasāroddhāra, as does the colophon of Cat. Mysore XIII, Nr. 42584. Harṣakīrti himself refers to it as a sārasaṃgraha (introductory verses) and vaidyakaśāstrasāra (concluding verses). Two MSS of an anonymous Vaidyakasārasaṃgraha (Bodleian d.713.5 and d.727.6) may contain Harṣakīrti's Yogacintāmaṇi (see D. Wujastyk, 1990: 106). According to R. Bhaṭnāgar (JAI 119), Harṣakīrti's Yogacintāmaṇi is still often consulted by vaidyas in Rājasthān and by Jain physicians in general. 243 The subjects of the chapters are enumerated in one of the introductory verses. 244 Harṣakīrti did not yet employ this term which became current only later. See on aṣṭasthā-naparīkṣā: K.R. Srikantamurthy (1983): chapter XX (p.653–697). 245 Seven of the seventeen verses on this subject may have been borrowed from Śārṅgadhara (I.3). 246 Part of these verses are also found in Vaṅgasena (ariṣṭādhikāra). 247 Almost identical with Vaṅgasena, ariṣṭādhikāra 178–185. 248 Almost identical with Vaṅgasena, ariṣṭādhikāra 187–188. 249 Almost identical with Vaṅgasena, ariṣṭādhikāra 189–192. 250 Identical with Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā I.1.14cd–33ab and 37cd–42. 251 Identical with Śārṅgadhara I.5.1–22. 252 It may be that two types of pāka are distinguished, a pāka sensu stricto and an avaleha. 253 See on this disease: J. Filliozat (1981): 83–92; G.J. Meulenbeld (1981b): 214–215. 254 This may be Bhṛgu's work on karmavipāka (see NCC III, 208) or another treatise ascribed to him. 255 The following recipes may have been borrowed from the Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā: 86–87: sudarśanacūrṇa = Śārṅgadhara II.6.26–36; 93: tumburādicūrṇa = II.6.105cd–107; 93–94: ajamodādicūrṇa = II.6.113cd–118ab; 99: kapitthāṣṭakacūrṇa = II.6.54–57; 188–189: kāśīsādighṛta = II.9.51–57; 189: pāṭicatiktakaghṛta = II.9.91cd–92ab; 200–209: vajrātaila = II.9.185cd–189; 215–216: yogarājaguggulu = II.7.56cd–70ab; 218–219: kiśoraguggulu = II.7.70cd–81; 219–220: triphalāguggulu = II.7.82–83; 220: kāñcanāraguggulu = II.7.95cd–100; 221: gokṣurādiguggulu = II.7.84–87; 232: tāmramāraṇavidhi = II.11.28–35; 232: sūcībharaṇapara = II.12.121–127ab; 260: tālakeśvara = II.12.175–180ab.

v4.c59.78

One formula is said to derive from Śrīpūjyarāja (jvarahararasa, 267). Some formulae may derive from the Bhāvaprakāśa: 29–30: bṛhatpūgīpāka = Bhāvaprakāśa, cikitsā 72.32–38 (rativallabhapūgapāka); 31: kāmeśvaramodaka = cikitsā 72.39 (see P.V. Sharma, 1972a: 74).

v4.c59.79

256 Meghamuni's Meghavinoda, in Hindī, was written in 1761/62 (JAI 157); it also quotes a Sārasaṃgraha (JAI 157), which may be the Yogacintāmaṇi or the Hitopadeśa.

v4.c59.80

258 According to J. Eggeling (see Cat. IO Nr. 2709).

v4.c59.81

260 R.K. Jain (1981): 87. V.P.P. Śāstrī (1984: 391) mentions two commentaries, called Bālabodha and Stavaka. The Collection Puṇyavijayaji (Nrs. 100 and 101) contains three MSS of a commentary called Bālabodha and three MSS of a Stabaka. Compare STMI 79–80: the author of the Stabaka is Narasimha; some MSS contain a Gujarātī translation of the Yogacintāmaṇi, called Bālabodha and written by a Narasimha. See also JAI 119 on these commentaries: the Bālabodha, in Gujarātī, was written by the Jain monk Ratnajaya who was probably called Narasimha when he was still a gṛhastha; it dates from the second half of the seventeenth century; the Ṭabbā, i.e., Stabaka, is identical with the Bālabodha.

v4.c59.82

261 According to a Wellcome MS, β372, containing Harṣakīrti's text along with a Sanskrit commentary called Bālabodha.

v4.c59.83

263 Kāyastha Cāmuṇḍa was already acquainted with it, although he did not describe it in his Jvaratimirabhāskara.

v4.c59.84

266 Ākalla (71, 75), ākallaka (33, 46, 55, 107, 119, 271), ākallika (60), ākārakarabha (104), arkakarabha (31), kallaka (40), kalihāraka (156), and karahāṭaka (48) are synonyms of this plant according to the Hindī commentator.

v4.c59.85

267 I.e., the galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier, not yet recorded in the Bhāvaprakāśanighaṇṭu. See on these galls, for example: W. Ainslie (1826): I, 144–146; DWH III, 360–364; G. Watt VI, part I, 383–384; WIRM VIII, 351–352.

v4.c59.86

268 I.e., Pistacia lentiscus Linn., the mastic tree. See on mastic, for example: W. Ainslie (1826): I, 214–216; DWH I, 377–379; F.A. Flückiger and D. Hanbury (1986): 142–146; Watt VI, part I, 270–271; WIRM VIII, 122.

v4.c59.87

269 Ahiphena (270); khasaphala (31); sarpaphena (265).

v4.c59.88

270 Vijayā (31).

v4.c59.89

271 Piper cubeba Linn.f. Compare kabābacīnī (see P.V. Sharma, 1997). See on Piper cubeba, for example: W. Ainslie (1826): I, 97–99; DWH III, 180–183; B. Laufer (1987d).

v4.c59.90

272 Prescribed here against vāta diseases, not against phiraṅgaroga as in the Bhāvaprakāśa.

v4.c59.91

273 This may be a synonym of hemasāgara, identified as Kalanchoe laciniata (Linn.) DC. (see WIRM V, 315–316; compare M. Abdul Kareem, 1997, Nr. 983 and S.S.R. Bennet, 1987). Identified as nāgaramothā, Cyperus scariosus R.Br., in the Hindī commentary.

v4.c59.92

274 Myristica fragrans Houtt.

First 91 of 932 passages. Read on

Linked texts (100)