Yāska's Nirukta 15: atha dvitīyo'dhyāyaḥ
Ṛjvarthā (Niruktavṛtti) 15
- Language
- Sanskrit
atha dvitīyo'dhyāyaḥ
15.1
"atha nirvacanam”| nāmākhyātopasarganipātalakṣaṇamuktvā śāstrārambhaprayojanāni ca vedavedāṅgavyūhaṃ ca saprayojanaṃ nighaṇṭusamāmnāyaviracanāṃ ca prakaraṇatrayavibhāgenoktvā daivatamutkṛṣya naighaṇṭukanaigame prakaraṇe puraskṛta naighaṇṭukāni naigamānīheheti | te punerete nirvacanalakṣaṇamanuktvā na śakyete vyākhyātuṃ yasmāt, "atha" etasmāt kāraṇāt “nirvacanam” lakṣaṇato vyākhyāsyāma iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | api hi tasyārthasya parokṣavṛttāvatiparokṣavṛttau vā śabde niṣkṛṣya vigṛhya vacanaṃ nirvacanam | sa eṣa nirvacanābhyupāya ityucyate |
15.2
iha vividhāḥ śabdāḥ, samarthasvarasaṃskārāśca, asamarthasvarasaṃskārāśca | "tat” tatraivaṃ sati, "yeṣu" tāvat "padeṣu" "svarasaṃskārau samarthau" saṃgatārthau aviparītatvena "prādeśikena" ca “guṇenānvitau syātām" | pradeśāmidhāyinā guṇena dhāturūpeṇānvitau sambaddhāvanumatāvabhidheyasya dhāturūpe syātām || “tāni” tāvat "tathā" eva yathālakṣaṇameva nairakto "nirbrūyāt”| āha-kuto vā saṃśaya iti ? ucyate-arthapradhānatvānnairuktasya lakṣaṇamevameṣu nairukto nirbrūyāt | tanmā bhūdityata idamucyate— yeṣu padeṣu svarasaṃskārau samarthau syātāṃ tathā tāni nirbrūyātiti |
15.3
"athānanvite'rthe'prādeśike vikāre'rthanityaḥ parīkṣeta kenacidvṛttisāmānyena”| atha punarananvite'rthe nyāyyasvarasaṃskārayuktena śabdena yatra nipuṇamapyanviṣyamāṇaḥ śabdo'rthavānkalpayituṃ na śakyate, anyathaivārtho vyavatiṣṭhate,-(anyathaiva śabdaḥ) | prādeśikena vikāreṇa vikriyamāṇopi cāsau śabdo vipariṇamyamānaḥ aprādeśika eva syādāsamartha eva tāṃ pradeśākhyāmabhidheyasambaddhāṃ kriyāmabhidhātum ||
āha-tatra kiṃ kartavyam iti ? ucyate, - tatraivaṃ sati arthanityo bhūtvā, arthapradhānaḥ [ tadyathā, - mudganityamevāsya bhojanamityukte mudgapradhānamiti gamyate, evamihāpi arthanitya ityukte arthapradhāna iti gamyate, arthaprādhānyenānādṛtya svarasaṃskārau parīkṣeta | tatastadabhidhānaṃ buddhvā kenacidarthavṛttisāmānyena kriyāguṇasāmānyenetyarthaḥ | 'katamasya dhātorarthasāmānyebhihāsti' iti tatastarkayitvā sāmānyaṃ tena nirbrūyāt | artho hi pradhānam, tadṇabhūtaḥ śabdaḥ | tasmāt arthasāmānyaṃ balīyaḥ śabdasāmānyāt |
15.4
atha punaryatrārthasāmānyamapi nāsti, tatra ?
"avidyamāne [ 'rthe ] sāmānye'pyakṣaravarṇasāmānyānnirbrūyāt | na tveva na nirbrūyān | na saṃskāramādriyeta | viśayavatyo hi vṛttayo bhavanti, yathārthaṃ vibhaktīḥ sannamayet” ||
svaravarṇasāmānyenāpi nirbrūyādeva,-amuṣmin dhātāvayaṃ svaro varṇo vā mayā dṛṣṭaḥ sa evāyamasminnabhidhāne lakṣyata ityevamutprekṣya sa dhātvarthaḥ sūtrabaddha iva tasminnabhidhāne āhṛtya sphārīkṛtya kṛtsnaḥ prakāśayitavyaḥ | evamavidyamāne arthasāmānye svaravarṇasāmānyamātreṇāpi nirbrūyādeva | na tveva na nirbrūyāt | na saṃskāramādriyeta, itarathā hyānarthakameva niruktaśāstraṃ syāt | tanmā bhūdityata idamucyate lakṣaṇaparāṅmukheṣu śabdeṣu na saṃskāramādriyeta ||
kiṃ tarhi ? arthasāmānyamādriyeta, śabdasāmānyaṃ vā ? tadyathā-pravīṇodāranistriṃśaśabdā utsṛṣṭasvārthābhidheyasambandhāḥ santaḥ kriyāguṇaṃ sāmānyaṃ hetumātramāśrityānyeṣvevārthīntareṣu vartante || tadyathā,-prakṛṣṭo vīṇāyāṃ pravīṇo gāndharve, atra hyasya mukhyā vṛttiḥ | sa eṣa svamarthamabhidheyamutsṛjyaiva gāndharvamabhyāsapāṭavamātraṃ sāmānyamāśritya sarvatraivābhipravṛttaḥ, yo hi yasmin kṛtayatna utpannakauśalo bhavati, sa tatrocyate pravīṇa iti | tadyathā-'pravīṇo vyākaraṇe” 'pravīṇo nirukte' iti || evamevodāra iti | prāgārasannipātāt vyāhṛtamātreṇaiva vāksaṃketenākūtenaiva bhāratheyo vahatyaśvo'naḍvān vā sa udgatāratvādudāraḥ | tatra hi samañjasā vṛttirasya śabdasya | sa eṣa utsṛjyaiva svamarthamākūtānuvidhāyitvamātrameva sāmānyamāśritya pravṛttaḥ | yo hi kaścit kasmaicidākṛtaṃ lakṣayitvā prāgeva prārthanāt dadāti, sa-udāra ityucyate | evameva nistriṃśaḥ | tribhiḥ pradeśairdvābhyāṃ dhārābhyāmagreṇa ca niśitaḥ dyatīti nistriṃśaḥ khaṅgaḥ mukhyagrahaṇāt, tatra hyasya śabdasya samañjasā vṛttiḥ | sa eṣa chedanasamānarūpaṃ krauryyasāmānyamāśritya sarvatraivābhipravṛttaḥ | yo hi loke krūro bhavati, sa nistriṃśa ityucyate | evamete kriyāguṇasāmānyamātreṇa vartante || yathaite, evamanye'pyūhivyāḥ | abhyūhya ca evamarthasāmānyena nirvaktavyāḥ | svaravarṇasāmānye tu pracurāṇyevodāharaṇāni | sarva eva hi naigamāḥ śabdā jahādayaḥ svaravarṇasāmānyamātreṇaiva nirucyante || na ca nirukte kārakahārakalāvakādiśabdā vyutpādyante, subodhaiva hi teṣāṃ vyutpattiḥ prasiddhaiva ca vyākaraṇa iti | atra kecidarthe ya eva tu durbodhāḥ parokṣātiparokṣavṛttayaḥ bilmakūṭaradodāravaitasaparvaśabdādayaḥ, ta eva hi vyutpādya nirucyante | teṣu hi viśepeṇārthavattā niruktasya | tānyeva arthasāmānyena vā śabdasāmānyena vā nirbrūyāt, na teṣu saṃskāramādriyeteti || āha-kiṃ kāraṇam iti ? ucyate-viśayavatyo hi vṛttayo bhavanti | hirayaṃ hetvarthe | yasmādviśayavatyo bahusaṃśayavatyaḥ śabdānāmakaiṣu vṛttayo bhavaṃti, naubhāvenārtheṣu avasthitā pravṛttiti eva (syāddevaṃ syāditi vicārayantaḥ pratipannasaṃmohāccherata ivāsminniti viśayaḥ saṃśayaḥ, nābhāvenārtheṣu avasthitā pravṛttiriti evaṃ ) syoṃnaivaṃ syāditi vicārayantaḥ santaḥ pratipannasammohāccherata ivāsmitriti viśayaḥ saṃśaya iti | atra-kecidarthasāmānyena kacivartante śabdāḥ, kecit svarasāmānyena, kecidvarṇasāmānyena, yat pamam ato vibhaktīrapi yathārthameva sannamayeta vipariṇamayet, pūrvottarapadaprakaraṇāvirodhena |
kiṃ kāraṇam ? tāsāmapi hi vyatyayo bhavatyeva, -supāṃ sthāneṣu supo bhavanti iti hi vaiyākaraṇāḥ paṭhanti | darśayiṣyati cāyamapi vibhaktivipariṇāmam | tadyathā,-"hṛtsu śokaiḥ-hṛdayāni śokaḥ (dai0 kā0 9, 3, 33)" ityaivamādi |
37 ), ityādhikṛtya kṅitīti | evamanyeṣvapi draṣṭavyamanuvidheyaṃ ca yathāsambhavam |
15.5
adhunaivamuktvā viśayavatyo bhavantīti, arthavaśena vyākaraṇe'pi śabdavipariṇāmo bhavatītyevaṃ darśayati, - "prattamavattamiti dhātvādi eva śiṣyete" ityevamādi | 'ḍu dāñ dāne (ju0 ubha0)' tasya prapūrvasya prattamiti | atra dakāra ākāraśca dhātuḥ, paro niṣṭhāpratyayastakāraḥ, tatraivaṃ sati 'do dad ghoḥ (pā0 7, 4,46 )'-iti varttamāne 'aṃca upasargāt taḥ (pā0 7, 4, 47 )'-iti ākārasya takāro bhavati, 'jharo jhari savarṇe (pā0 8, 4, 65 )'-iti dhātvantasya takārasya lope kṛte 'khari ca (pā0 8, 4, 55)'-iti dakārasya carve kṛte 'paraḥ sannikarṣaḥ saṃhitā (pā0 1, 4, 19)'iti dhātuttakāraḥ pratyayatakāreṇa sākaṃ saṃyogatāmupaiti 'halo'nantarāḥ saṃyogaḥ (pā0 1, 1, 7)'-iti, tataḥ prādisamāse kṛte prattam-iti bhavati | evameva 'do avakhaṇḍane (di0 pa0 )'-ityasyāvapūrvasya avattam-iti | atrāpi dakāra okāraśca dhātuḥ, paro niṣṭhātakāraḥ | atra 'ādeca upadeśe'śiti (pā0 6, 1, 45)'-ityokārasyākāre kṛte tabhāvalopacartvaparagamanaprādisamāsāḥ pūrvavadeva | evamanayordhātvādi eva śiṣyete | yathānayorevamanyeṣāmapi dṛṣṭvā yathāsambhavamanuvidheyam |
15.6
"athāpyasternivṛttisthāneṣvādilopo bhavati, staḥ santīti" | 'as bhuvi (adā0 pa0 )'-ityasya nivṛttisthāneṣu guṇavṛddhinivṛttisthāneṣu 'kṅiti'iti varttamāne 'śnasorallopaḥ ( pā0 6, 4, 111 )'-ityādilopo bhavati | yo'yaṃ dhātvādāvakāra eṣa lupyate, tasmin lupte prayogaḥ staḥ santīti | evamanyeṣāmapi dṛṣṭvānuvidheyaṃ yathāsambhavam |
15.7
“athāpyantalopo bhavati gatvā gatamiti" | atra, gameḥ (bhū0 pa0 ) ktvāpratyaye, ktapratyaye ca parato'nunāsikalopo bhavati, 'anudāttopadeśa-' (pā0 6 |
15.8
"athāpyupadhālopo bhavati jagmaturjagmuriti" | atra, gameḥ ( bhū0 pa0 ) alopaḥ 'alontyāt pūrva upadhā ( pā0 1, 1, 65 )'-ityupadhā sañjñā, tasya 'gamahanajanakhanaghasāṃ- ( pā0 6, 4, 98 )' -ityupadhālopaḥ | evamanyeṣāmapi draṣṭavyamanuvidheyaṃ ca yathāsambhavam |
15.9
"athāpyupadhāvikāro bhavati rājā daṇḍīti" | rājan, daṇḍin- iti sthite 'nopadhāyāḥ ( pā0 6, 4, 7) --'sarvanāmasthāne cāsambuddhau ( pā0 6, 4, 8)'-iti dīrghatvam,---daṇḍinnityatrāpi 'inhanpūṣāryamṇāṃ śau ( pā0 6, 4, 12 )'-'sau ca ( pā0 6, 4, 13 ) ' -iti dīrghatvam, 'nalopaḥ prātipadikāntasya ( pā0 8, 2, 7 )'- ityubhayorapi nakāralope kṛte rājā, daṇḍīti | evamupadhāvikāro bhavati |
15.10
"athāpi varṇalopo bhavati tattvā yāmīti" | atra cakāralopaḥ | yācyāmītyevametad draṣṭavyam | ayañca chāndasa eva | ata eva ca chāndasatvādevameva yācyākarmasvayaṃ paṭhitaḥ "yāmi" "manmahe" iti | bhāṣoyāṃ yāce iti bhavati || "tatvā̍ yāmi̱ brahma̍ṇā̱ vanda̍māna̱stadāśā̍ste̱ yaja̍māno ha̱virbhi̍ḥ | ahe̍ḷamāno varuṇe̱ha bo̱dhyuru̍śaṃsa̱ mā na̱ āyu̱ḥ pramo̍ṣīḥ | (ṛ0saṃ0 1,2,15,1)"| kiṃca"tatvā̍ yāṃmi su̱vīryya̱ṃ tadbrahma̍ pūrva̱citta̍ye | yena̍ yatibhyo̱ bhṛga̍ve̱ dhane̍ hi̱te yena̱ praska̍ṇva̱māvi̍tha ||( ṛ0 saṃ0 5,7,26,4)"| ityanayā triṣṭubhā upākṛtaḥ śunaḥśepo varuṇaṃ tuṣṭāva | ājyāhutiranayā mātrikeṣu ṛtuṣu saṃmiṣṭayajuṣa uttarakāla hūyate | cāturmāsyeṣu ca varuṇapraghāseṣu vāruṇasya haviṣo yājyaiṣā | 'he varuṇa !' 'tat' ahaṃ 'tvā'varuṇaṃ 'yāmi'yāce ityarthaḥ | kim ? yat mamābhipretam | kathaṃ punaryāce ? 'brahmaṇā' ṛgyajuḥsāmākhyena 'vandamānaḥ' stuvan | kiñca, yadeva tvaṃ mayā yācyase, 'tat' eva ayamapi "yajamānaḥ", 'havirbhiḥ' saṃskṛtaiḥ
sānnāvyādibhiḥ 'āśāste'| tāvāvāṃ bhavantamekamevāryaṃ yāncābahe, stutibhirhavirbhiśca| sa tvam 'aheḷamānaḥ' akrudhyan| sarvo hi yācyamānaḥ krudhyatītyata evamucyate || he 'varuṇa !' 'bodhi' budhyasva | buddhvā caitamāvayorabhipretārthaṃ kuru | uruśaṃsaṃsetyekaṃ padaṃ sambodhanaṃ ca| he 'uruśaṃsa' bahustutya varuṇa ! 'mā' 'naḥ' asmākaṃ yācamānānām 'āyuḥ' 'pramoṣīḥ' | kuru no'bhiprāyasiddhimityabhiprāyaḥ |
15.11
"athāpi dvivarṇalopastṛca iti" atra ṛvarṇarephayorlopaḥ | repha eva ṛvarṇodaraṃ kṛmibadanupraviṣṭo draṣṭavyaḥ sa lupyate ṛvarṇena sākam |
15.12
"athāpyādiviparyyayo bhavati jyotirghano vindubrbāṭya iti" | 'dyuta dīptau ( bhū0 ā )' tasyādivyāpattyā jyotiḥ | 'hana hiṃsāgatyoḥ ( adā0 pa0 )' tasya ghana iti | 'bhidir vidāraṇe ( ru0 u0 )' tasya binduḥ | 'bhaṭa bhṛtau ( bhū0 pa0 )' tasya bāṭyaḥ |
15.13
"athāpyādyantaviparyyayo bhavati stokā rajjuḥ sikatāstakṝiti” | 'śrutir kṣaraṇe ( bhū0 pa0 )' tasyādyantaviparyyayeṇa stokāḥ | 'sṛja visarge ( di0 ā0, tu0 pa0 )' tasya rajjuḥ 'kasa vikasane ( bhū0 pa0 )' tasya sikatā | 'kṛtī chedane ( tu0 pa0 )' tasya takuṃ |
Linked texts (1)
- Nirukta — Yāska, Sanskrit