Yāska's Nirukta 2.9
Ṛjvarthā (Niruktavṛtti) 2.9
- Language
- Sanskrit
2.9.1
“tatraitannāmākhyātayorlakṣaṇaṃ pradiśanti” tatra tasmin , lokavedaprasiddhe padacatuṣṭaye nighaṇṭuśabdasamānasañjñopalakṣyite, ye nāvannāmākhyāte tayostāvadetallakṣaṇaṃ pradiśanti | katamat?| yadaṃtadvakṣyamāṇamityabhiprāyaḥ | pradiśanti pravibhajyedaṃ nāmnāṃ lakṣaṇam , idamākhyātasyetyevaṃ diśanti upadiśanti ācāryā iti vākyaśeṣaḥ || āha,—lakṣaṇopadeśaḥ kasmāt ? | anukramaṇenaiva siddhatvāt | anukramaṇenaiva hi vakṣyati “imāni pṛthivīnāmadheyānyekaviṃśatiḥ ( 2, kha. 7, 3 )” “hiraṇyanāmānyuttarāṇi pañcadaśa (2,kha.10,1)” “kāntikarmāṇa uttare dhātavo'ṣṭādaśa (3,kha.9,3)”, “gatikarmāṇa uttare dhātavo dvātriṃśaṃ śatam ( 3, kha.9,19 )”-iti | tata eva vijñāsyāma imāni nāmānīmānyākhyātānīti | tasmādayamanarthako lakṣaṇopadeśaḥ ?'|| nānarthakaḥ || kasmāt ? | vyām̐pi hi lakṣaṇaṃ samāmnātānyasamāmnātāni ca vyāpya varttate || yatpunaretaduktamanukramaṇādeva vijñāsyāma iti | atra brūmaḥ-nirdeśo'sau na hi lakṣaṇam, nirdeśaśca paricchinnaviṣayaḥ || sa tarhi kimartha iti ? | śāstre rūpasvabhāvopapradarśanārthaḥ || tasmādasamāmnātārtho'yamādito lakṣaṇopadeśo yukta ityupapannam || āha-tātparyyeṇaivavedamantareṇa samāmnātavadasamāmnātāni kasmānnopadiśyante, api ca tathā sūpadiṣṭāni bhavantīti 1|| ucyate-tathāhyupadeśagauravaṃ bhavati, grahaṇaśaktihānaṃ cāpi || tathā coktam"ṛṣayo'pyupadeśasya nāntaṃ yānti pṛthaktvaśaḥ | lakṣaṇena tu siddhānāmantaṃ yānti vipaścitaḥ ||"-iti | tasmādupadeśagauravabhayād grahaṇaśaktihānadoṣācca samānenalakṣaṇopadeśaḥ kriyate iti || āha-kiṃ punastallakṣaṇamiti?|
2.9.2
ucyate-"bhāvapradhānamākhyātaṃ, sattvapradhānāni nāmāni" | nāmapadavācyārthāśrayakriyāvyaṅgyo bhāvaḥ pākarāgatthyogākhyaḥ sa yatra pradhānaṃ, guṇabhūtā kriyā, tadidaṃ bhāvapradhānam || kiṃ punastaditi ? | ākhyātam | ākhyāyate'nena guṇabhāvena varttamānā anekakārakapravibhaktā sphuramāṇeva pradhānadravyabhāvābhivyaktyunmukhībhūtā kriyā tasyāśca prādhānyena varttamāno bhāvaḥ svātmalābhapradhāna ityākhyātam || āha-kathaṃ punarguṇabhūtā kriyeti ? || ucyate-'tadarthatvāt' | tadarthā hi sā | bhāvārthī bhāvasiddhyarthamātmalābhamanubhūya kārakeṣu taṇḍulādau pākākhyaṃ bhāvamabhiniṣpādyāvasitaprayojanaikadeśa eva tiro bhavati | yasya ca yadartha ātmalābhastattadguṇabhūtaṃ bhavati | bhāvasiddhyarthaśca kriyāyā ātmalābhastasmādguṇabhūteti gamyate | bhāvasiddhayaiva cānumīyate kriyā parokṣāpi satī || āha-kathaṃ punaḥ parokṣā kriyeti ? || ucyate-na hi sendriyāṇāmanyatamena svarūpasthā satī kadācidapi sannikṛṣyate || kiṃ tarhi ? | tadavasāne yo'bhiniṣpadyate bhāvaḥ, tena liṅgyate-'nūnamabhinirvṛttā kriyā yayā bhāvo'yamabhiniṣpāditaḥ' iti | nābhinirvṛttā cedabhaviṣyad yathaiva prāk kriyānirvṛtternābhavadayaṃ bhāvaḥ, eva sāṃpratamapi nābhaviṣyat | asti cāyam | tasmādabhinirvṛttā kriyetyevamanumīyate || tadetadākhyātaṃ kriyāvācakamapi sadbhāvārthatvāt kriyāyā bhāvaṃ pradhānamucyata iti evameke manyante || eke punarbhāvapradhānamākhyātamiti prakṛtyarthapradhānamiti manyante | prakṛtyarthaviśeṣaṇaṃ hi pratyayārtho- daya iti | bhāvaḥ, karma, kriyā, dhātvarthaḥ, ityanarthāntaram |
2.9.3
sa yatra pradhānam, guṇabhūtāni sādhanāni tadidaṃ bhāvapradhānam || kiṃ punastat ? | ākhyātam | ākhyāyante strīpunnapuṃsakāni kriyāguṇabhāvena varttamānānyanena, kriyā ca teṣāmupari prādhānyena varttamānetyākhyātam || āha--kathaṃ punaratra kriyāyāḥ prādhānyamiti ? | ucyate--sā hyatra śabdavācyā | arthagṛhītāni tatsādhanānīti | ataḥ prādhānyamatra kriyāyāḥ || itaśca prādhānyam || kutaḥ ? | 'viśeṣapratyayādhānāt' | pacatīti prathamapuruṣaikavacanaparasmaipadānte ākhyātaśabdo varttamānakālakartṛviṣayo yatkiñcidavivakṣitaviśeṣameva pakrādisādhanamātmana āśrayabhāvenopalakṣayannanekakriyāśaktimatyapi pakrādau sādhane pacikriyāyāmeva viśeṣapratyayamādadhāti, 'nānyasu kriyāsu | nāpiviśiṣṭe pakrādau sādhane || yaśca yasminnarthe viśeṣeṇa varttate śabdaḥ, sa eva tasya pradhānam |, viśeṣeṇa ca kriyāyāmākhyātaśabdo varttate, guṇabhāvena kārake | tasmādviśeṣapratyayādhānādbhāvapradhānamākhyātamityupapannam || api ca kriyāvyāpāravijñānaparatayā pṛṣṭaḥ--' kiṃ karoti devadattaḥ ?' kriyākhyāpanaparatayaiva pratyācaṣṭe--' pacati ' iti | na tvodanamiti pūrvamuktvā tataḥ pacatīti bravīti || atha kathamūcyate--'bhāvapradhānamākhyātam' iti ? | śṛṇu--amūrttā hi kriyā nirupākhyā | yā hi kārakaigbhivyajyamānā kārakaśarīreva saitī śakyate nirdeṣṭum | itarathā hi aśarīrā satī sā na gṛhyeta, agrahaṇe ca sati kathamiva nirdiśyeta | tatraivaṃ sati kārakasamūhenābhivyajyamānā kriyā yasmin sādhane viśiṣṭamātmīyaṃ kāryamārabhate pākākhyaṃ tadabhidhānaśabdopapadaiva sākṣādgrahaṇāsambhavānnirdiśyate |
2.9.4
na hyanāśritā kadācidapi gṛhītapūrvākṛtiriti sākṣādgrahaṇāsambhavaḥ | tasmādodanakarmakāryā devadattakartṛkaudanaśabdopapadaiva nirdiśyate-'odanaṃ pacati devadattaḥ' iti | tatrāvivakṣitasvārtha odanaśabdaḥ || api ca kriyāvyāpārapiṃpṛcchiṣayaiva pṛṣṭaḥ---'kiṃ karoti' iti, kriyāvyāpāramātrameva pratyācaṣṭe--'pacati' iti| vataḥ 'kim' iti paryanuyukte śabdāntareṇāpākaroti--'devadatta odanam' iti | tasmācchabdāntaravācyatvāt sādhanasya pacatītyatra kriyaiva pradhānamityupapannam || yat punaretaduktam---'odanamiti pūrvamuktvā' iti, tatra brūmaḥ--sa hi paryanuyuyukṣāṃ sādhanagatāṃ bhāvinīmāśaṅkamānaḥ paryanuyogamātmano buddhayavasthaṃ kṛtvā tadapākaraṇārthamodanamiti pūrvaṃ bravīti || evaṃ tatrāpi dravyaviśeṣaparijñānārtho dvitīyaḥ paryanuyogo'nukto • draṣṭavyaḥ | tasmāt pacatīti śabdavācyatvācca kriyāyāḥ, śabdāntaravācyatvāt dravyasya, kriyaiva pradhānamiti || itaśca na dravyapradhānamākhyātam | 'ekasmin vākye dvayorākhyātayorasamavāyāt' | pacatipaṭhatītyubhayoḥ prādhānyāditaretareṇa samavāyo nāsti | na hītaraśabda itaratra guṇo bhavati | 'dravyaśabde ca samavāyāt' samaveti dravyaśabdenākhyātaśabdaḥ | pacati devadatta ityukte pacikriyāguṇabhūto lakṣyate devadattaḥ | tasmādupapannaṃ bhāvapradhānamākhyātamiti || api coktam"kriyāvācakamākhyātaṃ liṅgato na viśiṣyate | trīnava puruṣānviyātkālatastu viśiṣyate ||" iti |
2.9.5
ākhyātajatvānnāmnāṃ pratijñākramaṃ bhittvā pūrvamākhyāta lakṣaṇamuktam, paścānnāmalakṣaṇamucyate- kiṃ punastat ? | sattvapradhānāni nāmāni | liṅgasaṃkhyayoratra sadbhāva iti sattvam | tathā lakṣaṇopapatteḥ | teṣveva pradhānaṃ guṇabhūtā kriyā nāmānyeva tāni | namantyākhyātaśabde guṇabhāvena, namanti vā svamarthamākhyātaśabdavācye guṇabhāveneti nāmāni | yathaiva hyākhyātaṃ vidyamānamapi dravyamavivakṣitam, evamihāpi vidyamānāpi kriyā avivakṣitā dravyaparatvātsattvaśabdasya | taddhi kriyājanitamuttarakālaṃ kriyāśeṣabhūta mabhidhāya dhātvartho'sau vyāvartate || āha-kathaṃ punarnāmni kriyā vidyata iti, vidyamānāpi vā'vivakṣiteti ? || ucyateprakṛtiḥ, pratyayaḥ, vibhaktiriti tredhā vibhajyamānametāvadevaitannāma | tatra prakṛtirdhāturityeko'rthaḥ | dhātuśca punaḥ kriyāvacanaḥ | sa ca nāmni vidyata iti tadabhidheyabhūtayā kriyayā bhavitavyam | yathāvaśyaṃ yatrārthastatra tadabhidhāyakaḥ śabdaḥ, yatra śabdastatra tadvācyo'rtha iti sambaddhau hi śabdārthau vācyavācakatvena nityamiti | evaṃ tāvat kriyā vidyate || yat punare-
2.9.6
taduktaṃ-vidyamānāpi kriyā kathamavivakṣiteti ? | atra brūmaḥ, -nāmni yo dhātuḥ se kṛtpratyayopajanitena prātipadikenābhibhūtakriyābhidhānaśaktiḥ prātipadikāntarlīnavṛttireva svamarthamudbhāvayitumaśaknuvan prātipadikārthamevānuvarttamāno dravyapradhāna eva bhavatītyevaṃ na vivakṣitā kriyā | sā tu vidyamānāpi vigṛhyamāṇe nāmni prātipadikanibandhanādunmucyamānā dravyagatamarthaṃ prakāśayati, na prāgvigrahāditi dravyaparatā sattvaśabdasya gamyate | tathā coktam“śabdenoccāriteneha yena dravyaṃ pratīyate | tadakṣaravidhau yuktaṃ nāmetyāhurmanīṣiṇaḥ ||”--iti | punaścoktam“aṣṭau yatra prayujyante nānārtheṣu vibhaktayaḥ | tannāma kavayaḥ prāhurbhede vacanaliṅgayoḥ || nirdeśaḥ karma karaṇaṃ pradānamapakarṣaṇam | svāmyartho'thādhikaraṇaṃ vibhaktyarthāḥ prakīrtitāḥ || ”--iti | strīpunnapuṃsakabhedaṃ nipātopasargāṇāmapi vā kvacinnāmatvamapekṣya bahuvacanenoktaṃ nāmānīti || apare punabhīvakālakārakasaṃkhyāścatvāra ete'rthā ākhyātasya | teṣāṃ bhāvapradhānatā bhavati | ato bhāvapradhānānyākhyātānītyuktam | nāmno'pi sattā dravyaṃ saṃkhyā liṅgamityete'rthāḥ | teṣāṃ dravyaṃ pradhānamityataḥ sattvapradhānāni nāmānītyuktam |