Nyayasutra 4

Nyāyasūtroddhāra 4

Language: Sanskrit

4.1

atrakathāsāmānyalakṣaṇaṃ vibhāgaścākṣepalabhyau| yadyapi kathāsāmānyaṃ [nya lakṣaṇaṃ ] noddiṣṭaṃ tathāpyekaṃ lakṣaṇīyameva | anyathā vādādilakṣaṇasūtrāṇāṃ pūrvāparaprakaraṇāntarbhūtānāmekaikasūtreṇāprakaraṇatvācchāstrasya bahirbhāvāpatteḥ |
sūtrakṛtā tathātvenānuddeśaḥ kathāsāmānyasyaikaṃ prayojanaṃ nāstīti jñāpanāya | yadyapi kathāmātre paranigrahasthānapratipādanamekaṃ
...mabhimatana sādhanasvarūpālambha iti | vāde sarvānigrahasthānaniṣedhe prāpte'bhimatārthānigrahasthānaprāptyarthaṃ siddhāntāviruddha ityādinā viśeṣo'bhidhīyate, na hiṃsyāt sarvābhūtānīti niṣedhe agniṣomīyaṃ paśumālabhete tivat | tatrārthāt siddhāntāviruddha ityanenāpasiddhāntopagrahaḥ | sarvahetvābhāsānāṃ ca teṣāṃ siddhānte niṣedhena tadvirodhitvāt | avayavopapattyā cāmīṣāmupagrahaḥ pañcagrahaṇāt | nyūnādhikayorityaṣṭanigrahādhikaraṇo vādaḥ |
anye tu pramāṇatarkābhyāṃ sādhanasyaivānvayo nopālambhasyetyupālambhahetutayā sakalanigrahasthānaprāptau siddhāntāviruddha ityādi parisaṃkhyā vyavacchedakaphalatvena rāgataḥ sarvapañcanakhabhakṣaprāptau pañca pañcanakhā bhakṣyā itivadityāhuḥ |
nanu yathā rāgaprāptā sarvadhanopāyapravṛttirbrāhmaṇasya yājanādhyāpanapratigrahairbrāhmaṇo dhanamarjayediti vacanenettaropāyavyavacchedena niyamyate | tathātrāpīti rāgaprāptameva śaśādibhakṣaṇaṃ śvādibhakṣaṇavyavacchedena niyamyata iti na parisaṃkhyāyā niyamād bheda iti |
atrāhūḥ-vidhistyantamaprāptau niyamaḥ pākṣike sati | tatra cānyatra ca prāptau parisaṃkhyābhidhīyate | iti |
asyārthaḥ, pākṣike vikalpe sati niyamaḥ| tathā ca yadviṣayā ekāpi kriyā taditaraviṣayā na saṃbhavati, tatra niyamaḥ| yatra cobhayaviṣayaikā kriyā saṃbhavati tatra parisaṃkhyā | yathā śaśādibhakṣaṇakriyā śvādimāṃsaviṣayāpyubhayamāṃsanirmitavaṭakādināṃpa nirvahatīti militānvayaprāptau pārasaṃkhyā| tathā ca vyavacchedaphalakatve'pyanayorvikalpasamuccayaviṣayatayā bheda iti |
evaṃ ca tattvanirṇiṇīṣāprayuktā kathā vāda iti siddhaṃ lakṣaṇam | atra vāde caturddhā nigrahasthānagatiḥ | tathā hi kiñcidasaṃbhānīyameva | yathā pratijñāhāniḥ pratijñāsaṃnyāso nirarthakamarthāntaramavijñātārthamapārthakamiti ṣaṭkam | yadyapyetānyapyatra saṃbhavanti tathāpi aśaktisaṃgrahaṇārtham na saṃbhavantīti draṣṭavyam | kiñcit saṃbhavadapyanudbhāvyam | yathā pratijñāntaraṃ hetvantaramajñānamapratibhāvikṣepomatānujñāparyanuyojyopekṣaṇamiti saptakam | tattvanirṇayāparipanthitvāt naiṣāmudbhāvanam | kiñcidudbhāvyamātram | natu tadudbhāvanenaiva kathāvicchedaḥ, yathā virodho'prāptakālam nyūnamadhikaṃ punaruktamayathānubhāṣaṇamapasiddhānta iti saptakam | eṣu yathāsaṃkhyaṃ yogyatākāṅkṣāvirahā kāṅkṣitānāsattyanākāṅkṣitāsatyuktā | pratisandhāna svīkṛtapramāṇavirodhānāṃ tattvanirṇayavighaṭakānāṃ sattvāt | kiñcicca kathāvasānikam | yathā hetvābhāsā niranuyojyānuyogaśca sākṣādeva tattvadhīviropitvāt | atra ca vādinorvītarāgatayā stheyasya dhanādyalipsutayā ca nānuvidheyasyāvaśyakatārta draṣṭavyam |
vādadvārā phalasaṃbandhena jaghanyatayā vādānantaramubhayapakṣasthāpanāvattvena vitaṇḍotkarṣāttataḥ prāg jalpalakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.2

chalādibhiḥ sādhanamupālambho vā yatra sa tathoktaḥ | chalādibhistu pravartanaṃ saduttarāparisphūtau koṭibhaṅgabhiyā śākhāntarasaṅkramaṇāya | bāhyairavikṣiptaistattvadharmairjhaṭiti saduttarāparisphuraṇe tattvasaṃrakṣaṇāya ca boddhavyam | evaṃ ca vādavyavacchede'pi na kevalaṃ chalādibhirevātra vyavahriyate kintu pramāṇatarkābhyāmapīti jñāpanārthaṃ yathoktopapanna iti | yathoktenopapannena yogyena upapanno arthito yathoktopapanna iti madhyamapadalopī samāsau-mṛgākṣīpadavat | tathā ca vādalakṣaṇo-
nāmuktagrāhyāṇāmalābhe tṛtīyakakṣāsthito vādī prativādinaḥ sthāpanāṃ hetvābhāsena dūṣayati | evaṃ kakṣāntare'pi pūrvapūrveṣāṃ dūṣaṇānāmanāvatāre uttarottareṣāmudbhāvanamanyathānavasaragrahānnigrahānuyojyānuyogaḥ syāt | hetvābhāsānāṃ tu pratijñāhānyādibhiḥ sahoktagrāhyatvenāviśeṣe'pyarthadoṣatve praṇidhānagamyatayā caramamanusandhānamiti draṣṭavyam |

4.3

sa jalpaḥ [pratipakṣa]sthāpanāhīno dvitīyapakṣasthāpanābhidhānahīnaḥ san vitaṇḍā bhavati | na ca jalpo vitaṇḍeti vyāhatam | satyamanena pakṣapratipakṣasthāpanāvadvijigīṣūvacanasandarbhasya parāmarśāt | tathā ca pratipakṣasthāpanā hīnā vijigīṣukathā vitaṇḍeti lakṣaṇam | taḍitatsaṃvāha nane [tar̤i tār̤ane ?] itidhātvanusāradapīdameva lakṣaṇam |
nanvantataḥ satpratipakṣaviṣaye'pi dvitīyasādhanapraveśāt pratipakṣasthāpanāhīnatvaṃ sambhavatīti cet, na tasya dūṣaṇaparatayā sthāpanātvābhāvāt |
nanu parapakṣaghātamātreṇa na svasamīhitasiddhiriti nedṛśakathāsaṃbhava iti vācyam | ekasya svapratyavekṣāśakteraparasya parāghātaśakteḥ stheyādibhiḥ paricitkṣitatvāt | tasyāścaivameva nirvāhāditi |
nanu chalāderiva hetvābhāsānāmapi paravākyodbhāvyatvasvavākyaparivarjyatvāviśeṣāt kutaḥ saduttaratvam ? hetvābhāsatvasyārtha-° dharmatvenottarādharmatvācchalādīnāṃ tu śabdadharmatvāditi |
yadvā hetvābhāsānāṃ paravākye sambhavāttattvam | chale tūdbhāvitadoṣasya tatrāsattvādtattvam | tatrākṣiptasāmānyalakṣaṇaṃ vibhāgoddeśasūtram-

4.4

atra hetvābhāsa iti uddeśapadaṃ tāvad [anyad] vidheyapadam | tatra hetvābhāsā iti lokaprasiddhārthavādenāhetavastattvenābhāsamānā iti sāmānyalakṣaṇaṃ sūcitam |
atra vyāptipakṣadharmatvaṃ hetuttvam tacchūnyatvaṃ hetvābhāsatvamityartha ityeke | tanna samīcīnaṃ, satpratipakṣāsādhāraṇayoravyāpteḥ| kintu anumitikāraṇībhūtābhāvapratiyogiyathārthajñānaviṣayattvaṃ, yadviṣayatvena liṅgajñānasyānumitipratibandhakatvaṃ tattvaṃ vā lakṣaṇavākyārthaḥ |
atha siddhasādhanāderasaṃgrahaḥ, tasya svarūpasata eva doṣatvāditi cet-na, tasya puruṣadoṣatvena hetvābhāsānyatvāt |
ye tu 1khaṇḍanoddhārakārādayo vyāptipakṣadharmatāniścayayoḥ sādhyasandehasyābhāvānapyasiddhīrbrruvate, tanmate anumitipratibandhakarūpavattvaṃ lakṣaṇamavaseyam |
yadyapi saddhetorapi svāvyāpakaṃ prati hetvābhāsatayā kevalā-
nvayyeva hetvābhāsatvamiti na lakṣayitumucitam, tathāpi tatpadapravṛttinimittametadityavagantavyam | hetvābhāsatvasāṅkaryyāpyāsaṅkīrṇopādhivibhāgaścāyamato nopadheye saṃkarānyatarāsiddhatvādyupādhibhūyastve ca virodhaḥ | vibhāgaphalaṃ tu prasiddha evaiko hetvābhāsaḥ sarvvavyāpyatvāditi nyūnasaṃkhyāyā, upādhinā samaṃ ṣaḍ hetvābhāsā ityadhikasaṃkhyāyāśca vyavacchedanaṃ viśeṣalakṣaṇeṣveva siddhyati | teṣāṃ samānāsamānajātīyavyavacchedamātraparatvāt | tatra vyabhicāro'nvayena vyatirekeṇa vā ? vipakṣavṛttitvamātragrāhyatayā svagraha ityādau sādhyābhāvena vyāptijñānāpekṣitayā viruddho vilambitajñāna iti tadanu pratisādhanasakalarūpasaṃpattinirūpyatayā satpratipakṣo durgraha iti tadarthaṃ asiddho'pi gamayatīti matanirākaraṇānantarapravṛttikatayā durgrhataratvādasiddhastadarthabādhakasya bādhakatvaupayikānanyathāsiddhatvarūpamupajīvyatvamavagamyāvagamyata iti durgrahatamatayā bādhaścaramamuddiṣṭa iti |
tatroddeśakramasaṅgatyā savyabhicāralakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.5

tatra savyabhicāra iti lakṣyanirdeśaḥ | tathā cobhayakoṭyupasthitā[vyā]pakatāvacchedakarūpavattvaṃ savyabhicāratvaṃ lakṣyatāvacchedakamuktam | tacca rūpaṃ sādhāraṇatvādi, upasthitiḥ saṃśayastathā hi sādhāraṇo'nvayena asādhāraṇo vyatirekeṇānupasaṃhārī ca pakṣa evobhayasahacāreṇa saṃśāyakaḥ | śeṣaṃ lakṣaṇam | anavadhāritānaikāntikapadārthasya savyabhicāratvamapi lokaprasiddham kadācillakṣaṇaṃ bhavediti paryāyadvaya nirdeśena darśitam | ekasminnante sādhyavati tadabhāvavati vā niyato vyāpya ekāntikaḥ, atathābhūto anvayād vyatirekādvā anaikāntikaḥ | evaṃ ca yadyapi saddhetuviruddhayorvyudāso bhavati tathāpi kasyacit saddhetārevāsādhāraṇībhūtasyāsaṃgraho bhavatītyataḥ sādhyavanmātravṛttyace sati sādhyābhāvavanmātravṛttyanyasya tallakṣaṇatve tātparyam | tatrādyapadasya sādhyavanmātravṛttitayā niścitānyatve satītyarthaḥ | tena vartamānasyāpyasādhāraṇasyānityatve sādhye śabdatvasya sādhyavanmātravṛttitayā niścitānyatvena saṃśayaḥ | yadā tu tathā niścayastadā nāsādhāraṇatāpi tasya | etacca rūpamanupasaṃhāriṇi sādhāraṇe cānyāhatameva | saddhetostu sādhyavanmātravṛttitayā niścitatvādeva vyavacchedaḥ | kintu viruddhe tu ativyāptistadvārakhāyottarapratīkam | na ca nityaḥ śabdaḥ śabdatvādityasādhāraṇasya sādhyābhāvavanmātravṛtterasaṃgraha iti vācyam | uttarapratīkasyāpi sādhyābhāvavanmātravṛttitayā niścito yo na bhavatītyarthakatvāt | tathā ca tatrāsādhāraṇapadaprayogastadā sādhyābhāva vanmātravṛttitayā niścitānyatvamastyeva | yadā ca tathāniścayastadā viruddhapadaprayoga eva | na cāvṛttāvativyāptiḥ vṛttimattve satītyasyāpi vivakṣitatvāt |
anye tu idaṃ rūpamanaikāntikapadapravṛttinimittamityāvṛttyādi sādhāraṇamapi na doṣāya | na cātiprasaktaṃ pravṛttinimittamiti neti vācyam | yatprakārikā hi pratipattiḥ padasādhyā tasyā eva pravṛttinimittatvāt, na tu pratyāyyamātre vṛttistathā | nanu śakyaniṣṭhadharmaprakārikā padato dhīrava na bhavatīti brūmaha iti cet-na paṅkajaṃ padmamityādau paṅkajanikartṛtvasyāśakyakumudādiniṣṭhasyāpi prakāratvāt | nanu rūḍhiśaktau nāyaṃ prakāraḥ, kintu yogaśaktau | tatra ca kumudādyapi śakyameveti kvāśakyaniṣṭhatā paṃkajajanikartṛtvasyeti cet—na, yogāvayavaghaṭanā tayā ca yogapaṃkajaśabdo vākyam | na ca vākyaṃ śaktamataḥ kumudādau paṃkajaśabdasya yoge śaktirastītyasuṣṭhūktam |
nanūdbhāvitānaikāntikatvanirvāhārthaṃ sādhāraṇaḥderavaśyopajīvyatve pratyekameva dūṣaṇasamarthatve ca pṛthageva hetvābhāsateti vibhāgavyāghātaḥ |
na ca saṃśāyakatvena dūṣakatvāt trayāṇāmekatvam | vipakṣavṛtti tvenobhayavyāvṛttyā ekadharmyupasaṃhārābhāvena ca trayāṇāmapi vyāptigrāhakābhāvadhīmukhena dūṣakatvāt | anyathā viruddhasya tattvajñānadaśāyāṃ vipakṣavṛttitvājñānena dūṣakasya hetvābhāsāntaratvaṃ syāt | tatra saṃśayāsaṃbhavāt | tasmād vipakṣavṛttitvaṃ sādhāraṇatvam | vipakṣasapakṣavyāvṛttatvamasādhāraṇatvam | atra tu sapakṣavyāvṛttimātramudbhāvyam | vipakṣavyāvṛttiṃ jānata eva parasya tāvataiva saṃśayotthānāt | lakṣaṇaṃ tvasya sarvapakṣavyāvṛttatvameva | viruddhasaṃkīrṇe'pyasādhāraṇe'syākṣateḥ | anupasaṃhāriṇastu vyāptigrahānukūlaikadharyupasaṃhārābhāva eva svarūpalakṣaṇaṃ doṣabījaṃ ceti |

4.6

viruddha iti lakṣyanirdeśaḥ, tadvirodhīti lakṣaṇam | taditi sādhyam | tena sādhyavirodhī sādhyavirodhavān sādhyāsahacarita iti yāvat | etāvanmātraṃ cānyasādhyasahacarite'tivyāptamata uktam saddhāntamabhyupetyeti | siddhāntaḥ pakṣaḥ sarvatantrasiddhatvāt tamabhyupetya pratijñāya tena sādhyaviparītanīyata iti darśite sādhyābhāvavyāpyo viruddha iti lakṣaṇārthaḥ |
nanu sādhyābhāvasahacaritasyaiva tadāvaśyopasthitasya dūṣakatvānniyamāṃśo vyarthaḥ | na ca sādhāraṇavyāvartanāyaitadupādānam | tasyāvyāvṛrtyatvāditi cet-na, sādhyavyāpakābhāvapratiyogitvasya tadarthatvāt | aśaktiviṣayonnayanasya vā prayojanatvānna vaiyarthyam | na ca hetvabhāvasya sādhyavyāpakatvabuddhau hetorapi sādhyābhāvasambandhadhīrāvaśyakī | tathā ca sa eva doṣaḥ klṛptatvāditi vācyam, sāmagrībhedena tadā tajjñānābhāvāt | anvayavyatirekaniyamayoḥ samānasaṃvitsaṃvedyatvābhāvāt | anyathā vyatirekiṇi vilayāpatteriti | udāharaṇaṃ nityaḥ śabdaḥ kṛtakatvāditi | na ca niścittānvayatvenāpārthakamavedāmiti vācyam | asya viruddhajñānottarajñeyatvena prāthamikasya svatato dūṣaṇasamarthasya virodhasyaiva doṣatvāt |
prāñcastu siddhāntamabhyupagamaviṣayaṃ pakṣādikamabhyupetya pratijñāya tadvirodhī tadasādhako hetvābhāso viruddhaḥ | na caivamekahetvābhāsāpattiḥ | yathā hi tṛṇapadasya tṛṇamātraprasaktatve'pi ulapapadabalādulape rūpaviśeṣaparyavasāyitā, tathā viruddhapadasya sarvasādhāraṇye'pi anaikāntikādipadasamabhivyāhāreṇa teṣāmeva caturhetvābhāsopasthāpakatve kevalena ca viruddhapadenāsyopasthitau pañcatvasya niḥ pratyūhatvādityāhuḥ |
uddeśakramasaṃgatyā prakaraṇasamalakṣaṇāya sūtram—
atrātītakālatvenoddeśe'pi kālātīta iti paryyāyāntareṇa lakṣyanirdeśaḥ | kālātyayāpadiṣṭa iti lakṣaṇam | hetvapadeśasya hi sādhyasandehaviśiṣṭaḥ kālaḥ | yadāhuḥ [nyāyabhāṣyakārāḥ] na nirṇīte na cājñāte nyāyaḥ saṃśayite punariti | tasyātyaye satyapadiṣṭo nirdiṣṭaḥ | na caivaṃ siddhasādhanātivyāptiḥ | virodhollekhena dūṣakatvasya vivakṣaṇāt, tasya tatrābhāvāt | tathā ca pramitābhāvapratiyogisādhyakaliṅgatvānimatatvaṃ kālātītatvam | evaṃ ca vivakṣitavivekena sādhyābhāvaprameyadoṣaḥ |
nanu bādhāyāmanekāntapakṣadharmānyataraniyamena ābhyāmevānumānadūṣaṇe kṛtamaneneti cet—na, pakṣe sādhyābhāvaniścayaḥ sādhyābhāvajñānapramātvaniścayāt | tathā cāsiddhadyanekāntayorupajīvyatvena svatau dūṣaṇakṣamatvena ca bādhasya pṛthaktvot vyaktisādhyatve'numānena sapakṣe gṛhīte sādhanavyāpakabhādyamapi sādhyaṃ bādhādeva na bhavatīti bādhaḥ pṛthagiti cintāmaṇikṛtaḥ |
ete ca hetvābhāsā niścitā iva bādhabodhavajaṃ sandigdhā api dūṣaṇameva trirūpaniścayasyānumitihetutvāt asiddhyāditrikasaṃśaye tadabhāvāditi draṣṭavyam |
[chalalakṣaṇaprakaraṇam]
evaṃ prayatnena paravākyodbhāvanīyasvavākyapariharaṇīyahetvābhāsaprakaraṇānantaraṃ satsamādhānottarayorasphūtau tadābhāsenāpi vācyamiti tadvyutpādanamavasaraprāptam | tatrāpi jāteḥ svavyāghātakatvena jaghanyatvāt chalasya tātparyato duṣṭatve'pi nābhyarhitatvādasphūrtāvāpa tadeva prayoktavyam | tasyāpyasphuraṇe jātiriti viśeṣajñāpanārthaṃ jāteḥ pūrva chalamuddiṣṭamityanayaiva saṃgatyādau chalalakṣaṇaprakaraṇam |
tatra tatsāmānyalakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.7

prakaraṇasama iti lakṣyanirdeśaḥ | lakṣyatāvacchedakaṃ ca tulyabalatvābhimatatattvam | prakriyate sādhyatvena nirdiśyate vādibhyāmiti pakṣapratipakṣau prakaraṇam | tasya cintā jijñāsā yasmād bhavati sa prakaraṇasamaḥ | tathā ca prakṛtasādhyahetvoḥ kiṃ tattvamiti jijñāsājanako hetvābhāsa ityarthaḥ | anaikāntikastu sādhyamātre saṃśayadvārā jijñāsājanaka iti na tatrātivyāptiḥ | satpratipakṣābhyāṃ ca yugapadupasthitābhyāṃ parasparapratibandhena nirṇayamajanayadbhyāṃ prakṛtasādhyahetvoḥ kiṃ tattvamiti jijñāsā | anuvidheyādiṣu pratyekamādhīyata eveti nāsambhavo'pi | na caivamevaṃrūpajijñāsājanake adṛṣṭādāvativyāptiriti vācyam, virodhibodhakānyagamakataupayikarūpasaṃpattimattamārgyamāṇena pratibandhakārthaliṅgatvattvābhimatatattvasyaitadarthatvāt | rūpaṃ pakṣasattvādi, tacca yasya yāvadgamakataupayikaṃ tasya tāvadihābhipretam | evaṃ ca tādṛśarūpavattayā jñāyamānena bādhakena kāryapratirodho bādhite'pyastīdaṃ lakṣaṇaṃ tatrātivyāptaṃ syādato virodhibodhakasyeti rūpasaṃpattiviśeṣaṇam | na ca bādho vyāvattyaṃ eva na bhavati, tatrāpi kāryapratibandhasya tulyatvena bādhapratirodhayorekatvāditi cet—na, abodhāt | sādhyābhāvapramā hi tāvadbādhaḥ | sā cāprāmāṇyajñānadvārā anumitipratibandhāya kalpate | pratirodhe tu vyāptipakṣadharmatayobhayaliṅgasamudbhāvālambanaṃ tadeva ca satpratipakṣitattvam | tadviṣaya bhūte liṅge satpratipakṣite | idameva cātra duṣṭiriti svarūpadvārabhedena nānayorbhedasyāvaśyaṃkaratvāditi | yadyapyatrānyataratra vyāptyādibhaṅgo niyata eveti sa evāvaśyakatvādū doṣo'rhati, tathāpi tasyāpyaitadgamyatvād viśiṣyāparicayāccāyameva tadupajīvyaḥ prāthamikaḥ, svato dūṣaṇasamarthaśca pṛthak hetvābhāsa iti | udāharaṇaṃ tu nityaḥ śabdaḥ śabdatvāda‌nityaḥ śabdaḥ kāryatvādityādi | atra ca pratyekaṃ samarthābhyāṃ sādhanābhyāṃ svasya sādhyānumitau yugapadbhavantyāmarthāt saṃśayarūpāyāṃ prāmāṇyagrāhakāpravṛttiranayorābhāsatābījam | lakṣaṇaṃ tu tulyabalabodhitasādhyaviparyayatvamiti varaṇimiśrāḥ | tanna, sādhyatadabhāvayorhi virodhena yathaikajñāpakajñānapratibandhakaṃ tathā sādhyābhāvavyāpyajñānamapi sādhyajñānapratibandhakameva | virodhidviṣayakajñānatvasyaiva pratibandhakatve tantratvāt |
evaṃ ca yasmāt prakaraṇacintā sa ityetāvattaiva lakṣaṇasiddhau yadi kaścidevaṃ brūyāt kimiti prekṣāvān nirddhāritotkarṣaṃ hetuṃ prāyuṅkta ityata uktam nirṇayārthamapadiṣṭa iti | yadyapi nāsau jhaṭiti nirṇayāya tathāpi nirṇayiṣyatyevetyabhimānena prayukta ityarthaḥ |
uddeśakramasaṃgatyā sādhyasamalakṣaṇāya sūtram-

4.8

atrāsiddha iti yadi lakṣaṇaṃkriyeta tadā siddhimātraniṣedhe atyantāsiddha eva labhyeta natvanyatarāsiddha iti, ata uktam sādhyāviśiṣṭa iti | tathā sādhyamanyatarāsiddham tathāryāmityarthaḥ | evaṃ cānyatarāsiddha eva prāpyeta, sādhyasya tathātvādata uktam sādhyatvāditi | tenāsiddhimātraṃ vivakṣitam | tena vyāptipakṣadharmatābhyāṃ pramitīsiddhaḥ | yadvā avyāptāderapi tanniścayenānumitadarśanāt tābhyāṃ niścayaḥ siddhaḥ tadabhāvavānasiddha iti lakṣaṇam | tatra pakṣāniścayādāśrayāsiddhiḥ | yatheśvaro'kartā aśarīrattvāt | yadyapi parārthānumāne'pārthakamadam, tathāpi svārthānumānadiśā neyam | asaṅkīrṇamudāharaṇamasya viśeṣā siddhyā yathā siddhasādhanam| hiraṇmayo'yaṃ parvvato'gnimānityādikaṃ ca pakṣe liṅganiścayāt | svarūpāsiddhiḥ, yathā anityaḥ śabdaḥ cākṣuṣadravyatvāt | ayaṃ ca viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyobhayāsiddhyā trividhaḥ vyāpsaraniścayādanyathāsiddhaḥ yathā parvvato'yaṃ vahnimān nīladhūmādityāhuḥ |
nanūktajñānaviraho na hetvābhāso'nyathā tvatprayogānna mama vyāptyādiviśiṣṭadhīrityadbhāvanamātreṇaiva vādī jīyeta | astu tarhi vyāptyādiviśiṣṭaviraha evāsādhanatiprasaṃgāt | hantaivaṃ vyāptyādivirahasya jñānādudbhāvanāva svaparānumitipratibandhāt | santu te traya eva hetvābhāsāḥ| na tu viśiṣṭābhāva eko hetvābhāsa iti cet, satyam, āśrayāsiddhiḥ svarūpāsiddhiḥ vyāpyatvāsiddhiśca pratyekameva doṣaḥ anumitipratibandhakatvāt | hanta viśiṣṭaviraho'stu ata eva varttaya iti cet, hanta hetvābhāso'stu ata eva ṣaṣṭha ityapi brūyāḥ |
sāmānyadhiyo'pi viśeṣaviṣayatayā viṣayāntarbhāvaścet, tulyaṃ liṅgaparāmarśaviṣayābhāvatvenārthagatena trayāṇāmekīkṛtya maharṣiṇā vibhajanāt na vibhāgavyākopo'pi, svatantrābhiprāyasya niṣeddhumaśakyatvāt | śāstre paribhāṣocchedāpatteśca |
uddeśakramasaṃgatyā bādhalakṣaṇāya sūtram-

4.10

arthasya śabdapratipādyasya vikalpopapattyā vividhakalpasaṃbhavena vacanasya paroktasya vyāghāto vihanyate paryāsa aneneti vighāto dūṣaṇamiti yāvat tacchalam | arthasya parābhipretasya vikalpaḥ viruddhā kalpanā saivopapattistayeti vārthaḥ | tena parātatparyyaviṣaye śabdatātparyyasañcāreṇa dūṣaṇavacanaṃ chalam | na ca yatrānabhihitatvamāropya abhihite vāṃśābhihitatva [vāśabdābhihitatva] māropya dūṣaṇavacanaṃ tatrātivyāptiriti vācyam ananubhāṣaṇaviśeṣa eva tadantarbhāvasya pañcame vyaktatvāt |
kecittu jātibhinnaṃ kalpitadūṣyaṃ dūṣaṇaṃ chalam ato nāvyāptiḥ | na ca viśeṣeṣvantarbhāvaśaṅkā sāmānyacchalasya vākchalopacāracchalānyacchalatvena tatraivāntarbhāvādityāhuḥ | idaṃ caturthameva cchalaṃ vibhāgasūtrasthacakāreṇānuktasyaiva samuccyanādityanya iti 1 2|
tadvibhāgāya sūtram—

4.11

tat trividhamiti vibhāgaḥ, śeṣaṃ vibhaktānāmuddeśo vibhāgaprapañcaśca | cakārastulyabalasamuccaye | ukteṣveva sakalacchalāntarbhāvāt | atroktipūrvakatvāt tātparyyajñānasya tātparyānusandhānapūrvakatvādupacārasyoddeśakramaniyamaḥ | atra tāvad dvayī chalagatiḥ, tātparyamātrasaṃcāraḥ padārthatātparyyasañcāraśca | tatrādyaṃ sāmānyacchalam | antyasya caturddhā gatiḥ, śaktyāntare prayuktasya saṃcāraḥ, śaktyāntare śakye prayuktasya upacārye saṃcāraḥ, upacārye prayuktasya śakye saṃcāraḥ, upacārya prayuktasya upacārthyāntare saṃcāraḥ | tatrādye gauḥ viṣāṇītyukte kathamagauḥ viṣāṇīti dūṣaṇavacanam | dvitīye'gnirdāika ityukte kathaṃ māṇavako dāhaka iti | tṛtīye mañcāḥ krośantītyukte kathaṃ kāṣṭhapuñjāḥ krośantīti | caturthe gaṅgāyāṃ ghoṣaḥ prativasatītyukte kathaṃ gaṅgāsambandhini makarādau ghoṣaprativāsa iti | atrādyadvayaṃ vākchalam | mukhya ktyā prayukte vṛttimātreṇa dūṣaṇaṃ vākchalamiti lakṣaṇāt | anyadvayamupacāracchalam upacāravṛttyā prayukte vṛttimātre dūṣaṇamiti tallakṣaṇāt | nanu dūṣakatābījasyābhiprāyāropasyābhedāt kathaṃ chalānāmnekatvamiti cet—na vayaṃ dūṣakatābījabhedena bhedamācakṣmahe, kintu śiṣyadhīvaiśadyāya vivakṣitabhedamādriyāmaha iti | aśaktiviśeṣonnāyakatayā amīṣāṃ bheda ityapyāhuḥ |
atroddeśakramasaṃgatyādau vākchalalakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.12

tena mukhyavṛttyā prayukte arthāntare sañcārya dūṣaṇavacanaṃ vākchalam | śaktyā prayukte śaktyaivārthāntare saṃcārya dūṣaṇavacanaṃ vākchalamityanye | udāharaṇaṃ tūktameva | etaccodāharaṇabhedād bahubhedam |
śabdaśaktyupajīvanādanantaraṃ sāmānyacchalalakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.13

saṃbhavato'rthasyeti tātparyasañcāre bījamātrapradarśanamatisāmānyayogādityāropabījamātrapradarśanam| asadbhūtatvaṃ cārthasyātātparyaviṣayatvena | tena śaktyupacārāpuraskāre bahutātparyāviṣaye śabdatātparyakalpanayā doṣābhidhānaṃ sāmānyacchalam | yathā sambhavatyatra brāhmaṇe vidyācārasampadityuqte brāhmaṇatvena vidyācaraṇasaṃpat sādhanamasaṅgatam
brātye vyabhicārāditi dūṣaṇam | yathā sārameya ito drutataraṃ yāta tyarthe śveto dhāvatītyukte śvitrī nenektītyarthakalpanayā dūṣaṇābhidhānam | yathā vṛddhiṃ gato'sītyarthe aśva ityukte turagābhiprāyeṇa nāhamaśva iti dūṣaṇābhidhānam |
na caitadubhayamapi vākchalodāharaṇamiti vācyam, śaktimukhapravṛttatvena padamātraviṣayatvāt | ś‍veta iti aśva iti na pade kintu vākye saṃketavat samūhatvāt | sāmānyacchalaṃ ca vākyamātraviṣayakamudāharaṇabhedād bahubhedamiti draṣṭavyam |
śaktitātparyobhayanirūpyatvādupacārasyānantaramupacāracchala - lakṣaṇāya sūtram—

4.14

dharmaḥ śabdasya prayogaḥ, tasya vikalpo dvaividhyam mukhyatvabhāktatvabhedāt | tena nirdeśe vacane ubhayathā prayogasaṃbhave bhaktyā prayukte, arthasya padārthasya sadbhāvapratiṣedhaḥ pratiṣedhavacanam | tena bhaktyā prayuktasya padasyārthāntare tātparyasañcārād dūṣaṇābhidhānamupacāracchalam | udāharaṇaṃ tūktameva | idamapyudāharaṇabhedād bahubhedam |
atha yogyāyai chalaparīkṣā | tatra pūrvapakṣasūtram—

4.15

atropacāracchalaṃ viṣayaḥ tātparyasañcārāt sādhāraṇadharmāt saṃśayaḥ | prayoge udbhāvanasaukaryaṃ prayojanam | pūrvapakṣastu upacāracchalaṃ vākchalābhinnaṃ vṛttisañcāramukhapravṛttatvād vākchalavat | yadyapi sāmānyacchale'pi pūrvapakṣayitumucitam tathāpyukte'bhyupetatadbheda eva pūrvapakṣīkṛto'to na tat pūrvapakṣitamiti draṣṭavyam |

4.16

tasyopacāracchalasya vākchalabhedarūpārthāntarasadbhāvādityarthaḥ | śaktibhaktibhyāṃ viśeṣo'styeva | na ca tātparyāropamātrasyaiva dūṣakatve'dhikavaiyarthyam | na tāvadidamaśaktyunnayane aśaktiviśeṣasyaivonneyatvāt | nāpītarabhedasādhane anyonyasyaiva vyavacchedyatvāditi bhāvaḥ |

4.17

evamabhyupapattau chalatritvamiti bhajyeteti sūtrārthaḥ | evamapyutpannaṃ chaladvitvamiti bhajyeteti sūtrārthaḥ | nanu chalaparīkṣā na yuktā, abhidhānaupayikajijñāsājanakajñānaviṣayatvarūpasaṅgatirdvedhā antarbhāvalakṣaṇā bahirbhāvalakṣaṇā ca | tatrādyā adhyāyārthatāvacchedakopādhirūpā | antyā anantarābhidhānaprayojikā | tatra prathamā chalaparīkṣā yā atrādhyāye nāsti, parīkṣādhyāya eva tadaucityāt | adhyāyānantarbhūtasyāhnikaprakaraṇayorantarbhāvā[bhāvā]t | dvitīyā tu ṣoḍhā'pyatra na bhavati | smārakābhāvena prasaṃgābhāvāt | tayā vinaiva prakṛtisiddherupodghātābhāvāt | na ca lakṣaṇānupapattiḥ nirṇejanasya parīkṣātvena chalopayoginī tatparīkṣetyupodghāta evāstīti vācyam | lakṣaṇānupapattinirṇejanaṃ hi parīkṣāsādhyam, na tu lakṣaṇasvarūpaṃ tatsādhyam | atra ca lakṣaṇamabhidhīyata iti00 upodghātaḥ | jātyādilakṣaṇajijñāsayā pratibandhenāvasarābhāvāt chalaparīkṣāyā uttaraprabandhaṃ pratyanupayogena [hetu]hetumadbhāvāt prakṛtopapādakatāyāstadupapādakopapādakatāyāścābhāvena nirvāhakatvasyābhāvāt | chalaparīkṣayā saha pūrvottaraprakaraṇābhyāmekakāryasyāpyabhāvāt | nanu pūrvoktātiprasaṅgāt yatrānyadabhidhīyate tatrāpavādalakṣaṇā saṅgatiḥ | evamanyatrābhidhāne prasakte yatra tadaiva sthāpanamiti kṛtvā taducyate tatra sthānitvalakṣaṇā saṅgatiḥ | tatkathaṃ ṣoḍhā seti cet-na, apavādasya pūrvoktanirvāhakattayopodghāta evāntarbhāvāt sthānitvasya ca prasaṅga evāntarbhāvāditi | maivam, śāstre trividhapravṛttyā chalalakṣaṇaireva viṣayatayā parīkṣāyāḥ smaraṇāt | prasaṅgasaṅgateḥ sattvāt | nahi pūrvoktena smāritatvaṃ tantram | kintu smāritatvamātraṃ pūrvoktatvāṃśasya gauraveṇāprayojakatvāditi |
[puruṣaśaktiliṅgaviśeṣasya sāmānyalakṣaṇaprakaraṇam]
athoddeśakramasaṅgatyā puruṣaśaktiliṅgaviśeṣasya sāmānyalakṣaṇaprakaraṇam | tatrāpi pratijñāhānyādyapekṣayānudghaṭāparādhatayā paravyāmohahetutvāt jāterapi nigrahasthānatvasya lakṣaṇīyatvācca prathamaṃ jātilakṣaṇāya sūtram-

4.18

sādharmyeṇa vaidharmyeṇa ca pratyavasthānam pratīpamavasthānam sā jātiriti svarūpakathanenottaratvaṃ darśitam | svavyāghātakamuttaraṃ jātiriti sāmānyaṃ tallakṣaṇaṃ sūcitam | na caitadvyutpādanaṃ śāstram viphalaṃ paraprayoga udbhāvanasya svayamapītarāsphuraṇadaśāyāṃ jātyādi bhedanindākaraṇasya phalatvāditi |
nigrahasthānenaiva kathāvasānāt arthataḥ paścāttadabhidhānamityuddeśakramasaṃgatyā tallakṣaṇāya sūtram-

4.19

vipratipattirayathārthā pratipattiḥ, apratipattiḥ prakṛtājñānam | anayośca paragatayorayogyayoḥ svarūpeṇodbhāvayitumaśakyatvāt | vibhāgasūtre nigrahasthānapadasya pratijñāhānyādipadasāmānādhikaraṇyānupapatteśca | tadunnāyakopādhiparatayā sūtramidaṃ vyākhyeyam | parasparanairapekṣyasūcanāyāsaḥ samā anugatarūpaṃ ca sāmānyalakṣaṇaṃ uddeśībhūtārthatattvajñānābhāvaliṅgatvaṃ nigrahasthānatvamiti |
idānīṃ jātinigrahasthānaviśeṣalakṣaṇamucitaṃ tadapraṇayanasamarthanāya sūtram-

4.20

tadityanena sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ pratyavasthānasyāpratipattyādiliṅgasya ca parāmarśaḥ | tasya ca vikalpo nānātvam | tasmād bahutvamaṃtasteṣāmetarhi viśeṣalakṣaṇapraṇayane'bhyarhitapramāṇādiparīkṣāpratibandhaḥ syādityadhunā tadapraṇayanamityarthaḥ |
tadevaṃ padārthāḥ prathamādhyāye ṣoḍaśoddiṣṭāḥ lakṣitāḥ | uktaḥ phalābhisaṃbandhaśchalamokṣau ca parīkṣitau |
dvitīyo'dhyāyaḥ prathamāhnikam |
viśvaṃviśvāsa nilayaṃ viśvamānaparīkṣakam | dvitīyamadvitīyaṃ ca dhyāyāmi madhusūdanam ||
[ saṃśayaparīkṣāprakaraṇam ]
atha prathamādhyāye yāvaduddiṣṭalakṣaṇaparyāptāvidānīṃ śiṣyākāṅkṣākrameṇa parīkṣāparvārabhyate | tatra parīkṣāyā lakṣaṇānupapattinirvejanarūpatayā tadapekṣatvād hetuhetumadbhāvaḥ saṅgatiḥ |
yadvā jātyādisāmānyalakṣaṇānantaraṃ tadviśeṣalakṣaṇaprasaktau śiṣyāṇāṃ parīkṣājijñāsāyāmupekṣānarhatayā prasaṅgaḥ saṅgatiḥ |
atha vā pramāṇalakṣaṇānupadameva tadanantarāyāstatparīkṣāyāḥ prāptau prameyādilakṣaṇajijñāsayā pratibandhe'tha tatsiddhau pratibandhakajijñāsāpagamalakṣaṇayoravasaraḥ saṅgatiḥ1 |
tatra pramāṇaparīkṣaitadadhyāyartha ityācāryāḥ | na caivaṃ saṃśayādi parīkṣāyā bahirbhāvāpattiḥ | saṃśayādiparīkṣāyāḥ prasaṅgasaṅgatatvenāpi
...tadadhyāyapratipādyatvopapattau mukhyārthatvābhāvāt | 1chalāpavargaparīkṣayoriva prathame | anye tu chalaprameyānyaprathamasūtroddiṣṭa yāvatpadārthaparīkṣeyadadhyāyartha ityāhuḥ2 |
na ca chalaprameyānyapadārthaparīkṣātvena na śiṣyajijñāsā kintu pramāṇādiparīkṣātvenetīyamevādhyāyārthāvacchedikā yujyate, etatparatvādadhyāyasyeti vācyam | pata[yā]pi pramāṇaparīkṣāyā mukhyatāmātramāyāti na tu adhyāyārthāvacchedakatvam | sakalenaitatpratipādyāvṛttitvāditi |
sāṅgopāṅgapramāṇaparīkṣaitadadhyāyartha ityapare | kathamamyathā ātideśikī dṛṣṭāntādiparīkṣā saṃgacchate | saṃśayādivat prasaṅgasaṅgaterapi dṛṣṭāntādiṣvabhāvādityarthaḥ |
atroddiṣṭarūpavattayā pramāṇaparīkṣā prathamāhikārthaḥ | uddiṣṭarūpātiriktapramāṇaparīkṣā dvitīyāhnikārthaḥ | tatra prathamāhnike nava prakaraṇāni tāni yathāsthānaṃ vakṣyante |
tatra prathamaṃ prasaṅgenopodghātena vā saṅgatyā saṃśayaparīkṣāprakaraṇam | uddeśakramānurodhāt pramāṇaparīkṣāyā mukhyatve'pi sarvaparīkṣā saṃśayapūrviketi vibhāvayituṃ pravṛttikrakamprāptapravṛttabādharūpaḥ pravṛttikakramabādhaḥ |
na ca ‘vimṛśya pakṣapratipakṣābhyāmarthāvadhāraṇaṃ nirṇayaḥ’ [1|
40|] iti sūtrādetadvibhāvanasiddhiḥ | ktvā pratyayasya pūrvakālamātraśaktatayā saṃśayaparīkṣayoḥ kāryakāraṇa[bhāva]sya tatsūtrādalābhāt |
kāraṇarūpavyavasthite saṃśayotpādanārthaṃ tatsādhane nirūḍhapravṛttiḥ | anyatha kāraṇaviśeṣāānaścaye tatrāpravṛttau saṃśayānutpāde vicāre pravṛttireva na syāt | pramāṇādiparīkṣāpratibandhakatvāt |
saṃśaya lakṣaṇaparīkṣājijñāsāyāḥ tatparīkṣayā tannivṛttau pramāṇādiparīkṣāpravṛttiḥ prayojanamiti prāñcaḥ |

Linked texts (1)

Nyāyasūtra — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit