Shringaraprakasha 10.p1

Table of Contents. In the treatise on poetics entitled Śṛṅgāraprakāśa, composed by the King of kings, the Great King, the illustrious Bhojadeva, the principal subjects to be expounded in the portion ending with the eighth chapter are: Chapters: Chapter 1: The Chapter on Morphological Bases and the Rest; Chapter 2: The Chapter on Nominal Stems and the Rest; Chapter 3: The Chapter on Words Consisting of Morphological Bases and the Rest; Chapter 4: The Chapter on the Tetrad of Meanings Beginning with Action; Chapter 5: The Chapter on the Tetrad of Meanings Beginning with Condition; Chapter 6: The Chapter on the Tetrad of Meanings Beginning with Case-Ending Meanings; Chapter 7: The Chapter on the Relation-Power of Words in Isolation; Chapter 8: The Chapter on the Power of Dependent Words. Topics in the first chapter, the Chapter on Morphological Bases and the Rest: 1–4. The benediction. The establishment of erotic aesthetic experience alone as aesthetic relish, and its intrinsic nature. The formal statement refuting that the heroic, marvelous, and other rasas are rasas. The statement of the reason for composing this work. 5–10. How amorous pleasure and the other emotions corroborate the erotic aesthetic experience. The etymology of the word rasa. The word-meaning of bhāva. Its corroboration of the erotic aesthetic experience. The meaning of the word rasa. The enumeration of the twelvefold varieties of linguistic sound, meaning, and their relation, and the detailed explanation thereof. 11–13. The threefold nature of the morphological base. The sixfold nature of verbal roots. Examples therein of those enumerated in lists, those not enumerated in lists, and those both enumerated and not enumerated. 14–16. Affixal verbal roots, denominative verbs, and affixal denominative verbs. 17. The sixfold division of affixes with examples, according to the distinction of nominal case-endings, verbal endings, and the like. 18–21. The sixfold nature of the nominal stem in the form of noun and so forth. The meaning of the sūtra assigning the technical designation 'nominal stem'. The twofold division of nouns according to the distinction of inherent and non-inherent gender, and the classification of inherent genders with examples. 22–26. The examination of non-inherent gender with examples. The twofold division of indeclinables again according to the distinction of substance and non-substance. The sixfold nature of those possessing substantiality, with examples. 28–30. The sixfold nature of those not possessing substantiality, with examples. The meaning of the word nipāta, and its sixfold division. The explanation of particles conveying an injunction and the like. 31. The explanation of particles conveying commendatory statement, and examples thereof.

32–33. Examples of particles conveying reiteration, and examples of particles conveying negation. 34. Examples of particles conveying specific negation. 35. Examples of particles conveying non-specific negation. 36. The examination of verbal prefixes and particles. 37–38. The sixfold nature of verbal prefixes under examination. Examples in order of denotative, co-signifying, and specifying verbal prefixes. 39. The resolution of the doubt that specifying prefixes express adverbial modifiers. 40–43. Examples of prefixes that are co-denotative, those producing an effect, and those devoid of meaning. How the prefixes beginning with pra become adnominal prepositions precisely because they occasion syntactic relation. 44. The investigation into the meaning of anu, prati, pari, adhi, abhi, and ati. 45–46. The sixfold division of indeclinables mimicking case-endings. Examples according to different meanings of indeclinables. 47–51. The meaning of the word 'imitation' and its divisions. Examples of the expression of resemblance to distinct phonemes, resemblance to distinct words, resemblance to distinct sentences, resemblance to indistinct phonemes, and resemblance to distinct sentences. 52–56. Examples of the expression of resemblance to indistinct words and resemblance to indistinct sentences. The investigation into the object of imitation, and the investigation into the correctness or incorrectness of an imitation. The sixfold division of primary suffixes, and examples thereof. 57–58. The etymology of the word 'secondary suffix', and its sixfold division. The sixfold division of compound word-meanings, and examples thereof. 59. The detailed elaboration thereof with examples. 60. The investigation into tatpuruṣa and bahuvrīhi compounds among the words found in the verse susūkṣmajaṭakeśerī. 61–62. The demonstration that the base accent of the initial member in a bahuvrīhi is superseded by the accent of the component member. The investigation of dvandva, bahuvrīhi, and other compounds. 63. The investigation into bahuvrīhis formed with multiple members, with examples. 64–66. Concurrence of the Mahābhāṣya on the stated point. First, the threefold nature of affixes. The varieties of verbal affixes beginning with san, and their detailed explanation. 67–71. Affixes attached to affixes beginning with ya. Affixes attached to nominal stems beginning with ṭāp, and their detailed explanation.

The meaning of the word upaskāraka. Its threefold division in the form of qualifiers of the morphological base, qualifiers of the affix, and qualifiers of both. 72. The detailed explanation thereof with examples. 73. The application of indeclinables in examples according to specific purports of meaning. 74–75. The summary of the primary topic of the first chapter. The indication of the subject matter to be stated in the second chapter. Thus ends the table of contents of the first chapter. Topics in the second chapter, the Chapter on Nominal Stems and the Rest: 76–78. The threefold division of the nominal stem into parts of inflections and so forth. The threefold division of inflectional components according to primary derivatives and other distinctions. The sixfold division of being with examples. 79. Setting forth the view of some with regard to the description of the accomplished and the processual. 80. The description of the view of others on that very topic concerning the accomplished and the processual. 81. The investigation into the neuter gender of adverbs. 82–84. The meaning of the word kāraka, and its sixfold division into agent and the rest. The threefold division, with examples, of agent, direct object, instrument, recipient, point of departure, and locus. Again, the threefold nature of both according to distinctions of pure and the like. 85–86. Individual examples of the pure and other varieties of syntactic roles and states of being. The three types of primary suffixes, and examples. 87–89. The division of secondary suffixes by state of being and the rest. The twofold division of state of being. The meaning of the word 'internal', its sixfold division by universal and the rest, and examples thereof. 90–91. The examination of divergence of views in the investigation of state of being. The intrinsic nature of the 'external', and its sixfold division. 92. The verbal root's meaning being of the nature of being; its threefold character through distinctions of state of being, syntactic role, and the like, with examples. 93. The explanation of the meaning of the sūtra 'tena tulyam', and alternative interpretations. 94. The investigation into the meaning of the affix vati, the doubt regarding the redundancy of a word in the sūtra, and its resolution. 95–96. The alternative interpretation of others. That the syntactic role too has internal and external character. 97. The meaning of the sūtra on the recipient, beginning with 'karmaṇā', and its division. 98. The meaning of the sūtra on the point of departure, its threefold nature, and its detailed explanation.

99–104 Examples of an agent qualified by an object, qualified by an instrument, and qualified by a locus. Inclusion of qualification by an object in the case of an instrument. Examples of qualification by an object in the cases of a recipient and a locus. The objection concerning the impossibility of qualification connecting both agent and object with the action, and its resolution. 105–107 The objection concerning the ungrammaticality of the accusative case in “kṛtapūrvī kaṭam” (“he has previously made the mat”), and its refutation. The connection of action and agent with objects. The authority of the Mahābhāṣya in establishing the accusative case for an object that is not expressed by an affix according to [the rule] “kartur īpsitatamam” and so forth. 108–110 The view of the author of the Mahābhāṣya that an intransitive word ending in a kṛt-affix with an internal object denotes the verbal state in instances such as “kṛtapūrvī kaṭam”. The twofold nature of a relatum, along with its internal sub-classification and examples. The explanation of an alternative application of the meaning of the sūtra “yuṣmadasmadbhyām…” in a Vedic context. 111 The threefold nature of what is subordinated to the denotation of a genitive case-ending, along with examples. 112 The inquiry into the secondary suffix in instances such as “aindraṃ haviḥ” (“the oblation dedicated to Indra”). 113–120 The inquiry regarding the domain of usage of colloquial words. The twofold classification of secondary affixes that express the stem's own meaning. Again, the internal sub-classification with examples. Therein, examples of denotative, indicative, specifying, meaningful, and empty [elements] with reference to non-substance meanings. 121 The word for action in the sūtra “tena tulyaṃ…” as expressing meanings such as quality, capacity, and so forth. 122 Examples of the two denotative [types] with reference to substance-meanings. 123 Examples of specifying and other [types] therein. 124 The grounds for contempt, compassion, and so forth being the totality of the stem's own meaning and other [factors]. 125 Modification of the meaning of a verbal root through association with a prefix. 126 The meaning of a compound word, its threefold division according to primary, modified, and residual forms, and the internal sub-classification of the primary. 127 The fourfold division of the modified and its internal sub-classification. 128 The fourfold division of the residual and its internal sub-classification. 129 Exposition of the discussion on copulative compounds and compounds with a single remaining member.

130–132 The threefold nature of an uninflected nominal stem under the forms of a noun and so forth, along with its separate divisions with examples. The threefold nature of an onomatopoeic/imitative word. 132 The meaning of the word 'case-inflection' (vibhakti). Its threefold nature, along with internal divisions and examples. 133 The threefold nature of a subordinate member, along with its internal division and examples. 134 The objection regarding the optionality of compounding in “kiṃ sabrahmacārī”. 135 Elucidation of the meaning of a compound word, along with its divisions and examples. 136–138 Examples of uninstantiated entities and so forth. The statement regarding the substantive and non-substantive status of words like “daṇḍin” and so forth. Exposition of the meaning of the sūtra “tatra tenedam iti sarūpe”. 139 The discussion of the compound in “aśrāddhabhojī”. 140 The discussion of the compound in “abrahmaṇaḥ”. 141–142 The discussion of the negative tatpuruṣa compound. The division of compounds according to the different meanings of the negative particle ‘nañ’. 143–145 The polysemy of the word ‘eka’. Summary of the principal subject matter of the Second Chapter. Synopsis of the subject matter to be established in the Third Chapter. || Thus ends the table of contents of the Second Chapter || Topics in the Third Chapter, on the morphological base and other linguistic forms: 146–148 The essential nature of a word (pada). Its threefold classification under the form of action and so forth. The eighteen varieties of a word through a sixfold division of each, along with their examples. 149 Inquiry into the middle-voice agentive word (karmakartṛ), with examples. 150 Examples of a primary nominal derivative (kṛdanta) that also has the nature of an action, in the verbal state, in the object, in the agent, and in both the verbal state and the object. 151–152 Examples of agent-of-the-state, middle-voice agent, and so forth; exposition of divergent views therein; the syntactical integration of sūtras such as “laḥ karmaṇi…” with the rule “dvyekayoḥ…” when an integrated meaning is intended to be expressed. 153–155 The sentence-meaning of “eko hi pacati” and so on. Raising the fault in [holding that verbal endings] denote number alone, and its refutation. The objection concerning the impossibility of syntactic agreement because a capacity serves as a syntactic role when the agent is denoted by a finite verbal affix, and its resolution. 156–157 Number, object, and so forth being the meaning of a case-inflection. Demonstration of the consensus of the Mahābhāṣya and the author of the Vārttikas regarding the denotation of the agent and the object by a finite verbal affix.

158–162 The statement that number is related only to a syntactic role (kāraka), not to the action and the like. The threefold division of the agent according to independence and so forth. Examples of an independent agent expressed by its own case-inflection and expressed by another case-inflection. Examples of an unfree agent as well, distinguished by manifested activity. The division of the middle-voice agent (karmakartṛ). 163–166 Examples of intensified and unintensified objects. Etymological analysis of the term ‘object’ (karman). The threefold division of the object according to that which is brought about (nirvartya), modified (vikārya), and reached (prāpya). Their examples in respective order. 167–171 Etymological analysis of the term ‘instrument’ (karaṇa). The threefold division of the instrument as external, internal, and external-cum-internal. The internal division of the external and others, and their examples as specified. Etymological analysis of the term ‘recipient’ (sampradāna), and its threefold nature. The example of a recipient pervaded by the object of the verb ‘to give’ (dā). 172–175 Examples of a recipient pervaded by the object of an action and so forth. Etymological analysis of the term ‘ablation’ (apādāna), and its threefold nature. Examples of an ablative whose domain is abandoned, not abandoned, or specified. The twofold division of an ablative whose domain is explicitly mentioned, and its examples. 176–179 The twofold division of an ablative whose action is implied, and its two examples. Etymological analysis of the term ‘locus’ (adhikaraṇa). The threefold division of the locus as cognitive/thematic (vaiṣayika), contactual/spatial (aupaśleṣika), and causal (naimittika). The division of each, and their examples. 180 The twofold division of the causal locus as pure and mixed, and their respective examples. 181–182 The causative affix (ṇic) as expressing the prompter's activity. The objection that the meaning of the causative affix is directly delimited by the meaning of the verbal root, and its refutation. 183–184 Examination of the inquiry into the fixed determination of the agent brought into proximity by the action. Demonstration that injunction alone is the meaning of an affix; another view therein. 185–187 In the view of productive operation (bhāvanā), the objection concerning the unfitness of the plural in [the phrase] “of the syntactic roles” (kārakāṇām). The resolution offered by certain [scholars] to that very [objection]. The nature of an auxiliary addition belonging to qualifying attributes and so forth.

188–89: Examples of adverbials and so forth. Determination of the nature of purpose. 190–92: The nature of an indication also as a specific kind of cause, like purpose. The status of a cause also as an indication in certain cases. The nature of a sentence, and the statement of the threefold division of sentences with examples. 193–97: The twofold division of everyday language into poetry and treatise, with examples. The threefold division of Prakrit with examples. The twofold divisions of indicative and double-entendre expressions, with examples. The threefold division of Apabhraṃśa. 198–200: Examples of Sāṭī and others. Statement of the elevenfold nature of the sentence. Examples of the eight kinds, such as multiple, repeated, and non-repeated finite verbs. 203–4: Examples and discussions of the eight kinds, such as inverted finite verbs. Inquiry into the acceptance or non-acceptance of unbroken series of finite verbs. 205: The view of certain scholars on this very point. 206: The objection and resolution regarding whether the relation of modifier and modified has distinct, non-distinct, or both referents. 207: Prefixes functioning as adverbials. 208: Inadmissibility of the relation of modifier and modified between two inflected verbs having different syntactic loci. 209–10: Inadmissibility of the connection [of one action] with another action when an action whose single nature is being brought into being acts as the agent; presentation of the relation of ends and means between two actions. 211: The mutual connection and disconnection of two finite verbs. 212: Refutation of the objection regarding the presence of a connection between two finite verbs due to sentence-split and the like. 213: A particle having the form of a finite verb because it expresses an address in the context of jest. 214: Objection regarding the unwanted consequence of plurality for the word 'eka' expressing number in a jest concerning many, and its refutation. 215: Absence of connection between two finite verbs according to Kātyāyana. 216: Acceptance of connection between two finite verbs according to the Sūtrakāra. 217–18: An address modifying an action. Disclosure of the intention of the Sūtrakāra and Vārttikakāra on this matter. 219: Statement of the possibility that an action too can be a syntactic role. 220: A word having more meaning than what constitutes a sentence. 221: Exposition of the doctrine of those who assert that cognition, by virtue of differences in form, is of the nature of action.

222–28: Observation of the connection [of action] in a particular action in certain cases as an object. Disclosure of the views of the author of the sūtras, the Vārttikakāra, and the Bhāṣyakāra on the definition of a sentence. The possibility of mutual interconnection of actions. Examples therein of having different or identical speakers. Etymological definition of the word 'section'. Etymological definition of the word 'section'. Threefold division of sections into present, invented, and accidental. Examples of the varieties of the present. 229: Twofold division of the invented, and examples of the invented with semblance and without semblance. 230: Twofold division of the accidental into with-seed and without-seed, and their examples. 231–35: Examples of the unconnected, of multiple sentences, of that which concludes at the end, of a single and multiple sentence, and of that joined by case-endings. 236–35 [=240]: The essential natures of word, sentence, and section. Disclosure of Daṇḍin's view on this matter. Threefold division of the composition into verse, prose, and mixed. Its internal subdivisions and their examples. 241: Threefold division of cūrṇa into heavy-abundant, light-abundant, and mixed. 242: Examples of the non-delicate, disjointed, word-based, sentence-based, and mixed varieties. 243: Establishment that morphological bases and the like alone are linguistic sounds. 244: Adducing the reason for speech-sounds being meaningful. 245–48: The capacity of a collection of speech-sounds to manifest the sphoṭa. Conclusion of the principal subject matter to be established in the Third Illumination. Summary of the topic to be stated, consisting in the presentation of illusory transformation in the form of meaning. || Thus ends the table of contents of the Third Illumination || Topics in the Fourth Illumination on the Four Meanings, Action and Others: 249–53: That linguistic sounds such as morphological bases convey various divisions such as action and grammatical tense. That the meaning of a verbal root is of the nature of a specific exertion of a syntactic role in an action. The threefold nature of verbal roots, with examples. Objection that action is non-distinct from syntactic roles, and its refutation. 254: Inquiry on this matter. 255: The objection regarding the inadmissibility of the dual number through differences of instruments when action is accepted as single, and its refutation.

256–58: Expression of non-difference in certain instances when difference is comprehended due to differences in relata despite the multiplicity of substance. Statement that the connection with number is admissible only for an established entity, not for what is to be brought into being. Consideration of the predominance of action in finite verbs. 259–61: Admissibility of single-retention through the predominance of action. Description of the intention of others on this point. Well-reasoned refutation of the objection that action is something distinct from the meaning of the verbal root. 262–63: Detailed etymological definition of the word 'action'. Restatement of the view of those who assert that human activity is imperceptible because it is inferable from its effect, and the exposure of its fault. 264–65: Demonstration of the impossibility of action being inferable. Objection that the meaning of the verbal root is over and above human activity, and its rejection. 266: Demonstration of the impossibility of the result being an action. 267: The solution of those who maintain inferable action in 'calati', 'pacati', and so forth. 268: Demonstration that even the result must be expected as an instrument because it is to be accomplished by all the component parts of the action. 269: Justification of the usage 'pacati' and so forth by the superimposition of the collective upon the aggregates. 270–73: The imperceptibility to the senses of an aggregate. That the conceit of an imagined simultaneous grasping is grounded in perceptual error. The concurrence of the Mahābhāṣyakāra regarding the non-perceptibility of action. Detailed inquiry into the possibility of perceptibility and non-perceptibility of action. 274: Connection of action with grammatical tense, and the manner of determining tense. 275: Examples of the comprehension of particular tenses through particular actions. 276: Disclosure of divergent views regarding the nature of action. 277–79: Divisions of tense such as past; fourfold nature of grammatical tense into eternal, occasional, natural, and ultimate. The threefold subdivision of each of the fourfold divided grammatical tense, and its exposition. 280: Determination of the nature of the divisions of tense: practical, natural, associative, and miscellaneous. 281: Elaboration of grammatical tense as being of the nature of both action and its instrument. 282: The group of six designations, agent and so forth, grounded in the intermediate operations of a substance endowed with power.

283–84. The threefold nature of each of the six [syntactic roles] beginning with the agent, and their examples. Statement of the possibility of a restriction on causative forms with an internalized causative sense. 285. Examples of aberrant agents and the like. Examples of particular non-attainable actions. 288–90. Examples of the imperishable and the like. Example of the agent as object. Appropriate examples of the divisions of attainable and non-attainable. 291–92. Definition of the word-meaning of the instrument. Its threefold nature in the form of external and so forth, and its examples. 293–94. Examples of internal and so forth. The threefold nature of the recipient according to the divisions of attainable through the action of giving, attainable through the object alone, and attainable through the action [itself], and their examples. 295–98. The sixfold division of what is attainable through the object alone and of the most desired, and their respective examples. Definition of the word-meaning of the ablation. Its threefold nature in the form of specified action and expected action. 299. The sixfold division of the ablation with a specified scope, and their respective examples. 300. Explanation of the meaning given by others to the sūtras beginning with ‘dhruvam apāye…’ as having a specified and like scope. 301–2. Explanation of the word-meaning of the locus; its threefold nature as cognitive and so on. Definition of the nature of the cognitive and circumstantial [loci], their sixfold division, and their examples. 303–4. Examples of the circumstantial connected with the object. Detailed exposition regarding this topic. 304–7. Consideration of the difference and non-difference of capacity. Exposition of the threefold division of grammatical persons beginning with the first (third) person preceded by an account of their nature. Inquiry into the usage of ‘you’, ‘I’, and so on. 308. Conclusion of the exposition of the fourfold word-meaning consisting of action, grammatical tense, syntactic role, and grammatical person. 309. Statement on the inclusion in the nominal stem of grammatical tense and the like into the primary meaning enhanced by action. || End of the Table of Contents for the Fourth Illumination || Topics in the Fifth Illumination, entitled ‘Illumination of the Four Meanings of Limiting Adjuncts’: 310. The twelve divisions of verbal-root-meanings consisting of action in the form of intransitive and so on, and their respective examples.

311. Grammatical tense is twelvefold through the divisions of past and so on. 312. The division of the non-current, with examples and inquiry into it. 313. The sixfold division of the present current [tense], and examples according to different scopes. 314. The sixfold division of the indistinct, and examples. 315. Examples of the future, present, remote past, and so on. 316. […] of certain verbal roots […]. 317. Reasoned examination of the usage of ‘sometimes’ in the rule ‘which is sometimes different from the ātmanepada’. 318–19. Exposition of the limiting adjunct of the affix-meaning. The infinite variety of mutual limiting adjuncts. 320. Examples of malice, assent, and so on. 321. The primacy of the affix-meaning, its threefold nature, and its examples. 322–25. The twofold nature of action according to the division into accomplished and mixed, and their examples. The twofold nature of the syntactic role as restricted and unrestricted to verbal roots. The threefold nature of nominal-stem-meaning in the form of manifested and ambiguous, and its intermediary division with examples. 325. The threefold nature of the syntactic role in the form of accompanied by action and so on; its division with examples. 326. The threefold nature of differentiated action; its separate division with examples. 327. Examples of phonetic augment of sounds, transformation of phonemes, and so on. 328–29. The twelvefold nature of that mediated by both through the forms of limit and so on. Examples of prior time, reciprocal action, and so on. 330–32. Definition of the word-meaning of vocative address, and its sixfold division. Respective examples of injunctive and so on. The nature of the adverbial modifier, and its sixfold division. 333–35. Examples of modifiers in the form of indeclinables and so on. The sixfold division of the modifier of the syntactic role. Examples of modifiers of the agent and the object. 336–37. Respective examples of modifiers of the instrument and so on. The residual word-meaning; its sixfold division; respective examples. 338–39. The nature of the remainder; its sixfold nature by way of conjunction and so on, and its examples. The threefold nature of the associative meaning. 340–41. Examples of the divisions of associative meaning such as the implied.

The nature of being for the sake of that (tādarthya), its division into six kinds, with examples. 342–43: Examples of being for the sake of an action and the rest. The elaboration of non-syntactic roles (akāraka), with examples, of six kinds. 344–50: Examples of gender and the rest. The threefold nature of nominal-stem meaning through the distinction of its own meaning (svārtha), substance (dravya), and gender. Explanation of the word-meaning 'substance', the two kinds of substance according to the distinction of having the form of a substratum or not having the form of a substratum, with examples. The twofold nature of gender according to the distinction of linguistic sound and meaning; further, its sixfold nature according to the distinction of pure, mixed, and so forth. 351–53: Examples of pure, mixed, and other genders as appropriate. Statement of the difference in intention regarding denotativeness and indicativeness; objection and resolution on that point. 354–55: Determination of the denotation of respective meanings of verbal prefixes (gati), preverbs (upasarga), and governing adverbs (karmapravacanīya). Detailed exposition of relations being grounded in syntactic roles. Elaboration of how relations, through the prominence of their intrinsic nature, bring about the comprehension of different actions. The doctrine of the unreality of the universal. 358: The impossibility of substantiating the denial of the universal. Conclusion regarding the existence of the universal. 361–62: Summary of the principal subject matter of the fifth chapter. Overview of the sixth illumination to be stated, beginning with the description of case-ending meaning. || Thus ends the table of contents of the fifth illumination || Topics in the sixth illumination on the fourfold group beginning with case-ending meaning: 363–65: The threefold nature of case-ending meaning under the form of number, syntactic role, and relation. The division of number into six kinds, with examples. The sixfold nature of the syntactic role as denoted by the accusative and other endings, with examples. 366: Exposition of the threefold nature of the specific relation preceded by action and syntactic role, distinct from a syntactic role, and examples thereof. 367–69: The doubt regarding the impossibility of connection with the universal expressed by the nominal stem, because number and power are the meaning of the case ending, and its resolution. The conclusion of the objection concerning the collocation of base and affix, and its resolution. Absence of necessity in the power and number being delimiters of the universal.

370: Demonstration of the possibility of necessity regarding non-intention and intention respectively in examples of numbers belonging to the subject of an injunction (uddeśya) and the provision of an injunction (upādeya). 371–73: Demonstration of the agreement of grammarians with the settled view of the Mīmāṃsakas. Explanation of the non-intention of number even in an accessory in certain cases. Demonstration of the connection of being a syntactic role, which is the meaning of a case ending, with number, which is the meaning of a case ending. 374–75: The case ending's denoting the qualifying conditions of power, number, and relation abiding in the entity expressed by the nominal stem. Doubt regarding the non-existence of a power distinct from the essential nature. 376: Strengthening of the objection regarding the dispensability of supersensible power, preceded by the refutation of the doubt that power is indispensable. 377: Exposition of the existence of a power distinct from the essential nature. 378–79: Explanation of the kinds of complex formation (vṛtti) based on the distinction of non-word-meanings and so forth. 380: Investigation into the meaning of 'complex formation is the expression of another's meaning'. 381: Proposal that the subordinate element assists the principal element. 382: Explanation of the nature of complex formation in 'rājapuruṣa' (king's servant). 383–84: The aggregate's consisting of parts. The division of number being based on the division of parts. 385–89: Statement of Jaimini's view that the universal alone is the meaning of a word. Refutation of the individual and configuration being denoted by words. 390–92: Restatement of the view of the followers of Vyāḍi who advocate the denotative power for the individual. Exposure of the impossibility of a definition of the individual. Pointing out faults in the doctrine that the universal is the denotative meaning. 393–95: The secondary indication of the individual by the universal and configuration, even though they are not the primary meaning of the word. Refutation of the objection that every meaning would follow if the individual were the meaning of the word. Summary of denotation of the individual. 396: Unveiling of the intent of the textual tradition of Vindhyavāsin who argues that configuration is the word-meaning, along with reasons. 397–98: Statement that even formless entities such as qualities are auxiliaries to action. Demonstration that words denote an individual qualified by a universal. 399–402: Explanation of the undesired consequence of assuming restriction if the verbal operation conveyed merely the pure universal. Agreement of Akṣapāda with the view that words denote an individual qualified by a universal.