一切經音義 2

English (machine translation) 2

Language: English

2.2

Sounds of the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, from Fascicle 52 through Fascicle 301

2.3

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, Fascicle Fifty-two

2.4

能辦 (The fanqie pu + man [bàn]. The Yunying says: 'Bàn means to prepare fully.' The Shuowen says it is derived from lì [力, strength] and biàn [辡]. Biàn has the fanqie pi + mian [biàn]).

統攝 (The first character has the fanqie tong + dong [tǒng]. The Kaosheng says: 'To govern and command.' The second character has the fanqie shang + ye [shè]. Bao Xian's commentary to the Analects says: 'Shè means to combine.' Zheng Xuan's commentary to the Liji says: 'To act as deputy.' The Shuowen says: 'To hold.' It is derived from shǒu [手, hand] with niè [聶] phonetic. Niè has the fanqie ni + zhe [niè]).

2.6

縱任 (The first character has the fanqie jiang + yong [zòng]. The second has the fanqie ren + zhen [rèn], derived from rén [壬] and the radical rén [亻]).

2.7

蠲除 (The fanqie jue + yuan [juān]. Guo Pu's commentary to the Fangyan says: 'Juān means to remove.' It is derived from yì [益] and shǔ [蜀]).

2.8

虧損 (The fanqie qu + wei [kuī]. The Shuowen says: 'Depletion of qi.' It is derived from yú [亐] with hū [雐] phonetic. It is also written as 虧. Hū is pronounced hū).

2.9

無邊辯 (The fanqie pi + mian [biàn]. The Guangya says: 'Biàn means wisdom.' The Zishu says: 'Quick-witted.' The Shuowen says: 'To govern.' It is derived from yán [言, speech] with biàn [辡] phonetic).

2.10

Clear and cool (清泠: [泠 is] li + ding fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: both [characters] take the water signific and are phono-semantic characters).

2.11

Leftover embers (遺燼: [燼 is] xi + yin fan. Du [Yu's] commentary to the Zuo zhuan says: the remaining wood from a fire. The Shuowen jiezi says: the remainder of a candle. It takes the fire signific and jin phonetic. Embers (燼) has the same sound as above).

2.12

Fascicle Fifty-Three

2.13

Saṅghāṭī (般僧伽胝: the lower character is pronounced zhi. A Sanskrit name for the great robe; it is also called a saṅghārī. It is the kāṣāya worn by the Buddha. Ranging from nine strips below up to twenty-five strips above, with various numbers in between, all are called 'great robes'. When donning and wearing it, one can propagate the teachings of the Dharma and fulfill the marks of a field of merit. Among the three robes, it is the most superior).

2.14

Taste and eat (甞食: the upper character is pronounced chang. The Shuowen jiezi says: to test a flavor is called tasting (甞). It takes the sweet (甘) signific and shang phonetic).

2.15

Sip and drink (歠飲: the upper character is chuan + zhuo fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: 歠 means to drink. It takes the [(食/酉)*欠] abbreviative signific and zhua phonetic. The sūtra text writes 𡂜 or writes 啜, which are both popular characters. The lower character is yi + jin fan. The Shuowen jiezi writes it with liquor (酉) as [(食/酉)*欠]; 酉 is the ancient character for wine. Taking 酉, it means drinking. Nowadays the 酉 is omitted to write drink (飲). The ancient script took the water signific to write 𣲎).

2.16

Waking and sleeping (寤寑: the upper character is pronounced wu. The Cang Jie pian says: when one awakens from sleep and can speak, it is called waking (寤); 'awakening' (覺) is pronounced jiao. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the 㝱 abbreviative signific and wu phonetic. The lower character is qin + shen fan. The Guangya says: 寝 means hidden/dark. The Shuowen jiezi says: 寢 means to lie down and sleep. In seal script it takes the broom (帚) and hand (又) significs. Nowadays, following popular usage, it is simplified to take the roof (宀) signific and qin phonetic. 㝱 is pronounced meng).

2.17

Skillful butchering (巧屠: [屠 is] tang + hu fan. The Kaosheng says: to slaughter cruelly. The Shuowen jiezi says: to disembowel. It takes the corpse (尸) signific and zhe abbreviative phonetic).

2.18

Cleaving to make (剖為: the upper character is pu + kou fan. The Cang Jie pian says: to cut apart. The Shuowen jiezi says: 剖 means to divide. It takes the knife (刀) signific and pou (咅) phonetic. Pou (咅) is tu + kou fan).

2.19

Wrapped and bundled (纏裹: the upper character is zhi + lian fan; the lower character is gu + huo fan. The Yupian says: 裹 means to bundle up. The Shuowen jiezi says: 裹 also means to wrap. Both take the garment (衣) signific and guo phonetic).

2.20

Hair and fur (髮毛: the upper character is fang + wa fan. Gu Yewang says: the hair on top of the head. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the long hair (髟) signific and ba phonetic. 髟 is bi + yao fan; 犮 is pu + mo fan).

2.21

Claws and teeth (爪齒: the upper character is ce + jiao fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: the nails of hands and feet; it is a pictographic character. The lower character is chang + zhi fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: the bones of the mouth and gums; it is pictographic of the teeth in the mouth, with zhi (止) phonetic. Gums (齗) is pronounced yin).

2.22

Sinews and vessels (筋脉: the upper character is jin + xin fan. The Rites of Zhou states that physicians nourish the sinews with pungent flavors. The Shuowen jiezi says: the strength of flesh. It takes the flesh (肉) and bamboo (竹) significs; bamboo is a thing with many fibers. It takes the strength (力) signific; 力 resembles a sinew. In the sūtra it is written with the grass signific as 莇, which is an error. The lower character is yu + bo fan; it is a popular character. The Rites of Zhou states that physicians nourish the vessels with salty flavors. The Shuowen jiezi says: the distribution of the blood's patterns circulating through the body is called vessels (脉). Written with the blood (血) signific and pai phonetic as 衇, or written as 𧖴, both are the standard forms).

2.23

Bone marrow (骨髓: [髓 is] sui + tuo fan. The Zitong says: the fat within the bones. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the bone (骨) signific and sui abbreviative phonetic. Above, bone (骨) takes flesh).

2.24

Heart and liver (心肝: The Baihu tong says: the heart represents propriety. It is the essence of southern fire. It resembles the red color of fire, is pointed and has lobes, like the shape of an unopened lotus flower. Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: the heart combines with the small intestine and large intestine to form the bowel; its storehouse is the spirit; its indicator is the mouth; therefore, when the heart is diseased, one loses voice and cannot speak. The Shuowen jiezi says: it is a pictographic character. The lower character is gu + an fan. The Baihu tong says: the liver represents benevolence. It is the essence of eastern wood. The benevolent love life; it resembles the shape of wood and has leaves, and its color is green-blue. Wang Shuhe says: the liver combines with the gallbladder to form the bowel; its spirit is the ethereal soul; its indicator is the eyes; therefore, when the liver is excessively hot, the eyes become red and dim. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the flesh signific and gan phonetic. Pointed (銳) is yu + hui fan. Lobes (瓣) is bai + man fan).

2.25

Lungs and kidneys (肺腎: the upper character is fang + fei fan. The Baihu tong says: the lungs represent righteousness; they are the essence of western metal; they resemble the white color of metal. Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: the lungs combine with the bladder to form the bowel; their spirit is the corporeal soul; their indicator is the nose; therefore, when the lungs have sores, the nose cannot smell fragrances or foul odors. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the flesh signific and fei (𠂔) phonetic; 𠂔 is fei + wei fan. The lower character is chen + ren fan. The Baihu tong says: the kidneys represent wisdom; they are the essence of northern water; their color is black and yin; their form is paired. The Maijing says: the kidneys combine with the triple burner to form the bowel; their spirit is the will; [their indicator is] the ears; therefore, when the kidneys are deficient, one is deaf. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the flesh signific and qian (臤) phonetic; 臤 is qi + xian fan. Paired (偶) is wu + gou fan).

2.26

Spleen and gallbladder (脾膽: the upper character is bi + mi fan. The Baihu tong says: the spleen represents trustworthiness; it is the essence of central earth; it resembles the yellow color of earth. The Maijing says: the spleen combines with the stomach to form the bowel; its spirit is thought; its indicator is the tongue; therefore, when the spleen has heat, the tongue is diseased and the lips cannot close. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the flesh signific and bei phonetic. The lower character is da + gan fan. The Baihu tong says: the gallbladder is the bowel of the liver; it governs benevolence, and therefore the benevolent possess courage. Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: when the gallbladder is diseased, the mental spirit is not kept in place. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the flesh signific and zhan phonetic; 詹 is zhi + jian fan).

2.27

Bladder and stomach (脬[田/肉]: the upper character is pu + bao [fan]. The Kaosheng says: a vessel that contains urine; the urinary bladder. Master Wang's Maijing says: the bladder sac holds nine pints and three tenths; when the bladder is rotated, urination does not pass. The Shuowen jiezi says: the bladder, a water vessel; it takes the flesh signific and fu abbreviative phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written as 胞, which is incorrect. The lower character is wei + wei fan. The Baihu tong says: the stomach is the depository of grain. The Yunying says: the intestines and stomach. The Shuowen jiezi says: the granary of grain. It takes the flesh signific and is a pictographic character).

2.28

Feces and urine (屎𡲘: the upper character is pronounced shi. The Zizhi says: excrement and feces. In the sūtra it is written with the rice signific, which is a popular character. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the tail (尾) signific and shi phonetic. The lower character is ni + diao fan. The Kaosheng says: the water within the belly. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the tail (尾) and water (水) significs. In the sūtra it is written with corpse (尸), which is an erroneous abbreviation. Both are phono-semantic characters).

2.29

Nasal mucus and saliva (涕唾: the upper character is ti + li fan. The Kaosheng says: weeping; what comes out of the eyes as tears is called ti; the commentary to the Shijing also says: coming out of the eyes is ti. The lower character is tu + ke fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: oral fluid; it takes the mouth (口) signific and chui (𢛉) abbreviative phonetic; it is also written as 涶).

2.30

Drool and tears (涎淚: the upper character is yi + xian fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: oral fluid. The lower character is lü + zhui fan. The Guangya says: 涕 means tears. The Shuowen jiezi says: 淚 means tears; it takes the water signific and li phonetic; 戾 is li + di fan).

2.31

Grime and sweat (垢汗: the upper character is gu + hou fan; the lower character is han + dan fan).

2.32

Phlegm and pus (痰膿: the upper character is dan + gan fan. The Kaosheng says: a disease of fluid in the chest and diaphragm. The sūtra writing 淡 is an error. The lower character is nu + gong fan: festering blood).

2.33

Fat and grease (肪𦚻: the upper character is pronounced fang; the lower character is sang + an fan. The Yunying says: congealed fat. The Tongsu wen says: what is at the waist is called fat (肪); what is at the stomach is called grease (𦚻). Both are phono-semantic characters).

2.34

Brain and membranes (腦膜: the upper character is nai + dao fan. The Shuowen jiezi writes it as 𦠒: the marrow in the head; it takes the flesh signific and zai phonetic. There are those who write it as 𮌢, 𦠊, or 腦, all of which are incorrect; [the phonetic component] has the same pronunciation as above. The lower character is pronounced mo. The Zitong says: what is inside the skin and outside the flesh is called a membrane. The Shuowen jiezi says: the intermuscular membranes between flesh. 胲 is gu + ai fan).

2.35

Eye discharge and earwax (眵聹: the upper character is duo + zhi fan. The Yunying says: congealed fluid of the eyes. The sūtra text writes [膗-隹+虫], which is an error; checking various character dictionaries, none has this character [膗-隹+虫]. The Shuowen jiezi says: injured eye canthi; it takes the eye signific and chi abbreviative phonetic. Canthus (眥) is ci + ci fan. The lower character is ning + ting fan, in the rising tone. The Wenzi jilüe says: 耵聹 is the grime within the ear. The Gujin zhengzi says: it takes the ear signific and ning phonetic).

2.36

Putrid thing ([(餐-食)-又+臭]物: [the upper character is] chang + zhou fan. The Kaosheng says: spoiled, foul vapor. The Shuowen jiezi says: a hound is what knows tracks when beasts flee; zi (自) is the ancient character for nose; it takes zi and dog (犬). Some write it with fan as 殠. The sūtra text writes it with death (死) as 臰, which is incorrect; that character does not exist at all).

2.37

Precious trinket (寶玩: [玩 is] wu + guan fan. Kong [Anguo's] commentary to the Shangshu says: a plaything or toy. The Shuowen jiezi says: it takes the jade (玉/王) signific and wan (翫) abbreviative phonetic).

2.38

Indulged and attached (躭著: the upper character is da + nan fan. The Yunying says: 躭 means to be fond of. The Kaosheng says: to take pleasure in. It takes the body (身) signific and dan (躭) abbreviative phonetic. 躭 has the same pronunciation as above).

2.39

Placid and tranquil (憺怕: the upper character is tan + lan fan; the lower character is pu + bai fan. The Huainanzi says: 憺 means contented; 怕 means quiet. The sūtra text writes them with the water signific as 淡泊, both of which are incorrect and have different meanings. The Gujin zhengzi says: the two characters 憺 and 怕 both take the heart (心) signific and are phono-semantic characters).

2.40

Piercing the skin (皮穿: [穿 is] chang + yuan fan. The Kaosheng says: to bore a hole. The Shuowen jiezi says: to pass through. It represents teeth (牙) inside a cave (穴)).

2.41

Eagles and vultures (鵰鷲: the upper character is ding + yao fan. The Chronicle of King Mu says: On Mount Chun there are white birds and dark eagles; they seize dogs and sheep, and feed on elephants and deer. Guo Pu says: Present-day eagles are also capable of feeding on deer. The Shuowen jiezi says: 鵰 is a bird of prey; it takes the bird signific and diao phonetic. The lower character is pronounced jiu. The Shanhai jing says: Mount [旦/卄/不] has many vulture birds. The character dictionaries say it takes the bird signific and jiu phonetic. 鵰[檄-木+身] is tu + guan fan).

2.42

Crows and magpies (烏鵲: the upper character is wu + gu fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: the filial bird. The lower character is qi + que fan. It knows the location of the Grand Year (Taisui). The Bowuzhi says: A magpie opens its nest's door always facing away from the Grand Year; this is not due to cleverness, but occurs spontaneously according to nature. The Shuowen jiezi states that both are pictographic characters).

2.43

Kites and owls (鴟梟: the upper character is chi + zhi fan; it is the seal-script character for owl/kite. The Shuowen jiezi notes that some write it with bird (隹) as 鴟; 鴟 means a hawk, and is also a kite bird. The Liji says: 'When dust rises ahead, carry the kite banner; when it screeches, the wind rises.' The Shuowen jiezi writes it with [前-刖+(┴*├)] as [(前-刖+(十-一+└))/鳥]; the Kaiyuan yinyi writes it with qian as 𩾭, both pronounced yuan. The lower character is jiao + yao fan. Zheng [Xuan's] commentary to the Mao Shijing says: an ill-omened screeching bird. The Shuowen jiezi says: an unfilial bird; it depicts a bird's head atop a tree; popularly called the horned owl).

2.44

Tigers and leopards (虎豹: the upper character is hu + gu fan. The Erya says: a han is a white tiger; a shu is a black tiger. The Fangyan says: between Chen and Song it is called lijiao; south of the Yangzi it is called li'er. The Shuowen jiezi says: the tiger is the king of mountain beasts; its paws resemble human feet, hence below it takes human (人); it is pictographic and also phono-semantic. 甝 is han; 儵 is shu; 虍 is hu. The lower character is bao + jiao fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: its appearance resembles a tiger, with round, black patterns, but smaller than a tiger; it takes the beast (豸) signific and bao abbreviative phonetic. 豸 is pronounced zhi).

2.45

Foxes and wolves (狐狼: the upper character is he + gu fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: a phantom beast, ridden by ghosts, which has three virtues; its color is central and harmonious, small in front and large behind, and at death it always points its head toward its native mound. It takes the dog (犬) signific and gu abbreviative phonetic. The character 孤 takes the melon (瓜) signific. The lower character is lang + dang fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: a name of a beast resembling a dog, with a sharp head, white forehead, high in front and broad behind; it takes the dog (犬) signific and liang phonetic).

2.46

Or peck (或啄: pronounced zhuo. The Shuowen jiezi says: a bird eating. It takes the mouth (口) signific and chu phonetic. 豖 is chou + lu fan; the character 豖 is the character shi (豕) with an additional stroke added within).

2.47

Or seize (或攫: gui + yue fan, or pronounced gui + bi fan, which is also acceptable. The Huainanzi says: when birds are hard-pressed they strike; when beasts are hard-pressed they seize. The Cang Jie pian says: 攫 means to strike and seize. The Shuowen jiezi says: to snatch. It takes the hand (手) signific and jue phonetic. In the sūtra text it is written as 爴 with the same pronunciation; none of the character dictionaries contain this character 爴, and its provenance is unclear. 矍 is wang + jue fan; 搏 is bo; 扟 is suo + jin fan; 矍 is xiong + yue fan).

2.48

Grasp and pull (摣掣: the upper character is dan + jia fan. The Guangya says: 摣 means to take. The Shiming says: 摣 means to fork; all five fingers reach out to fork and seize. Some write it as [(虎-儿+目)*又]. The Shuowen jiezi also writes it as 抯, taking the hand (手) signific and zha phonetic. 虘 is zuo + he fan. The lower character is chang + zhi fan. The Yunying says: 掣 means to drag. The Shiming says: 掣 means to restrain; checking and jerking it to make it comply with oneself. It takes the hand (手) signific and zhi phonetic).

2.49

Ulcerated and rotting (潰爛: [潰 is] hui + wai fan. The Cang Jie pian says: 潰 means to burst out from the side. The Yunying says: to disperse. The Shuowen jiezi says: to leak. It takes the water signific and gui phonetic).

2.50

Worms and maggots (蟲䏣: [蟲 is] zhu + rong fan. The Erya says: those with legs are called insects (蟲); those without legs are called creeping grubs (豸). The sūtra text writes 虫, which is an erroneous abbreviation. The lower character is qi + yu fan. The Shuowen jiezi says: worms born in flesh from flies breeding; it takes the flesh signific and ju abbreviative phonetic. In the sūtra it is written as 蛆, which is a popular character).

2.51

Rotten meat (腐肉: [腐 is] fu + fu fan. The Guangya says: 腐 means foul-smelling. The Yunying says: decayed; spoiled. The Shuowen jiezi says: 腐 means rotten. It takes the flesh signific and fu phonetic).

2.52

Chain of bones (骨瑣: [瑣 is] su + guo fan. The Guangya says: 瑣 means connected. The character dictionaries say: interlocking rings. Examining this, 'chain of bones' refers to the bodily bones of a bodhisattva. The Fo benxing ji jing says: 'The joints of ordinary beings barely support one another, having only the strength of an ordinary man. The joints of a bodhisattva are all hooked and linked together, resembling a horse's bit and interlocking chain, thereby accomplishing the vast strength of Nārāyaṇa.' The Shuowen jiezi says: the character 瑣 takes the jade signific and suo phonetic; 𧴪 has the same sound as above, and takes small (小) and cowrie (貝). In the sūtra it takes nest (巢), which is an error).

2.53

Gleaming white (皓白: [皓 is] hao + gao fan. The Yunying says: 皓 means plain white. The Erya says: white. The Shuowen jiezi says: the character 皓 takes the white (白) signific and hao abbreviative phonetic. In the sūtra it takes the sun (曰/日) signific, which is a popular character).

2.54

Corals and cowries (珂貝: [珂 is] *k'ā* + *hâ* = *k'â* [ke-he]. It is a kind of mineral stone, secondary to jade. The Picang says: '珂 is agate.' Some say it is pure white like snow, hence used to ornament a horse's reins. As for 貝, they are spiraled shells, also called 'cowrie-tooth pearls'. Here it is taken as a metaphor for whiteness).

2.55

Scattered and fallen (零落: [零 is] *lēk* + *təŋ* = *lēŋ* [li-ding]; the second character [落 is] *lâŋ* + *kâk* = *lâk* [lang-ge]. Originally derived from 艸; the sūtra text writes it with two dots under which 落 is made, which is incorrect).

2.56

Shinbone (腨骨: [腨 is] *ʑi* + *ńüæn* = *źiuᴇn* [shi-nuan]; sometimes written [跳-兆+專]. It has already been explained in the previous Fascicle 1).

2.57

Knee-joint bone (𰆓骨: *k'əŋ* + *jiĕt* = *k'iĕt* [ken-yi]. The sūtra text writes [膫-(日/小)+木], a vulgar form. The correct standard form follows 卪; 卪 is pronounced 節 [*tsiet*]).

2.58

Thighbone (髀骨: *bji* + *miei* = *biei* [bi-mi]. The sūtra writes 䏶, which is a vulgar and incorrect form).

2.59

Pelvic bone (髖骨: *k'uo* + *kuân* = *k'uân* [ku-guan]. The Picang says: '髖 is the buttocks.' The Shuowen jiezi says: '髖 is the upper part of the thigh; it follows 骨 with 寬 as phonetic').

2.60

Spine bone (脊骨: *tsiᴇŋ* + *jiək* = *tsiək* [jing-yi]. The Kaosheng says: '脊 means ridges/structure.' The Jixun says: '脊 is the backbone.' The character books say: 'The back bones.' The Shuowen jiezi writes [(人*人)/(咎-口+月)], a pictographic character).

2.61

Rib bone (脇骨: *hiɐŋ* + *ŋiɐp* = *hiɐp* [xiang-ye]. Sometimes written 脅; it follows three 力 with 肉. The vulgar form follows three 刀, which is incorrect).

2.62

Shoulder bone (髆骨: pronounced *bâk* [bo]).

2.63

Jawbone (頷骨: *hu* + *kəm* = *həm* [hu-gan]; it is the chin).

2.64

Cheekbone (頰骨: *kiɛm* + *ŋiɐp* = *kiɐp* [jian-ye]).

2.65

Skeleton bones (骸骨: *hæ* + *kæi* = *hæi* [xia-jie]).

2.66

Enclosed by frost (霜封: [封 is] *piuŋ* + *kuŋ* = *piuŋ* [feng-gong]. The Yunying says: 'To close; to hold firmly; to freeze').

2.67

Pigeon-colored (鴿色: *kâm* + *lâp* = *kâp* [gan-la]. The bluish-green color of bones).

2.68

Crushed into powder (碎末: the first character is pronounced *su* + *tuəi* = *suəi* [su-dui]. The Kaosheng says: 'To scatter.' The Guangya says: 'To break.' The Yunying says: 'To shatter finely.' The character books write 碎; the Shuowen jiezi says: '䊳 (to smash finely); it follows 石 with 淬 abbreviated.' 䊳 is pronounced *mei* [mei]; 淬 is pronounced *ts'uəi* + *tuəi* = *ts'uəi* [cui-dui]).

2.69

Urge and encourage (策勵: [勵 is] *liək* + *tśĭe* = *liei* [li-zhi]. The Yunying says: 'To exhort and encourage.' The Gujin zhengzi: 'It follows 力 with 厲 as phonetic').

2.70

Only spy upon (唯伺: [伺 is] pronounced like 司 [*sĭ/sɨ*]. To watch/wait for).

2.71

Next, pronunciations of Sanskrit text (In this sūtra there are thirty-two Sanskrit syllables. Those whose sounds differ in weight or are corruptly inaccurate compared to Sanskrit pronunciation are so because the characters of this land can hardly match them exactly. Only one who has thoroughly mastered the writing systems of both Sanskrit and Han lands, and is also skilled in phonology, can examine them accurately. Now, if one uses alliteration and rhyming fanqie to read them, they will diverge from the Sanskrit pronunciation and not form an accurate phonetic spelling. Readers should know this).

2.72

[Sanskrit syllable] a (𧙃: *ʔâ* + *k'â* = *ʔâ* [a-ke]).

2.73

[Sanskrit syllable] ra (洛: this 洛 does not correspond to the Sanskrit sound. One should write the character 囉 in the rising tone together with a rolled tongue, which is correct).

2.74

[Sanskrit syllable] pa (跛: *puâ* + *k'â* = *pâ* [bo-ke]; this is correct).

2.75

[Sanskrit syllable] ca (者: in the Sanskrit language of India, there is a difference between the central and peripheral regions. The sound in Central India is 左 [*tsâ*], light and refined, which is standard; the sound in Northern India is 者 [*tɕia*], coarse and unrefined, which is non-standard. Now taking Central India, one should write the character 左, whose sound is *tsək* + *k'â* = *tsâ* [ze-ke]).

2.76

[Sanskrit syllable] na (娜: this character in Sanskrit pronunciation has a nasal sound; one should write the character 曩, taking the rising tone together with a nasal sound, which will be correct. The above five syllables are precisely the five-syllable mantra of Five-Chignon Mañjuśrī).

2.77

[Sanskrit syllable] la (砢: *lək* + *k'â* = *lâ* [le-ke]).

2.78

[Sanskrit syllable] da (柁: this character is distant from the Sanskrit sound; one should write the character 娜 [*nâ*], *nâ* + *k'â* = *nâ* [na-ke]).

2.79

[Sanskrit syllable] ba/ma (婆: this character is also not exact; one should write the character 麼, whose pronunciation is *mək* + *k'â* = *mâ* [mo-ke]).

2.80

[Sanskrit syllable] ḍa (荼: this character is also deviant; one should write the character 䋈, whose pronunciation is *nra* + *ŋia* = *nra* [na-ya], which is then standard).

2.81

Deceitful and corrupt (橋穢: these two characters are not Sanskrit syllables. The first is *kɨu* + *ʔiɛu* = *kiɛu* [ju-yao]. Zheng's commentary to the Rites of Zhou says: '橋 means deceitful.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Delusory.' The sūtra text writes it following 天 as 矯, which is a vulgar form).

2.82

[Sanskrit syllable] ṣa (沙: taking the rising tone, it is correct).

2.83

[Sanskrit syllable] va (縛: *mɨu* + *k'â* = *vâ* [wu-ke]; sometimes written with 口 added as 嚩, which is standard).

2.84

[Sanskrit syllable] ta (䫂: *tâ* + *k'â* = *tâ* [duo-ke]).

2.85

The character ya (也字: this character 也 precisely corresponds to the Sanskrit syllable [ya]).

2.86

[Sanskrit syllable] ṣṭa (瑟吒: conjunct consonant; the second character 吒 is pronounced with the rising tone. Combining the two characters into the entering tone is called a conjunct consonant).

2.87

[Sanskrit syllable] ka (迦: *kɨo* + *k'ɨa* = *kia* [ju-qu]).

2.88

[Sanskrit syllable] sa (娑: *sâŋ* + *k'â* = *sâ* [sang-ke]).

2.89

[Sanskrit syllable] ma (磨: *mək* + *k'â* = *mâ* [mo-ke], combined with a nasal sound).

2.90

[Sanskrit syllable] ga (伽: *ɡiɐŋ* + *hâ* = *ɡâ* [qiang-he]; take the departing tone of this pronunciation).

2.91

[Sanskrit syllable] tha (他: *t'â* + *k'â* = *t'â* [ta-ke]).

2.92

[Sanskrit syllable] ja (闍: *dʑĭe* + *tɕia* = *dʑia* [shi-zhe]; this also is the pronunciation of the peripheral regions of Northern India. If one takes the Sanskrit pronunciation of Central India, it can be written as 慈 [*dzɨ*] or [pronounced like] *tsə* + *k'â* = *dzâ* [ci-ke], which is standard. 砢 is pronounced *lək* + *k'â* = *lâ* [le-ke]).

2.93

[Sanskrit syllable] śva (溼嚩: the upper is *śi* + *ńʑĭəp* = *śĭəp* [shi-ru]; the lower is *mɨu* + *k'â* = *vâ* [wu-ke]. The two characters combine into one sound).

2.94

[Sanskrit syllable] dha (達: this character diverges from the Sanskrit sound; properly, one should use the character 馱, whose pronunciation is *d'âŋ* + *hâ* = *d'â* [tang-he]).

2.95

[Sanskrit syllable] śa (捨: precisely corresponds to the Sanskrit sound).

2.96

[Sanskrit syllable] kha (佉: pronounced in the rising tone, then it is correct).

2.97

[Sanskrit syllable] kṣa (羼: *tʂ'ɛk* + *kæn* = *tʂ'æn* [ce-jian]; the character represents a conjunct consonant. It can also be written as 乞產 conjunct).

2.98

[Sanskrit syllable] sta (薩䫂: conjunct consonant; the lower character's pronunciation is *tâ* + *k'â* = *tâ* [duo-ke]. The two characters combine into one sound).

2.99

[Sanskrit syllable] jña (若: *ńʑĭə* + *tɕia* = *ńʑia* [er-zhe]; the Sanskrit letter is a conjunct consonant, and may also be written as 枳孃 conjunct, with 孃 pronounced in the rising tone).

2.100

[Sanskrit syllable] rtha (辢他: the upper is *lâŋ* + *kât* = *lât* [lang-ge]; conjunct consonant. The Sanskrit sound has a rolled tongue; it can also be written as 囉他 conjunct).

2.101

[Sanskrit syllable] ha (呵: *xuo* + *ʔâ* = *xâ* [hu-a]. According to Sanskrit manuscripts checked in several places, none contain this syllable 呵).

2.102

[Sanskrit syllable] bha (薄: *b'âŋ* + *mâk* = *b'âk* [bang-mo]; very divergent from the Sanskrit syllable, which is the departing tone of 婆 [*b'â*], pronounced *b'â* + *hâ* = *b'â* [po-he]; or writing the character 𠴸 is also acceptable).

2.103

[Sanskrit syllable] cha (綽: *tś'iaŋ* + *ʔiɐk* = *tś'iɐk* [chang-yue]; very divergent from the Sanskrit sound. It properly corresponds to the character 瑳, pronounced *ts'âk* + *k'â* = *ts'â* [cuo-ke], which is the rising tone of 蹉).

2.104

[Sanskrit syllable] sma (䬃磨: the upper is *su* + *hâp* = *sâp* [su-he]; the lower character 磨 is taken in the rising tone together with a nasal sound. The Sanskrit pronunciation is also a conjunct consonant).

2.105

[Sanskrit syllable] hva (嗑嚩: the upper is pronounced *hâp* [he]; the lower is *mɨu* + *k'â* = *vâ* [wu-ke]; conjunct consonant).

2.106

[Sanskrit syllable] tsa / cha (蹉: *ts'âŋ* + *k'â* = *ts'â* [cang-ke], taken in the rising tone. The Sanskrit letter originally is a conjunct consonant, and can also be written as 䫂[可*多]娑 conjunct).

2.107

[Sanskrit syllable] gha / ghaṃ (鍵: *ɡɨo* + *tʂ'æn* = *ɡiæn* [qu-chan]; writing the character 健 is also permissible).

2.108

[Sanskrit syllable] ṭha (搋: a scribal corruption that does not form a proper character. The Sanskrit sound properly corresponds to 侘 in the rising tone, pronounced *t'æk* + *kâ* = *t'â* [che-gu]. 侘 is pronounced *t'ək* + *ɡiâ* = *t'ia* [chi-qie]; 坼 is pronounced *t'ək* + *kɛk* = *t'æk* [chi-ge]).

2.109

[Sanskrit syllable] ṇa (拏: *nreŋ* + *ŋa* = *nra* [ning-ya]; not exact. One should take the rising tone, or write the character 拏 with a nasal sound, pronounced *nuo* + *ŋia* = *nra* [nu-ya]).

2.110

[Sanskrit syllable] pha (頗: *p'uo* + *ŋâ* = *p'â* [pu-wo]; precisely corresponds).

2.111

[Sanskrit syllable] ska (塞迦: the lower 迦 is pronounced *kiɐŋ* + *k'ɨa* = *kia* [jiang-qu], using 佉 in the rising tone).

2.112

[Sanskrit syllable] yva (逸婆: 婆 is taken in the rising tone; conjunct consonant. Sometimes written as 野婆).

2.113

[Sanskrit syllable] śca (酌: *tśĭe* + *jiɐk* = *tśĭɐk* [zhi-yue]; extremely divergent from the Sanskrit sound. Its correct Sanskrit sound is a conjunct consonant of 室者 [śca]).

2.114

吒 (zhāi + jiā [zha]; here read in the rising tone. One may also write it as 䋾, pronounced zhāi + jiǎ [zhǎ], which is correct).

2.115

擇 (pronounced zhái. This character also deviates from the Sanskrit sound; one should write 搽, taking the rising tone, zhái + jiǎ [zhǎi], as correct. The characters below are not Sanskrit words).

2.116

所詮 (Upper character: qǔ + quán [quán]. Kaosheng says: 'To narrate; to explain.' Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'To order.' Dictionaries say: 'To level; to verify.' Shuowen: 'A balance. Derived from 言 (speech), with 全 as phonetic').

2.117

修治 (Lower character pronounced lǐ. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'To govern and put in order.' Erya says: 'To govern administration.' Shuowen: 'Derived from 水 (water), with 台 as phonetic.' Also pronounced chí, which is also admissible).

2.118

意樂 (wǔ + jiào [yào]).

2.119

𤡜足 (yī + yán [yān]).

2.120

厭倦 (yī + làn [yàn]).

2.121

阿練若 (A Sanskrit word; also written 阿蘭若 [araṇya]. Translated here as 'a quiet and secluded place').

2.122

杜多 (A Sanskrit word [dhūta]; anciently written 頭陀. The twelve kinds of ascetic practices are detailed as explained in the sūtra itself).

2.123

顧戀 (lì + juǎn [liàn]; gōng + wù [gù]).

2.124

Fascicle 54

2.125

慢傲 (wǔ + gào [ào]. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Arrogance is disrespect.' Guangya says: 'Reckless.' Shuowen: 'Haughty. Derived from 人 (person), with 𢾕 as phonetic.' 倨 is pronounced jù; 敖 is wǔ + gāo [áo]).

2.126

厭慽 (qīng + yì [qī]. He Xiu's commentary on the Gongyang says: 'Pain.' Zheng's commentary on the Lunyu says: 'Anxiety and fear.' Shuowen: 'Sorrow. Derived from 心 (heart), with 戚 as phonetic.' 戚 has the same sound as above; it is derived from 戊, with 尗 as phonetic. 戊 is yú + yuè [yuè]; 尗 is shū).

2.127

藥叉 (Sanskrit [yakṣa]: earth-dwelling gods and spirits. They belong to the retinue of the Northern Heavenly King Vaiśravaṇa; they are good spirits who protect sentient beings, or they dwell scattered among the various mountains).

2.128

健達縛 (Sanskrit [gandharva], the name of a class of gods; translated here as 'seeking fragrance'. It was already fully explained in the sounds and meanings of the preceding fascicle. The correct Sanskrit pronunciation is ghandharva; 嚩 is wú + kě [wó], 巘 is yú + jiǎn [yǎn]).

2.129

阿素洛 (Rendered here as 'non-god' [asura]; anciently translated as 'spirits who do not drink wine'. They constantly vie for supremacy with the Thirty-three Gods. To distinguish them [from the gods], they are called 'non-gods'. They possess great supernatural transformations and can manifest vast bodies, unobstructed and free).

2.130

辯說 (Upper character: pí + miǎn [biàn]. Guangya says: 'Eloquence and wisdom.' Shuowen: 'Derived from 言 (speech)').

2.131

辦 (bái + màn [bàn]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'To prepare.' Shuowen: 'To judge and distinguish. Derived from 力 (strength), with 辡 as phonetic.' 辡 has the same sound as above).

2.132

忘[(((嘹-口)-小)-日+羊)*(眉-目+又)] (Upper character: gāng + fāng [wāng]; lower character: bǎo + mào [bào]. Shuowen: 'The character 報 is derived from 𠬩; the character 冈 is derived from 𠃜 and 又.' 𠬩 is pronounced fú; 𠃜 is pronounced jié).

2.133

不酬 (shí + zhōu [chóu]; a popular character. Erya says: 'To repay.' Shuowen writes it as 醻, derived from 酉 (wine), with 壽 as phonetic).

2.134

譏嫌 (Upper character: jū + yī [jī]. Guangya says: 'To admonish.' Kaosheng says: 'To reprimand; to criticize.' Shuowen: 'To slander. Derived from 言 (speech), with 幾 as phonetic.' Lower character: xíng + jiān [xián]. Kaosheng says: 'Malice in the mind.' Shuowen: 'Suspicion; resentment in the mind. Derived from 女 (woman), with 兼 as phonetic.' 譴 is qǐ + jiàn [qiǎn]).

2.135

常預 (yáng + jù [yù]. Picang says: 'Content; happy').

2.136

Fascicles 55 and 56 (In the above two fascicles, there are no words requiring pronunciation glosses)

2.137

Fascicle 57

2.138

斷已 (Upper character pronounced duàn; lower character pronounced yǐ).

2.139

紫縹 (zī + cǐ [zǐ]. Shuowen: 'Silk fabric of a bluish-red colour; derived from 糸 (silk), with 此 as phonetic.' Lower character: piāo + miǎo [piǎo]. Shuowen says: 'Silk fabric of a bluish-white colour; derived from 糸 (silk), with 票 as phonetic.' 糸 is pronounced mì; 票 is bì + yáo [piào]).

2.140

From Fascicle 58 down to the end of Fascicle 74, seventeen fascicles in total: the sūtra text is easy and does not require phonetic glosses or explanations.

2.141

Fascicle 75

2.142

問詰 (qǐ + yì [qì]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'To interrogate for crimes.' Guangya says: 'To reprimand.' Shuowen: 'To question. Derived from 言 (speech), with 吉 abbreviated as phonetic').

2.143

他惡 (wū + gè [è]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'Ugly.' Shuowen: 'Transgression. Derived from 心 (heart) and 亞.' In the sūtra text it is written with 西 as 惡, which is an error. 亞 is wū + jià [yà]).

2.144

決擇 (Upper character: jì + yuè [jué]. Kaosheng: 'To make a definitive judgment.' Shuowen: 'Flowing movement of water; derived from 水 (water), with 夬 as phonetic.' Lower character: chí + gé [zhé]. Shuowen: 'To choose and select; derived from 手 (hand)').

2.145

Fascicle 76

2.146

極踴 (qú + yì [jí]. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Exhausted; ultimate.' The Mao Commentary on the Shijing: 'To reach; to stop.' Guo's commentary on the Erya: 'Distant.' Guangya: 'High.' Shuowen: 'Derived from 水 (water), with 亟 as phonetic; the sūtra writing it with 手 (hand) is wrong.' 亟 is jīn + lì [jí]. Lower character: róng + zhǒng [yǒng]. Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan: 'To leap and jump.' He Xiu's commentary on the Gongyang: 'To ascend.' Shuowen writes it as 踊; dictionaries write it as 𧻹, derived from 足 (foot), with 勇 as phonetic).

2.147

極擊 (jīng + lì [jī]. Guiwan zhucong says: 'To strike; to hit.' Kaosheng says: 'To attack.' Shuowen: 'To strike. Derived from 手 (hand), with 𣪠 as phonetic.' 𣪠 has the same sound as above.攴 is also written as 攵, pronounced pǔ + bǔ [pū]).

2.148

極[火*(日/出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))] (bāo + mào [bào]. Erya: '[日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] means to fall.' Shuowen: 'To scorch. Derived from 火 (fire), with [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] as phonetic.' The character [日/出/八/((犀-尸)-牛+十)] is derived from 日, 出, 拱, and [(犀-尸)-牛+十]. [(犀-尸)-牛+十] is pronounced tāo).

2.149

Fascicle 77

2.150

曦赫 (xǐ + yī [xī]. Yunquan says: '赫曦 is the bright radiance of the sun.' Dictionaries say: 'Splendid and glorious light.' Shuowen: 'Vapour. Derived from 日 (sun), with 兮 and 義 as phonetics.' In the sūtra it is written with 火 (fire), which is incorrect. Some write it as 晞, which is also acceptable).

2.151

蔽諸 (Upper character: bēi + mèi [bì]. Guangya says: 'To conceal.' Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan: 'To block.' Shuowen: 'Derived from 艸 (grass), with 敝 as phonetic.' 敝 is pí + mèi [bì]).

2.152

憍尸迦 (Upper character: jiāng + yāo [jiāo]; lower character: jiāng + qū [jiā]. Sanskrit [Kauśika], another name for Śakra, the Lord of Gods).

2.153

限隔 (gēng + é [gé]. Guangya says: 'Boundary.' Shuowen: 'A barrier. Derived from 阜 (mound), with 鬲 as phonetic').

2.154

如癕 (yōng + xiōng [yōng]. Shuowen writes it as 擁: 'Swelling. Derived from 疒 (sickness), with 雝 as phonetic.' [Also read] nǚ + è [nè]).

2.155

如瘡 (chǔ + zhuāng [chuāng]; a popular character. Yupian writes it with 戈 and 倉 as 戧. Shuowen writes it as 創, or with 刀, or as [并*(刃/一)]; the ancient script writes it as 𭃅. Yunquan says: 'Carbuncles and scabs are called 創.' Yunying says: 'Wounds and sores.' Shuowen: 'Injury. Derived from 刀 (knife), with 倉 as phonetic').

2.156

逼切 (bǐ + jí [bī]. Yunying says: 'To press closely.' Shuowen: 'Near. Derived from 辵 (walk), with 畐 as phonetic; or written as 偪.' 辵 is chǒu + lüè [chuò]; 畐 is pī + yì [fù]. Lower character 切 is derived from 七).

2.157

衰朽 (shuài + zhuī [shuī]. Kaosheng: 'Feeble; emaciated.' Yunying: 'Diminished; slight.' Shuowen: 'A grass raincoat; a pictograph.' Lower character: xiū + jiǔ [xiǔ]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'Rotten; decayed.' Gujin zhengzi: 'Derived from 木 (wood), with 丂 as phonetic.' 丂 is pronounced kǎo).

2.158

有撗 (huò + mèng [huàng]. Kaosheng says: 'Contrary to reason.' Dictionaries say: 'That which comes without justification is called 撗.' Shuowen: 'Derived from 木 (wood), with 黃 as phonetic').

2.159

有𰤅 (yíng + bì [yì]. Shuowen says: 'When the populace are all sick. Derived from 疒 (sickness), with 伇 abbreviated as phonetic').

2.160

有癘 (Two pronunciations: liè + zhì [lì] and lì + dà [lài]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'An illness of discordant pestilential qi.' Shuowen says: 'Derived from 疒 with 惡 abbreviated as phonetic,' or 'derived from 疒 with 厲 abbreviated as phonetic').

2.161

Fascicle 78

2.162

滋潤 (Upper character: zǐ + sī [zī]. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'To grow.' Cangjie pian says: 'Moisture.' Shuowen: 'To increase. Derived from 水 (water), with 茲 as phonetic.' Lower character: rú + shùn [rùn]. Guangya says: 'Moist.' Yupian says: 'To adorn.' Shuowen: 'Water is called

2.163

充溢 (yú + yī [yì]. Erya says: '溢 means full').

2.164

安撫 (fú + wǔ [fǔ]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: '撫 also means to pacify.' Du's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'To comfort and care for.' Shuowen: 'To soothe. Derived from 手 (hand), with 無 as phonetic').

2.165

Fascicles 79 and 80 (Neither contains words requiring phonetic glosses or explanations)

2.166

Fascicle 81

2.167

竊作 (qī + jié [qiè]. Kaosheng says: 'To take secretly.' Shuowen says: 'Thieves emerging from within. Derived from 穴 (cave), 廿 (twenty), and 米 (rice), with 卨 as phonetic.' Nowadays, following vulgar usage, it is written in abbreviated form without the 廿. 廿 is pronounced jí; 卨 is pronounced xiè).

2.168

解耶 (Upper character: xié + jiè [jiě]; lower character: yǐ + zhē [yé]).

2.169

苾蒭 (Upper character: pí + yì [bì]; lower character: cè + yú [chū]. Sanskrit [bhikṣu], the name of a grass. According to Master Sengzhao's explanation, a bhikṣu possesses four supreme virtues: first, pure begging for food; second, destroying afflictions; third, ability to maintain the precepts; fourth, ability to terrify Māra. The Sanskrit formulation is so ingenious that a single word encompasses all four meanings, hence the Sanskrit term is retained).

2.170

苾蒭尼 (The meaning is explained as above; the general name for a female monastic [bhikṣuṇī]. Among the three gender classes in śabdavidyā, this is the feminine gender).

2.171

鄔波索迦 (Upper character: wū + gǔ [wū]; lower character: jiāng + qū [jiā]. Sanskrit [upāsaka], in Tang called 'service man' (layman). One who can generate the bodhicitta, receive and uphold the five lay precepts, and draw near to serve the monastic community of great bhikṣus; hence the name).

2.172

鄔波斯迦 (A female disciple [upāsikā] who has generated bodhicitta. The explanation is the same as above. Among the three classes of grammatical gender, the previous was masculine and this is feminine).

2.173

響聲 (xū + liǎng [xiǎng]. Kaosheng says: 'Echo (響) is the echoing sound from cliffs and valleys.' It may also be written with 音, with 口, or with 向 as 響 or 嚮, which are all identical).

2.174

易解 (The upper character is pronounced 以 + 智 [*yì*]; the lower is pronounced 諧 + 介 [*jiè*]; reading it in the falling tone is incorrect).

2.175

測度 (The upper character is pronounced 楚 + 力 [*chè*]. The *Zhouli* says: 'Measure the sun's shadow with a jade gnomon to find the centre of the earth.' Zheng Xuan says: 'To measure and estimate.' The lower character is pronounced 唐 + 洛 [*duò*]).

2.176

Fascicle 82

2.177

唯極 (Pronounced 翼 + 誰 [*yí*]. Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: '唯 means "only".' Gu Yewang says: '唯 means "following from"; it is an expletive particle').

2.178

植眾 (Pronounced 承 + 軄 [*zhí*]. The *Fangyan* says: '植 means to establish.' Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* says: 'To place.' The *Shuowen* says: 'A door-post.' It takes the semantic classifier 木 and ֱ as its phonetic component).

2.179

Fascicle 83 (contains nothing needing glossing).

2.180

Fascicle 84

2.181

水陸 (Pronounced 流 + 竹 [*lù*]. The *Han Commentary to the Classic of Poetry* says: 'High, level ground without water is called 陸.' The *Erya* and *Shuowen* also state: 'High, level ground.' It takes the semantic classifier 阜 and 坴 as its phonetic component; 坴 has the same pronunciation as given above).

2.182

From Fascicle 85 through Fascicle 98, fourteen fascicles in total (the text is simple, containing no characters requiring phonetic glossing).

2.183

Fascicle 99

2.184

仙輩 (Pronounced 博 + 妹 [*bèi*]. The *Yupian* says: 'A group; a class.' The *Taixuanjing* says: 'A kind.' The *Shuowen* says: 'When an army dispatches one hundred chariots, that constitutes one 輩.' Properly it takes semantic classifier 非 and 車; vulgar usage writes it with 北 as 軰).

2.185

汝曹 (The *Hanshu* says: 'Also means "of that kind" or "you people"').

2.186

虛空 (Pronounced 許 + 居 [*xū*]. The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 虍 and 丘; sometimes written 虛, both being ancient forms of the character 丘.' 虍 is pronounced 呼 [*hū*]. The sūtra text writes it as 虗, which does not form an authentic character).

2.187

掩泥 (Pronounced 於 + 撿 [*yǎn*]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the *Mao Poetry* says: 'To cover over.' Character books say: 'To shut.' The *Fangyan* says: 'To hide.' The *Shuowen* writes it as 揜. The *Guiyuan zhucong* says: 'To cover.' It takes the semantic classifier 手 and 奄 as its phonetic component).

2.188

Fascicle 100

2.189

𠏗佐 (Pronounced 力 + 彫 [*liáo*]. The *Erya* says: 'Colleagues; officials.' Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* says: 'Fellow officials are called 僚.' The *Zuo Commentary* has 僚. The *Yupian* says: 'A person of the ninth rank.' The *Yunying* says: 'A colleague or friend; an assistant.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 人 and 寮 as its phonetic component.' It is sometimes written under the classifier 宀 as 寮).

2.190

蘆葦 (The upper character is pronounced 魯 + 都 [*lú*]; the lower is 萎 [*wěi*]. The *Erya* says: '葭 are 蘆.' Guo Jingchun says: '蘆 is a thinner, inferior kind of reed (葦).' Gu Yewang says: '葦 is a large 葭, a kind of reed.' The *Shuowen* says: '蘆 takes the semantic classifier 艸, 皿, and 𧆨 as phonetic component. 葦 also serves as phonetic.' 𧆨 is pronounced 魯 + 都 [*lú*], composed of 虎 and 𠙽; 𠙽 is pronounced 苦 + 外 [*kuài*]).

2.191

空隙 (Pronounced 鄉 + 逆 [*xì*]. The *Guangya* says: 'A crack.' Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the *Guoyu* says: 'A flaw.' The *Shuowen* says: 'A small fissure in a wall.' It takes the semantic classifier 阜, 白, with 小 at both top and bottom. In the sūtra text, it is written under 巢 as 隟, which is erroneous).

2.192

Fascicle 101

2.193

唯然 (Pronounced 惟 + 癸 [*wěi*]. The *Zhouli* says: '唯 is a response of assent.' The *Cang Jie Pian* says: '唯 is more reverent than 諾.' Note: 唯 corresponds to the modern expression of assent, 諾).

2.194

讎隙 (Pronounced 受 + 流 [*chóu*]. The *Shenglei* says: '讎 means an enemy.' Du [Yu]'s commentary on the *Zuo Commentary* says: 'An opponent.' The *Jixun* says: 'A counterpart in hostility.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 言 and 雔 as its phonetic component.' 雔 has the same pronunciation as above).

2.195

殄滅 (The upper character is pronounced 亭 + 典 [*tiǎn*]. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary on the *Shangshu* says: '殄 means to terminate.' The *Erya* says: 'To exhaust.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 歺 and 㐱 as its phonetic component.' In the sūtra text it is erroneously written with 尒. The character 滅 was already explained in an earlier fascicle. 歺 is pronounced 残 [*cán*]; 㐱 is pronounced 之 + 忍 [*zhěn*]).

2.196

懈怠 (The upper character is pronounced 戒 [*jiè*]; the lower is pronounced 代 [*dài*]).

2.197

擾亂 (The upper character is pronounced 如 + 沼 [*rǎo*]. The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 手 and 憂 as its phonetic component.' 憂 is pronounced 奴 + 高 [*nào*]. In the sūtra text it is written with 憂 [*yōu*], which is incorrect. The lower character is pronounced 樂 + 段 [*luàn*]. The *Erya* says: '亂 means to govern.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'Troubled; confused.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Takes the semantic classifier 乙 and 𤔔 as phonetic component.' 𤔔 has the same pronunciation as above; it is composed of 爪, 幺, and 𱏻. Furthermore, Li Si wrote it with 寸 as 𱚢. The *Zilin* writes it with 攴 as 𢿢. Vulgar usage writes it as 乱; the ancient form was [采-木+(一/(戀-心+十))]. 幺 is pronounced 腰 [*yāo*]; 𱏻 is pronounced 癸 + 營 [*kuí*]).

2.198

詰𧵩 (The upper character is pronounced 企 + 吉 [*qì*]; the lower is 爭 + 革 [*zé*]. The *Shuowen* says: 'To demand and seek; to bring to task for an offence.' It takes the semantic classifier 貝 and an abbreviated 策 as its phonetic component. In the sūtra text it is written as 責, which is a variant vulgar form).

2.199

違拒 (The upper character is pronounced 韋 [*wéi*]. The graph was originally written simply as 韋. The *Shuowen* says: 'To turn away from one another.' It takes 舛 as semantic classifier and 口 as phonetic component. The Stone Classics added 辵 to make 違. 舛 is pronounced 喘 [*chuǎn*]; 口 is pronounced 韋 [*wéi*]; 辵 is pronounced 丑 + 略 [*chuò*]. The character 拒 takes the semantic classifier 手).

2.200

螫噉 (The upper character is pronounced 舒 + 亦 [*shì*], or 呵 + 各 [*hè*], both being acceptable. The *Shuowen* says: 'An insect discharging venom.' It takes the semantic classifier 虫 and 赦 as phonetic component. 赦 is pronounced 賖 + 夜 [*shè*]).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese