一切經音義 36

English (machine translation) 36

Language: English

36.1

Compiled by the Translation Monk Huilin.

Trisamaya-sūtra, two fascicles;
Dhāraṇī-vinaya-sūtra, one fascicle;
Susiddhi-saṃgraha-sūtra, twenty fascicles (not yet glossed);
Subāhuparipṛcchā-sūtra, three fascicles;
Guhyatantra-sūtra, three fascicles;
Collection of Essential Mantras, four fascicles (not yet glossed);
Mahāvairocana Recitation Method, seven fascicles (also called Mahāvairocana-sūtra);
Vairocana Tathāgata Recitation Method, one fascicle;
Essential Abbreviated Recitation Method of Vairocana Tathāgata, two fascicles;
Vajraśekhara-sūtra Abridged Yoga, four fascicles;
Vajraśekhara Great King of Tantras Sūtra, three fascicles;
General Yoga Recitation Method for All Deities, one fascicle;
Abbreviated Cultivation Method of the Essences of Yoga, one fascicle;
Vajraśekhara-sūtra Five-Syllable Heart Sūtra of Mañjuśrī, one fascicle;
Method of the Five-Syllable Verses of Mañjuśrī, one fascicle;
Vajraśekhara Five-Syllable Mantra Method of Mañjuśrī, one fascicle;
Vajraśekhara Yoga Method for Practicing the Samādhi of Vairocana, one fascicle;
Trailokyavijaya Vajra Yoga Avalokiteśvara Heart-Mantra Method, one fascicle;
Vajraśekhara-sūtra Practice Method of Avalokiteśvara Tathāgata, one fascicle;
Yoga Practice Method of Cultivating the Prajñāpāramitā, one fascicle;
Yoga Method of Avalokiteśvara Cintāmaṇicakra, one fascicle;
Vajraśekhara Yoga Great Bliss Vajrasattva Recitation Method, one fascicle;
Heart Method of the Lotus Family within the Great Trailokyavijaya Maṇḍala, one fascicle;
Glorious Supreme Primordial Yoga Great Bliss Vajrasattva Method, one fascicle;
Trailokyavijaya Avalokiteśvara Heart Dhāraṇī Method, one fascicle;
Samantabhadra Vajrasattva Yoga Recitation Method, one fascicle;
Lotus Trailokyavijaya Yoga Avalokiteśvara Heart Ritual, [one fascicle];
Vajraśekhara Yoga Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva Heart Recitation Method, one fascicle;
Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva Heart-Mantra Accomplishment Method, one fascicle.
The above thirty scriptures in sixty-three fascicles share the glosses of this fascicle.

36.3

Trisamaya-sūtra, Upper Fascicle.

36.4

底哩 (a conjunct character; the upper [character] has the fanqie ding + yi [dǐ]; the lower character li [li] is rolled on the tongue; Sanskrit; in Tang language it means 'three', namely the three samayas, which are the Buddha Family, the Lotus Family, and the Vajra Family; hence it is called trisamaya).

36.5

磔開: The first character has the fanqie zhi + ge (zhé). It was already explained in detail in the lower scroll of the previous *Vairocana Recitation Method*. It is written with the 'stone' (石) semantic and the 'jie' (桀) phonetic.

36.6

近緣: The second character has the fanqie yuan + juan (yuàn), departing tone. The *Jixun* says: 'The borders on the four sides of garments.' It is a character used for its borrowed pronunciation. The scripture text writes it with the 'wood' (木) radical as 椽, pronounced chuan, which is not the meaning intended by the scripture.

36.7

㪻乳: The first character has the fanqie jue + yuan (juàn). It was already explained in detail in the upper scroll of the previous *Susiddhikāra Questions Sūtra*.

36.8

插入: The first character has the fanqie chu + jia (chā). The *Shenglei* says: 'To insert and thrust into.' The *Gujin zhengzi* writes it with the 'hand' (手) radical and 臿; 臿 has the same pronunciation as above, and is composed of 千 above 臼; 臼 is pronounced jiu.

36.9

縮向: The first character has the fanqie sou + liu (sù). Jia's commentary to the *Guoyu* says: 'Suo means to end; to withdraw.' Song Zhong's commentary to the *Taixuanjing* says: 'Suo means to stop.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Suo means to contract; composed of the 'silk' (糸) semantic and su (宿) phonetic.'

36.10

[麩-夫+(立/口)]𪌘: The first character has the pronunciation of fu (fú). The second character has the fanqie tou + kou (tǒu). They were already explained in the previous *Crest-Cakra Sūtra* (*Uṣṇīṣa-cakra-sūtra*).

36.11

𣹰漉: The first character has the fanqie jing + jin (jìn). Gu Yewang says: '𣹰 means to soak; to submerge.' The *Shuowen* writes it with the 'hand' (又) and 'cave' (穴) as 䆮; modern vulgar usage abbreviates it. The *Gujin zhengzi* writes it with the 'water' (水) semantic and [浸-(冗-几)+田]. The second character is pronounced lu (lù). Gu Yewang says: 'Lu means to drain and remove water.' The *Erya* says: 'To exhaust.' The *Fangyan* says: 'To dry up; to bring to an end.' The *Guangya* says: 'To exhaust.' Both are phono-semantic compound characters.

36.12

Lower Scroll (no characters requiring glossing or semantic notes) Dhāraṇī-vinaya-sūtra (also titled Dhāraṇī-vinaya [mantra-vinaya])

36.13

繒交絡: The first character has the fanqie ji + ling (zēng). The *Shuowen* says: 'The general term for silk fabrics; composed of the 'silk' (糸) semantic and zeng (曾) phonetic.' The second character is pronounced luo (luò). Guo's commentary to the *Shanhaijing* says: 'Luo means to entwine; it is an associative compound (zhuānzhù) character.'

36.14

弓矟: The second character has the fanqie shuang + zhuo (shuò). The scripture writes it with the 'wood' (木) radical as 槊, which is vulgar. It was already explained in detail in the previous *Siddhi Sūtra*.

36.15

鷹鷂: The first character has the fanqie yi + jin (yīng). The *Zuozhuan* mentions 'the Shuangjiu-shi as Minister of Justice.' The *Guangya* says: 'A bird of prey that can strike foxes and hares; an associative compound (zhuānzhù) character.' The second character has the fanqie yu + zhao (yào). Gu Yewang says: 'The yao resembles a falcon (hawk) but is smaller.' The *Guangya* says: 'The tijian, yuzi, and longtuo are the sparrowhawk (yao).' I note: the sparrowhawk is of the class of falcons and hawks; it has very many different names. The ti in tijian is pronounced ti; the yu in yuzi is pronounced yu.

36.16

謦欬: The first character has the fanqie qing + ying (qǐng). The *Cangjiepian* says: 'Qing is a sound.' The *Zhuangzi* mentions 'coughing and clearing one's throat (qingkai) at his side.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Qing is also kai; composed of the 'speech' (言) semantic and the sheng (殸) phonetic abbreviated.' The second character has the fanqie kai + ai (kài). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Kai means to cough.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Composed of the 'yawn/breath' (欠) semantic and hai (亥) phonetic.'

36.17

躊躇: The first character has the fanqie zhi + liu (chóu), and is also pronounced chi (chí). The second character is pronounced chu (chú), and also pronounced chu (chú). The *Mao Shi Zhuan* states: 'Loved yet unseen, scratching his head and pacing back and forth (chouchu).' I note: chouchu denotes being suspicious and hesitant. The *Guangya* also says: 'Chouchu means hesitant; it also means to pace and falter (zhizhu/dizhu).'

36.18

Questions of the Youth Subāhu Sūtra, Upper Scroll

36.19

溉灌: The first character has the fanqie ji + yi (gài). The second character has the fanqie guan + huan (guàn). The *Kaosheng* says: 'To pour over; to steep.' Gu Yewang says: 'Gai is like pouring onto; it also means to irrigate.' The *Shuowen* states that both characters are composed with the 'water' (水) semantic.

36.20

河沂: The second character has the fanqie yi + heng (yí). The *Yupian* says: 'A water's edge; a phono-semantic compound character.'

36.21

密緻: The second character has the fanqie chi + li (zhì). Zheng's commentary to the *Liji* says: 'Zhi means dense.' The *Guangya* says: 'Utmost.' The *Gujin zhengzi* says: 'Zhi means exquisite and fine, dense and compact; it also means finely woven. Composed of the 'silk' (糸) semantic and zhi (致) phonetic.'

36.22

瞢悶: The first character has the fanqie mo + beng (méng). The *Jixun* says: 'Meng means confused; it also means muddled/oppressed.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Eyes not seeing clearly; composed of mu (苜) and xuan (䀏).' Mu has the fanqie wu + fu; xuan has the fanqie xuan; it is composed from mi (冖); mi is pronounced bao.

36.23

槀稈: The first character has the fanqie gao + lao (gǎo). The *Kaosheng* says: 'The stalks of grain and millet.' Gu Yewang says: 'Gao is dried grain stalks; straw.' The *Shuowen* says it is a phono-semantic compound character. The second character has the fanqie gan + lan (gǎn). Du's commentary to the *Zuozhuan* says: 'Gan is also gao (straw).' The *Gujin zhengzi* says: 'Grain stalks; composed of the 'grain' (禾) semantic and gan (旱) phonetic; also refers to rice straw.'

36.24

噴嚏: The first character has the fanqie pu + men (pèn). The second character has the fanqie ding + ji (tì). They were already explained in detail in the previous *Siddhi Sūtra*.

36.25

𪈧鶘: The first character has the fanqie hui + yun (yùn). The second character is pronounced hu (hú). The *Kaosheng* says: 'A strange bird.' In the *Jingu zhengzi*, both are phono-semantic compound characters.

36.26

Questions of Subāhu Sūtra, Middle Scroll

36.27

厭縛: The first character has the fanqie yi + yan (yàn). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Yan means to avert evil by ritual.' The *Guangya* says: 'To suppress and pin down.' The *Jixun* says: 'To affix to.' I note: yan also means sorcerous prayers—praying to demonic spirits and deities to bring calamity upon a person, or making talismans invoking the person's name, or fashioning a likeness of that person to bury in a shrine, beneath a hearth, or at a crossroads; this is called sorcerous supplication (yandao).

36.28

眵涕: The first character has the fanqie chi + zhi (chī). The *Yunquan* says: 'The discharge in the eye.' The *Jixun* says: 'The coagulated fluid of the eyes.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Veiled and dim; an injured eye corner. Composed of the 'eye' (目) semantic and an abbreviated chi (侈) phonetic.' Chi has the pronunciation chi; zi (canthus) has the pronunciation jie; dou has the fanqie dou + si.

36.29

熅相: The first character has the fanqie wei + yun (yūn). The *Guangya* says: 'Yun means glowing bright.' The *Mao Shi Zhuan* says: 'Yun denotes oppressive heat.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Yun is stifled smoke; composed of the 'fire' (火) semantic and wen (昷) phonetic.' Wen is pronounced wen; writing it with 'prisoner' (囚) and 'dish' (皿) or with 'sun' (日) is incorrect.

36.30

或𧷽: The second character has the fanqie cheng + zheng (zhèng). The *Kaosheng* says: '𧷽 means surplus.' The *Guangya* says: 'To present as a gift; to send.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Things mutually augmenting; an adjunct. Composed of the 'cowrie' (貝) semantic and an abbreviated sheng (勝) phonetic.'

36.31

Questions of Subāhu Sūtra, Lower Scroll

36.32

相扠: The second character has the fanqie chou + jie (chā). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Cha means striking someone with a fist.' The *Zitong* says: 'Gu (榾).' It is sometimes written with the 'beast' (虒) radical as 搋, with pronunciation and meaning identical to the above. The *Gujin zhengzi* writes it with the 'hand' (手) semantic and cha (叉) phonetic. The pronunciation of gu is fanqie hun + gu.

36.33

相𢷏: The second character has the fanqie pang + bo (pū). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Pu means grasping with the hand and throwing to the ground.' The *Wenzi shiyao* says: 'Falling down from a height. Composed of the 'hand' (手) semantic and pu (僕) phonetic.' The scripture writes it as 撲, which is incorrect; that is pronounced pu + bu, which is not the meaning of the scripture.

36.34

謎言: The first character has the fanqie mi + bi (mèi). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Mi means examining hidden words to perplex people.' The *Yunlue* also says: 'Enigmatic speech.' The *Shenglei* says: 'Hidden speech that confuses people.'

36.35

搵塗: The first character has the fanqie wen + kun (wèn). The *Yunquan* says: 'Plunging an object into water.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'To dip; to shallowly submerge in water.' The *Shuowen* says: 'To submerge; composed of the 'hand' (手) semantic and wen (昷) phonetic.' Wen is pronounced wen.

36.36

𤓊煽: The first character has the fanqie bao + mao (bào). The *Kaosheng* says: 'The sound of burning firewood and bamboo.' The *Wenzi jilüe* says: 'The cracking of fire.' The *Jixun* says: 'Fire burning fiercely.' Sometimes written as [日*(日/出/八/言)], composed of the 'fire' semantic and [日/出/八/言] phonetic. The second character has the fanqie shan + zhan (shàn). The *Picang* says: 'Shan means blazing.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'A great fire.' Sometimes written with the 'person' radical as 傓. The *Gujin zhengzi* writes it with the 'fire' (火) semantic and shan (扇) phonetic.

36.37

𧥑篥: The first character is pronounced bi (bì). The second character has the fanqie lin + yi (lì). The *Kaosheng* says: 'The bili is a musical instrument.' The *Guangya* writes it as 觱 or as 𧥑; both are archaic and modern variants. It is the horn blown by the Qiang people to frighten horses. The present scripture text writes 𧤅栗, which is a vulgar form.

36.38

謹孎: The second character has the fanqie ding + jiao (zhuó). The *Cangjiepian* says: 'Jinzhuo means an upright and good appearance.' The *Shuowen* says: 'An appearance of being prudent and compliant; composed of the 'woman' (女) semantic and shu (屬) phonetic.' It is also pronounced with the fanqie meng + lü. The explanation is roughly the same, so it is not repeated.

36.39

飈揩: The first character has the fanqie biao + yao (biāo). The *Erya* says: 'A whirlwind is called a biao.' Guo Pu's commentary says: 'A fierce biao coming down from above is called biao.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'A rapid wind; rising from below upwards.' The *Shuowen* says: 'A swirling wind; composed of the 'wind' (風) semantic and yan (焱) phonetic.' Yan is pronounced as above; [𩖬] is pronounced fu. The second character, kai, has the fanqie ke + jie (kāi).

36.40

衒賣: The first character has the fanqie xuan + juan (xuàn). The *Shuowen* says: 'Walking about offering goods for sale; composed of the 'movement' (行) semantic and xuan (玄) phonetic.' Sometimes written with the 'speech' radical as 𧗳. The second character has the fanqie mai + bai (mài). The *Shuowen* says: 'Bringing forth goods; composed of chu (出) and the gu (賈) phonetic.' Modern vulgar usage writes it with 'earth' (土) as 賣, which is a corrupt variant form. Furthermore, the character 'to buy' (買) is composed of 'four' (四) and 'cowrie' (貝) as an ideographic compound; modern vulgar usage writing it with 'dish' (皿) is an error.

36.41

或展: The character has the fanqie zhe + nian (zhǎn); it is a vulgar character. The orthodox ancient script was composed of 㠭 and 'clothing' (衣) as [厂@((工*工)/(工*工)/衣)]; 㠭 has the same pronunciation as above. The *Kaosheng* says: 'Zhan means to stretch out; to straighten; to unfold.' The scripture text writing it with the 'hand' radical as 搌 is incorrect.

36.42

踡跼: The first character has the fanqie juan + yuan (quán). The second character has the fanqie qiong + yu (jú). The *Picang* says: 'Quanju describes the appearance of being curled up and unable to stretch out; moving with a hunched back.'

36.43

蜴蜥: The first character is pronounced yi (yì). The second character is pronounced xi (xī). The *Shuowen* says: 'When inside house walls it is called a gecko (shougong); when in grass and marshes it is called a lizard (yixi). Its cry calls its own name; it gives birth by spitting eggs from its mouth.' Both are phono-semantic compound characters.

36.44

㳄唾: The first character has the fanqie xiang + yan (xián). The *Kaosheng* says: 'Saliva in the mouth.' The *Shuowen* says: 'Oral fluid; composed of the 'water' (水) semantic and qian (欠) phonetic.' The scripture writes it as 涎, which is a vulgar character. The second character has the fanqie tu + wo (tuò); its explanation is the same as the character above. Both are phono-semantic compound characters.

36.45

齧毒: The first character has the fanqie yan + jie (niè). The scripture text writes it with the 'mouth' radical as 嚙, which is a vulgar character. It is composed of the 'tooth' (齒) semantic and an abbreviated qi (㓞) phonetic.

36.46

爀曜: The first character is pronounced he (hè). The second character is pronounced yao (yào). In the scripture text, both characters are written with the 'fire' (火) radical as 爀曜, which are vulgar characters, not orthodox forms.

36.47

Guhyatantra Sūtra

36.48

蟲窠: The first character has the fanqie zhu + rong (chóng). The scripture writes it as 虫, which is a vulgar scribal error. The second character has the fanqie ku + he (kē). The *Shuowen* says: 'Ke means hollow; in a hole it is called ke (burrow), on a tree it is called chao (nest); composed of the 'hole' (穴) semantic and guo (果) phonetic.'

36.49

鹹鹻: The first character has the fanqie xia + jian (xián). The *Shangshu* says: 'Moistening downward creates saltiness.' The *Shuowen* says: 'The northern flavour; composed of the 'salt' (鹵) semantic and xian (咸) phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie jia + zhan (jiǎn). The *Picang* says: 'Jian means alkali/saline earth.' The *Kaosheng* says: 'Saline soil; a phono-semantic compound character.'

36.50

餘𧷽: The second character has the fanqie cheng + zheng (zhèng). It means overflowing; having an excess of earth. The *Shuowen* says: 'Composed of the 'cowrie' (貝) semantic and the [舟*(券-刀)] phonetic.' [舟*(券-刀)] has the same pronunciation as above. The scripture writing it with two 'cowries' as 𧷽 is incorrect.

36.51

潬潭: The first character has the fanqie tan + nan (shàn). The *Erya* says: 'A sandbank emerging from the water is called a shan; a phono-semantic compound character.' The second character is pronounced tan (tán). Wang Yi's commentary to the *Chuci* says: 'Tan means calm and deep.' The people of southern Chu call deep water tan; tan means tranquil and deep; it is also a phono-semantic compound character. Writing it as 灘 is not the ancient character.

36.52

祆祠: The first character has the fanqie xian + jian (xiān). Originally there was no such character. The Hu people refer to deities as 'Heaven' (tian), and through phonetic shift pronounced tian as xian. Earlier scholars created this character in response to the sound, writing it with the 'altar' (示) and 'heaven' (天) radicals to distinguish it. The second character, ci, has the fanqie si + zi (cí). The *Erya* says: 'Ci means to offer sacrifice.' The *Baihu tong* says: 'Ci means to succeed (ci); shrines of all spirits are called ci.' He's commentary to the *Gongyang* says: 'Ci means food sacrifice; composed of the 'altar' (示) semantic and si (司) phonetic.' Shi (示) is pronounced qi.

36.53

𠹀婆: This phrase is Sanskrit, the name of the Vajra Trailokyavijaya (Sumbha). The first syllable should be correctly pronounced in Sanskrit as su; then closing the lips, retain the sound within the throat and palate; the syllable po is taken in the departing tone, which completes it.

36.54

摩䤈: The second character has the fanqie xin + ji (xī). This is also Sanskrit, the name of a heavenly king of the upper realm (Maheśvara).

36.55

絣繩: The first character has the fanqie bo + mang (bēng). Snapping a white chalk line to demarcate boundary paths.

36.56

橛子: The first character has the fanqie quan + yue (jué). The scripture writes it as 拴, which is vulgar and incorrect.

36.57

𣗩勻窂: The first character has the fanqie cang + he. The next has the fanqie yu + jun. The last has the fanqie lao + dao, meaning firm/solid.

36.58

紫礦: The second character has the fanqie guo + meng (kuàng). The name of a medicinal substance (lac).

36.59

單拏人頭棓: Danda (daṇḍa) is Sanskrit, translated into the Tang language as a club (棓), and also called a staff. The character 棓 has the fanqie bai + xiang (bàng). It is the implement held by Yama-deva.

36.60

爍底: The first character has the fanqie shang + zhuo (shuò). The second character has the fanqie ding + yi (dǐ). This phrase is also Sanskrit (śakti), translated into the Tang language as a short spear.

36.61

莽莫枳: The first character has the fanqie mo + bang (mǎng). The last character has the fanqie jing + yi (zhǐ). In Sanskrit, this is the name of the Mother of the Vajra Section (Māmaki). The scripture text writes [錛-大+(((嘹-口)-小)-日)], which is a scribal error; writing it as 䥈 is also acceptable.

36.62

除穢忿怒尊: The older translations called him Impure Vajra (Bujing Jingang) or Vajra of Impure Traces (Huiji Jingang); both are clumsy and inaccurate translations that resemble reviling the holy being, while the actual meaning is not so. Calling him Fire-Head Vajra (Houtou Jingang) is also not an accurate translation. In Sanskrit, he is called Ucchuṣma; translating the meaning, it is 'Burning Away Filth and Evil.' Because this holy being possesses profound, pure, and great compassion, he does not avoid contact with impurities in order to rescue and protect sentient beings; with great majestic light like a blazing fire, he incinerates the afflictions and the false perceptions that differentiate defilement from purity, and arising from ceasing; hence he is called 'Remover of Filth.' Furthermore, his Sanskrit name is Mahābala, translated into the Tang language as 'Great Strength'; because with the power of great compassion, like blazing fire, he burns away the evil deeds of defilement and birth-and-death, he is called 'Great Strength.'

36.63

窄處: The first character has the fanqie zheng + ge (zhǎi). The scripture writes it as 迮, which is a misused character. The orthodox form of the character 處 is currently written as 處, which is a vulgar variant.

36.64

五藥: The scripture text is indistinct and lacks them. Now, relying on the *Vajraśekhara-yoga*, the Sanskrit names of the five medicines are given as: 1. Sahacrī (sahacarā), 2. Sahadevī, 3. Kaṇṭakārī, 4. Girikarṇikā, 5. Vṛddhirddhī (bṛhatī). These are all medicines of the Western countries and are absent in this land; thus, they are replaced with efficacious medicines produced in this land: 1. Poria (fuling), 2. Cinnabar (zhusha), 3. Realgar (xionghuang), 4. Ginseng (renshen), 5. Red arrow (chijian / Gastrodia elata). Take a small portion of each, place them together into a small jar, and bury it.

36.65

Five treasures and seven treasures (gold is first, silver second, pearl third, crystal fourth, jade fifth; adding two more for the seven treasures: lapis lazuli is sixth, amber seventh).

36.66

Banner colours of the eight directions (the eastern direction has white banners; the south-eastern direction has fire-coloured banners, which are reddish-yellow; the southern direction has black banners; the south-western direction has smoke-coloured banners, which are light black; the western direction has red banners; the north-western direction has green banners, which are water-coloured; the northern direction has yellow banners; the north-eastern direction has whitish-red banners. These banners are made solely according to colour and do not have figures painted on them).

36.67

Young phoenix and magpie (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 宛 + 袁 [yuān]; the yuānchú is of the phoenix class; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 槍 + 藥 [què]; it is the dry magpie. These two are both numinous birds; a phono-semantic compound).

36.68

Sprouted grain (pronounced with the fanqie 言 + 羯 [yè]; as in planting and sprouting grain on the fifteenth day of the seventh month).

36.69

Cow together with its calf (the first is pronounced zì, which is a mother cow; the second is pronounced dú; its calf must have a matching coat colour to be superior. The sūtra mentions dozens of varieties of flowers, incenses, mixed fruits, foods, and drinks; although there are difficult characters among these items, none can have their pronunciations given, because these flowers, incenses, fruits, and foods do not exist in this land at all; their Sanskrit names are sometimes correct and sometimes incorrect, and even if pronunciations were provided, the things themselves do not exist, which is why pronunciations are not given).

36.70

Here there are four fascicles of the Dhāraṇī Collection (the compilation is not yet finished, so the sounds and meanings are not yet provided).

36.71

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle 1 (Translated by Tripiṭaka Master Śubhakarasiṃha).

36.72

Taking the body of a bodhisattva as a lion throne (a lion throne is the seat sat upon by one who turns the wheel of the Dharma, colloquially called an elevated throne. The sūtra text has an esoteric explanation: when the Tathāgata in the past, on the causal stage, practiced the bodhisattva path, he sequentially cultivated the bhūmi-pāramitās from the initial first bhūmi and second bhūmi up to the tenth bhūmi, the stage of equal enlightenment, and the stage of wondrous enlightenment, thereby achieving correct enlightenment. One should know that all of these take the practices of the preceding stages as their foundation, accumulating the merits of the previous eleven stages to achieve wondrous enlightenment and sit atop them; at each stage, he turned the wondrous Dharma wheel and rested in his position, hence it is said, 'taking the body of a bodhisattva as a lion throne').

36.73

Jātavat (Sanskrit for the name of a non-Buddhist sect; this is broadly identical to the tenets of the Jñātṛ non-Buddhists, differing only in name).

36.74

Collared scops owl (the first character is pronounced xiū; the second is pronounced liú. Examining the scops owl: it is an ominous bird that flies at night, also called the xùnhóu, or the xùnhú, named after the cry it makes. It mostly inhabits earthen caves and crevices, hiding by day and emerging at night to hunt mice, Eurasian scops owls, and other small birds for food. Its plumage is greyish and mottled, it is as large as a hawk, its eyes are round with red pupils, and its talons resemble a hawk's; it belongs to the same class as the horned owl, yellow owl, and barn owl, but is slightly larger).

36.75

Manacled mind (manacles and shackles; foolish grasping that does not shift, just as if one were bound by manacles and shackles).

36.76

Razor mind (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 體 + 計 [tì]; a razor for removing hair. In the sūtra it is written 剔, which is incorrect).

36.77

Lingering (pronounced with the fanqie 於 + 炎 [yān]; to linger and be obstructed).

36.78

Tree stump (the first character is pronounced zhū; the leftover root of a tree; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie 五 + 骨 [wù]; a tree without a top is called wù).

36.79

Binding (the first character is pronounced jì; in the sūtra it is written 係, which is incorrect).

36.80

Washing and rinsing (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 西 + 禮 [xǐ]; the second is pronounced zhuó).

36.81

Cinders (pronounced with the fanqie 夕 + 胤 [jìn]; the Kaosheng says: leftover wood burned by fire. In the sūtra it is written with the phonetic component 盡 as 燼).

36.82

Cattle pen (pronounced lán).

36.83

River sandbar (pronounced with the fanqie 坦 + 單 [tǎn]; sand emerging within water).

36.84

To master comprehensively (pronounced with the fanqie 宗 + 宋 [zòng]; meaning that one who serves as a teacher must master both internal and external classic texts, and clearly understand all worldly arts, only after which may he serve as a teacher).

36.85

Insects and ants (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 逐 + 融 [chóng]; in the sūtra it is written 虫; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 宜 + 几 [yǐ]; it is also written 螘; big black ants; a phono-semantic character).

36.86

Gomaya (Sanskrit; cow dung, used for smearing the ground).

36.87

Gomūtra (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means cow urine. This sūtra contains several hundred mantras and Sanskrit words; where there are difficult characters, they are mostly Sanskrit transcriptions and often inaccurate; furthermore, regarding the syllable wheel, flowers, incenses, doctrinal meanings, and names of devas and humans, Huilin has already retranslated them from Sanskrit texts in the Dhāraṇī, so they are not re-explained here; even if forced pronunciations and glosses were given, they would not approximate the Sanskrit sounds and speech).

36.88

Spacious and open (pronounced with the fanqie 昌 + 掌 [chǎng]; high, prominent, and commanding a wide view).

36.89

Beauteous (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 衝 + 珠 [shū]; the Guangya says: beautiful; the Xiaoya says: graceful and fine; it is also written 𡚾).

36.90

Plain white silk (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 高 + 考 [gǎo]; the Yunquan says: gǎo means white; the Xiao Erya says: the finest of silk is called gǎo).

36.91

Black-mole moon (pronounced with the fanqie 伊 + 琰 [yǎn]; a black mole; the name of a Great Wrathful Honoured One).

36.92

Ornamented patterning (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 遭 + 老 [zǎo]; the Kaosheng says: patterns; rich colours. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 回 + 罪 [huì]; the Yunying says: painting; bright and richly coloured; an entering tone word, also in the departing tone).

36.93

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle 2

36.94

Expedient wisdom (pronounced with the fanqie 倦 + 員 [quán]; the Kaosheng says: to accord constantly with the Way; to deliberate; classified under the wood radical).

36.95

Phaṭkā (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 普 + 沫 [pā]; the next with the fanqie 張 + 革 [zhé]; the last with the fanqie 薑 + 佉 [jiā]; a phrase for crushing and destroying in mantras).

36.96

Hrīḥ-pī (the first character 頡, only when in Sanskrit, should be pronounced with the fanqie 痕 + 沒 [hé]; it may also be written with the characters 紇哩; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 匹 + 謎 [pī], a falling-tone character).

36.97

Gṛhṇa (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 銀 + 訖 [yì]; rī is a rolled tongue sound; the last is pronounced with the fanqie 儜 + 加 [ná]; this is an awe-inspiring wrathful phrase in mantras; in the sūtra it is written 揭㗚佷孥, which is also acceptable, though somewhat loose).

36.98

Interspersed (pronounced with the fanqie 楚 + 洽 [chā]; to prick and insert).

36.99

Fine silk bag (the first character is pronounced jiān; silk).

36.100

Squatting (the first character is pronounced cún; the second is pronounced jù).

36.101

Vāyu direction (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means wind, which is the north-western direction).

36.102

Cover with a śarāva (the first character is pronounced hé; classified under the radical gate with 盇 as phonetic; 盇 is pronounced the same; in the sūtra it is written with 盖, which is incorrect. This Sanskrit phrase means in the Tang language: an earthen bowl. In the north-western corner, at the seat of the Wind Deity King, when performing the ritual to stop wind and rain, one covers it with an earthen bowl).

36.103

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle 3

36.104

Banner and ensign (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 必 + 遙 [biāo]; the Kaosheng says: to hoist a biāo; classified under the napkin radical, or with the wood radical as 標. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie 昌 + 志 [zhì]; the character dictionary says: a zhì refers to a pennant raised on a standard; it is also classified under the napkin radical with 戠 as phonetic).

36.105

Filaments and stamen (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 相 + 臾 [xū]; the fine hairs and pistil within a flower; the second is pronounced with the fanqie [卄/((乏-之+友)*去)] + 捶 [ruǐ]; ruǐ is also xū).

36.106

Ketu (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means standard, or token, held in the hand).

36.107

Khaḍga (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 褰 + 謁 [qiān]; also Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means sword, namely a sword-wielding ṛṣi).

36.108

Parasol (the first character is pronounced sǎn in the rising tone, a vulgar character; the orthodox form is 繖; 繖 is a parasol).

36.109

Sandals and slippers (the first character is pronounced lǐ; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 所 + 綺 [xǐ]; the Yunying says: shoes without heels; belonging to the class of leather sandals; also written 𩌦).

36.110

Añjana (pronounced shàn; in the Tang language it means eye ointment; it resembles mineral ore, bluish-black, and also resembles pyrite mineral medicine).

36.111

Rocana (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means ox gallstone; the names of several kinds of medicinal substances, all of which are materials corresponding to the empowerments of vidyādhara ṛṣis).

36.112

Drifting mist (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 妃 + 尾 [fēi]; the second is pronounced wù; a light mist).

36.113

Unsparing retribution (unsparing means not distinguishing between noble and base; anyone who commits the great rebellious acts falls into it; named the Avīci Hell).

36.114

Crimson red (the first character is pronounced tóng; tóng also means red).

36.115

Nārāca (pronounced with the fanqie 闌 + 葛 [lán]; Sanskrit; the Sanskrit name for a vajra mallet, an iron-handled mallet).

36.116

Mudgara (pronounced with the fanqie 臘 + 耽 [lā]; also Sanskrit; namely of the class of hook-headed clubs, pestles, swords, lances, and lassos).

36.117

Gauze and silk (pronounced with the fanqie 洪 + 屋 [hú]; the Yunying says: luó and hú gauze; loosely woven silk).

36.118

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle 4

36.119

Khaḍga (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 騫 + 罽 [qiān]; Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means sword, also called the sword of great wisdom).

36.120

Navel-formed oval (pronounced qí).

36.121

Waist-formed oval (pronounced with the fanqie 伊 + 遙 [yāo]; also written 𦝫; the Shuowen says: the middle of the human body; picturing the human waist. The Shuowen gives it as [日*?*日], following 曰 with 交 abbreviated as phonetic; the large seal script writes it as 要, following 女 with [票-小+火] abbreviated as phonetic; currently the altered large seal script form is used).

36.122

Barley (the first character is pronounced with the fanqie 虢 + 猛 [kuàng]; the second is pronounced with the fanqie 盲 + 伯 [mò]; the Shuowen classifies it under 夾 and 久; current vulgar characters write it following 來 and 夂 as 麥, which is incorrect; 夂 is pronounced suī).

36.123

Hayagrīva (Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means Horse-headed Vidyārāja).

36.124

Scabbard (pronounced with the fanqie 逍 + 曜 [xiào]; the Yunying says: sheath for a knife; a phono-semantic character).

36.125

Bell seal (鐸印: [鐸 is pronounced] 唐 + 洛 fanqie; it is a large bell).

36.126

Hammer seal (鎚[印-ㄗ+(ㄗ@、)]: [鎚 is pronounced] 直 + 追 fanqie; a popular character; the standard form is written 椎, from [the radical] 木 'wood' and [phonetic] 隹).

36.127

Water-chestnuts and lotuses (芰荷: the upper character [芰 is pronounced] 奇 + 寄 fanqie; Jia [Kui]'s commentary on the Guoyu says it is lingyou [water caltrop]; the people of Chu call ling 'you'; Du Lin sometimes writes it 茤).

36.128

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle Five

36.129

Neat and well-ordered (圓整: the lower character [整 is pronounced] 征 + 郢 fanqie; the Kaosheng says it means uniform, well-ordered; the Gujin zhengzi says 整 means upright, composed of 束 'bundle' and 支, with 正 as its phonetic).

36.130

Glossy black hair (朱黰: the lower character [黰 is pronounced] 真 + 忍 fanqie; the Gujin zhengzi says beautiful hair is called 黰; it is composed of 黑 'black' with 真 as its phonetic).

36.131

Marking record (摽誌: the upper character [摽 is pronounced] 必 + 遙 fanqie; the lower character is pronounced 志; the Yunying says to record an affair is called 誌).

36.132

Khaḍga (羌揭梨: the upper character [羌 is pronounced] 却 + 姜 fanqie; Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means a small dagger, resembling a token carried to report an order).

36.133

Geese and swans (鵝鵠: the upper character [鵝 is pronounced] 我 + 哥 fanqie; a water bird, white as snow, sometimes kept by households; the lower character [鵠 is pronounced] 紅 + 木 fanqie; vulgarly called red crane (honghe), also a water bird resembling a crane, faintly reddish, head faintly greenish, nesting in tall trees, with a long neck, tall legs, and a long bill).

36.134

Silk floss and wadding (綿纊: the upper character [綿 is pronounced] 彌 + 鞭 fanqie; the lower character [纊 is pronounced] 苦 + 晃 fanqie).

36.135

Brilliant variegation (綵絢: the lower character [絢 is pronounced] 玄 + 絹 fanqie; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Yili says when variegated patterns are formed it is called 絢;绚服 denotes glorious and flourishing garments; it is composed of 糸 'silk' with 旬 as its phonetic; 旬 has the same sound as above; both are phono-semantic compound characters).

36.136

Fine delicacies (餚饍: the upper character [餚 is pronounced] 効 + 交 fanqie, a popular character; the standard form is written simply 肴; the Kaosheng says it means dried meat delicacies; the Jixun says it belongs to tree fruits; the lower character [饍] is pronounced 善; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Liji says 膳 means to present; delicious food today is all called 'precious delicacies'; it is composed of 肉 'flesh' with 善 as its phonetic; the sūtra text writes it with 食 'food' as 饍, which is an incorrect popular character; the Erya says it means that which especially supplements).

36.137

Pure and clean (醇淨: [醇 is pronounced] 順 + 倫 fanqie, the standard form; the sūtra writes it 醇, or with 水 as 淳, which are both variant popular characters).

36.138

To assist and attend (翊侍: the upper character [翊 is pronounced] 蠅 + 即 fanqie; the Kaosheng says it means to assist; the Shuowen says it is composed of 羽 'feather' and 立 'stand', an associative compound character).

36.139

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle Six

36.140

(In this fascicle the sūtra text has few difficult characters. Although it explains the thirty-four Sanskrit characters, expounding and clarifying their character meanings over and over, all of them are deep and esoteric. It also explains the homa rituals: first explaining the forty-four kinds of worldly fire rituals and names of fire deities, and then explaining the twelve inconceivable supramundane fires and the appearances of their fire deities. These have already been fully glossed and explained in the Zhenyan ji [Collection of Mantras]. Because this sūtra employs Chinese characters for Sanskrit words without being phonetically exact, they are not given pronunciation here.)

36.141

Cheekbones (面䩉: [䩉 is pronounced] 扶 + 武 fanqie, a rising tone character; the Yunying says it means the cheekbones; sometimes written 𩒷).

36.142

Mahāvairocana-sūtra, Fascicle Seven

36.143

Niche or cave (𪚕窟: the upper character [𪚕 is pronounced] 坎 + 甘 fanqie; the Guangya has 𪚕[罕-干+成], pronounced 成; the Kaosheng says it means chiselling a mountain cliff to make a pit; the Shuowen says it means dragon-like appearance, composed of the contemporary character 龍; the sūtra writes it with 合 as 龕, which is incorrect; the lower character [窟 is pronounced] 苦 + 骨 fanqie, sometimes written with 土 as 堀; Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says it is an underground chamber; the Gujin zhengzi says it is composed of 穴 'cave' with 屈 as its phonetic).

36.144

Falling in profusion (繽紛: the upper character [繽 is pronounced] 匹 + 賓 fanqie; the lower character [紛 is pronounced] 拂 + 文 fanqie; character dictionaries say it refers to flowers fluttering and scattering in disorder).

36.145

Thin silks and fine gauzes (綃縠: the upper character [綃] is pronounced 消; Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary on the Liji says 綃 and 繒 are ancient and modern names; the Mao commentary on the Shijing says 綃 is 縑 [raw silk], and also says it belongs to patterned silks; the lower character [縠 is pronounced] 紅 + 木 fanqie; the Shiming says it is gauze; both are phono-semantic characters).

36.146

Shining brightly (炳現: the upper character [炳 is pronounced] 兵 + 皿 fanqie; brilliant and luminous).

36.147

Then cultivated (迺脩: the upper character [迺] is pronounced 乃; an ancient form of the character 乃).

36.148

Samāhita (三摩呬多: 呬 is pronounced 馨 + 以 fanqie; Sanskrit; in the Tang language it is called 'equal induction' (dengyin); the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra states that it refers to the sublime stages free from depression and agitation, being able to equally induce all virtues, hence called 'equal induction'; it is an alternate name for samādhi).

36.149

Tranquil and serene (憺怕: the upper character [憺 is pronounced] 談 + 濫 fanqie; the lower character [怕] is pronounced 魄; the mind is peaceful, calm, and resting the spirit; the sūtra writes them with 水 as 淡泊, which is incorrect).

36.150

Greasing chariot axles (膏車鎋: the upper character [膏] is pronounced 告; the Kaosheng says to apply lubricating oil to a chariot axle is called 'greasing the chariot'; the lower character [鎋 is pronounced] 閑 + 戞 fanqie, also written 鎋, which is interchangeable; it refers to the iron linchpin at the end of a chariot axle).

36.151

Recitation Method of Vairocana Tathāgata (earlier translated by Śubhakarasiṃha)

36.152

To hold in high esteem (敦崇: the upper character [敦 is pronounced] 都 + 昆 fanqie; the Kaosheng says 敦 means reverent, 崇 means honoring; the Shuowen says it means forgiving; the standard form is 敦; the sūtra writes 敦, which is a popular character).

36.153

Exerting effort in practice (勵行: [勵 is pronounced] 力 + 滯 fanqie; the Jixun says it means to exert effort; it is composed of 力 'strength' with 厲 as its phonetic; 厲 has the same pronunciation as above).

36.154

Sincere and earnest (誠懇: [懇 is pronounced] 肯 + 佷 fanqie; the Kaosheng says 懇 means utmost sincerity and truthfulness; the Shuowen says it is composed of 心 'heart' with 豤 as its phonetic; 豤 has the same pronunciation as above).

36.155

Directly twisting (即捩: [捩 is pronounced] 蓮 + 揑 fanqie; character dictionaries say it means to twist and bend; it is composed of [the radical] 手 'hand').

36.156

Not shrinking from toil and fatigue (不憚劬勞: the upper character [憚 is pronounced] 壇 + 爛 fanqie; the lower character [劬 is pronounced] 具 + 愚 fanqie).

36.157

Conch cup (蠃盃: the upper character [蠃 is pronounced] 魯 + 禾 fanqie; a large mollusk in the sea resembling a snail; the Erya says it is the clam and snail, 螔 being pronounced 移 and 蝓 being pronounced 俞; it is opened to make a water cup).

36.158

Biting the lower lip (齧下脣: [齧 is pronounced] 研 + 結 fanqie; sinking the teeth in to bite).

36.159

Forming a sheath (為鞘: [鞘 is pronounced] 消 + 曜 fanqie; the Yunquan says it means a scabbard; already explained).

36.160

Waving upward at the sky (上撝虛空: [撝 is pronounced] 毀 + 韋 fanqie; using the hand to signal or brandish).

36.161

Pungent and foul plants (辛葷: [葷] is pronounced 勳; belonging to the class of onions, garlic, leeks, and scallions).

36.162

Radish (蘿菔: the lower character [菔 is pronounced] 朋 + 比 fanqie; a large-rooted vegetable with purple flowers; originally barbarian tribes presented this vegetable).

36.163

Chinese toon leaves (椿菜: [椿 is pronounced] 黜 + 倫 fanqie; the name of a tree).

36.164

Essential Abbreviated Recitation Method of Vairocana Tathāgata, Upper Fascicle (translated by the Tripiṭaka Master Vajrabodhi)

36.165

Islets and islands (渚島: the upper character [渚 is pronounced] 諸 + 暑 fanqie; the Kaosheng says it means a small islet, also written 陼; the lower character [島 is pronounced] 刀 + 老 fanqie; the Shuowen says a mountain in the sea that can be inhabited is called 島; it is composed of 山 'mountain' with 鳥 as its phonetic; sometimes written 嶋, also written 隝).

36.166

Spreading and erecting (磔豎: the upper character [磔 is pronounced] 張 + 革 fanqie, meaning to spread open; it is composed of 石 'stone' and 桀; the lower character [豎 is pronounced] 殊 + 主 fanqie; the standard form is written from 豆 and 立, the current form being popular).

36.167

Placing on the forehead (安頟: [頟 is pronounced] 牙 + 革 fanqie; the Shuowen says it means the forehead; it is composed of 頁 with 各 abbreviated as phonetic; the sūtra writes it with 客 as 額, which is popular; both ancient and modern popular forms are incorrect).

36.168

Crossing wrists (交腕: the lower character [腕 is pronounced] 剜 + 換 fanqie; the sūtra writes it with 肉 as 腕, a popular character; the Shuowen says it is the joint behind the palm; the standard form is composed of 手 'hand' and 叉; the ancient graph for claw is composed of 目 'eye', an associative compound).

36.169

Habituated to (摜於: [摜 is pronounced] 閞 + 患 fanqie; the Shuowen says it means accustomed and practiced; it is composed of 手 'hand' with 貫 as its phonetic).

36.170

Filaments (須𧄜: the lower character [𧄜 is pronounced] 蕤 + 捶 fanqie; referring to the stamens and filaments in a lotus flower).

36.171

Wearing armor (被鎧: [鎧 is pronounced] 開 + 大 fanqie; the Kaosheng says 鎧 means armor; it is also pronounced 康 + 改 fanqie).

36.172

Recitation Method of Vairocana, Lower Fascicle

36.173

Bells and clappers (鈴鐸: the upper character [鈴 is pronounced] 歷 + 丁 fanqie; the lower character [鐸 is pronounced] 唐 + 洛 fanqie).

36.174

The syllable Vaṃ (鑁字: [鑁 is pronounced] 武 + 敢 fanqie).

36.175

Crouching and squatting (蹲踞: the upper character [蹲] is pronounced 存; the lower character [踞] is pronounced 據).

36.176

Forming into a ball (摶[企-止+皂]: the upper character [摶 is pronounced] 段 + 鸞 fanqie; the Guangya says it means to attach; the Liji states: 'Do not roll rice into balls'; the Shuowen says it means round, composed of 手 'hand' with 專 as phonetic).

36.177

Washing and cleansing (盥洒: the upper character [盥] is pronounced 管; the Shuowen says it means to wash hands, an associative compound composed of 臼, 水 'water', and 皿 'basin'; the lower character [洒 is pronounced] 西 + 禮 fanqie, sometimes written 洗; the Shuowen says 洒 means to wash and cleanse, a phono-semantic character).

36.178

Abbreviated Yoga of the Vajraśekhara-sūtra, Fascicle One (translated by Vajrabodhi)

36.179

Akṣobhya (阿閦鞞: [閦 is pronounced] 初 + 菊 fanqie; [鞞 is pronounced] 毗 + 迷 fanqie; Sanskrit; in the Tang language called the Immovable Buddha).

36.180

The syllable Raṃ (嚂字: the character 覽 with a rolled tongue is the Sanskrit).

36.181

Knitting brows (蹙眉: [蹙 is pronounced] 酒 + 育 fanqie).

36.182

Rinsing the mouth (漱口: [漱 is pronounced] 搜 + 皺 fanqie, identical in sound to 瘦; the standard form is written with 水; Gu Yewang says it means using water to rinse the mouth; the sūtra writes it with 口, which is a popular character).

36.183

Utkuṭuka posture (嗢俱吒坐: [嗢 is pronounced] 溫 + 骨 fanqie; Sanskrit; the commentary states: 'The buttocks do not touch the ground'; 臀 is pronounced 鈍 + 魂 fanqie, composed of 肉 'flesh' with 殿 as phonetic).

36.184

To scold and shout (叱喝: the upper character [叱 is pronounced] 瞋 + 栗 fanqie; the lower character [喝 is pronounced] 呵 + 葛 fanqie).

36.185

抽擲 (the first character is *ch[ǒu] + [liú]* fanqie, the second is *ch[éng] + j[í]* fanqie; both are phono-semantic characters).

36.186

Vajraśekhara-sūtra, Fascicle Two

36.187

上𦠍 (pronounced *[ǎng] + g[è]* fanqie. The Kaosheng writes it with the flesh radical as 𦠍. The sūtra text writes it with the tooth radical as [齒*(遻-(這-言))], which is a popular character. The Shuowen gives 谷, pronounced *qi[áng] + g[è]* fanqie, meaning the palate in the upper part of the mouth, picturing its patterning. In ancient texts this character did not originally exist; earlier worthies wrote it according to vernacular speech, either with the flesh radical or with the tooth radical, neither of which is orthodox. By conventional usage, it is pronounced *w[ǔ] + g[è]* fanqie; anciently it was pronounced so).

36.188

鍊蠟 (the first character is pronounced *li[án] + di[àn]* fanqie; melting and refining beeswax, or using tin solder to make it soft and pliable).

36.189

玉枕 (pronounced *zh[ēn] + r[ěn]* fanqie; the back of the head).

36.190

Vajraśekhara-sūtra, Fascicle Three

36.191

出眺 (pronounced *ti[āo] + di[ào]* fanqie. The Jixun says: '眺 means to gaze into the distance.' It takes the eye radical with 兆 as phonetic. The sūtra writing it with the moon radical is incorrect).

36.192

四邊緣 (pronounced *yu[è] + ju[àn]* fanqie, a departing tone character. Zheng's commentary on the Liji states: '緣 means to trim the border.' It takes the silk radical and is a phonetic borrowing. The sūtra writing it with the hand radical as 椽 [clerk] is not its correct usage here).

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese