Yāska's Nirukta 15.4

15.4

atha punaryatrārthasāmānyamapi nāsti, tatra ?
"avidyamāne [ 'rthe ] sāmānye'pyakṣaravarṇasāmānyānnirbrūyāt | na tveva na nirbrūyān | na saṃskāramādriyeta | viśayavatyo hi vṛttayo bhavanti, yathārthaṃ vibhaktīḥ sannamayet” ||
svaravarṇasāmānyenāpi nirbrūyādeva,-amuṣmin dhātāvayaṃ svaro varṇo vā mayā dṛṣṭaḥ sa evāyamasminnabhidhāne lakṣyata ityevamutprekṣya sa dhātvarthaḥ sūtrabaddha iva tasminnabhidhāne āhṛtya sphārīkṛtya kṛtsnaḥ prakāśayitavyaḥ | evamavidyamāne arthasāmānye svaravarṇasāmānyamātreṇāpi nirbrūyādeva | na tveva na nirbrūyāt | na saṃskāramādriyeta, itarathā hyānarthakameva niruktaśāstraṃ syāt | tanmā bhūdityata idamucyate lakṣaṇaparāṅmukheṣu śabdeṣu na saṃskāramādriyeta ||
kiṃ tarhi ? arthasāmānyamādriyeta, śabdasāmānyaṃ vā ? tadyathā-pravīṇodāranistriṃśaśabdā utsṛṣṭasvārthābhidheyasambandhāḥ santaḥ kriyāguṇaṃ sāmānyaṃ hetumātramāśrityānyeṣvevārthīntareṣu vartante || tadyathā,-prakṛṣṭo vīṇāyāṃ pravīṇo gāndharve, atra hyasya mukhyā vṛttiḥ | sa eṣa svamarthamabhidheyamutsṛjyaiva gāndharvamabhyāsapāṭavamātraṃ sāmānyamāśritya sarvatraivābhipravṛttaḥ, yo hi yasmin kṛtayatna utpannakauśalo bhavati, sa tatrocyate pravīṇa iti | tadyathā-'pravīṇo vyākaraṇe” 'pravīṇo nirukte' iti || evamevodāra iti | prāgārasannipātāt vyāhṛtamātreṇaiva vāksaṃketenākūtenaiva bhāratheyo vahatyaśvo'naḍvān vā sa udgatāratvādudāraḥ | tatra hi samañjasā vṛttirasya śabdasya | sa eṣa utsṛjyaiva svamarthamākūtānuvidhāyitvamātrameva sāmānyamāśritya pravṛttaḥ | yo hi kaścit kasmaicidākṛtaṃ lakṣayitvā prāgeva prārthanāt dadāti, sa-udāra ityucyate | evameva nistriṃśaḥ | tribhiḥ pradeśairdvābhyāṃ dhārābhyāmagreṇa ca niśitaḥ dyatīti nistriṃśaḥ khaṅgaḥ mukhyagrahaṇāt, tatra hyasya śabdasya samañjasā vṛttiḥ | sa eṣa chedanasamānarūpaṃ krauryyasāmānyamāśritya sarvatraivābhipravṛttaḥ | yo hi loke krūro bhavati, sa nistriṃśa ityucyate | evamete kriyāguṇasāmānyamātreṇa vartante || yathaite, evamanye'pyūhivyāḥ | abhyūhya ca evamarthasāmānyena nirvaktavyāḥ | svaravarṇasāmānye tu pracurāṇyevodāharaṇāni | sarva eva hi naigamāḥ śabdā jahādayaḥ svaravarṇasāmānyamātreṇaiva nirucyante || na ca nirukte kārakahārakalāvakādiśabdā vyutpādyante, subodhaiva hi teṣāṃ vyutpattiḥ prasiddhaiva ca vyākaraṇa iti | atra kecidarthe ya eva tu durbodhāḥ parokṣātiparokṣavṛttayaḥ bilmakūṭaradodāravaitasaparvaśabdādayaḥ, ta eva hi vyutpādya nirucyante | teṣu hi viśepeṇārthavattā niruktasya | tānyeva arthasāmānyena vā śabdasāmānyena vā nirbrūyāt, na teṣu saṃskāramādriyeteti || āha-kiṃ kāraṇam iti ? ucyate-viśayavatyo hi vṛttayo bhavanti | hirayaṃ hetvarthe | yasmādviśayavatyo bahusaṃśayavatyaḥ śabdānāmakaiṣu vṛttayo bhavaṃti, naubhāvenārtheṣu avasthitā pravṛttiti eva (syāddevaṃ syāditi vicārayantaḥ pratipannasaṃmohāccherata ivāsminniti viśayaḥ saṃśayaḥ, nābhāvenārtheṣu avasthitā pravṛttiriti evaṃ ) syoṃnaivaṃ syāditi vicārayantaḥ santaḥ pratipannasammohāccherata ivāsmitriti viśayaḥ saṃśaya iti | atra-kecidarthasāmānyena kacivartante śabdāḥ, kecit svarasāmānyena, kecidvarṇasāmānyena, yat pamam ato vibhaktīrapi yathārthameva sannamayeta vipariṇamayet, pūrvottarapadaprakaraṇāvirodhena |
kiṃ kāraṇam ? tāsāmapi hi vyatyayo bhavatyeva, -supāṃ sthāneṣu supo bhavanti iti hi vaiyākaraṇāḥ paṭhanti | darśayiṣyati cāyamapi vibhaktivipariṇāmam | tadyathā,-"hṛtsu śokaiḥ-hṛdayāni śokaḥ (dai0 kā0 9, 3, 33)" ityaivamādi |
37 ), ityādhikṛtya kṅitīti | evamanyeṣvapi draṣṭavyamanuvidheyaṃ ca yathāsambhavam |