Chach-náma (extracts)

Translation of The Chachnāma (Fatḥnāma-yi Sind) (Chachnāma)

Language: English
Date: 1867 CE
Translators: Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
Extent: 196 passages, 24,816 words
Text: complete digital text
Source: archive.org · The History of India, as told by its own Historians. The Muhammadan Period. The posthumous papers of Sir H.… · Public domain (published before 1930)

Text

1

[The MS. referred to as A. is Sir H. M. Elliot's copy. B. is that belonging to the East India Library, which has been referred to in obscure passages and for doubtful names.]
Commencement of the book upon the history of Rai Dahir, son of Chach, son of Silaij, and of his death at the hands of Muhammad Kasim Sakifi.
Chroniclers and historians have related that the city of Alor, the capital of Hind and Sind, was a large city adorned with all kinds of palaces and villas, gardens and groves, reservoirs and streams, parterres and flowers. It was situated on the banks of the Sihun, which they call Mihran. This delightful city had a king, whose name was Siharas, son of Sahasi Rai Shahi. He possessed great wealth and treasures. His justice was diffused over the earth, and his generosity was renowned in the world. The boundaries of his dominions extended on the east to Kashmir, on the west to Makran, on the south to the shores of the ocean and to Debal, and on the north to the mountains of Kardan and to Kaikanan. He had established four maliks, or governors, in his territories. The first at Brahmanabad and the forts of Nirun, Debal, Lohana, Lakha, and Samma, down to the sea (darya), were placed in his charge. The second at the town of Siwistan: under him were placed Budhpur, Jankan, and the skirts of the hills of Rujhan to the borders of Makran. The third at the fort of Askalanda and Pabiya, which are called Talwara and Chachpur; under him were placed their dependencies to the frontier of Budhpur.
The fourth at the great city of Multan and Sikka, and Brahmapur and Karur, and Ashahar and Kumba, as far as the borders of Kashmir, were under his government. He (the king) himself dwelt at the capital, Alor, and kept under his own rule Kardan, and Kaikanan and Banarhas. He enjoined upon every one of his princes the necessity of being prepared for war, by keeping the implements of warfare, arms, and horses ready. He also ordered them to attend to the security of the country, the conciliation of the subjects, and the reparation of the buildings, so that they might keep their districts and dependencies safe. Throughout his dominions there was no disaffected person who could make any pretensions against the specification of his frontiers. Suddenly, by the decree of God, the army of the king of Nimroz marched from Fars to Makran. When Siharas heard this he went forth from the fort of Alor, haughty in mind and careless in heart, with the main part of his army to encounter him. They joined battle, and when many brave men and tried warriors, on both sides, had been slain, the Persian army, placing their whole trust in the Almighty, made an assault, and broke and put to flight the army of Rai Siharas. He himself stood firm, fighting for his name and honour, until he was killed. The king of Fars then returned to Nimroz, and Rai Sahasi, son of Siharas, sat upon the throne of his father. He established his authority in the country, and the four princes who had been appointed by his father submitted and assented to him, exhibiting every mark of obedience, placing their wealth at his disposal, and supporting him with honesty and energy. The whole country was thus safely secured in the power of Rai Sahasi; and the people lived happily under his just and equitable rule. He had a chamberlain named Ram, son of Abi (?), a man of science and wisdom. This man had full and general authority over all parts of the dominions of Rai Sahasi; no person could enter or leave the king's service but through him. The duties of chief secretary were entrusted to him, and Rai Sahasi had faith in his eloquent pen, and never doubted his rectitude.

2

Chach, son of Siláíj, goes to the Chamberlain Rám.

3

The office of Chamberlain is conferred on Chach, son of Siláíj.

4

The Rání falls in love with Chach, and Chach refuses compliance.

5

Sáhasi Rái dies and goes to hell.

6

Chach ascends the throne of Malik Sáhasi Rái.

7

Chach fights with Mahrat (Chief of Jaipúr) and kills him by stratagem.

8

Chach marries Rání Súbhan Deo.

9

Chach sends for his brother Chandar and establishes him in Alor.

10

Chach issues orders appointing Chandar his deputy.

11

Budhíman, the minister, bowed his head to the ground, and said, "May Rái Chach live for ever, and may it be known to him, that this government was under the dominion of a sole king, and his chiefs were always obedient to him. When the country was ruled by Síharas, son of Diwáíj, and when he was conquered by the army of Fárs, Sáhasi succeeded to the empire. He similarly appointed all the four rulers to their territories, expecting them to exert themselves in the collection of the revenue and the protection of the country.

12

When Chach heard these words from Budhíman, the minister, they made an impression upon him. He was very happy. He praised the minister very much, and took it as a good omen. He sent farmáns to the authorities in all parts of the kingdom and called (for aid from) the governors of the different divisions. He then prepared an army declaring that he would go to the boundary of Hindústán which adjoined the (kingdom of the) Turk. The astrologers fixed an auspicious time, at which he departed, and after he had gone many marches he reached the fort of Pábiya, on the southern bank of the Biyás. The Chief of the place gave battle, but after great fighting and bloodshed, the king of Pabiya fled and entered the fort. Rai Chach was victorious, and encamped in the field of battle for a time. When the store of provisions was exhausted, and grass, and wood, and fuel, were all consumed, the enemy being in distress left the fort at the time when the world had covered itself with the blanket of darkness, and the king of the stars concealed himself in the gloom of night. He fled towards the fort of Askalanda and encamped in the vicinity of that city. This fort was stronger than the first, and when he reached the fields of this city he sent his spies to obtain information, and when they came back they reported that Chach had entered the fort of Pabiya, and was staying there.

13

When Chach was informed that the enemy had gone to Askalanda, he placed one of his officers in charge of the fort (of Pabiya) and proceeded to that city. He pitched his tents in its vicinity. There was a great and brave man in the fort of Askalanda, who was in the interest of Chach, and had influence over the people in the fort. All the chief inhabitants always took his advice and never acted contrary to his opinion. Chach sent a man to him and promised to make him governor of that fort. He also ordered a farman to be prepared, granting him the governorship of the fort, on the condition that he would kill Chatera, the chief (malik) of Pabiya, or take him prisoner. Pabiya was also to be made over to him. He agreed to these terms and conditions. He sent his son to Chach, and by occasionally visiting Chatera, gained his confidence, so that he was never prevented from going into his Court either by day or by night. When he found an opportunity, he suddenly killed Chatera and sent his head to Chach. Rai Chach showed him great favour and honour, granted him a reward in token of his pleasure, and made him the independent chief of that fort. The great and noble men of the city attended on him, and made him presents. He treated them all with honour and respect, and kept them faithful to their allegiance. Chach gave him some prohibitions and admonitions, so that he continued faithful in obedience and never disobeyed his orders.

14

Having completed the expedition to Askalanda, Chach proceeded towards Sikka and Multan. In Multan there was a chief (malik) whose name was Bajhra. He was a relation of Sahasi. When he received the news of the arrival of Chach, he came to the banks of the Ravi. He had large dominions and possessed great abilities. Suhewal, his nephew, governed the fort of Sikka opposite Multan, towards the east, and along with Ajin, the cousin of Bajhra came with a large force to meet him (Chach), and he (Chach) encamped at a ford on the Bias for three months. When the water decreased, they selected a place at a village a little above the encampment, where the water did not prevent a passage, and he (Chach) crossed over. He came to Sikka, and fought a battle with Suhewal. He besieged the fort for some days, and the enemy was much pressed. Some men were slain on Chach's side, and on the side of the infidels many were despatched to hell. Suhewal then fled, and went to the fort of Multan. They entered the fort, and stood on the banks of the Ravi prepared with all the implements of war. Chach then took possession of the fort of Sikka, and killed five thousand soldiers, and made the inhabitants slaves and prisoners of war. Chach placed Amir 'Aliu-d Daula in the fort of Sikka, and himself passed over to Multan. Both armies confronted each other. Malik Bajhra, with a formidable army, fighting elephants, and men of war, came out and opposed Chach. Sharp encounters ensued, with great slaughter on both sides. Bajhra took refuge in the fort, and wrote letters to the ruler of Kashmir stating that Chach, son of Silaij, a Brahman, had become chief of Alor, the capital. He had come with a numerous army, and had conquered all the strongholds, great and small, and fortified them. That he (Bajhra) was not able to cope with him, and no chief was victorious over him in battle. He had reached Multan, and it was expedient that the Chief of Kashmir should assist him (Bajhra) and send reinforcements.

15

Before the messenger reached Kashmir, the Rai of that place had died, and his son, who was only a boy, had succeeded him. The ministers, counsellors, attendants, and guards, as well as the nobles and chief men of the state, consulted with each other and answered the letter in a proper manner. They stated that the Rai of Kashmir had departed to the next world, and his son was a mere boy of tender age. The different divisions of the army had raised their heads in rebellion and revolt. It was necessary that the affairs of these parts should be set straight, and therefore it was not at this time in their power to provide the means of assistance, and that Bajhra must rely upon his own resources. When the messengers came back and communicated this, Bajhra, despairing of assistance from the king of Kashmir, sued Rai Chach for peace, and made promises and assurances. He said he would leave the fort if assured of his safety, in writing, and that nobody should molest him until he reached a place of security with all his followers and dependants. Chach agreed to these terms, and promised him protection. He came out of the fort, and, with his people, went towards the mountains of Kashmir. Chach entered the fort, and the province was brought under his dominion.

16

When he took the fort of Multan he appointed there a thakur as his deputy. He went into the temple, prostrated himself before the idols, and offered sacrifices. He then prepared to march forward. The rulers of Brahmapur, Karur and Ashahar, acknowledged submission to him. From these places he proceeded to the boundaries of Kumba and Kashmir. No king offered any resistance.
"When the Almighty makes a man great he renders all his enterprises easy and gives him all his desires."
Every place to which he went fell into his possession. At last he reached the fort of Shakalha, an elevated place which is called Kumba on the borders of Kashmir, and stopped there for one month. He punished some of the chiefs of the surrounding places, and collected an army under his command. Then he made firm treaties with the chiefs and rulers of that part of the country, and securely established his dominion. He sent for two trees, one of which was a maisir, that is white poplar, and the other a deodár, that is a fir. He planted them both on the boundary of Kashmir, upon the banks of a stream, which is called the five waters, and near the Kashmir hills, from which numerous fountains flow. He stayed there till the branches of each of the trees ran into those of the other. Then he marked them, and said it was the boundary mark between him and the Rai of Kashmir, and beyond it he would not go.

17

The narrator of this conquest has thus said, that when the boundary towards Kashmir was defined, Chach returned to the capital city Alor. He stopped there a year to take rest from the fatigues of the journey; and his chiefs got ready the provisions and materials of war. He then said, "O minister! I have no fear from the east, now I must take care of the west and the south." The minister replied, "Indeed, it is most praiseworthy for kings to be acquainted with the affairs of their countries. It is also to be apprehended that from your absence in the upper provinces the nobles and the governors of the different parts may have presumed that since Rai Sahasi there is nobody to demand from them the revenue of the country. Truly mismanagement and disorder have taken place.''
On this, Chach, in an auspicious hour, marched towards the forts of Budapur and Siwistan. There was a chief in Siwistan, called Matta, and Chach crossed the Mihran at a village called Dihayat, which formed the boundary between Samma and Alor. From this place he proceeded to Budhiya, the chief of which was the son of Kotal bin Bhandargu Bhagu. His capital was Nanaraj, and the inhabitants of the place called it Sawis. Chach attacked and took the fort of Sawis. Kaba, son of Kaka, came forth to ask quarter for the prince and his followers. They laid upon themselves a tribute to pay him, and made their submission.

18

From that place he went to Siwistan, and when he approached it, Matta, its chief, came forth with great alarm and a large retinue to meet him. A battle was fought, Chach was victorious, and Matta, with his army, fled and took refuge in the fort. Chach besieged it, and after a week the garrison was obliged to sue for peace. The terms being agreed to, they came out the fort, and surrendered the keys to the officers of Chach, who gave them protection and showed them much kindness. He gave the chiefship of the place to Matta, and also placed one of his confidential officers there. He stopped there for a few days, during which time the affairs of the territory and the city were put in order.

19

When the invasion of Siwistan was over, Chach sent a letter to Akham Lohana, the governor of Brahmanabad, who was Chief also of Lakha, Samma and Sihta, and called upon him to acknowledge submission. When he was a few days' journey from Makran, the footmen whom he had placed on the roads, caught a person with letters from Akham, which he had written to Matta, the governor of Siwistan, to the following effect. "I have always behaved towards you with great cordiality and friendship, and have never shown you opposition or quarrelled with you. The letter which you sent by way of friendship was received, and I was much exalted by it. Our friendship shall remain confirmed for ever, and no animosity shall arise. I will comply with all your orders. You are a king, and the son of a king. Unity exists between you and me. Circumstances like this have occurred to many persons, and have obliged them to seek protection. You are at liberty to reside at any place you like within the territory of Brahmanabad, that is to say, up to the sea of Debal. If you have resolved to go in any other direction, there is nobody to prevent or molest you. Wherever you like to go I will assist you. I possess such power and influence that I can render you aid." Matta found it expedient to repair to the country of Hind, to Malik Kamal, who was also called Bhatti.

20

Rai Chach sent a letter to Akham Lohana, saying, "You from your power, and pomp, and family descent, consider yourself the ruler of the time. Although this kingdom and sovereignty, wealth, riches, dignity, and power have not descended to me by inheritance, yet these distinguished favours and this exalted position have been given to me by God; It was not by my army that I gained them; but God, the single, the incomparable, the creator of the world, in favour to Silaij, has given me this dominion, and this most glorious position. In all circumstances I obtain assistance from him, and I have no hope of aid from any other. He enables me to accomplish all my undertakings, and assists me in all my acts. He has given me victory in all battles, and over all my enemies. He has bestowed on me the blessings of both worlds. Although you think you have possessed yourself of all this power and circumstance by your courage and audacity, promptitude, and glory, you shall surely lose it, and to take your life is lawful."

21

Chach then marched against Akham Lohana, who had gone from Brahmanabad into the interior of the country. When he received the intelligence of the arrival of Chach, he came to the capital, and made preparation for war. When Rai Chach arrived at the city of Brahmanabad, Akham stood ready to oppose him. After a great slaughter of warriors on both sides, the army of Akham took to flight, and he entered his fort. Chach laid siege to it, and the siege lasted for the period of one year.
In those days the king of Hindustan, that is, Kanauj, was Satban, son of Rasal, and Akham sent letters to him asking for assistance. But Akham died before the answer was returned, and his son succeeded him. Akham had a friend, an infidel Samani, named Buddh-raku, i.e., "Protected by the idol." He had a temple which was called Budh Nau-vihar, and the idol Duha (?) He was a devotee thereof, and famous for his piety, and all the people of the surrounding places were obedient to him. Akham was his disciple, and he regarded the Samani as his pole-star. When Akham had taken refuge in the fort, the Samani assisted him; he did not fight, but he read his books in his chamber of worship. When Akham died, and his son succeeded him in the government, the Samani was disaffected and troubled, for he did not think it right that the kingdoms and the property and estates should depart from his hands. In his perplexity he looked about, and he arrived at the conclusion that the country must fall to Chach, whether he would be friendly to him or not. Then the (late king's) son being sore pressed, his army and his forces gave up fighting, and the fort was surrendered to Chach, who firmly established his power in it.
When Chach heard of the Samani, and knew that he had made a compact with Akham and his son, and that the war had lasted for one year through his enchantments and magical power, he swore that if he ever captured the fort, he would seize him and flay him, and order drums to be covered with his skin, and have his body torn to pieces. This oath was reported to the Samani, who laughed and said, "Chach will not have the power to kill me." When after a time, the people of the fort, after much fighting and great slaughter, gave up the contest, and solicited protection, by the intervention of nobles and chiefs, a treaty was made between both parties, and the fort was surrendered. Chach entered it, and told them that if they liked they might go away; there was no one to interfere with them, and if they wished to remain they might. The son and the dependants of Akham seeing him kindly disposed towards them, chose to remain. Chach stayed for a time in that city, and made himself acquainted with their disposition.

22

Chach sent a man to the mother of Sarband and requested her hand. The son brought her. Chach gave Dharsiya, the daughter of his nephew to the son, and decked him in apparel of many colours. He stopped there for a year, and appointed officers on his part to collect the revenues. He subjugated the other surrounding chiefs. At last, he enquired where the enchanter Samani was, that he might see him. He was told that he was a great devotee, and that he would be found with the devotees, and that he was one of the philosophers of Hind. He was the keeper of the temple of Kan-vihar, and amongst the other devotees he was the greatest, and had reached to perfection. He was so skilled in magic and enchantments, that he had made a world obedient and submissive to him. He had provided himself with all the requisites by means of his talismans, and for some time he had become friendly to Sarband because he had been friendly with his father. Through his power and protection the army of Brahmanabad had protracted the war for so long time.

23

Chach ordered his body guards and soldiers to mount their horses, and went towards the temples of Budh and Kan-vihar with the intention of killing the Samani. He called his armed men and instructed them that when during the interview he should stand up and look towards them, they should draw their swords and sever the Samani's head from his body. When he reached the temple, he saw the Samani sitting on a chair, engaged in worship, and having some clay in his hand with which he was making idols, he had something like a stamp with which the figure of the buddh was made on the clay, and when it was finished he placed it on one side. Chach stood by him, but received no attention from him. After a short time, when he had finished his idols, he raised his head and said, "Is the son of the monk Silaij come?" Chach replied, "Yes, O devotee." The Samani said, "For what purpose have you come?" Chach answered that he wished to see him, and therefore he had come. The devotee bid him to sit down. Chach sat. The devotee spread a fine cloth, and made him sit on it. He asked, "O Chach! what do you want?" Chach replied, "I wish you would become my friend and return to Brahmanabad, that I might turn your thoughts to secular pursuits, and entrust you with great offices. You may live with Sarband, and give him advice and assistance." The devotee said, "I have nothing to do with your country, and have no wish to engage in public business. I do not like worldly concerns." Chach asked him, "Why did you side with the people of the fort of Brahmanabad?" He replied, "When Akham Lohana died, and his son was grieved, I admonished him to cease lamenting for the departure of his father, and prayed the Almighty God to cause peace and friendship between the contending parties. It is better for me to serve Budh, and seek salvation in the next world, than all the offices and greatness of this. But as thou art the king of this country, at thy supreme command I will go with my family to the neighbourhood of the fort, although I fear that the people of the fort will do despite to the cultivation of Budh, You are to-day a fortunate and a great man." Chach said, "The worship of Budh is most righteous, and ever to hold it in honour is most proper. But if you are in want of anything, tell me, for I shall consider it a privilege and a duty to provide for it." The devotee answered, "I do not want anything of this world from you. May God incline you to the affairs of the next." Chach said, "I also wish that my salvation may be the result. Direct me so that I may see where assistance is required, and I will help you." He exclaimed, "As you seem to be desirous of performing charitable and virtuous deeds, there is an old temple (called) Budh and Nau-vihar (at) Sawandasi which has suffered much injury from the hand of time—it requires repair. You should spend some money in renewing its foundation, and I shall be thus benefited by you." Chach said, "By all means; I thank you, farewell."

24

Chach rode back from that place. The minister asked him, "O king, I have seen a wonder." "What is it?" said Chach. He remarked, "When you started you had resolved that I should order the soldiers to kill the devotee; but when you went before him you showed every wish to please him, and accepted all his prayers." Chach said, "Very true; I saw something which was no magic or charm, for when I looked at him, something came before my vision, and as I sat before him, I beheld a dreadful and horrible phantom standing at his head. Its eyes blazed like fire, and were full of anger, and its lips were long and thick, and its teeth resembled pikes. He had a spear in his hand, which shone like diamonds, and it appeared as if he was going to strike some one with it. When I saw him I was much afraid, and could not utter a word to him which you might hear. I wished to save my own life, so I observed him carefully and departed."

25

Chach stopped in the fort of Brahmanabad till all ministerial affairs were settled, taxes were fixed, and the subjects re-assured. He humiliated the Jats and the Lohanas, and punished their chiefs. He took a hostage from these chiefs, and kept him in the fort of Brahmanabad. He obliged them to agree to the following terms; That they should never wear any swords but sham ones: That they should never wear under-garments of shawl, velvet, or silk, but they might wear their outer-garments of silk, provided they were of a red or black colour: That they should put no saddles on their horses, and should keep their heads and feet uncovered: That when they went out they should take their dogs with them: That they should carry firewood for the kitchen of the chief of Brahmanabad. They were to furnish guides and spies, and were to be faithful when employed in such offices. They were to live in amity with Sarband, son of Akham, and if any enemy came to invade the territory, or fight with Sarband, they were to consider it incumbent on them to assist him, and steadily adhere to his cause. He thus finished his labours, and established his rule. If any person showed rebellion or hostility, he took a hostage and exacted penalties until he should amend his conduct.

26

When Chach had settled these matters, he made up his mind to determine the boundary of Kirman, which was adjacent to the possessions of the chiefs of Hind. At this time two years had elapsed since the Hijra of the Prophet of God,—may peace be to him. After the death of Kisra bin Hurmaz bin Fars, and the disruption of his dominions, the management of the affairs of the kingdom devolved upon a woman. When Chach was informed of this, he determined to go to Kirman with a considerable force. At an auspicious time, which was fixed by the astrologers, he marched towards Armabel, and when he arrived there the chief of the place came to receive him. He was a Buddhist priest, and had descended from the representatives of Rai Siharas, king of Hind, whom the Rai had raised up with great kindness and favour. From change of time he had become refractory, and had revolted from his allegiance. He came forth to meet Chach, when a treaty was made, and cordiality and friendship was established between them. Chach proceeded from thence to Makran. Every chief that was met offered his submission. When he had crossed the province of Makran and the hills, he entered another district. There was an old fort here called Kanarpur. He ordered it to be rebuilt; and according to the Hindu custom a naubat of five musical instruments, was ordered to be played every evening and morning in the fort. He collected all the people of the surrounding villages, and completed the building. He marched from this place towards Kirman; and halted on the banks of a river which runs between that country and Makran. There he fixed the eastern boundary, that is, the boundary between Makran and Kirman, and planted numerous date trees there upon the banks of the stream, and he set up a mark, saying, "this was the boundary of Hind in the time of Chach bin Silaij bin Basabas." Now that boundary has come into our possession.

27

From that place he returned to Armabel, and having passed through the country of Turan, he came out in the desert. No body arose to fight with him. He arrived in the country of Kandhabel, that is, Kandahr; and having traversed that desert also, he advanced to the fort. The people took refuge in it. When he arrived at the banks of the Sini, he pitched his tents there. The people of the place being much pressed agreed to pay him an annual tribute of one hundred thousand dirams, and one hundred hill horses. A treaty was made, and Chach returned to his capital Alor, and remained there till he died and went to hell. He reigned forty years.

28

After the death of Chach, his brother Chandar, son of Silaij, sat upon the the throne of Alor. He patronized the religion of the nasiks (Buddhists) and monks and promulgated their doctrines. He brought many people together with the sword, and made them return to his religion. He received several letters from the Chiefs of Hind.

29

When Matta, chief of Siwistan, went to the king of Kanauj, the country of Hindustan was in a flourishing condition. Kanauj was under the rule of Siharas, son of Rasal. Matta went to him and represented thus: "Chach, son of Silaij, is dead, and his brother Chandar, a monk (ráhib), has succeeded him. He is a devotee (násik), and his whole day is occupied in the study of his faith with other religious persons in the temple. It is easy to wrest the kingdom from him. If you take his territories and place them under my charge, I will pay a tribute, and send it to your treasury."

30

Siharas said to Matta, "Chach was a great king, and had an extensive territory under his sway. As he is dead, I will bring his possessions under my own rule, if I take them. They will form a great addition to my kingdom, and I will appoint you over one of their divisions." Siharas then sent his brother Barhas, son of Kasais. The son of the daughter of the great Chach, who ruled over Kashmir and Ramal, also agreed to join him, and they proceeded with their armies till they reached the banks of the Hasi, where they encamped. The agents and officers of Chandar, who were still in the fort of Deo, fled. The invaders took the place, and advanced on their journey till they arrived at Band Kahuya, where they halted for one month, and performed the worship of Budh. They sent a messenger with a letter to Chandar to induce him to come, make his submission, and sue for protection.

31

Chandar refuses, strengthens himself in the fort, and prepares to fight.

32

Sikaras sends an embassy to Dahir, son of Chach.

33

Chandar succeeded to the government, and his subjects enjoyed comfort, and the country was governed firmly during his reign, which lasted for seven years. He died in the eighth year, and Dahir sat on the throne of Alor. Raj, son of Chandar, established himself at Brahmanabad, but did not maintain his government for more than one year. After that, Dharsiya, son of Chach, took possession of Brahmanabad and his sister Bai was friendly and obedient to him. Dharsiya asked the daughter of Akham in marriage. He remained at Brahmanabad five years, and issued his orders to the neighbouring chiefs, who acknowledged his authority. Dharsiya resided for some time at the fort of Rawar, of which Chach had laid the foundation, but did not live to see completed. When Dharsiya had finished the works, and collected inhabitants for the town from the places in the neighbourhood, and when it was well populated, he called it Rawar, and returned to Brahmanabad, and firmly established himself in the Government.

34

When Dharsiya was reflecting one day that his sister had arrived at a marriageable age, messengers arrived from Suban, king of Batia, in the country of Ramal, to demand her in marriage. Dharsiya although he was the elder brother, gave her a princely dowry, and sent her with seven hundred horse and five hundred foot to Dahir, recommending him by letter to marry her to the king of Bhatia, who had stipulated that he should receive a fort as her marriage portion. The messengers went to Alor, and remained there one month. [Here follows an account of Dahir marrying his sister because it was prognosticated that her husband would be king of Hind and Sind, and the contests between the brothers in consequence.]

35

Rái Dáhir receives information.

36

Rái Dáhir goes to an astrologer to ascertain the fate of his sister.

37

The predictions of the astrologers.

38

Consultation of Budhiman, the minister, with Rái Dáhir.

39

Ingenuity of Budhiman, the minister.

40

Dáhir sends a letter to Dharsiya.

41

Dharsiya receives the letter.

42

Dáhir sends another letter to Dharsiya.

43

Dharsiya marches to Alor to seize Dáhir.

44

Endeavours of Dharsiya to take Dáhir prisoner.

45

Dáhir asks advice from his minister.

46

Dharsiya enters the fort of Alor on an elephant.

47

Dáhir is informed of the death of Dharsiya.

48

The burning of Dharsiya's body.

49

Dahir remained one year in Brahmanabad, in order to reduce the neighbouring chiefs. He sent for the son of Dharsiya, and treated him kindly. He then went to Siwistan, and thence to the fort Ráwar, of which his father Chach had laid the foundations, but the works were not completed when he died. He remained there for some time, and ordered that the fort should be finished. He remained there during the four hot months, for it is a pleasant place and has an agreeable climate, and he used to remain during the four cold and dark months at Brahmanabad. He passed his time in this manner for eight years, during which time he became confirmed and generally recognized in his dominions in Sind and Hind. The chiefs of Rámal became aware of his wealth both in treasure and elephants.

50

The chiefs advanced with a large and powerful army of horse and foot and war-elephants. They came, by way of Búdhiya, to the town (rostá) of Ráwar, and conquered it, and passed on from thence to Alor.

51

Muhammad 'Alláfi, an Arab of the Bani Asamat, who had killed 'Abdu-r Rahman son of Ash'ab, for having run away from battle, came to join Dahir with five hundred Arabs.
* * * * *
The 'Alláfi made a night attack on the Ramal troops with his five hundred Arabs and warriors of Hind, and fell upon them on all four sides with a great shout, and killed and captured 80,000 warriors and fifty elephants, besides horses and arms innumerable fell into their hands.
* * * * *
Dahir then told his good and judicious minister to ask a favour. The minister replied : "I have no son who will carry down my name to posterity. I request, therefore, that orders may be given to have my name stamped on the silver coin of the realm, so that my name being on one face, and the king's on the other, it will not then be forgotten in Hind and Sind." Dahir ordered that the minister's wish should be complied with.

52

The history of the four first Khalifas. · Mu'áwiya bin Abu Sufián. · Sannán bin Salma bin Ghuru-l Sindí. · Ráshid bin 'Umaru-l Khizrí. · Sannán bin Salma recovers the Government. · Munzir bin Hárud bin Báshar. · Hakkam bin Munzir. · 'Abdu-l Malik bin Marwán. · The 'Alláfis, etc. · Mujá'a bin Safar bin Yazíd bin Huzaifa. · Walíd bin 'Abdu-l Malik bin Marwán · Account of the presents sent to the Khalifa from Sarandíp. · Hajjáj sends a messenger to Dáhir, the Infidel. · Hajjáj obtains permission to leave the Capital. · Budail suffers martyrdom.

53

'Imádu-d dín Muhammad Kásim bin Abí 'Aklí Sakifí.

54

Hajjáj writes letters to the Capital and Syria.

55

Hajjáj reads the Khutba on Friday.

56

Departure of Muhammad Kásim.

57

The army arrives at Shíráz.

58

Muhammad Kásim arrives at Makrán.

59

Hárún proceeds with Muhammad Kásim.

60

The army marches from Armábel.

61

The orders of Hajjáj reach Muhammad Kásim.

62

The Arab army makes preparations, and Hajjáj's orders arrive.

63

The flag-staff of the temple of Debal is knocked down by a mangonel.

64

Budhíman comes to Muhammad Kásim, and receives a promise of protection.

65

A fifth portion of the booty in slaves and coins is set aside.

66

The capture of Debal is reported to Rái Dáhir.

67

The letter of Rái Dáhir.

68

The reply of Muhammad Kásim to Rái Dáhir.

69

Historians have related, upon the authority of Banána bin Hanzala Kalabí, that after the conquest of Debal, where great plunder was taken, Muhammad Kásim ordered the mangonels to be placed on boats, and went towards the fort of Nírún. The boats went up the stream which they call Sindh Ságar; but he himself took the road of Sísam, and when he arrived there, he received Hajjáj's answer to the announcement of the victory.

70

The answer of Hajjáj to Muhammad Kásim.

71

Historians relate that Abú Lais Tamímí says, on the authority of Ja'úba bin 'Akaba Salamí, who accompanied Muhammad Kásim, that after the capture of Debal, Muhammad Kásim proceeded to the fort of Nírún, the inhabitants of which had provided themselves with an order of security from Hajjáj at the time that the army of the Arabs had been defeated, and Budail had been killed, and they had agreed to pay a tribute. He arrived at Nirun, which is twenty-five parasangs from Debal, in six days. On the seventh day he encamped on a meadow near Nirun, which is called Balhar, and the waters of the Sihun Mihran had not yet reached it. The army was parched with thirst, and Muhammad prayed to heaven for rain, and it fell, and filled all the streams and lakes near the city.

72

Muhammad Kasim sends confidential messengers to Nirun.

73

Muhammad Kasim built at Nirun a mosque on the site of the temple of Budh, and ordered prayers to be proclaimed in the Muhammadan fashion, and appointed an Imam. After remaining there some days, he prepared to go to Siwistan, which is situated on an eminence to the west of the Mihran. He determined to conquer the whole country, and after the capture of Siwistan, to recross the river, and proceed against Dahir. God grant that his resolution may be fulfilled!

74

After Muhammad Kasim had settled affairs at Nirun, he equipped his army, and under the guidance of the Samani took it towards Siwistan. He arrived by regular stages at a place called Bahraj, thirty parasangs from Nirun. There also was a Samani, who was chief of the rest of the inhabitants. In the fort the nephew of Dahir was governor; his name was Bajhra, the son of Chandar. All the Samanis assembled and sent a message to Bajhra, saying, we are nasik devotees. Our religion is one of peace and quiet, and fighting and slaying is prohibited, as well as all kinds of shedding of blood. You are secure in a lofty place, while we are open to the invasions of the enemy, and liable to be slain and plundered as your subjects. We know that Muhammad Kasim holds a farman from Hajjaj, to grant protection to every one who demands it. We trust, therefore, that you will consider it fit and reasonable that we make terms with him, for the Arabs are faithful, and keep their agreements. Bajhra refused to listen to them. Muhammad Kasim sent spies to ascertain whether the citizens were unanimous or inimical. They reported that some armed men were outside the fort, and prepared to fight. Muhammad Kasim encamped opposite the gate leading to the sandy desert, because there was no opportunity to attack him there, as the inundation had risen on account of the rains, and the river Sindhu Rawal flowed to the north of the selected ground.

75

Muhammad Kasim ordered the mangonels to be prepared, and the fight was commenced. The Samanis prevented their chief from fighting, and told him that the Muhammadan army was not to be overcome by him, and he would not be able to oppose it. He would be merely placing his life and property in danger. When he would not listen to the advice of his subjects, the Samanis sent this message to Muhammad Kasim : — "All the subjects, farmers, and tradesmen, merchants, and the lower classes hate Bajhra, and do not yield him allegiance. He does not possess any force with which he can oppose you, or give battle." The Muhammadan army were inspired with great courage on receiving the message, and fought day and night on the side of Muhammad Kasim. About a week after, the besieged stopped fighting, and when Bajhra knew that the fort was about to fall, he came out from the northern gate, at the time when the world was veiled in darkness, crossed the river, and fled. He continued his flight till he reached the boundary of Budhiya. In those days the ruler of the Budhiya territory was Kaka son of Kotal, a Samani. His stronghold was Sisam, on the banks of the Kumbh. The people of Budhiya and the chiefs of the surrounding places came to receive Bajhra, and allowed him to encamp under the fort.

76

When Bajhra went away, and the Samanis made submission, Muhammad Kasim entered the fort of Siwistan and gave quarter. He appointed his functionaries to discharge the civil duties of the territory, and brought the neighbouring places under his rule. He took the gold and silver wherever he found it, and appropriated all the silver, jewels, and cash. But he did not take anything from the Samanis, who had made terms with him. He gave the army their due, and having deducted a fifth part of the whole, delivered it to the treasurer of Hajjaj, and wrote a report of the victory to Hajjaj. He appointed Rawats there. He also sent the plunder and the slaves to him, and he himself stopped at Siwistan. Two or three days after he had separated the fifth part, and distributed to the army their shares, he proceeded to the fort of Sisam, and the people of Budhiya and the chief of Siwistan rose up to fight. Muhammad Kasim marched with all his force, except the garrison, which was placed under the officer left in Siwistan, and alighted at a place called Nilhan, on the banks of the Kumbh. The inhabitants of the vicinity were all infidels, who assembled together as soon as they saw the Muhammadan army, and determined to make a night attack on it, and disperse it.

77

The chiefs of Budh went to Kaka Kotal. The ranas of Budhiya are descended from Kix. They had originally come from the banks of the Ganges, from a place called Aundhar. They consulted with him, and said that they had determined to make a night attack on the army.

78

Kaka said — "If you can accomplish it, well and good; but the bahliks and monks have told me, according to their astrological books, that this country will be conquered by the Muhammadan army." He placed a chief, whose name was Pahan, at their head, and made gifts to the soldiers. There were one thousand brave fighting men under the command of this chief. They were all armed with swords, shields, javelins, spears, and daggers. When the army of the day fled for fear of the black legions of the night, they marched with the intention of making their night attack. As they approached the army of the Arabs, they missed the road, and were wandering about perplexed all the night from evening till daybreak. They were divided into four bodies, the one most advanced did not keep up a communication with that which was in the rear, nor did the left wing come in sight of the right, but they kept roving about in the desert. When they lifted up their heads they found themselves round the fort of Sisam. When the darkness of night was expelled by the light of the king of the stars, they entered the fort, and told the whole to Kaka Kotal, saying that this their treacherous plan had not proved successful. Kaka said, "You know full well that I am famous for my determination and courage. I have achieved many enterprises at your head; but in the books of the Budhs it is predicted, upon astrological calculations, that Hindustan shall be taken by the Muhammadans, and I also believe that this will come to pass."

79

Kaka with his followers and friends went to the army of the Arabs. When he had gone a little distance, Banana, son of Hanzala, whom Muhammad Kasim had sent to reconnoitre the enemy, met him and took him to Muhammad Kasim. When he obtained the honour of coming before Muhammad Kasim, this general expressed his satisfaction, and gave him some good counsel. Kaka told him all about the Jats coming against him with the intention of making a night attack, and of their treacherous schemes. He also said that the Almighty God misled them in their way, so that they were wandering about the whole night in darkness and chagrin; and that the astrologers and credible persons of his country had found out by their calculations of the stars that this country would be taken by the Muhammadan army. He had already seen this miracle, and he was sure that it was the will of God, and that no device or fraud would enable them to withstand the Muhammadans. "Be firm under all circumstances," said he, "and set your mind at ease. You will overcome them. I make my submission to you, and I will be your counsellor, and assist you to the extent of my power. I will be your guide in overpowering and subduing your enemies." When Muhammad Kasim had heard all he had to say, he praised the great God, and in giving thanks placed his head upon the earth. He comforted Kaka and his dependants and followers, and promised him protection. He then asked him, "O chief of Hind, what is your mode of bestowing honour?" Kaka said, "Granting a seat, and investing with a garment of silk, and tying a turban round the head. It is the custom of our ancestors, and of the Jat Samanis." When Kaka had invested him with the dress, all the chiefs and head men of the surrounding places wished to submit to him. He dispelled the fear of the Arab army from the minds of those who offered allegiance, and brought those to submission who were inimically disposed. 'Abdu-l Malik, son of Kaisu-d Dammani, was appointed his lieutenant to punish all enemies and revolters. Kaka plundered a people who were wealthy, and took much booty in cash, cloths, cattle, slaves, and grain, so that cow's flesh was plentiful in the camp. Muhammad Kasim, having marched from that place, came to the fort of Sisam. There he fought for two days, and God granted him victory. The infidels fled, and Bajhra bin Chandar, uncle of Dahir, and many of the officers and nobles who were under his command lost their precious lives. Of the rest some ran away far beyond the territory of Budhiya, and some to the fort of Bahitlur, between Saluj and Kandhabel, and from that place solicited a written promise of protection. Those chiefs were enemies of Dahir, and some of them had been slain — hence they revolted from him, and sent ambassadors, and agreed to pay a tribute of one thousand dirams weight of silver, and also sent hostages to Siwistan.

80

When Muhammad Kasim had fixed the several tributes of those chiefs, he gave them fresh written agreements for their satisfaction. He appointed there Hamid, son of Wida'u-n Najdi and 'Abdu-l Kais, of the family of Jarud, and as they were confidential persons he entrusted to them all the business of that place.
When he had settled the affairs of Sisam, he received orders from Hajjaj to proceed to some other place; to return to Nirun, take measures to cross the Mihran, and fight with Dahir. He was directed to ask Almighty God for assistance in obtaining success and conquest; and after having obtained the objects of his expedition, he was to strengthen all the forts and places throughout the country, and leave none in an unprovided state. When Muhammad Kasim read the farman, and understood its contents, he came to Nirun and transmitted his despatches.

81

After travelling over many stages, he halted at a fort which stands on the hill of Nirun. In the vicinity of it there is a reservoir, the water of which is purer than the eyes of lovers, and the meadows of it are more delightful than the gardens of Iram. He alighted there, and wrote a letter to Hajjaj, son of Yusuf.

82

In the name of the most merciful God, to the most exalted court of the noblest of the world, the crown of religion, and protector of 'Ajam and Hind, Hajjaj, son of Yusuf—from the humble servant Muhammad Kasim greeting. After compliments, he represents that this friend, with all his officers, equipage, servants, and divisions of the Musulman army, is quite well, affairs are going on well, and a continuance of happiness is attained. Be it known to your bright wisdom that, after traversing deserts and making dangerous marches, I arrived in the territory of Sind, on the banks of the Sihun, which is called Mihran. That part of the territory which is around Budhiya, and is opposite the fort of Baghrur (Nirun), on the Mihran, is taken. This fort is in the country of Alor, which belonged to Dahir Rai. Some of the people who resisted have been taken prisoners, and the rest through fear have fled away. As the imperative orders of Amir Hajjaj were received, directing me to return, we have returned to the fort on the hill of Nirun, which is very near to the capital. It is hoped that with the Divine assistance, the royal favour, and the good fortune of the exalted prince, the strongest forts of the infidels will be conquered, the cities taken, and our treasuries replenished. The forts of Siwistan and Sisam have been already taken. The nephew of Dahir, his warriors, and principal officers have been despatched, and the infidels converted to Islam or destroyed. Instead of idol temples, mosques and other places of worship have been built, pulpits have been erected, the Khutba is read, the call to prayers is raised, so that devotions are performed at the stated hours. The takbir and praise to the Almighty God are offered every morning and evening.

83

The reply of Hajjaj is received by Muhammad Kasim.

84

Muhammad Kasim hears that Dahir Rai had proceeded to Nirun.

85

Muhammad Kasim does honour to the Nirun Samani.

86

Muhammad Kasim fights on the banks of the Mihran.

87

Moka bin Bisaya enters into terms with Muhammad Kasim.

88

Then Banana bin Hanzala went with his tribe and an interpreter to the place indicated, and seized Moka bin Bisaya, together with his family and twenty well-known Takars. When Banana brought him before Muhammad Kasim, he was treated with kindness and respect, and the country of Bait was made over to him, and a grant was written to that effect, and a hundred thousand dirams were given to him as a reward. A green umbrella surmounted by a peacock, a chair, and a robe of honour were bestowed upon him. All his Takars were favoured with robes and saddled horses. Historians relate that the first umbrella of Ránagi, or chiefship, which he gave, was this to Moka. At Moka's request, he gave the land and all the towns, fields, and dependencies within the borders of Bait, to him and his descendants; and having entered into a firm treaty with him, directed him to collect boats.

89

Muhammad Kásim sends a Syrian Ambassador and Mauláná Islámí to Dáhir.

90

When they came to Dahir, Maulana Islami, of Debal, did not bow his head, or make any signs of reverence. Dahir recognized him, and asked him why he failed in the usual respectful salutation, and enquired if any one had thrown obstacles in his way. The Maulana of Debal replied, "When I was your subject it was right of me to observe the rules of obedience; but now that I am converted, and am subject to the king of Islam, it cannot be expected that I should bow my head to an infidel." Dahir said, "If you were not an ambassador, I would punish you with death." The Maulana replied, "If you kill me it will be no great loss to the Arabs; but they will avenge my death, and exact the penalty from you."

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