一切經音義 60

English (machine translation) 60

Language: English

60.1

Compiled by Huilin, scripture-translating śramaṇa

The Great Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivāda in thirty fascicles,
The Bhikṣuṇī-vinaya in twenty fascicles:
In this fascicle, the sounds [and meanings] of the Great Vinaya are glossed, totaling fifty fascicles.

60.3

"Preface to the Sacred Teachings of the Tripiṭaka in the Restoration of the Great Tang", Composed by the Emperor

60.4

Mángmáng 茫茫 (vast and distant; pronounced with the fanqie mǎng + guāng. The Jixun says: 'Mángmáng describes being far apart and separated.' The Gujin zhengzi has it derived from water with huáng 𦬆 as phonetic).

60.5

Jīxiǎng 激響 (resounding surge; [jī is] pronounced with the fanqie jīng + yì. Wang [Yi's] commentary to the Chuci says: 'Jī means to stir up.' The Kaosheng says: 'Water rushing and spurting.' Sometimes written as 敫; 敫 has the same sound as above).

60.6

Sìjué 竢覺 (awaiting awakening; [sì is] pronounced with the fanqie shì + zǐ. The Erya says: 'Sì means to wait.' The ancient script derives it from lái 來, written as 𥏳, an associative compound. In the preface text it derives from rén 人, written as 俟; popular usage derives it from lì 立 with yǐ 矣 as phonetic).

60.7

Bìcǎi 閟彩 (concealed brilliance; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie bēi + mèi. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: 'Bì means closed.' Kong [Anguo's] commentary to the Shangshu says: 'Bì means cautious.' Sometimes written with bǐ 比 as 毖; the gloss and meaning are the same).

60.8

Zhàngyuē 漲曰 (surging over; [zhàng is] pronounced with the fanqie zhāng + liàng).

60.9

Pǔgāi 普該 (universally encompassing; [gāi is] pronounced with the fanqie gǎi + lái. The Guangya says: 'Gāi means to comprise; to encompass.' Jia [Kui's] commentary to the Guoyu says: 'It means complete.' It derives from yán 言 with hài 亥 as phonetic).

60.10

Pǐnhuì 品彙 (categories of things; huì is pronounced wèi. The Guangya says: 'Huì means categories.' The ancient script wrote it as [孛-子+((臼@〡)/六)], deriving from shì 市 with an abbreviated guì 䝿. In the preface text it is written as [帚-巾+東], a popular character).

60.11

Qióngbiān 瓊編 (jade-like scrolls; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie kuí + yíng. The Mao Commentary to the Shijing says: 'Qióng is beautiful jade.' The Shuowen also says: 'Jade.' The Gujin zhengzi derives it from yù 玉 with xiòng 敻 as phonetic; xiòng is pronounced with the fanqie huī + jiǒng, deriving from rén 人, xué 穴, mù 目, and zhī 支. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie bì + mián. Liu Zhao's commentary to the Gongyang [zhuan] says: 'Biān means joining consecutively.' Gu Yewang says: 'Arranging bamboo slips in order.' It derives from sī 糸 with biān 扁 as phonetic).

60.12

Bìngwù 並騖 (galloping side by side; [wù is] pronounced mù. The Zidian shuo says: 'A horse running swiftly; to gallop').

60.13

Piánzōng 駢蹤 (paired footprints; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie píng + mián. The Yupian says: 'Pián is like being arrayed together.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie zú + róng. The Huainanzi says: 'When one walks, there are tracks').

60.14

Zhìjī 至[頤-頁+(朿/貝)] (reaching the profound; [jī is] pronounced with the fanqie zhēng + gé. The Yunquan says: 'Deep and secluded.' The Zhucong says: 'Dark and subtle.' It means fathoming the subtle and probing the hidden. It derives from yǐ 𦣞, pronounced yí, with jī 𧵩 as phonetic. The character jī derives from bèi 貝 with cì 朿, written as 𧵩).

60.15

Biānméng 編甿 (registered commoners; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie mài + fāng. The Guangya says: 'Méng means common people.' Biānméng means households of the common people. It derives from tián 田 with an abbreviated wáng 亾 as phonetic).

60.16

Yuánjì 爰暨 (and down to; the first character is pronounced yuán. The Guangya says: 'Yuán means to lead.' It derives from jué 𠬪 and yú 於; jué is pronounced with the fanqie pī + biǎo. The second character is pronounced jì. The Erya says: 'Jì means and; reaching.' In the preface text it derives from shuǐ 水, written as 洎, which is not appropriate for this usage).

60.17

Zhānhuí 邅迴 (faltering and turning back; [zhān is] pronounced with the fanqie zhǎn + lián. The Chuci says: 'To turn.' The Kaosheng says: 'To shift.' Zhūnzhān means walking unable to advance. It derives from chuò 辵 with dǎn 亶 as phonetic; dǎn is pronounced dàn).

60.18

Jībàn 羈絆 (bridled and fettered; the first character is pronounced jī. The Shuowen says: 'A horse's halter.' Bàn means binding three legs; it has the sense of restraining and tying up. It derives from 𠕀, gé 革, and mǎ 馬, an associative compound).

60.19

Wúyín 無垠 (boundless; [yín is] pronounced with the fanqie yú + jīn. The Guangya says: 'Yín means shore.' It derives from tǔ 土 with gèn 艮 as phonetic; it means the shore of waters).

60.20

Liàngshǔ 諒屬 (truly belonging to; the first character is pronounced liàng. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie zhǒng + rǔ, deriving from wěi 尾 and shǔ 蜀).

60.21

Diāochán 貂蟬 (sable and cicada [insignia]; the first character is pronounced diāo, which is the sable marten. The second character is pronounced chán, the name of an insect, whose wings are gossamer and exquisite. The Shuowen says: 'That which chirps from beneath its belly.' Jin Zhuo says: 'Decorating caps with kingfisher feathers.' It is a phono-semantic character).

60.22

Tiánshén 恬神 (calming the spirit; [tián is] pronounced with the fanqie dié + jiān. The Kaosheng says: 'Tián means peaceful; tranquil.' It derives from xīn 心 with an abbreviated shé 舌 as phonetic).

60.23

Zhāizhī 摘芝 (picking magic mushrooms; [zhāi is] pronounced with the fanqie zhì + gé. The Cangjie pian says: 'Zhāi means to pluck; picking fruit').

60.24

Yì qīngliú 挹清流 (scooping from the pure stream; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie yān + yì. The Kaosheng says: 'Yì means to ladle; to reduce; to drink.' It derives from shǒu 手 with yì 邑 as phonetic; yì is pronounced with the fanqie yǐ + yì, belonging to the entering tone rhyme).

60.25

Zhìyǐng 鷙影 (a raptor's shadow; [zhì is] pronounced zhì, meaning able to overpower other birds; a ferocious bird).

60.26

Shēngháng 昇航 (boarding a boat; [háng is] pronounced with the fanqie hú + gāng; a name for boats and ships).

60.27

Nánmíng 南溟 (Southern Ocean; [míng is] pronounced míng, the name of an ocean. Master Zhuang says: 'The Northern Ocean is at the extreme north, far away from the sun and moon, hence it is called míng [dark ocean].' The Southern Ocean follows this).

60.28

Shèngzhú 聖躅 (the sage's traces; [zhú is] pronounced with the fanqie zhòng + lù. Zhú means footprints).

60.29

Miǎoyǐ 邈矣 (how remote!; [miǎo is] pronounced with the fanqie máng + bō. The Chuci says: 'Miǎo means distant; vast.' It derives from chuò 辵 with mào 貌 as phonetic; mào is pronounced mào 皃).

60.30

Zhīcí 摭詞 (gleaning words; [zhī is] pronounced with the fanqie zhēng + yì. The Fangyan says: 'To take; to pick up.' Sometimes written as 柘. In the preface text it derives from zú 足, written as 蹠, which is incorrect).

60.31

Kuà Qín 跨秦 (straddling Qin; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie kuā + huà, a popular character. The standard form derives from 𡗢; 𡗢 is pronounced kuā. The Cangjie pian says: 'Kuà means to leap over; to surpass; to cross over.' It derives from zú 足 with kuā 夸 as phonetic).

60.32

Jièdū 屆都 (arriving at the capital; the first character is pronounced jiè. Jiè means to arrive).

60.33

Huìyuē 㨹曰 (sweeping away; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie suí + ruì. The Kaosheng says: 'Huì means to sweep; to hang.' Sometimes written as 篲, which means a broom).

60.34

Wěiwěi 煒煒 (blazing brightly; pronounced with the fanqie wěi + guǐ. The Shuowen says: 'Wěiwěi is the appearance of bright flourishing.' It is a phono-semantic character).

60.35

Yútián 于闐 (Khotan; pronounced with the fanqie tián + xiàn. A foreign country name, situated one thousand two hundred li southwest of Anxi. In this country there is a mountain also named Yudian [Khotan], which produces fine jade. Below the mountain is a river named the Jade River. By the side of the river is a city named Kungang City. In antiquity, people of this city presented jade to the emperor, hence the saying 'jade comes from Kungang'. The Hu barbarians call this country Huodan [Gostana]; it is also named the 'Land of Earth-Breast'. In the territory of this country there are two heavenly deities: one is Heavenly King Vaiśravaṇa, who comes and goes, residing on the peak of the Khotan mountain, and in the city there is also a shrine on a seven-storey tower; the other is the Heavenly Rat Deity, whose fur is golden and lustrous, the larger ones being like dogs and the smaller ones like hares, exceedingly wondrous, granting all blessings sought, named the King of Rats Deity).

60.36

Pǔyù 璞玉 (uncut jade; [pǔ is] pronounced with the fanqie pǔ + bō. The Yunquan says: 'Crude ore of copper and iron; that whose qualities are not yet differentiated is called pǔ').

60.37

Mūlasarvāstivāda-vinaya, Fascicle 1

60.38

Tiáogàn 條榦 (branches and trunks; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie diào + liáo. The Jixun says: 'Tiáo means small twigs.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie qiān + àn. The Yunying says: 'The tree trunk and large boughs are called gàn').

60.39

Bàoliú 瀑流 (torrential waterfall; [bào is] pronounced bào).

60.40

Huìmù 芔木 (herbs and trees; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie huī + guì, a general name for herbs and trees. The Shuowen derives it from three chè 屮; chè is pronounced with the fanqie chǐ + liè. Modern clerical script has changed it to thirty [sānshí 卅]).

60.41

Gōucè 鈎策 (hook and crop; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie gǒu + hóu; a hook is used to control elephants. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie chǔ + gé; a whip or crop is used to control horses. It derives from zhú 竹 and shù 束; shù is pronounced with the fanqie cǐ + zì).

60.42

Huángqiàn 隍壍 (dry moat and trench; the first character is pronounced huáng, a ditch or pit beneath a city wall. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie qī + yàn, an earthen mound outside a moat. The Shuowen says: 'Beneath a city wall, if there is water it is called chí; if there is no water it is called huáng. Pounding earth to make a sheer wall is called qiáng; planting trees on an earthen mound forms a qiàn').

60.43

Pèilè 轡勒 (bridle and bit; the first character is pronounced bì, the bridle head for horses. The Shuowen derives it from sī 糸, wèi 𨊥, and chē 車; the kǒu 口 resembles the iron axle-cap of a carriage; wèi 𨊥 is pronounced wèi).

60.44

Chuánfá 船橃 (boats and rafts; the second character is pronounced fá, deriving from mù 木 with fā 發 as phonetic. In the Vinaya text it is written as 栰, which is incorrect).

60.45

Tīdèng 梯隥 (ladders and steps; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie tǐ + dī. Jia [Kui's] commentary to the Guoyu says: 'Tī means steps; or steps made of bamboo and wood used to ascend high places.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie dēng + dèng. The Jixun says: 'Terraced tiers of earth are called dèng.' In the scripture it derives from shān 山, written as 嶝, which is incorrect).

60.46

Yá jì miǎo nán zhī 漄際淼難知 (the shores and margins are unfathomably vast; the first character is pronounced yá, the next is pronounced jì, and the last is pronounced with the fanqie mǐ + xiǎo. The Kaosheng says: 'The appearance of broad and vast waters.' Deriving from three waters [shuǐ 水], where the other shore cannot be seen).

60.47

Chuāngpáo 瘡庖 (sores and pustules; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie chǔ + shuāng. The Shuowen says: 'Chuāng means wound.' It is also a popular character. The second character is pronounced with the fanqie péng + mào, the onset of a sore).

60.48

Zhù zīhuò 貯貲貨 (storing property and wealth; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie zhū + lǚ, the next with zǐ + sī, and the last with huǒ + wò; all derive from bèi 貝 as phono-semantic characters).

60.49

Ruò chǎo 若𪍑 (or parched grain; [chǎo is] pronounced with the fanqie chāng + zhǎo. The Guangya says: 'Chǎo is food.' The Picang says: 'Flour of parched wheat.' The Wenzi jilüe says: 'Scraps of parched wheat.' Alternatively made from parched rice. Wei Hong sometimes wrote it as [麩-夫+少]. The Gujin zhengzi derives it from mài 麥 with qiú 酋 as phonetic. In the Vinaya text it is written as [麩-夫+少], a popular character).

60.50

Ruò zhù 若鬻 (or congee; the second character is pronounced with the fanqie zhōng + rù. The Wenzi jilüe says: 'Zhù means thick-cooked rice made into thin gruel.' Anciently it derived from lì 鬲, written as 鬻, the standard form. Modern clerical script abbreviated it to 粥. In the Vinaya text the popular character is used. Nào [in nào zhǔ] is pronounced lì; lì 鬲 is pronounced lì, meaning a cauldron).

60.51

Chāichuǎn 差舛 (discrepancy and confusion; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie chū + jiā. The Yunquan says: 'Mistake; error.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie chuān + yǎn. Gu Yewang says: 'Chāichuǎn means uneven and irregular.' Deriving from jí 疾 and xī 夕; jí is pronounced with the fanqie kǒu + guǎ, and xī is pronounced with the fanqie zhú + wǎ; it means hasty).

60.52

Rǔbǔ 乳哺 (nursing and feeding; [bǔ is] pronounced with the fanqie pú + mù. Xu Shuzhong's commentary to the Huainanzi says: 'Chewing food in one's mouth and spitting it out to feed an infant is called bǔ.' It derives from kǒu 口 with fǔ 甫 as phonetic. In the Vinaya text it derives from shí 食, written as 餔 and pronounced with the fanqie bù + gū, which is incorrect).

60.53

Bǎochí 褓持 (swaddling and holding; [bǎo is] pronounced bǎo. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'Bǎo means swaddling cloth.' The Wenzidian shuo says: 'An infant's quilt; namely swaddling clothes.' It derives from yī 衣 with bǎo 保 as phonetic. Tì 䙗 is pronounced tì).

60.54

Nǎnkè 赧客 (a bashful guest; [nǎn is] pronounced with the fanqie nǐng + jiǎn. The Fangyan says: 'Nǎn means ashamed.' The Kaosheng says: 'Flushing red in the face from shame and embarrassment.' It derives from chì 赤 with zhǎn 𠬩 as phonetic. In the Vinaya text it derives from pí 皮, written as 𧹞, a popular character; zhǎn 𠬩 is pronounced zhǎn).

60.55

Pájué 爬爴 (scratching and clawing; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie bái + má, also written with shǒu 手 as 把. The Kaosheng says: 'Bǎ means to scratch.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie guǐ + bì. According to handed-down tradition of sound and usage, there was originally no standard character; it means grabbing with the hands so as to cause injury).

60.56

Tiàozhì 跳躑 (jumping and thrashing; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie tíng + yáo. The Cangjie pian says: 'Tiào means leaping.' The Guangya says: 'Tiào means jumping.' The second character is pronounced with the fanqie chéng + yì; throwing one's body up in a leap; leaping and thrashing about. Both characters derive from zú 足 with zhào 兆 and zhèng 鄭 as phonetics).

60.57

Chuàngzhì 創制 (instituting; [chuàng is] pronounced with the fanqie chū + zhuàng, a popular character. The standard form derives from bìng 并, written as 剏. The Kaosheng says: 'Chuàng means beginning; initial.' It is an associative compound).

60.58

Lóngyǎ 聾瘂 (deaf and mute; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie lù + dōng, and the second with the fanqie yīng + gǔ).

60.59

Dílǐjiā 咥哩迦 (trikā / mātṛkā; dílǐ is a conjunct syllable. In Sanskrit it is or called mātṛkā, rendered in the Tang language as 'original matrix' [benmu]).

60.60

Wūbōtuóyē 鄔波䭾耶 (upādhyāya; Sanskrit. In the Tang language it means 'intimate preceptor' [qinjiao]; 'heshang' is an erroneous corruption).

60.61

Shànchà bànzéjiā 扇侘半擇迦 (ṣaṇḍha-paṇḍaka; chà is pronounced with the fanqie chǒu + jiā, and jiā is pronounced with the fanqie jiāng + qū. Sanskrit. In the Tang language it means 'eunuch' [huangmen], namely those whose male faculties are incomplete. There are five types: 1. Born naturally without male faculties, or if having them, being tiny like an infant's and unable to perform sexual acts; 2. Although originally having faculties, the external testicles have been completely removed, so that even if performing sexual acts they cannot father children; 3. Upon seeing others performing sexual acts or seeing female faculties and dwelling mentally on desire, the male faculty emerges, but when not seeing them it retracts into the abdomen like a female; 4. Being male for half a month and female for half a month; 5. Originally male, but gradually deteriorating and transforming into an impotent person. These are the five types, all termed eunuchs [huangmen]).

60.62

Bǎosǎtuó 褒灑陁 (poṣadha; the first character is pronounced with the fanqie bǎo + máo, and the next with shā + gǔ. Sanskrit. In the Tang language it means 'nurturing purification' [changjing]. Every half month, one confesses before the assembly, cleansing the actions of body, speech, and mind, reverently listening to the monastic precepts, and nurturing pure karma; hence it is called nurturing purification).

60.63

Sthūlātyaya (Sanskrit; it is the second graver class of offenses).

60.64

Śikṣamāṇā (Sanskrit; a probationary nun who observes partial precepts).

60.65

Expulsion (extirpation and expulsion) (pǐn in fanqie from pēi and pìn; the Guangya states that bìn means to cast out; it takes the hand radical).

60.66

The realm of Ujjayinī (the first character is wū in fanqie from wū and gǔ).

60.67

Displaying charms (xuàn in fanqie from xuán and juàn; the Shuowen states: to walk about while peddling wares is called displaying for sale [xuànmài]).

60.68

Fascicle Two

60.69

Wealth and property (the first character is zī in fanqie from zǐ and sī; the Guangya says zī means commodities; the Cangjie says zī also means wealth; the Yupian says zī means property; the Shuowen says it takes the cowrie radical with cǐ as phonetic; the standard orthodox form of this character takes zhǐ and bǐ).

60.70

Tender grass (nèn in fanqie from nè and dùn; newly grown, soft and delicate; it takes the woman radical).

60.71

Vulgar familiarity (the second character is xiè in fanqie from xiān and jié; Kong's Commentary on the Shangshu states that xiè means disrespectful and irreverent, denoting improper intimacy; the Shuowen says dú also means disrespectful; it takes the woman radical with yè as phonetic; dú is pronounced dú, and yè is pronounced dié).

60.72

Shaking off (the first character has the sound of dǒu; the second is shǒu in fanqie from sāng and gǒu; the Kaosheng states: to shake vigorously [dǒusǒu] means to shake garments and articles so as to remove dust and dirt; these two characters have no fixed form, and the translators of the sūtras wrote them at will).

60.73

Washing the feet (pronounced zhuó; zhuó is like xǐ, to wash).

60.74

Washing the hands (xǐ in fanqie from xiān and lǐ).

60.75

Filtering water (lǜ in fanqie from lǘ and jù; straining water).

60.76

Unacquainted (ān in fanqie from àn and gān; a vulgar character; the orthodox form takes yān to make 𧫧; the Kaosheng states that it means to remember; the Jixun states that it means to know thoroughly).

60.77

Wiping clean and draining (the first character is kāi in fanqie from kè and jiē; the Guangya states that kāi means to rub; the second is xiè in fanqie from xiān and jié; the Yunying states that it means to leak or drain out).

60.78

Withering and languishing (the first character has the sound of wěi; the second is cuì in fanqie from qíng and suì; upon examination, to wither and languish means sorrowful and displeased, like grasses and trees turning yellow and dying; both are phono-semantic characters).

60.79

Reforming and amending (quān in fanqie from qīng and yuán; the Kaosheng states that quān means to awaken and to cease; the Yunying states that it also means to reform).

60.80

Carious teeth (qǔ in fanqie from qū and yǔ; the Kaosheng states that it means having worms in the teeth; according to the meaning in the vinaya text, the character qǔ should be written, but the current vinaya text takes the yú radical to write 齵, pronounced ǒu in fanqie from ǒu and gōu; the Cangjie pian states that it means growing double teeth; Gu Yewang states that it means teeth that are uneven; the Shuowen says teeth that are crooked; both readings are acceptable, hence preserved).

60.81

Bolting the door (the first character is diàn in fanqie from tián and diàn; a small bar for a door, obstructing the door leaves so that they do not open; the ancient script writes it as 扊; it is a phono-semantic character).

60.82

Gnawed by insects (the first character is chóng in fanqie from zhú and róng; the second is niè in fanqie from yán and jié; the Shuowen states that niè means to bite; it takes the tooth radical with qì as phonetic; qì is pronounced qiè in fanqie from qiān and bā).

60.83

Wattle fence (chà in fanqie from chǔ and gé; a pictographic character; closely erecting firewood and crossing it horizontally so that it forms the shape of a wall to cut off the passage of humans and animals is called a wattle fence; lí is pronounced lí; lí is a small palisade; whether by bundling brambles or erecting tree branches, they are made into a fence).

60.84

Covering scaffold (the first character is péng in fanqie from bái and máng; the Guangya states that péng means an elevated framework; the Shuowen states that péng means a plank gallery; it takes the tree radical with péng as phonetic; the second is fù in fanqie from fū and jiù; Jia Kui says that fù is like gài, to cover; it takes the west radical with fù as phonetic).

60.85

Clothes-rack pole (the first character is háng in fanqie from hóng and làng; the Kaosheng states that it is a clothes rack; the second has the sound of gān; sometimes written as gān [with bamboo]; Guo's Commentary on the Erya says it is a pole for hanging clothes).

60.86

Bedstead block (the first character is chuáng in fanqie from zhuàng and zhuāng; the second is zhēn in fanqie from zhī and lín; sometimes written as zhēn [with stone]; both are implements for sitting and lying).

60.87

Slandering and reviling (the second character is dú; the Kaosheng states that it means to defame and slander, or to harbor resentful anguish; it takes the jǐng radical with an abbreviated dú as phonetic; jǐng is pronounced jìng).

60.88

Knitting the brows and frowning (the first character is cuán in fanqie from cú and luán; the second is cù in fanqie from zǐ and yù; the appearance of wrath).

60.89

Fascicle Three

60.90

Threshing-floor bin (shàn in fanqie from shì and yuán; the Kaosheng states that a shàn is a bamboo granary; weaving bamboo in a circular shape to store grain and wheat is a granary bin).

60.91

In the cellar (the first character has the sound of jiào; the Yunying states: digging into the earth to store goods; sometimes written as 𰩇).

60.92

Hooking and cutting (zhuó in fanqie from dīng and jiǎo; using bronze or iron to make a hook to hook and chop objects, which is colloquially called a gaff hook; the vinaya text takes dēng to write 鄧 or writes 𣃆, both of which are errors; correctly it takes 𠁁, pronounced dǒu in fanqie from tóu and hòu, taking the axe radical with 𠁁 as phonetic; if it takes dòu, that is wrong; the character [門@(亞*斤)] properly takes this 𠁁).

60.93

Drying clothes in the sun (shài in fanqie from shēng and zhài; it means exposing to the sun).

60.94

Khadira wood (qiè in fanqie from jiǎn and kǎi; Sanskrit; the name of a hard wood in the Western Regions; translated in ancient times as qūtuóluó; suitable for making pegs and nails).

60.95

Comb-toothed wooden peg (yì in fanqie from yíng and jí; a wooden peg).

60.96

Clothes-wrapping cloth (pronounced fú; a wrapper for clothes; it takes the cloth radical).

60.97

Clothes chest (guì in fanqie from kuí and wèi; a large wooden chest for storing clothes; sometimes written simply as guì).

60.98

Saddle pad (jiān in fanqie from jiǎn and xiān; the felt cushion under a horse saddle; sometimes written as 𩋋, also written as 𦇩; both are interchangeable).

60.99

Five māṣas (mò in fanqie from mò and hè; the next is shà in fanqie from shā and xià; both are departing-tone characters. In Sanskrit, this is the name used in the Western markets for gold and jewels. A single pellet of gold roughly the size of a parasol tree seed is called one māṣa. Comparing and estimating by the currency values of both eastern and western countries, it is equivalent to eighty copper cash of this land. Five māṣas amount to four hundred cash. Under the royal law of that country, if one steals property valued at five māṣas, the penalty is permanent expulsion: being cast out into the mountain forests to live or die as fate wills. If one steals one, two, three, or four māṣas, the punishment is meted out according to the degree of the crime, not resulting in abandonment. The precepts instituted by the Buddha correspond entirely to the royal law. If the property stolen by a monk is valued at five māṣas, it is deemed committing a grave offense, and he is expelled and driven out from the sangha, no longer living together with them. Ancient translators misunderstood this and equated one māṣa to one copper cash, which was a grave error! The Buddha said: 'My teachings establish regulations in accordance with the lands and states.' If evaluated by the royal laws of this country, from the Five Thearchs and Three Kings down to the royal statutes of the Great Tang, one has never heard of stealing five cash warranting death. Even for stealing five bolts of silk or more, one would only reach penal exile; between one and a hundred strings of cash, there is caning, but it does not reach penal exile. Yet to say that five cash constitutes a grave offense is excessively harsh, making it difficult to maintain the precepts, and those who unknowingly break this precept would be manifold. The Sarvāstivāda vinaya states that four hundred cash constitutes a grave offense, which is based on strict judgment; balancing lenient and severe penalties in accordance with this realm's royal statutes precisely hits the mark and accords with the Buddha's original injunction).

60.100

Belly and ribs (the first character has the sound of fù, the belly; the second has the sound of lè, the rib bones on both sides of the belly).

60.101

Spine and thighs (the first character has the sound of jǐ; a pictographic character; the second is tuǐ in fanqie from tǔ and něi; the two thighs; above the knees and below the waist, the two hips are called legs; it takes the flesh radical with tuì as phonetic).

60.102

Moored with ropes (the first character is lǎn in fanqie from lán and dàn; the hawsers used to moor a boat; the second has the sound of jì; it takes the silk radical with 𨋁 as phonetic).

60.103

Paddy dikes (huí in fanqie from huì and guī; Wang Yi's Commentary on the Chuci states that qí means plots of land; Duke Xiao of Qin took two hundred and forty paces as an acre [mǔ], twenty-five acres as a small plot [qí], and fifty acres as a large plot; it is a phono-semantic character).

60.104

Urn-boat (the first character is wèng in fanqie from wū and gòng; a large earthenware vessel; sometimes written as 瓮, a vulgar character).

60.105

Snaring deer (jiàng in fanqie from qiáng and liàng; the Kaosheng states: using a snare-bow to catch birds and beasts is called jiàng).

60.106

Weir trap (the first character is qú in fanqie from jí and yú; a fish weir; the second is quán in fanqie from qī and yuán; a bamboo trap for catching fish; both are phono-semantic characters).

60.107

Door eaves (shē in the fanqie of shè and dān; the sūtra erroneously writes it with yán as 櫩, which is incorrect).

60.108

Fascicle Four

60.109

Begging for alms (the second character is gài in fanqie from gāi and ài; Gu Yewang states that gài also means to beg; the Kaosheng says it means to seek; the Gujin zhengzi states: when a person has lost their property, they beg; hence the Shuowen has it take the person and perish radicals; it is an ideogrammic compound; the first is an ancient-modern character variant).

60.110

Sprinkling and wringing (the first character is sǎ in fanqie from shā and jiǎ; the Kaosheng states that it means scattering water like rain; the Shuowen states that sǎ means sprinkling; it takes the beautiful radical with an abbreviated shā as phonetic; the second is liè in fanqie from lián and niè, a vulgar character; the orthodox ancient form is [(敲-高+糸)/皿], taking yāo, [(犀-尸)-牛+十], zhī, and xiě; it is also pronounced lì in fanqie from lì and jì; the meaning is the same as above; or it takes the silk radical to make 綟; the character dictionaries state: two people, one on the left and one on the right, wringing out water; here it is taken in the entering tone).

60.111

Yarn thrums (the first character is lǚ in fanqie from lì and yǔ; the second has the sound of guì; upon examination, yarn thrums are the leftover threads from weaving; the Shuowen says that lǚ means thread; when weaving is finished and the leftover threads are not cut, they are thrum ends; sometimes written as 繢).

60.112

Frog in a well (wā in fanqie from hóng and huá; a vulgar character; correctly written with mǐn as 鼃; the frog in a well, capable of croaking, also called green frog; or written as 蛙; green-yellow in color, long-legged, and good at leaping; another name is huánghuái; Gu Yewang states: wā is simply the frog [mǐn]).

60.113

Stony and barren (the first character is qiāo in fanqie from qiǎo and jiāo; the second is què in fanqie from kǔ and jiǎo; the Shenglei states that qiāoquè means rocky, hard, and thin soil; Gu Yewang states: qiāo means hard; when the ground is hard, it is poor and not suitable for the five grains; barren and thin; qià is pronounced kè, and jí is pronounced jí).

60.114

Vande (the second character has the sound of dì; Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means to pay homage).

60.115

Deceiving and defrauding (the first character has the sound of guǐ; the second is kuàng in fanqie from jū and kuàng; guǐ means crafty; kuàng means to delude; both are phono-semantic characters).

60.116

Snakes, leeches, and swamp eels (the first character is shé in fanqie from shè and zhē; the next has the sound of zhì; the last has the sound of shàn; the Cangjie pian states that the leech is an aquatic worm; Guo's Commentary on the Shanhai jing says the cicada-fish resembles a snake, sometimes written with the worm radical as 蟺; the Cangjie pian says the wānshàn is the earthworm; all these are legless creatures that crawl on their bellies, also called creeping bugs; they are what snake charmers raise to poison people, or store up to serve as food for snakes; all are phono-semantic characters).

60.117

Roasting thoroughly (the second character is bào in fanqie from bǔ and gè; identical in sound with bó; the Guangya states that bào means hot; the Kaosheng states: drying over fire; the Yunying states: bringing close to fire; sometimes written as 曝, or taking the skin radical as [曷*皮], both pronounced bó; all mean roasting and parching to make dry; the vinaya text takes fū to make 𤍿, which is incorrect; this character is found in neither internal [Buddhist] nor external scriptures, but was invented at will by the translator).

60.118

River deer and deer (the first character has the sound of zhāng; the second has the sound of lù; kinds of quadrupeds).

60.119

Grub larvae (the first character has the sound of qí; the second has the sound of cáo; the Erya states that the qiúqí is a wood-boring grub; Guo's Commentary states: a destructive insect inside wood; it also says: inside the soil; this is the orthodox form in ancient and modern times).

60.120

Locusts and moths (the first character has the sound of huáng; namely of the kind of katydids, migratory locusts, grain-eating caterpillars, and crop pests; zhōng is pronounced zhōng, tè is pronounced tè, máo is pronounced máo, and zéi is pronounced zéi; the second character is é in fanqie from wǒ and gē; namely of the kind of silkworm moths, butterflies, bees, and flies; all are termed multi-legged insects).

60.121

Wasps and ants (the first character has the sound of fēng; the second is yǐ in fanqie from yí and qǐ; sometimes written as 螘; these are also multi-legged insects).

60.122

Stinging pain (zhé in fanqie from zhī and liè).

60.123

Fascicle 5

60.124

Waist cord (𦝫絛; the second character is fanqie 討 + 刀. The Erya says: "Plain brocade ribbon banner-pole." The Kaosheng says: "Woven silk like rope." It is also written as 綢. The Wenzidian, citing the Shuowen, says: "Braided silk; it takes radical 糸 and 條 abbreviated as phonetic").

60.125

Suspicions and grievances (嫌隙; the first character is fanqie 叶 + 兼, the second is fanqie 卿 + 逆. Gu Yewang says: "A grudge in the heart").

60.126

To repair (修葺; the second character is fanqie 侵 + 入. Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "葺 means to mend and repair; it takes radical 艸 and 咠 as phonetic").

60.127

Fascicle 6

60.128

To wash and rinse (澡漱; the first character is fanqie 遭 + 老. The Guangya says: "澡 means to bathe." Zheng's Commentary on the Liji says: "澡 means to wash away dirt." The Shuowen says: "To wash one's hands; it takes radical 水 and 喿 as phonetic." The second character is fanqie 搜 + 皺. The Guangya says: "漱 means [漟-(口/土)+(必/(即-ㄗ+又))]." It also says: "瀺灂 is the sound of water when rinsing the mouth." The Wenzidian says: "To cleanse the mouth or swish out the mouth with water; it takes radical 水 and 欶 as phonetic." The character [漟-(口/土)+(必/(即-ㄗ+又))] is fanqie 鋤 + 角; 瀺 is fanqie 床 + 咸; 欶 is pronounced 朔; 皺 is fanqie 莊 + 救).

60.129

Gluttonous (貪餮; the second character is fanqie 天 + 結. In ancient script it is written as 飻. Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Being greedy for food is called 餮." In the Vinaya text, it is written with 列 as 𲋗, which is a scribal error. The Wenzidian says: "It takes radical 食 and 殄 as phonetic." 殄 is pronounced 殿).

60.130

Toil and labor (劬勞; the first character is fanqie 強 + 于, the second is fanqie 老 + 高).

60.131

Hunting (畋獵; the first character is pronounced 田, the second is fanqie 廉 + 輒. He's Commentary on the Gongyang zhuan says: "畋獵 is the general name for hunting; it is also for practicing warfare and capturing [game]").

60.132

Coarse and fierce (麁獷; the first character is fanqie 倉 + 胡, the second is fanqie 號 + 猛).

60.133

Chaste resolve (貞操; the second character is fanqie 草 + 奧. The Yunying says: "To maintain one's determination." It is also written with radical 人 as 僺. The Wenzidian says: "It takes radical 手 and 喿 as phonetic." 喿 is fanqie 桑 + 到).

60.134

To spur on and encourage (策勵; the first character is fanqie 楚 + 格. The Shuowen says: "A horsewhip; it takes radical 竹 and 朿 as phonetic." The second character is fanqie 力 + 曳. The Yunying says: "勵 means to urge and encourage." The Shuowen gives it as 勱: "To exert effort; it takes radical 力 and 厲 as phonetic").

60.135

To draw [a bow] so as to (彀以; the first character is pronounced 搆. The Shuowen says: "彀 means to draw a bow fully; it takes radical 弓 and 𣪊 as phonetic").

60.136

To crush to death (碾殺; the first character is fanqie 尼 + 展, a popular character. The Kaosheng says: "Run over by a cart." It is also written as 𧿸, meaning to trample. According to the meaning of the sūtra, where the door-pivot turns, it crushes a poisonous snake to death; properly it takes radical 車 and 㞋 as phonetic. 㞋 has the same pronunciation as above).

60.137

Venomous sting (毒螫; the second character is fanqie 始 + 亦. The Wenzidian says: "Bees and scorpions administer poison and sting people; it takes radical 虫 and 赦 as phonetic").

60.138

Birdlime (䅻膠; the first character is fanqie 恥 + 知. The Kaosheng says: "Birdlime is made by pounding tree bark and boiling it down; it can be used to trap birds, resembling glue." The second character is pronounced 交. Gu Yewang says: "膠 means sticky; that by which things are connected together to make them adhere to one another." The Shuowen says: "It takes radical 肉 and 翏 abbreviated as phonetic").

60.139

Fascicle 7

60.140

Haughty and arrogant (傲慢; the first character is fanqie 遨 + 到. Kong's Commentary on the Shangshu says: "傲 means arrogant." Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Disrespectful." The Shuowen says: "Haughty; it takes radical 人 and 𢾕 as phonetic." The second character is fanqie 蠻 + 辨. The Kaosheng says: "Disrespectful and indolent; fearless." It is also written with radical 女 or 人 as 嫚 or 僈. The Wenzidian says: "Indolent and slighting; it takes radical 心 and 曼 as phonetic." 曼 is pronounced 万).

60.141

To follow in the footsteps of what went before (踵前; the first character is fanqie 鍾 + 勇. The Shenglei says: "踵 means the heel of the foot." The Chuci has it as meaning to continue. The Shuowen says: "To pursue; it takes radical 足 and 重 as phonetic").

60.142

To repent and reform (悛改; the first character is fanqie 七 + 緣. The Boya says: "悛 means to change." The Fangyan says: "From the east of the mountains onward, to reform is called 悛." The Shuowen says: "To cease; it takes radical 心 and 夋 as phonetic." 夋 is fanqie 七 + 旬).

60.143

Shoulder-blade reaching to the knee (髆及厀; the first character is fanqie 牓 + 莫. The Zhouli says: "髆 and 胳 are thigh and shoulder bones." The Jixun says: "The two scapulae and the arms; it takes radical 骨 and 尃 abbreviated as phonetic." In the sūtras it is written with radical 肉, which is incorrect).

60.144

Tightly seized (急㧖; the first character is fanqie 今 + 立. The Shuowen says: "Narrow and constrained; it takes radical 心 and 及 as phonetic." The second character is pronounced 厄. The Kaosheng says: "㧖 means to grip." The Wenzidian says: "To hold, to grasp; it takes radical 木 and 戹 as phonetic." 戹 has the same pronunciation. In the Vinaya text it is written as 扼, which is a popular character. 褊 is fanqie 必 + 演).

60.145

Bitten by a turtle (鼈齩; the first character is fanqie 鞭 + 滅. The Shuowen says: "A shelled reptile, with bone on the outside and flesh on the inside; it takes radical 黽 and 敝 as phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written with radical 龜 or 虫 as 鼈 or 蟞, both of which are incorrect. The second character is fanqie 雅 + 狡. The Kaosheng says: "齩 means to bite." The Shuowen says: "It takes radical 齒 and 交 as phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written with radical 口 as 咬, which is a popular character).

60.146

To hang oneself (自縊; the second character is fanqie 伊 + 二. The Yunying says: "To hang oneself to death; a phono-semantic compound character").

60.147

Uposatha (褒灑陀; the first character is fanqie 保 + 毛, the second is fanqie 沙 + 假. It is Sanskrit; in the Tang language it is called 'constantly purifying' (changjing). It refers to the assembly of monks harmoniously gathering every half-month for the poṣadha. It has already been explained in Fascicle 1 above).

60.148

Wrist-joint (拳𢯲; the first character is fanqie 倦 + 員. The second character is fanqie 剜 + 換. The Shuowen says: "The joint behind the palm; it takes radical 目 and 叉; 叉 is pronounced 瓜; it also takes radical 手." Although an ancient form, it is the orthodox character. In the Vinaya text it is written with 宛 as 捥, or with radical 肉 as 腕, both of which are popular, incorrect characters).

60.149

Pike and spear (矛矟; the first character is fanqie 莫 + 侯; it is the modern spear. It is a pictograph; in ancient script it is written as 𢦵. The second character is fanqie 霜 + 捉. The Boya says: "A military weapon." The Yunquan says: "A long spear; a phono-semantic compound character").

60.150

Discus and throwing javelin (輪𥎞; regarding the first character, 輪 (discus): In the Western countries there are battle discuses made of iron with sharp blades mounted around them. When thrown flying from afar, they strike and sever an opponent's life-root, or wound the hands and feet, or mutilate the limbs. The discus turns back and can be caught skillfully; it is called a flying wheel. At a distance they use bows and crossbows; closer they use the discus; even closer they use lassos, swords, clubs, and use pikes, long spears, lances, and javelins. 𥎞 is fanqie 麤 + 亂. The Kaosheng says: "𥎞 is a short lance; that is, the throwing javelin blade called a salanzi; thrown from afar, its sharp blade injures the enemy's men and horses").

60.151

Grass stalk (草筳; the second character is pronounced 庭. Regarding the grass stalk: the stems of the ears of grain, wheat, millet, and panicum are called 筳; this is also true of all grasses. It takes radical 竹 and 廷 as phonetic. 廷 takes radical 手 and 辵).

60.152

Woollen rug (毛緂; the second character is fanqie 貪 + 敢. The Kaosheng says: "緂 is woven from wool and produced among the Western Rong; it has five-colored shaded floral designs, or is called a woollen carpet, or a woollen mattress, mat, etc. This is its correct ancient and modern form").

60.153

To throw a brick (擲甎; the second character is pronounced 專; it is a fired brick).

60.154

Fissured and cracked (璺裂; the first character is pronounced 問. The Kaosheng says: "璺 means that a vessel is cracked and broken but the pieces have not separated." The Picang says: "To tear apart." The Wenzidian says: "To break; to split; it takes radical 玉 and 舋 abbreviated as phonetic." 舋 is fanqie 忻 + 近).

60.155

Fascicle 8

60.156

Phlegm-fluid disease (痰癊; the first character is pronounced 談, the second is fanqie 邑 + 禁. The Kaosheng says: "Phlegm-fluid is a disease of fluid accumulation in the chest and diaphragm." Both take radical 疒 and are phono-semantic compound characters. 疒 is fanqie 女 + 厄).

60.157

Earthenware bowl (瓦甌; the second character is fanqie 敺 + 侯. The Shenglei says: "An earthenware bowl." The Shuowen says: "A small basin; a phono-semantic compound character." The character 盌 is pronounced 椀; 敺 is fanqie 阿 + 苟).

60.158

Barely able to obtain (僅得; the first character is pronounced 近. The Jixun says: "僅 means barely." The Guangya says: "Few." The Wenzidian says: "It takes radical 人 and 堇 as phonetic." 堇 is pronounced 謹).

60.159

Ladder rungs (梯蹬; the first character is fanqie 體 + 泥, the second is fanqie 登 + 鄧).

60.160

To scold and berate (叱𠿒; the first character is fanqie 嗔 + 質, the second is fanqie 訶 + 葛. To rebuke in a loud voice).

60.161

Gaff hook (搭鉤; the first character is pronounced 荅, the second is fanqie 苟 + 侯. A weapon of war: a hook mounted on the tip of a pole).

60.162

Fascicle 9

60.163

Large softshell turtle and alligator (黿鼉; the first character is pronounced 元. The Shuowen says: "A giant softshell turtle." The second character is fanqie 䭾 + 何. Guo's Commentary on the Shanhaijing says: "The alligator resembles a gecko, over a zhang in length, with scales and armor; its skin can be used to make drums. It takes radical 黽, pronounced 猛, and 𠹈 as phonetic." 𠹈 is pronounced 那).

60.164

Surging torrent ([涅-土+(出/大/((犀-尸)-牛+十))]流; the first character is fanqie 袍 + 帽. The Wenzidian says: "The rapid, surging rush of river and stream waters").

60.165

Heel of the foot (足跟; the second character is fanqie 艮 + 恩. The Shiming says: "The rear heel of the foot." The Shuowen says: "跟 means heel; it takes radical 足 and 艮 as phonetic").

60.166

Dense and dark [clouds] (靉靆; the first character is fanqie 哀 + 改, the second is fanqie 地 + 愛. The Kaosheng says: "靉靆 describes the thick appearance of clouds." The Chuci says: "The sun and moon lose their light, as dark clouds hang dense." Both are phono-semantic compound characters).

60.167

Intelligent and perspicacious (聰叡; the first character is fanqie 倉 + 紅. In the Vinaya text it is written with 公 as 聡, a popular character. The Shangshu says: "Hearing is called 聰." Kong Anguo says: "Hearing clearly and discerningly with the ears." The Shuowen says: "To discern; it takes radical 耳 and 怱 as phonetic." 怱 has the same pronunciation as above; derived from 怱, 怱 is fanqie 楚 + 紅, a pictograph. The second character is fanqie 悅 + 惠. The Hongfan says: "叡 makes a sage." Zheng's Commentary on the Liji says: "Quintessence of thought." The Guangya says: "Wisdom." The Gujin zhengzi says: "Deep discernment; it takes radical [(├/匚)*又], radical 谷 abbreviated, and radical 目." [(├/匚)*又] is pronounced 殘).

60.168

Thwarted and broken (挫折; the first character is fanqie 祖 + 臥. Jia's Commentary on the Guoyu says: "To break its sharp vanguard is called 挫." The second character is fanqie 戰 + 熱; its gloss and meaning are the same as the character above. The Shuowen says: "To break down; both take radical 手, and 坐 and 斤 [respectively]").

60.169

Frivolous and impetuous (輕躁; the second character is fanqie 遭 + 澇. Gu Yewang says: "躁 means restless movement." The Lunyu says: "Not quiet and still; it takes radical 足 and 喿 as phonetic").

60.170

Sharp and keen (鋒銳; the first character is pronounced 峯, the second is fanqie 悅 + 惠. Eloquence and dialectic skill as sharp as the edge of a blade).

60.171

Slandering and malicious (謲𭖪; the first character is fanqie 楚 + 錦. The Kaosheng says: "Covertly ridiculing and disparaging with words; it takes radical 言 and 參 as phonetic." In the Vinaya text it is written with radical 土 as 墋, which is incorrect. The second character is fanqie 桐 + 篤. The Kaosheng says: "Having intent to harm; a pitfall grass for trapping men; resentment and hatred." The Shuowen says: "It takes radical 屮 and 毒; 毒 is also phonetic." In ancient script it is written as [山/虫]; written in the ancient style it takes radical 虫; the character 毒 takes radical 土 and 母; 毒 is pronounced 愛).

60.172

Pair of conch horns (雙蠃; the second character is fanqie 盧 + 禾. The Erya says: "蚹蠃; 蚹 is pronounced 夷, 蠃 is pronounced 俞." Guo Pu says: "Snail." Regarding the pair of conch horns: they are musical instruments. A large sea conch whose pointed apex is ground down to make a hole, which is blown to make a sound to harmonize music, called a Dharma conch. It takes radical 虫 and 蠃 as phonetic. In the Vinaya text it is written as 䗍, which is incorrect. 蠃 is fanqie 魯 + 臥; although ancient, it is the orthodox form).

60.173

Warm peak (愞頂; the first character is fanqie 奴 + 管. The Shuowen says: "Warm; it takes radical 火 and 耎 as phonetic." It is also written as 㬉 with the same meaning. 耎 is fanqie 而 + 兖).

60.174

Fascicle 10

60.175

Famine and crop failure (飢饉; the first character is fanqie 几 + 冝. Gu Yewang says: "Humans and livestock in need of food." The Guliang zhuan says: "When the five grains do not ripen, it is called 飢." The Shuowen says: "Hungry; it takes radical 食 and 几 as phonetic." The second character is pronounced 近. The Erya says: "When vegetables do not ripen, it is called 饉." The Guliang zhuan says: "When the three grains do not ripen, it is called 饉; a phono-semantic compound character").

60.176

Livid blood stasis (青瘀; the second character is fanqie 於 + 據. The Kaosheng says: "Accumulated blood within").

60.177

Swollen and distended (胮脹; the first character is fanqie 朴 + 邦. The Picang says: "䏺 also means swollen and distended." The Gujin zhengzi gives it as 胖 or as 𤶞, taking radical 肉 and 夆 as phonetic. The second character is fanqie 張 + 亮. Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "脹 means the belly is full." The Gujin zhengzi says: "䏺肛脹; it takes radical 肉 and 長 as phonetic." It is also written as 痮, a phono-semantic compound character. 肛 is fanqie 苦 + 江).

60.178

Haggard and emaciated (憔悴; the first character is fanqie 齊 + 遙, the second is fanqie 情 + 遂. The Kaosheng says: "憔悴 means emaciated and sickly." It is also written with radical 頁 as 顦顇. In the Mao Commentary to the Shijing it takes radical 言 as 譙誶. Ban Gu writes it with radical 疒 as 癄瘁. The Fangyan writes it with radical 心 as 憔悴. Emperor Wu of Han's Rhapsody on Lady Li writes it with radical 女 as 嫶𡝵. The Zuo zhuan writes it with radical 艸 as 蕉萃. The Cangjie pian says: "憔悴 means sorrowful." It has no fixed graphic form, and various scholars wrote it as they pleased; they all circulate in the world, and it is unknown which is correct).

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To plunder and loot (刧掠; the first character is fanqie 劒 + 業. Zheng's Commentary on the Liji says: "劫 means to coerce; when someone wishes to leave, coercing them with a sword; or, using a sword to stop someone from leaving is called 刦." The Shuowen gives it with radical 力; the Gujin zhengzi gives it with radical 刀 and 怯 abbreviated. The second character is fanqie 良 + 灼. The Yunying says: "To take by force." Du's Commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "To rob and plunder property." Gu Yewang says: "To pillage and seize goods." It is also pronounced 亮, with the same gloss and meaning. It is also written as 剠, an associative transformation character).

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Birch tree (樺樹; the first character is fanqie 華 + 跨. The Kaosheng says: "The birch tree is the name of a mountain tree." It is also written with radical 雩 as 樗 with the same pronunciation. Note that birch has two kinds, red and white; its bark can be used to make torches, and the red kind is thin, wonderful, bright, and clean).

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Vandana (畔睇; the first character is pronounced 畔, the second is pronounced 弟. Sanskrit; in the Tang language it means to pay homage. It has already been explained in Fascicle 4 above).

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Clamorous clamour (嚻匾; the first character is fanqie 香 + 𰋼. Gu Yewang says: "Uproar and commotion." Zheng's Jian commentary on the Mao Shijing says: "The appearance of a large crowd." The Shuowen says: "Vapor rising from the head; it takes radical 頁 and 㗊." 㗊 is fanqie 莊 + 立, an ideogram).

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鑊內 (The upper character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 黃郭 [huò]. The Guangya says: "A tripod caldron (ding)." We note: A huo is a large caldron. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Used for boiling meat. Those with feet are called ding; those without feet are called huo." It is a phono-semantic character. The Shuowen says: "A vessel for cooking." 雋 is pronounced 畦 [jùn]).

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Fascicle Eleven

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箱篋 (The upper character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 想羊 [xiāng]. The Wenzidian and Shuowen state: "Woven from rattan or bamboo, used to contain clothing, or to hold sūtras and books, like a covered hamper or square bamboo case." The lower character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 謙協 [qiè]. The Shuowen says: "A qie is a round bamboo basket (si). Derived from bamboo with qie phonosemantic." 匧 has the same pronunciation. 笥 is pronounced 四 [sì]. 盇 is pronounced 合 [hé]).

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鄙媟 (The lower character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 先烈 [xiè]. Already explained in Fascicle Two above).

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繫鬃帶 (Pronounced 宗 [zōng]. The Kaosheng says: "Zong means to bind." We note: A zongdai is a hair ribbon used for tying up the hair. In the Gujin zhengzi, it is derived from 髟 (hair) with 𰑓 phonetic. 髟 is pronounced with the fanqie 必遙 [biāo]. In the Vinaya it is written [繌-囟+(〦/凶)], which is also acceptable).

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自縊 (Pronounced with the fanqie 伊計 [yì]. To hang oneself to death).

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䐡[跳-兆+專] (The upper character is pronounced 齊 [qí]. The Shuowen says: "The belly or tripe." Derived from meat with qi phonetic. The lower character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 船耎 [zhuàn], meaning the calf of the leg).

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撫拍 (The upper character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 敷武 [fǔ]; the lower is [pronounced with the] fanqie 普百 [pò]. Both are popular forms. The standard form of the upper is derived from 付, written 拊; the lower is derived from hand with bai phonetic. The Kaosheng says: "To comfort; fu also means to pat; to cherish").

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Fascicle Twelve

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媒娉 (The upper character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 每杯 [méi]. The Rites of Zhou says: "A matchmaker schemes." Zheng Xuan says: "Scheming to unite different surnames, causing them to harmonize and form a marriage bond." The lower character is [pronounced with the] fanqie 匹併 [pìng]. The Kaosheng says: "To betroth; to take a wife with wealth." Both are derived from woman with mou and ping phonetic respectively. Sometimes it is written 聘 with the ear radical. 甹 is pronounced with the fanqie 匹丁 [pīng]).

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese