一切經音義 48

English (machine translation) 48

Language: English

48.1

Compiled by the Translation Monk Xuanying

48.2

Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra (New Translation of the Great Tang)

Yoga (羊朱 [yáng-zhū] fanqie. This is translated as "corresponding" [xiangying]. That is to say, all things such as the spheres, practices, and fruits of all the vehicles are called "corresponding." The "sphere" refers to all cognitive spheres; because these spheres correspond to the mind, it is called "correspondence of sphere." The "practice" refers to all practices; because this practice corresponds to principle, it is called "correspondence of practice." The "fruit" refers to the noble fruits of the three vehicles; because within this fruit level all meritorious qualities mutually accord and conform with one another, it is called "correspondence of fruit").

48.5

Bhūmi of the master [ācāryabhūmi] (A "master" refers to a practitioner of the three vehicles who, having heard these [teachings], gradually practices and cultivates this yoga, fulfilling their portion, and turns to discipline and convert all sentient beings; hence they are called "yoga masters." A "master" is a title for one who teaches people the Path. In the older scriptures, what was called a "practitioner of contemplation" is this. "Bhūmi" means the sphere, the basis, the activity, or what is encompassed; because it is the sphere traversed by the yoga masters, it is called a "bhūmi." The bhūmis are precisely the seventeen bhūmis).

48.6

Uddāna (烏骨 [wū-gǔ] fanqie; the next character 徒我 [tú-wǒ] fanqie. Older texts say yutuona, which is corrupt. Here it means gathering together and consolidating the scattered, or summarizing the scattered, and is also translated as gathering together and presenting).

48.7

Samāhita (虛利 [xū-lì] fanqie. This is translated as "equipoise" [dengyin]. That is to say, the stage of superior concentration, being free from agitation and dullness, is able to induce [virtues] equitably. This has two meanings: either "inducing equality," which means inducing all meritorious qualities; or "induced by equality," which means the preliminary preparations prior to concentration; hence it is called "able to induce").

48.8

Theatrical performances (敗皆 [bài-jiē] fanqie. Note: theatrical performances [pai] are what entertainers do for comic play to gladden the eyes. Sancang: Pai means whistling, whistling being a blowing sound. Shuowen: Pai means play; the character takes the radical ge with the phonetic xu, xu pronounced 虛猗 [xū-yī] fanqie).

48.9

Should lick (Zigu and ancient script write it as 𦧇, both pronounced 食尒 [shí-ěr] fanqie; it means taking food with the tongue).

48.10

Should suck (似兖 [sì-yǎn] and 食兖 [shí-yǎn] two fanqie. Shuowen: To suck means to sip; sipping juices and saliva. "Sip" is pronounced 所角 [suǒ-jiǎo] fanqie).

48.11

If sobering up (思定 [sī-dìng] and 思冷 [sī-lěng] two fanqie. Wine wearing off. Tongsu wen: When drunkenness clears, it is called xing, which is this).

48.12

Paths of deportment (What is walked upon is a path; a path is also a way; it is what is traversed by deportment. It means that visible form relies on scents and tastes as its path; moreover, deportment relies on the mind as its path).

48.13

Marma (莫鉢 [mò-bō] fanqie. Here translated as "fatal joints." There are such joints in the body, meaning that if one is struck or beaten there, one dies immediately).

48.14

Pudgala (Examining the Sanskrit original: pu means "repeatedly," dga means "destinies," and la means "taking." It means "repeatedly taking destinies," referring to repeatedly going back and forth among the destinies. Older texts also wrote fugala, translating its name as "entering," saying that shedding heavenly aggregates one enters human aggregates, shedding human aggregates one enters animal aggregates, which is close to it. In the scriptures it is written fugala or fujiala, or futujiaye, which are dialectal variations of the Sanskrit. Translators all translated it as "human" [ren], saying that it is a general name for the six destinies. This is a great error. A "human" also implies having intent [yi], seeming to mean thinking much, possessing wisdom; hence one is called a "human." Ghosts and animals have no such thing; how could they be called "humans"? These are all errors of the translators).

48.15

Groping (莫奔 [mò-bēn] and 莫本 [mò-běn] two fanqie. Note: groping means grasping and holding objects with the hand. Zilin: Men means touching and holding).

48.16

Chewing cud (Also written as 齝, both pronounced 才與 [cái-yǔ] fanqie. Tongsu wen: Ju means chewing. Sancang: Ju means chewing, and also holding the flavor [in the mouth]).

48.17

Wrestling (Ancient script 𠞣, both pronounced 古學 [gǔ-xué] fanqie. Guangya: Jiao means measuring; jiao means testing. Shuowen: Jiao means an upturned horned goblet; the sound alone is pronounced jiao. If written as 捔, this is an ancient form of cu, pronounced 在古 [zài-gǔ] fanqie, meaning rough or summary; 捔 is not used here).

48.18

Black ram (奴溝 [nú-gōu] fanqie. Picang: Nao is a barbarian sheep. Tongsu wen: A sheep with curly fleece is called a nao, which is this).

48.19

Or clears up (Also written in two forms, 暒 and 殅, both pronounced 自盈 [zì-yíng] fanqie. Shenglei states: When the rain ceases, it is called qing; qing also means the stars appear).

48.20

Frolicking (Also written as 僖, both pronounced 虛之 [xū-zhī] fanqie. Shuowen: Joy. Cangjie pian: Frolicking means playful laughter).

48.21

Wheat grains (In books also written as 顆, both pronounced 口果 [kǒu-guǒ] fanqie. Some say zi, or say li, or say [白/上]; they are all one. [白/上] is pronounced 逼 [bī], which is just a regional dialect word).

48.22

Lineage descendants (子紅 [zǐ-hóng] fanqie. Guangya: Zong means root; ye means generations; meaning that the clan and lineage flourish. The Odes say: "branches for a hundred generations," which is this).

48.23

Fascicle 2

48.24

Ghana (巨偃 [jù-yǎn] fanqie. Older texts say gahana. This translates as "firm and thick," referring to the fourth week [after conception] when the lump of flesh becomes firm and solid).

48.25

Pitch-black (於減 [yū-jiǎn] fanqie. Zilin: An means deep black, describing the bodily form and color as gloomy and black).

48.26

Banqueting gathering (Also written in two forms, 𡩷 and 燕, both pronounced 於薦 [yū-jiàn] fanqie. Banqueting means drinking, joy, or a small gathering).

48.27

Millet tares (蒲懈 [pú-xiè] fanqie. Refers to grass that resembles grain).

48.28

Tumbling over (Also written in two forms, 傎 and 𧽍, both pronounced 都田 [dū-tián] fanqie; the next character 居良 [jū-liáng] fanqie. Dian means falling down; jiang means prostrate; meaning to tumble and lie flat).

48.29

Almost exhausted (徒改 [tú-gǎi] fanqie. Dai means near or almost; ji means approaching closely; ji is pronounced 渠機 [qú-jī] fanqie).

48.30

Perished (于愍 [yú-mǐn] fanqie. Shenglei: Yun means to perish; these are merely ancient and modern words).

48.31

Sharp and keen (羊稅 [yáng-shuì] fanqie. Guangya: Rui means sharp. Shuowen: Rui means an awn; meaning sharp like an awn).

48.32

One handspan (Ancient script 乇, both pronounced 知格 [zhī-gé] fanqie. Zhang Shen says [歹*((牙*牙)/木)]. Guangya: [碟-世+(牙*牙)] means stretching or opening).

48.33

Withered and desiccated (Ancient script 𣩅, Shuowen writes 槀, both pronounced 苦道 [kǔ-dào] fanqie. Withered wood is dry).

48.34

Gushing torrent (經歷 [jīng-lì] fanqie. When a stream flows swiftly it is called ji. Shuowen: Water flowing in an unsteady and rapid surge is jiao).

48.35

Whirlwind (Also written as [句*風], both pronounced 比遙 [bǐ-yáo] fanqie. A violent wind; a swirling wind that rises from the lower ground upwards).

48.36

Crashing close (補莫 [bǔ-mò] fanqie. Bo means pressing; mutually pressing close).

48.37

Phaṭika (竹遲 [zhú-chí] fanqie. Sanskrit says sphaṭika. This is translated as "water jade" or "white pearl." The older texts saying poli are this. The Mahāvibhāṣā states that this jewel comes from within mountain rocks and caves, where after a thousand years ice becomes poli pearls. Note: in the Western Regions it is hot and there is no ice, yet this item is extremely abundant; it is not transformed from ice, but is simply a kind of stone).

48.38

Ṭaka (Zilin: 丁各 [dīng-gè] fanqie, and also 竹格 [zhú-gé] fanqie. Mountain stone. This has no contextual gloss, which is why the original name is retained).

48.39

Khadira (去謁 [qù-yè] fanqie. Here translated as "mountain-bearing tree." This mountain is very abundant in this tree, hence it is named after it).

48.40

Elāpatra (一奚 [yī-xī] fanqie. The name of a tree. In older sūtras and vinayas it is written Yiluoye, which is an error).

48.41

Multiple tiers (羇立 [jī-lì] fanqie. Ji means sequence; the graded levels are called ji).

48.42

Royal tour (胡耿 [hú-gěng] fanqie. Xing means encountering; meaning that wherever a human lord goes, all are blanketed by his virtuous benevolence; this is called xing).

48.43

Female beast (脾盡 [pí-jìn] and 脾死 [pí-sǐ] two fanqie. Shuowen: Pin means the mother or female of beasts).

48.44

Branching streams (普懈 [pǔ-xiè] fanqie. Tributaries. Shuowen: The divergent branching of waters. Guangya: Water that naturally divides and emerges is called pai).

48.45

Gaṅgā (其升 [qí-shēng] fanqie. Said to come from heaven, because their non-Buddhist texts saw it emerging from a high place and considered it to come from heaven. In fact, according to the Buddhist sūtras, this river emerges from the elephant mouth to the east of Lake Anavatapta and flows into the eastern sea. Older texts saying Heng River, or Ga River, or writing Hengjia River, are all erroneous).

48.46

Following along it (似均 [sì-jūn] fanqie. Shuowen: Xun means walking along. Erya: Xun means from; "from" being like "following." Note: this is also the same as the character 𰕀).

48.47

Śalmali (郎荅 [láng-dá] fanqie. The name of a tree. It is of the same class as the Chinese honey locust tree, but its pods are extremely long; inside the fruit there is floss like cotton, called tūla cotton, which can be made into clothing).

48.48

Non-glutinous rice (Commonly written 粳, both pronounced 迦𢖍 [jiā-… / jīng] fanqie. Non-sticky rice. South of the Yangtze River, geng is called xian, pronounced like xian, which is a dialect).

48.49

Without hard grains (Also written 麧, pronounced as hen in the entering tone; one pronunciation is 胡結 [hú-jié] fanqie. Hard rice; meaning that the rice is so hard that it cannot be broken by pounding with a pestle. Now in Guanzhong, hard wheat fragments are called he-tou, which is also this. South of the Yangtze River it is called te-zi, pronounced 徒革 [tú-gé] fanqie).

48.50

Looking askance (眠見 [mián-jiàn] fanqie. Shuowen: Mian means looking sideways. Fangyan: West of the Pass, between Qin and Jin, it is called mian).

48.51

Mutually in turn (Ancient script 递, both pronounced 徒禮 [tú-lǐ] fanqie. Erya: Di means in turn. Guo Pu says: meaning alternating. Fangyan: Di means mutually. Die is pronounced 徒結 [tú-jié] fanqie).

48.52

Censuring (Ancient script 些 and 㰣, two forms, both pronounced 子爾 [zǐ-ěr] fanqie. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji notes: Defaming orally is called zi. Shuowen: Zi means censuring).

48.53

Overseeing the contract (The second character pronounced 口討 [kǒu-tǎo] fanqie. Guangya: Si means presiding over. Shuowen: Qi means a major compact; the character follows the radical da).

48.54

Brāhmaṇa (This transcription is corrupt and abbreviated; it should be poluohanweina or poluohemona. This translates as "one who inherits and practices the laws of Brahmā." Their class says of themselves that they were born from the mouth of Brahmā; being the most superior among the four castes, they uniquely adopt the name of Brahmā. They exist only in the Five Indias and not in other countries. The fanzhi [pure-minded ascetic] in scriptures is also this name; strictly translated it is "pure descendant" [jingyin], meaning they are the offspring of Brahmā).

48.55

Horā (落葛 [luò-gé] fanqie. Also called muhūrta, which is a dialectal variation of the Sanskrit. The older name was mahouduo).

48.56

Bursting with anger (扶忿 [fú-fèn] fanqie. Fen means flourishing; the angry energy being overflowing and full. Shuowen: Fen means fullness; it is descriptive).

48.57

Breaking the shell (Also written 殼, both pronounced 口角 [kǒu-jiǎo] fanqie. In the Wu and Kuaiji region it is pronounced ku. The hard exterior of an egg. Note: generally, the skin of anything is called ke).

48.58

Cleaving the womb (普厚 [pǔ-hòu] fanqie. Pou is like breaking open. Cangjie pian: Differentiating and analyzing).

48.59

Plentiful harvest (而審 [ér-shěn] fanqie. Zilin: Ren means the ripening of grain).

48.60

Officials and colleagues (Also written 寮, both [signify] officials being colleagues. Erya: Liao means official).

48.61

Market shops (丁禮 [dīng-lǐ] fanqie; the next character 相利 [xiāng-lì] fanqie. Di refers to houses in various markets where goods are sold from stalls. Si means displaying; that whereby the commodities for sale are displayed in the shop. Si also means arranging; meaning arranging goods in the market).

48.62

Coerced and intimidated (迫愶: [愶 is] xu + ye fan; it means to terrify one another by awe and force; it is also said as 愶赫 [terrified], or some say 恐愶 [frightened], all being one and the same).

48.63

Attendant (近事: in Sanskrit upāsaka; here translated as attendant [upāsaka], meaning one who draws near to the Three Jewels and serves them).

48.64

Aged and senile (耄熟: ancient script has the two forms 𠅸 and 耄, now written as 耗, the same mo + bao fan; the Liji says: 'At eighty one is called mao [耄]'; Zheng Xuan says: 'Mao means confused; it also means disordered and bewildered'; 'aged and senile' [耄熟] means confused, disordered, and very forgetful).

48.65

Herding cattle (牧牛: [牧 has] the two fanqie mo + lu and wang + lu; the Sancang says: 'Mu [牧] means to rear'; the Fangyan says: 'Mu means to provide drink').

48.66

Puruṣa (補盧沙: formerly said as fulousha [富婁沙]; here translated as 'man' [士夫] or 'person' [丈夫], discussing its nominal essence [nominative case]; puruṣam [補盧衫] is the man that is acted upon [accusative]; puruṣeṇa [補盧崽拏: 崽 is suo + jie fan, the lower [拏] is nü + jia fan] is the man through whom one acts [instrumental]; puruṣāya [補盧沙耶] is the man for whom one acts [dative]; puruṣāt [補盧沙䫂: du + wo fan] is the man from whom one proceeds [ablative]; puruṣasya [補盧殺] is the man to whom one belongs [genitive]; puruṣe [補盧鍛: suo + jie fan] is the man upon whom one relies [locative]; these are the seven vibhakti declensional cases in the science of grammar [śabdavidyā]).

48.67

Terrified (驚駭: the lower character is the phonetic ai; the Cangjiepian says: 'Hai [駭] means frightened'; the Guangya says: 'Hai means startled and leaping up').

48.68

Transmigration (流轉: in Sanskrit saṃsāra; here translated as transmigration, meaning circulating through the six destinies without interruption; if one speaks of birth-and-death [saṃsāra], according to the Sanskrit, janma [繕摩] is translated as birth, and maraṇa [刺諵] is translated as death, which are distinct terms; differentiating according to their original terms, nan [諵] is nü + xian fan).

48.69

Mixed together (雜糅: nü + jiu fan; now mixing things of different colours together is called rou [糅], which also means mixed; the Shuowen says: 'Rou means mixed rice').

48.70

Turbid (渾濁: [渾 has] the two fanqie hu + kun and hu + [𬡄]; hun [渾] means chaotic; it is also the sound of flowing water).

48.71

Fascicle Three

48.72

Analyse (分析: si + li fan; to split and divide; the character is formed from jin [axe]; cleaving wood is xi [析], which is the meaning of the character; in vulgar writing today it is written as [杵-十+廾], both taking the radical pian [片]).

48.73

Ponds and pools (池沼: zhi + rao fan; the Shuowen says: 'A zhao [沼] is a small pool').

48.74

Apertures and crevices (孔隙: qiu + ni fan; the Shuowen says: 'A xi [隙] is a hole in a wall'; the Guangya says: 'Xi means a crack'; the character is formed from 𨸏 and 白, being narrow at top and bottom).

48.75

Winking (有瞚: the Liezi writes it as 瞬, the same shi + run fan; the Shuowen says: 'Shun means the eyes opening and shutting repeatedly').

48.76

Bāgāṅga drum (八岡: the Zuanwen writes it as 剛, the same gu + lang fan; a large drum).

48.77

Dundubhi drum (都曇: tu + nan fan; a small drum).

48.78

Stūpa incense (窣堵[魯迦香]: su + gu fan, the lower [堵] is du + gu fan; it is what the older sūtras call [(土*白*土)/几]loupo [sthuruka/turuska] incense).

48.79

Borneol / camphor (龍腦香: examining the karpūra incense tree of the Western Regions, its trunk resembles a pine but its leaves are different, and its flowers and fruit are also distinct; when first gathered it is moist and has no aroma yet; after the wood dries, it is prepared and split open, and within it is an incense shaped like mica and coloured like ice and snow; this is what is called dragon-brain incense [龍腦香]).

48.80

Musk (麝香: shen + ye fan, also pronounced shi; it resembles a small river deer, and has perfume in its navel).

48.81

Sūkṣma incense (素泣謎: mi + xi fan; the name of an incense; having no proper translation here, its original form is retained).

48.82

Spittle and nasal mucus (唾洟: ancient script is 𪖦, the same ta + ji fan; the Sancang says: 'Ti [洟/涕] is nasal fluid').

48.83

Vegetables (蔬菜: suo + yu fan; any edible plant is generically called shu [蔬]; the Zilin says: 'Shu means vegetable').

48.84

Sun-dried (㬥乾: pu + gu fan; the Xiao Erya says: 'Bao [㬥] means dried in the sun'; the character is formed from ri [sun], chu [out], and bei-mi [north-rice], which is the meaning of the character; 𢌬 is ju + song fan, meaning to clasp hands).

48.85

Recovered (休愈: xu + you fan, the lower [愈] is yu + ru fan; the Guangya says: 'Xiu [休] means good and fortunate; yu [愈] means strengthened and increased').

48.86

Washed clean (盪滌: ancient script is 潒, the same tu + lang fan, the lower [滌] is tu + de fan; the Tongsuwen says: 'A washing vessel is called dangdi [盪滌]').

48.87

Grasping and touching (榒觸: also written as 𢾼, the same nü + ge and nü + zhuo fan; nuo [榒/搦] means to hold and seize; the Shuowen says: 'Nuo means to press down').

48.88

Young scholar / Brahmacārin (儒童: er + zhu fan; ru [儒] means gentle and good; tong [童] means young and juvenile; formerly said as māṇava [摩納] or māṇavaka [那婆], translated as youth or adolescent, meaning a practitioner of pure conduct and a lay attendant [upāsaka]).

48.89

Fascicle Four

48.90

One blister (一皰: peng + xiao fan; a sore or blister; the Shuowen says: 'Hot vapor arising on the face is called pao [皰]'; here this meaning is taken).

48.91

Hahava (歇晰詀: hu + he fan, next [晰] is zhi + xia fan, the lower [詀] is zhu + xian fan; the sound of suffering in hell, named after the sound).

48.92

Huhuva (郝郝凡: hu + ge fan; the sound of shivering from cold, also named after the sound).

48.93

Deficient and lacking (匱乏: qu + kui fan; having little wealth is called kui [匱]; temporarily having nothing is called fa [乏]; the Shijing says: 'The filial son is never deficient'; kui means exhausted).

48.94

Suddenly (欻然: hu + wu fan; the Cangjiepian says: 'Chua [欻] means to arise abruptly; chua means suddenly'; the pronunciation of cu [猝] is cu + gu fan).

48.95

Snapping a chalk-line (繩拼: bu + jing fan; snapping an inked cord is called ping [拼]; south of the Yangtze it is called ping [坪], pronounced pu + geng fan).

48.96

As if chiselled (若斲: du + jiao fan; a chisel; the Shuowen says: 'Zhuo [斲] means to chop'; moreover, repairing and mending is called zhuo; the pronunciation of zan [鏨] is can).

48.97

As if scooped out (若剜: wu + guan fan; shaving with an adze is called wan [剜]; gouging out the centre).

48.98

Scarcely entered (纔入: zai + zai fan; the Guangya says: 'Cai [纔] means briefly'; the Sancang says: 'Cai means slightly, barely, just').

48.99

Iron skewer (鐵丳: chu + yan fan; the Ziyuan says: 'Piercing meat with a skewer to roast it is called chan [丳]').

48.100

Mallet (椎捧: zhi + zhui fan; the Cangjiepian says: 'A chui [推/椎] is that which is used to strike things'; the character is formed with the wood radical).

48.101

Or pounded (或築: ancient script is [(筑-凡+几)/(企-止+ㄆ)], the same zhi + liu fan; the Shuowen says: 'Zhu [築] means to pound'; the Guangya says: 'Zhu means to pierce').

48.102

Both shoulders (兩髆: bu + mo fan; shoulder blades; some write it as 膊, pronounced bi + mo fan, meaning to slice something thin; 膊 is not used here).

48.103

Wrinkled and pleated (皺襵: ce + jiu fan, the lower [襵] is zhi + she fan, also pronounced zhe; folding cloth nowadays and the pleats of a skirt are both written this way).

48.104

Iron tongs (鐵鉆: qi + lian fan; zhan [鉆] means pincers used to grasp things; the Tongsuwen says: 'A smith's tool is called zhan; zhan means to hold'; some write it as qian [鉗], which is an iron collar around a person's neck, not what is used here).

48.105

Melted and dissolved (洋洞: yi + liang fan; it means being roasted until melted and dissolved, flowing liquidly; the Sancang says: 'Yangyang [洋洋] refers to vast waters').

48.106

Hot ashes (煻煨: tu + lang fan, the lower [煨] is wu + hui fan; the Tongsuwen says: 'Hot ashes are called tangwei [煻煨]').

48.107

Yakuṭa worms (孃矩吒: [矩] is ju + yu fan; here translated as dung-eating worms; they have beaks like needles, also named needle-mouthed worms, which bore through bones and eat marrow).

48.108

Swarthy and dark (黑黧: li + xi fan; the Tongsuwen says: 'Mottled black is called li [黧]'; the Zilin says: 'Yellowish black').

48.109

Grasping and wrenching (摣掣: also written as 抯, the same ce + jia fan; [掣 is] chong + shi fan; the Shiming says: 'Zha [摣] means to fork; it means all five fingers reaching out together to fork and seize'; che [掣] means to constrain; restraining and pulling someone to make them yield to oneself).

48.110

Spine (脊膂: also written as 呂, the same li + ju fan; lü [膂] also means spine; the Shuowen says: 'Backbone; Taiyue served Yu, trusted as his heart and spine [心膂], and was consequently enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lü').

48.111

Iron beaks (鐵𭪿: now written as 𠲿, or as 觜, the same zi + lei fan; the Guangya says: 'Zui [𭪿] means mouth'; dictionaries say: 'Zui means a bird's beak'; some write it as 𭉨; searching through all historical texts there is no such character, except in Fu Xuan's poem "Seven Stimulations", which has 𭉨埴飲泉 written with this character, pronounced the same as shuan [吮], si + yan fan).

48.112

Reaching and pecking (探啄: ta + han fan; the Shuowen says: 'Reaching from afar is tan [探]'; tan means to take; the lower [啄] is ding + jiao fan; a bird eating; zhuo means to bite).

48.113

Curled and shrivelled (卷縮: the Shenglei says: 'This is the character juan [觠]', the same qi + yuan fan; the Shijing says: 'Curving is the hill slope'; the commentary says: 'Juan [卷] means bent').

48.114

Blisters bursting (皰潰: ancient script is [爻*貴], the same hu + dui fan; the Cangjiepian says: 'Bursting open at the side'; the Shuowen says: 'Kui [潰] means leaking').

48.115

Extinguished embers (災炭: ze + cai fan; the Shiming says: 'The residual force left after fire burns is called zai [災]'; it also means cinders; pronounced si + ren fan).

48.116

Drinking urine (飲𡱤: also written as [犀-牛+(乏-之+夫)], the same nai + diao fan; the Zilin says: 'Ni [𡱤] means urine').

48.117

Dripping and leaking (淋漏: li + jin fan; the Sancang says: 'Lin [淋] means water dripping down; trickling').

48.118

Trembling with terror (悚慄: si + yong fan, the lower [慄] is li + zhi fan; meaning terrified and trembling; li also means sorrowful and distressed).

48.119

Sudhā-savour (蘇陀味: in older sūtras written as xutuofan [須陀飯]; this is the celestial nectar food [sudhā]).

48.120

Encouraging and transforming (獎化: also written as 獎, the same zi + liang fan; the Xiao Erya says: 'Jiang [獎] means to lead and encourage'; it also means to accomplish, to aid).

48.121

Wielding lances (奮戈: fang + wen fan; the Guangya says: 'Fen [奮] means to brandish'; the character is formed from da [great], zhui [bird], and tian [field]').

48.122

Brandishing a blade (揮, *xǔ-guī* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '揮 means to brandish; to shake and brandish.' The Guangya says: '揮 means to move.')

48.123

Inlaid with patterned gold (鈿, *tú-jiān* fanqie; the Zilüe says: '鈿 means gold floral inlays.')

48.124

Carriage (輅, originally written 路, pronounced the same, *lú-gù* fanqie; the Bohu tong says: 'Calling a chariot a *lu* (路) means that by which one traverses roads (路).' Others say: '路 means upright; it refers to the sovereign's standard carriage.' A commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: 'The carriage of a sovereign is called *lu* (路).')

48.125

Handcart and carriage (輦, *lì-zhǎn* fanqie; the lower character [輿] has the two fanqie pronunciations *yáng-shù* and *yáng-rú*. A *nian* (輦) is a cart drawn by people; nowadays it is that which rulers ride in. A carriage without wheels is called a *yu* (輿); *yu* is also a collective term for carriages).

48.126

Ear-pendants (璫, *dōu-táng* fanqie; the Shiming says: 'Beads pierced through the ear are called *dang* (璫); they originally came from the Western Rong.')

48.127

And reap (穫, *hú-guò* fanqie; [cutting] grass is called *yi* (刈), cutting grain is called *huo* (穫). The Classic of Poetry says: 'In the tenth month they harvest the rice'—this is it. Today both are used interchangeably).

48.128

Grand and magnificent (宏, *hú-méng* fanqie; the Erya says: '宏 also means grand and large.' 宏 also means a hall deep and resonant, spacious enough to hold things).

48.129

Painted carriages (繪, *hú-kuì* fanqie; variegated colors. The Analects says: 'The painting comes after the plain background.' Zheng Xuan says: '繪 means painting.' The Book of Documents says: 'Mountains, dragons, and variegated pheasants are called 繪.' Kong Anguo says: '繪 means to assemble; it brings together the five colors.' In older translations of the scriptures, it refers to 'various carriages and parks.')

48.130

Beating drums and clamoring (鼓, *gōng-hù* fanqie; the lower character [譟] is *xiān-dào* fanqie. 鼓 means to drum or stir up. 譟 means shouting loudly; roaring thunder is called 譟. The Kongzi jiayu says: 'The people of Lai beat drums and shouted loudly to kidnap Duke Ding'—this is it).

48.131

Joking conversation (謔, *xǔ-nüè* fanqie; the Erya says: '戲 means to banter (謔); it refers to teasing one another.' 謔 also means joy and pleasure).

48.132

Fascicle 5 and Fascicle 6 (previously not glossed with phonetic pronunciations)

48.133

Not perturbing (嬈, *nǎi-liǎo* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '嬈 means to disturb, to jest with.' The Sancang says: '嬈 means to tease.')

48.134

Traveling as a sojourner (羇, *jū-yí* fanqie; the Guangya says: 'Travelers and sojourners are called 羇客.' The character 㝯 has the sound *qiáo*; this is it).

48.135

Fascicle 7

48.136

Rustling / Swiftly (颯, *sāng-hé* fanqie; swift. 颯颯 is the sound of wind blowing falling leaves from trees. The Guangya says: '颯颯 describes the wind.')

48.137

Offerings and sacrifices (祠, *sì-zī* fanqie; the lower character [祀] is *xú-lǐ* fanqie. The Erya says: '祠 is a sacrifice to Heaven; 祀 is a sacrifice to Earth.')

48.138

Bodily lineage (胤, *yǔ-zhèn* fanqie; the Erya says: '胤 means to continue, to succeed.' The Shuowen jiezi says: 'Sons and grandsons carrying on in succession is called 胤.')

48.139

Eclipse (薄, *bǔ-mò* fanqie; the lower character [蝕] is *shén-zhí* fanqie. The Book of Han says: 'The eclipse (薄蝕) of the sun and moon.' Wei Zhao says: 'The vapor pressing upon them is called 薄; their being diminished and impaired is called 蝕.' The Shiming says: 'When the sun or moon is diminished, it is called 蝕; it is gradually eaten away and damaged, like insects eating grass and tree leaves.')

48.140

Śaṅkha (also written 霜佉, or 儴佉, or 勝佉; all are variations in phonetic weight of the Sanskrit sound. Here it is translated as conch-shell (貝), also called Mother-of-pearl (珂), which are just different names).

48.141

What is prayed for (祈, *jù-yī* fanqie; the Zilin says: '祈 means to pray for blessings.' The Erya says: '祈 means to announce; it means to call out.' In a prayer sacrifice, one cries out and calls to state one's plea).

48.142

Fascicle 8

48.143

Chariot yoke (also written 軶, the same, *yú-gé* fanqie; it refers to that which presses on the necks of oxen).

48.144

Kuntha (桾, *jū-yùn* fanqie; this has two meanings: one says it is an ant larva, the other says it is an ant egg. Since it contains both senses, the original Sanskrit name is retained).

48.145

Gluttonous and covetous (饕, *tā-láo* fanqie; the lower character is also written 飻, the same, *tā-jié* fanqie. According to the Zuo zhuan, the lineage of Jinyun had an unworthy son who was greedy for food and drink and craved wealth and property; his amassings knew no bounds or limits, and the people called him Taotie. Du Yu says: 'Greed for wealth is called *tao* (饕); greed for food is called *tie* (餮).')

48.146

Penalized and dismissed (also written 絀, the same, *chǐ-lǜ* fanqie; minor offences are called 罰. The Guangya says: '黜 means to reject; it also means to banish, to demote.')

48.147

Cluttered and coarse (猥, *wū-zuì* fanqie; 猥 means bad/base. The Zilin says: '猥 means numerous; a numerous and disordered mixture.')

48.148

Fascicle 9

48.149

Bestowal of favor (造, *zài-lǎo* fanqie; the Guangya says: '造 means to accomplish.' It refers to fulfilling this matter through favor).

48.150

Cruel and tyrannical (the ancient script has 嚳, 焅, and 俈, three forms the same, *kǒu-mù* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '酷 means severe; extreme.' It means cruel and tyrannical).

48.151

Hare-net (罝, *zǐ-xié* fanqie; a net for hares is called a *ju* (罝). 罝 means to intercept (遮); to intercept and catch hares).

48.152

Pukkasa (羯, *jū-yè* fanqie; also written 補羯娑, a phonological variation. It refers to vile, low, and outcaste classes such as scavengers of dung and carriers of corpses).

48.153

Galloping and racing (馳, *zhí-zhī* fanqie; the lower character [騁] is *chǒu-lǐng* fanqie. The Guangya says: '馳 means to gallop; 騁 means to run fast.')

48.154

Fascicle 10

48.155

Black mole (黶, *yú-diǎn* fanqie; it refers to a black beauty mark on the face. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'A black mark on the center.')

48.156

Bent and hunched (傴, *yū-fǔ* fanqie; the Tongsu wen says: 'A curved spine is called 傴.' 傴 also means bent).

48.157

Panting and coughing (喘, *chāng-ruǎn* fanqie; labored breathing. The lower character [瘶] is *sū-dòu* fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: '瘶 means adverse qi.')

48.158

Stooping forward (僂, *lì-zhǔ* fanqie; at the first appointment one stoops (僂), at the second appointment one hunches (傴), and at the third appointment one bends forward (俯); the body bends ever further).

48.159

Deformed and emaciated (尪, *wū-huáng* fanqie; 尪 means weak. The Tongsu wen says: 'Short and small is called 𠌑; 𠌑 means small.')

48.160

Fascicle 11

48.161

Joy and pleasure (the Zigu states that the ancient character was 虞, nowadays written 娛, the same, *yí-qū* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '娛 means pleasure.' In ancient texts, 虞 and 樂 are both written 虞).

48.162

Hesitation (猶, *yì-zhōu* fanqie; the lower character [豫] is *yǐ-shù* fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: 'In Longxi, a dog pup is called a *you* (猶). The nature of the *you* involves much anticipation (豫) in front of humans, hence all who are indecisive are said to have *youyu* (猶豫).' Furthermore, the Erya says: 'The *you* is like a barking deer, skilled at climbing trees.')

48.163

Guess and surmise (ancient script has 𣈻 and 猜, two forms, now written 𢡖, the same, *cū-lái* fanqie; 猜 means to suspect. The lower character [度] is *tú-gè* fanqie; 度 means to measure).

48.164

Looking sideways with a smile (睇, *tú-jì* fanqie; the Book of Rites says: 'One cannot glance sideways (睇) to look.' Zheng Xuan says: '睇 means looking askance.' The Fangyan says: 'Between Chen and Chu, glancing askance is called 睇.' The Zuanwen says: 'Looking around is called 睇.')

48.165

Laughter (啞, *yǐ-gé* fanqie; the Zilin says: 'The sound of laughter.' The Classic of Changes says: 'Laughing and talking, *ya-ya* (啞啞)'—this is it).

48.166

Weapons and instruments (器, *qū-yì* fanqie; the lower character [仗] is *zhì-liàng* fanqie. The Book of Han mentions 'regulating the grades of utensils and weapons (器械).' Ying Shao says: 'What is held inside is called *qi* (器); what is held outside is called *xie* (械).' Another says: 'Things without containers are called *qizhang* (器仗); *zhang* (仗) refers to military weapons. The five edged weapons are collectively called military weapons (兵); what people wield in their hands is called *zhang* (仗).')

48.167

Disturbed and tumultuous (憒, *gōng-duì* fanqie; the lower character [𠆴] is *nǚ-xiào* fanqie. The Shuowen jiezi says: '憒 means confusion.' The Yunji says: '𠆴 means chaotic and crowded; 猥 means many. 𠆴 is formed from 'market' (市) and 'person' (人), which is its semantic intention.' Sometimes written 鬧, which is a vulgar character).

48.168

Sincere and utmost (懇, *kǒu-hěn* fanqie; the Tongsu wen says: 'Utmost sincerity is called 懇; 懇 also means persevering.' 到 means reaching, the utmost, suffering).

48.169

Narrow and small (also written 狹, the same, *hú-jiá* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '陿 is the term for not being wide and large.')

48.170

Fascicle 12

48.171

Foot-long quail (also written 鴳, the same, *wū-jiàn* fanqie; the 鴳 is a quail-like bird, also called 鶬鷃, and also called 𩿇. The Zuan says: 'Within the Passes, the quail (鷃) is called 鷃爛堆.' According to [sources], the quail is only one foot long, hence it takes this name. One [variant] writes 𢇛, meaning a small marsh).

48.172

Mussels and clams (蚌, *pú-jiǎng* fanqie; the lower character [蛤] is *gǔ-hé* fanqie. Those that produce pearls are the finest. The Zilin says: 'They are transformed from swallows and sparrows. When the moon is full, mussels and clams are full; when the moon is dark, mussels and clams are empty.')

48.173

Bathing pellets (摶, *tú-guān* fanqie; the Tongsu wen says: 'Rolling with the hands is called 摶; meaning it can be rolled into a ball.' According to the customs of the Western Regions, when bathing is first completed, they crush various fruits or herbs with ghee into a pellet (摶) to rub and wipe the body, making it moist and smooth and dispelling wind, etc., hence it is named bathing pellet (浴摶)).

48.174

Utpala (嗢, *wū-mò* fanqie; here translated as dark-blue lotus (黛花). Formerly rendered as 優鉢羅 or 漚鉢羅, both being erroneous).

48.175

Scolding and reprimanding (叱, *chǐ-yì* fanqie; the Fangyan says: '呵 means to be angry.' In Chen it is called 呵叱; 叱 also means to scold. The Book of Rites says: 'In front of an honored guest, one does not scold a dog'—this is it).

48.176

Gradual passage of time (荏, *ér-shèn* fanqie; the lower character [苒] is *ér-yǎn* fanqie; it refers to the fleeting and momentary).

48.177

Fascicle 13

48.178

Sitting in quietude (the Stone Classics have the ancient character 燕, *yī-jiàn* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '宴 means peaceful; it refers to resting in peace.')

48.179

Refining and smelting (陶, *tú-dāo* fanqie; it speaks of having much work applied. 陶 refers to firing earthenware vessels; 練 refers to melting and refining).

48.180

Moistening and soaking (also written 䨐, the same, *hú-jiá* fanqie; the Shuowen jiezi says: '洽 means to soak.' The Sancang says: '洽 means pervasive and penetrating.')

48.181

Sūtra (怛, *dōu-dá* fanqie; the lower character [纜] is *lì-zàn* fanqie [tāntra/sūtra]. Formerly called 修多羅 or 修妒路; here translated as thread (綫)).

48.182

Fascicle 15

48.183

Female entertainer (倡女, [pronounced with the fanqie] *chi* + *yang*; *chang* (倡) means licentious and dissolute; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that *chang* means music).

48.184

Insubordinate (不遜, [遜 is pronounced with the fanqie] *su* + *cun*; the *Zilin* states that *xun* (遜) means compliant, modest, and respectful).

48.185

Worthy and wise (賢哲, [賢 is pronounced with the fanqie] *hu* + *jian*, an honorific title for a scholar-official, and also means having abundant talent; because a worthy scholar is virtuous and enlightened, the character is composed with *ju* (具); furthermore, worthy ministers are the treasures of the state, their utility matching *ju* (utensils), hence it is composed with *ju*—this is the intended meaning of the character; the next character is also written as 喆, pronounced with the fanqie *zhi* + *lie*; the *Erya* states that *zhe* (哲) means knowing; the *Fangyan* states that between the regions of Qi and Song, 'knowing' was called *zhe*; *zhe* means illuminating and discerning).

48.186

Dizzy eyes (目眩, in ancient script also written as 迿, pronounced with the two fanqie *hu* + *bian* and *hu* + *juan*; the *Zilin* states that *xuan* (眩) means disordered and deluded; the *Sancang* states that it means blurred vision).

48.187

Humped ox (角犎, [犎 is pronounced with the fanqie] *fei* + *feng*, or read *feng*; today there is this kind of ox, small in body with a hump on its back; this is it).

48.188

Neighing sound (嘶聲, [嘶 is] also written as 𧬊, pronounced with the fanqie *su* + *xi*; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that *si* (嘶) is a sorrowful sound; the *Fangyan* states that *si* means choking, or a dispersed sound).

48.189

Roaring (哮吼, [哮 in] ancient script was written as 虓, pronounced with the two fanqie *hu* + *jiao* and *hu* + *jiao*; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that it is the call of a tiger; one source says it is the sound of a lion in great rage; the next character in ancient script had the two forms 呴 and 吽, currently written as 拘 and also as 吼, pronounced with the fanqie *hu* + *gou*; the *Shenglei* says that 吽 means howling).

48.190

Roaring in fury (咆勃, [咆 is pronounced with the fanqie] *pu* + *jiao*; the next character is pronounced with the fanqie *pu* + *mo*; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that [咆] means howling and roaring; *bo* (勃) means angry and furious).

48.191

Stumbling and falling (蹎蹶, [蹎 is pronounced with the fanqie] *ding* + *xian*; the next character is also written as 𨇮, pronounced with the fanqie *ju* + *yue*; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that *dian* (蹎) means running, and also tripping; the *Guangya* states that 傎 means falling; *dianjue* (蹎蹶) is like falling flat on one's face).

48.192

Official emolument and rank (祿位, [祿 is pronounced with the fanqie] *lu* + *wu*, meaning blessing; considering ancient times when people did not plow and sow, they mostly ate wild deer (鹿, *lu*); for those at court who were kept from hunting, the government granted them goods to serve in place of deer; later generations continued this and called it 'eating deer', and changing 'deer' (鹿) into 'emolument' (祿) was to adopt the sense of divine blessings).

48.193

Sincere and solemn (敦肅, [敦 in] ancient script was written as 惇, pronounced with the fanqie *du* + *hun*; the *Shuowen jiezi* states that 惇 means sincere and substantial; *su* (肅) means strict, referring to an appearance of stern orderliness, and also means respectful).

48.194

Stammering (謇吃, [謇 in] ancient script had the two forms 𧪤 and 謇, currently written as 蹇, pronounced with the fanqie *ju* + *zhan*; the next character is pronounced with the fanqie *ju* + *qi*; the *Fangyan* states that *jianji* (謇吃) is Chu dialect; *jian* means difficulty [of speech], and *ji* means repeated words).

48.195

Hasty interruption (儳速, [儳 is pronounced with the two fanqie] *cang* + *xian* and *shi* + *jian*, meaning speaking out of turn; the *Liji* states: 'When the elder has not finished, do not speak rashly'—this is it; *chan* (儳) also means temporary; the character is composed with the radical *ren* (亻); some write it as 嚵, pronounced with the fanqie *cai* + *ran*, meaning drinking a little, but 嚵 is not used in this sense).

48.196

Shrugging the shoulders (竦肩, [竦 in] ancient script had the three forms 靖, 𢥠, and 慫, currently written as 聳, pronounced with the two fanqie *xu* + *feng* and *suo* + *xiang*; the *Guangya* states that *song* (聳) means upward).

48.197

Roots and saplings (根栽, [栽 is pronounced with the fanqie] *ze* + *lai*, meaning the planting of trees and herbs is called *zai*; it means tree shoots that can be planted).

48.198

Sewing work (防那, [防 is pronounced with the fanqie] *fu* + *fang*; this refers to women's work such as embroidery, tailoring, and sewing).

48.199

Fascicle 16

48.200

Dark discourse (黑說; in contrast to 'great discourse', it means that if what the Buddha and his disciples teach is unwholesome phenomena, it is called 'dark discourse', while the wholesome phenomena taught are called 'great discourse'; alternatively, what is taught by persons of the four fruits, pratyekabuddhas, bodhisattvas, and the like is called 'dark discourse', whereas what is taught by the Buddha is called 'great discourse').

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese