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Elements of Hindu Iconography v2: Volume 2

Elements of Hindu Iconography v2

Language
English

Contents

Volume 2

Front matter

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ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY

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T. A. GOPINATHA RAO

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ELEMENTS OF HINDU ICONOGRAPHY.

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OF

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HINDU ICONOGRAPHY

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BY

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T. A. GOPINATHA RAO, M.A.

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SUPERINTENDENT OF ARCHÆOLOGY, TRAVANCORE STATE.

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Vol. II—Part I.

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THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE MOUNT ROAD :: :: MADRAS 1916

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All Rights Reserved.

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PRINTED AT THE LAW PRINTING HOUSE, MOUNT ROAD, MADRAS.

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DEDICATED WITH KIND PERMISSION To HIS HIGHNESS SIR RAMAVARMA, Sri Padmanabhadasa, Vanchipala, Kulasekhara Kiritapati, Manney Sultan Maharaja Raja Ramaraja Bahadur, Shamsher Jang, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., MAHARAJA OF TRAVANCORE, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, Fellow of the Geographical Society, London, Fellow of the Madras University, Officer de L'Instruction Publique. By HIS HIGHNESS'S HUMBLE SERVANT THE AUTHOR.

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IN bringing out the Second Volume of the Elements of Hindu Iconography, the author earnestly trusts that it will meet with the same favourable reception that was uniformly accorded to the first volume both by *savants* and the Press, for which he begs to take this opportunity of tendering his heart-felt thanks. No pains have of course been spared to make the present publication as informing and interesting as is possible in the case of the abstruse subject of Iconography. Though the illustrations appearing in the present volume are by no means inadequate for the main purpose of the work, yet they are not so full and exhaustive as in the first, and a word of explanation in that connection may not be out of place. To the great regret of the author, the liberal pecuniary help offered for the preparation and publication of the first volume has been, owing to the somewhat straitened finances of the Travancore State at present, withheld from him on the present occasion and he has, in consequence, not been able to embody as many illustrations as he had intended personally to gather for the purpose from various parts of India with a view to present to the public a series representative of the varied sculpture of the different parts of this country. But the Travancore Durbar have, in gracious consideration of the trouble and labour involved in the preparation of the present volume, been pleased to permit its publication by the author himself, for which he begs to offer his respectful and grateful thanks to the Dewan, Mr. Dewan Bahadur M. Kṛṣṇa Nāir, B.A., B.L.

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Mention may here be made of a few points worthy of notice in the book. In the Introduction is given a collective description of all the peculiarities of the tenets and observances of some of the Śaiva sects of which the general public has hitherto been practically ignorant, and of certain other cults that have died out without a trace. The nature of *Linga* worship has been examined critically in the light of original texts gathered from such important sources as the Śaivāgamas, Śaiva philosophical treatises, Purāṇas and Itihāsas, and with reference to the extant sculpture of all ages of this symbol of worship, and the matter has been thoroughly discussed and, what

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the author ventures to claim to be, an impartial conclusion arrived at. In the body of the book, several matters, which will be seen to be quite new even to the informed Hindu, have been dealt with; to cite an instance, everybody knows that Śiva begged for food with the broken skull of Brahmā as an expiation for the sin of having cut off one of Brahmā’s heads, but it is doubtful if it is known why this curious sort of penance should have been resorted to by Śiva to get rid of His sin. Again, it has been found possible with the help of the knowledge derived from a close study of the bulk of the science of Nāṭya-Śāstra together with commentaries thereon to elaborate and treat fully the manifold dances of Śiva, though only eight or nine modes are described in the āgamic and other works. The reader will, it is hoped, come across many other instances of fresh information being furnished on matters that have remained more or less obscure hitherto.

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The author cannot be too thankful to the Proprietors of the Law Printing House for the extraordinary care and trouble they have bestowed upon the printing and general get up of the books and for their readiness in coming forward and generously offering their timely help but for which the volume could not have been brought out. The author cannot also omit to express his sense of gratitude to Dr. A. K. Ānandakumāraswāmi, M.A., D. Sc., for the ready and willing permission granted to him for reproducing the valuable article on the dance of Śiva, contributed some time ago to the *Siddhānta-Dīpikā* by the learned Doctor. He has also very great pleasure in recording here his high appreciation of the help cheerfully rendered by his Paṇḍit Mr. V. Śrīnivāsa Śāstri, Smṛtiviśārada, but for whose untiring industry and intelligent collaboration this work could not have been brought to a successful completion so soon. Messrs. Longhurst, Stoney, Kay and Beardsell, have been so very kind as to assist the author with photographs of images in their respective collections and to accord their gracious permission to reproduce them: to these gentlemen, the author offers his grateful thanks.

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For reasons which need not be explained here, it was not possible for the author personally to supervise the printing of the work throughout so as to ensure the presentation of an absolutely correct text; he had therefore to entrust the task to the printers themselves. In spite of the care and trouble ungrudgingly bestowed by them in the midst of their multifarious duties, a number of errors have unavoidably crept in. Though such of

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them as have been subsequently noticed are noted in the errata list, it is likely many more have escaped detection, for which the author craves the indulgence of his readers.

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MADRAS, January 1916.}

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THE AUTHOR.

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I have to thank Mr. A. W. Pollard for his kindness in reading the proofs of this book, and for many valuable suggestions.

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AUTHOR.

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| | | PAGES. |
| PREFACE | ... | vii—xi |
| A GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ŚAIVAISM. | ... | 1—71 |
| I. LIṄGAS | ... | 73—102 |
| II. LIṄGŌDBHAVAMŪRTI, CHANDRA- | | |
| ŚEKHARAMŪRTI, PĀŚUPATAMŪRTI AND | | |
| RAUDRA-PĀŚUPATAMŪRTI | ... | 103—126 |
| III. SUKHĀSANAMŪRTI, UMĀSAHITAMŪRTI, | | |
| SŌMĀSKANDAMŪRTI AND UMĀMAHĒŚ- | | |
| VARAMŪRTI | ... | 127—141 |
| IV. SAMHĀRAMŪRTIS :— | ... | 143—202 |
| (i) Kāmāntakamūrti | ... | 147—149 |
| (ii) Gajāsura-samhāramūrti | ... | 149—156 |
| (iii) Kālārimūrti | ... | 156—164 |
| (iv) Tripurāntakamūrti | ... | 164—171 |
| (v) Śarabhēśamūrti | ... | 171—174 |
| (vi) Brahma-śiraśchēdakamūrti = | | |
| Bhairava | ... | 174—182 |
| (a) Bhairava | ... | 177 |
| (b) Vaṭuka-Bhairava | ... | 177—179 |
| (c) Svarṇākarṣaṇa Bhairava | ... | 179 |
| (d) Sixty-four Bhairavas | ... | 180—182 |
| (vii) Vīrabhadramūrti | ... | 182—188 |
| (viii) Jālandhara-vadha-mūrti | ... | 188—191 |
| (ix) Mallāri-Śivamūrti | ... | 191—192 |
| (x) Andhakāsuravadhamūrti | ... | 192—194 |

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(xi) Aghōramūrti (Daśabhuja-Aghōramūrti) ... ... ... 197—201
(xii) Mahākāla and Mahākālī ... 201—202 V. ANUGRAHAMŪRTIS :— ... ... 203—220
(i) Caṇḍēśānugrahamūrti ... 205—209
(ii) Viṣṇvanugrahamūrti (=Chakradānamūrti) ... ... 209—212
(iii) Nandīśānugrahamūrti ... 212—213
(iv) Vighnēśvarānugrahamūrti ... 213—214
(v) Kirātārjunamūrti ... ... 214—217
(vi) Rāvaṇānugrahamūrti ... ... 217—220 VI. NṚTTAMŪRTIS (DIFFERENT FORMS OF NAṬANA) ... ... ... 221—270 VII. DAKṢIṆĀMŪRTIS :— ... ... 271—292
(i) Vyākhyānamūrti ... ... 273—283
(ii) Jñānamūrti ... ... 284
(iii) Yōgamūrti ... ... 284—289
(iv) Viṇādharamūrti ... ... 289—292 VIII. KAṄKĀLA AND BHIKṢĀṬANAMŪRTIS ... 293—309 IX. OTHER IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ŚIVA:— 311—358
(i) Gaṅgādharamūrti ... ... 313—321
(ii) Ardhanārīśvaramūrti ... 321—332
(iii) Haryardhamūrti ... ... 332—337
(iv) Kalyāṇasundaramūrti ... 337—352
(v) Vṛiṣavāhanamūrti ... ... 352—356
(vi) Viṣāpaharaṇamūrti ... ... 356—358 X. MISCELLANEOUS ASPECTS OF ŚIVA:— 359—411
(i) Sadāśivamūrti and Mahāsadāśivamūrti ... ... ... 361—374
(ii) Pañchabrahmās or Īśānādayah ... 375—379

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| | | | PAGES. |
| (iii) Mahēśamūrti | ... | ... | 379—386 |
| (iv) Ēkādaśa Rudras | ... | ... | 386—392 |
| (v) Vidyēśvaras ... | ... | ... | 392—403 |
| (vi) Mūrtyashṭaka | ... | ... | 403—407 |
| (vii) Local legends and images based upon | | | |
| Mahātmyas | ... | ... | 407— 411 |
| XI. SUBRAHMAṆYA | ... | ... | 413—451 |
| XII. NANDIKĒŚVARA | ... | ... | 453—460 |
| XIII. CHAṆḌĒŚVARA ... | ... | ... | 461—469 |
| XIV. BHAKTAS | ... | ... | 471—481 |
| XV. ĀRYA | ... | ... | 483—492 |
| XVI. KSHĒTRAPĀLA ... | ... | ... | 493—498 |
| XVII. BRAHMĀ | ... | ... | 499—512 |
| XVIII. DIKPĀLAKAS ... | ... | ... | 513—538 |
| XIX. AŚVINIDĒVATĀS | ... | ... | 539—545 |
| XX. DEMI-GODS | ... | ... | 547—570 |
| (i) Vasus | ... | ... | 550—553 |
| (ii) Nāgadēva and the Nāgas | ... | 554—558 |
| (iii) Sādhyas | ... | ... | 558—559 |
| (iv) Asuras | ... | ... | 559—561 |
| (v) Apsarasas | ... | ... | 561—562 |
| (vi) Piśāchas | ... | ... | 562 |
| (vii) Vētāḷas | ... | ... | 562 |
| (viii) Pitris | ... | ... | 562—564 |
| (ix) Ṛishis | ... | ... | 564—567 |
| (x) Gandharvas | ... | ... | 568--569 |
| (xi) Marut-ganas | ... | ... | 569—570 |
| APPENDIX A. | ... | ... | 571—578 |
| " B. | ... | ... | 1—279 |
| INDEX | ... | ... | ... | 1—37 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| I—Three different views of the Bhita Liṅga (A.S.U.P.) | ... | 65 |
| II—Front, side and back views and the section of the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 66 |
| III—Bust of the image of Śiva on the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 66 |
| *Details of ornaments in the Guḍimallam Sculpture.* | | |
| IV—Fig. 1, The head-gear of the Apasmāra-purusha | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 2, The kuṇḍala in the ear of Śiva | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 3, The ornamental band on the upper arm of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 4, The details of the bracelets of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 5, The details of the jaṭāmakuṭa of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 6, The details of the hāra on the neck of the same | ... | 67 |
| IV—Fig. 7, Do. of the Apasmāra-purusha. | ... | 67 |
| V—Fig. 1, The Chennittalai Liṅga | ... | 69 |
| V—Fig. 2, The Paraśu in the left hand of the image of Śiva in the Guḍimallam Liṅga | ... | 69 |
| V—Fig. 3, The kamaṇḍalu in the same | ... | 69 |

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∗ T.S.A. Trivandram School of Arts ; A.S.M. Archæological Survey of Madras ; A.S. My. Archæological Survey of Mysore ; A.S. Bo. Archæological Survey of Bombay ; A.S.I. Archæological Survey of India ; I.M. India Museum and A.S.U.P. Archæological Survey of United Provinces. The photographs and drawings which are not followed by any of the abbreviations given above belong to the author's collection.

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| V—Fig. 4, | The ram held in the right hand of the same | 69 |
| VI—The | Āḍhya, Anāḍhya, Surēḍhya and Sarvasama liṅgas | 93 |
| VII—Fig. 1, | The Trairāśika Liṅga | 95 |
| VII—Fig. 2, | The Aṣṭōttara-śata-liṅga | 95 |
| VII—Fig. 3, | The Mukhaliṅga | 95 |
| VIII—Fig. 1, | Aṣṭōttaraśata liṅga, Tiruvorriyūr | 96 |
| VIII—Fig. 2, | Sahasra liṅga Do. | 96 |
| IX—Fig. 1, | Mukhaliṅga with a single face | 97 |
| IX—Fig. 2, | Do. Do. | 97 |
| X—Fig. 1, | Liṅga with brahma sūtras | 98 |
| X—Fig. 2, | Mukhaliṅga with three faces | 98 |
| X—Fig. 3, | Dhārā-liṅga, Tiruvorriyūr | 98 |
| XI—Mukhalinga, | Joti (Cuddappah District) | 98 |
| XII—Bhadra-Pīṭha, | Vajra-Padma, Śrīkara-Pīṭha, Pīṭha-Padma | 101 |
| XIII—Liṅgōdbhavamūrti, | Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | 109 |
| XIV—Fig. 1, | Do. Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora. | 110 |
| XIV—Fig. 2, | Do. Ambar-Māgāḷam. | 110 |
| XV—Fig. 1, | Kēvala-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Tiruppāḷatturai (A.S.M.) | 121 |
| XV—Fig. 2, | Umā-sahita-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Agaram Śēttūr | 121 |
| XVI—Kēvala-Chandraśēkharamūrti, | Ōṇakkūr. | 122 |
| XVII—Umā-Sahita-Chandraśēkharamurti, | Tiruvorriyūr (A.S.M.) | 122 |
| XVIII—Fig. 1, | Do. Madeour. | 123 |
| XVIII—Fig. 2, | Āliṅgana-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Mayūranāthasvāmin temple, Māyavaram (A.S.M.) | 123 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| XIX—Fig. 1, | Āliṅgana-Chandraśēkharamūrti, Paṭṭīśvaram, (A.S.M.) ... | 124 |
| XIX—Fig. 2, | Do. Marudāntanallūr (A.S.M.). ... | 124 |
| XIX—Fig. 3, | Do. Kōvilūr (A.S.M.) ... | 124 |
| XX— | Do. Āṅgūr (A.S.M.)... | 124 |
| XXI—Fig. 1, | Umā-sahita-Sukhāsanamūrti, Madeour ... | 133 |
| XXI—Fig. 2, | Do. Agaram-Śēttūr ... | 133 |
| XXII—Fig. 1, | Sōmāskandamūrti, Madeour ... | 134 |
| XXII—Fig. 2, | Do. Nellore (Mr. M.K. Raṅgasāmi Ayyaṅgār) ... | 134 |
| XXIII— | Umā-mahēśvaramūrti, Bāgaḷi (A.S.M.)... | 135 |
| XXIV— | Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) ... | 135 |
| XXV— | Do. Trivandram (T.S.A.). | 136 |
| XXVI—Fig. 1, | Do. Havēri (A.S.Bo.) ... | 137 |
| XXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. Ajmere Do. ... | 137 |
| XXVII— | Do. Ellora ... | 139 |
| XXVIII— | Do. Ellora ... | 140 |
| XXIX— | Do. Ellora ... | 141 |
| XXX— | Gajāsura-saṃhāramūrti, Amṛitapura (A.S.My.) ... | 152 |
| XXXI— | Do. Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) ... | 154 |
| XXXII—Fig. 1, | Do. Dārāsuram (A.S.M.) ... | 155 |
| XXXII—Fig. 2, | Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi. ... | 155 |
| XXXIII— | Gajāsura-saṃhāramūrti, Hoysaḷēśvara temple, Haḷebīḍu ... | 156 |
| XXXIV— | Kālārīmūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 161 |
| XXXV—Fig. 1, | Do. Kailāsa Cave, Ellora ... | 162 |
| XXXV—Fig. 2, | Do. Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) ... | 162 |
| XXXVI—Fig. 1, | Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi. ... | 163 |
| XXXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. (Mr. R. F. Stoney’s Collection) ... | 163 |
| XXXVII— | Tripurāntakamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 170 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| XXXVIII—Tripurāntakamūrti, Kailāsa temple, Ellora | ... | 171 |
| XXXIX— Do. Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | ... | 171 |
| XL— Do. Madura | ... | 171 |
| XLI—Bhairava, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 178 |
| XLII—Fig. 1, Bhairava, Indian Museum, Calcutta (A.S. Bo.) | ... | 179 |
| XLII—Fig. 2, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 179 |
| XLII—Fig. 3, Do. Roy. As. Soc. Museum, Bombay | ... | 179 |
| XLIII—Atiriktāṅga-Bhairava, Rāmēśvara Cave, Ellora | ... | 182 |
| XLIV—Fig. 1, Vīrabhadramūrti, Madras Museum. | ... | 187 |
| XLIV—Fig. 2, Vīrabhadramūrti, Teṅkāśi | ... | 187 |
| XLV—Fig. 1, Dakṣa-Prajāpati and his wife, Āṅgūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 188 |
| XLV—Fig. 2, Andhakāsuravadhamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora | ... | 188 |
| XLVI—Andhakāsuravadhamūrti, Elephanta | ... | 192 |
| XLVII— Do. Kailāsa, Ellora | ... | 193 |
| XLVIII—Fig. 1, Aghōramūrti, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 200 |
| XLVIII—Fig. 2, Aghōramūrti, Tirukkaḷukkuṇram. | ... | 200 |
| XLIX—Fig. 1, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Gaṅgaikoṇḍaśōlapuram, (A.S.M.) | ... | 208 |
| XLIX—Fig. 2, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Kailāsanāthasvāmin temple, Conjeevaram | ... | 208 |
| L—Fig. 1, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Madura. | ... | 211 |
| L—Fig. 2, Caṇḍēśanugrahamūrti, Suchīndram | ... | 211 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| LI—Fig. 1, | Viṣṇvanugrahamūrti, Conjee-varam ... | 210 |
| LI—Fig. 2, | Do. Madura ... | 210 |
| LII—Fig. 1, | Kirātamūrti, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi ... | 216 |
| LII—Fig. 2, | Pāśupatāstra-dānamūrti, Śrīśailam (A.S.M.) ... | 216 |
| LIII— | Rāvaṇānugrahamūrti, Daśāvatāra Cave, Ellora ... | 218 |
| LIV— | Do. Dhumar Leṇa Cave, Ellora ... | 219 |
| LV— | Do. Bēlūr ... | 219 |
| LVI— | Naṭarāja, Madras Museum ... | 252 |
| LVII— | Do. Koṭṭappāḍi ... | 252 |
| LVIII—Fig. 1, | Do. Rāmēśvaram (A.S.M.) ... | 252 |
| LVIII—Fig. 2, | Do. (Ivory) Trivandram (T.S.A.) ... | 252 |
| LIX— | Do. Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.)... | 253 |
| LX— | Do. Teṅkāśi ... | 255 |
| LXI— | Nṛittamūrti, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi ... | 257 |
| LXII— | Kaṭisama dance, Ellora ... | 259 |
| LXIII— | Lalita dance, Do. ... | 262 |
| LXIV—Fig. 1, | Lalāṭa-tilaka dance, Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi... | 264 |
| LXIV—Fig. 2, | Do. Conjeevaram... | 264 |
| LXV—Fig. 1, | Do. Teṅkāśi ... | 265 |
| LXV—Fig. 2, | Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) ... | 265 |
| LXVI—Fig. 1, | Chatura-dance, Bādāmi ... | 267 |
| LXVI—Fig. 2, | Do. Tiruvaraṅguḷam (A.S.M.) ... | 267 |
| LXVII— | Do. Nallūr (A.S.M.) ... | 267 |
| LXVIII— | Talasaṁsphōṭita dance, Conjeevaram ... | 268 |
| LXIX— | Do. Cheṅgannūr... | 269 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| LXX—Nṛttamūrti, Conjeevaram | ... | 269 |
| LXXI—Jñāna-Dakṣiṇā-mūrti, Deogarh (A.S. Bo.) | ... | 278 |
| LXXII—Fig. 1, Do. Āvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 281 |
| LXXII—Fig. 2, Do. | ... | 281 |
| LXXIII— Do. Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 281 |
| LXXIV—Fig. 1, Do. Suchīndram | ... | 282 |
| LXXIV—Fig. 2, Do. Kāvērīpākkam. | ... | 282 |
| LXXV—Fig. 1, Do. Tiruvēṅgavāśal (A.S.M.) | ... | 283 |
| LXXV—Fig. 2, Do. Mr. Kay's Collection. | ... | 283 |
| LXXVI—Yōga-Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 285 |
| LXXVII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 287 |
| LXXVIII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 288 |
| LXXIX—Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Nañjaṅgōḍu (A.S.My). | ... | 288 |
| LXXX—Vīṇādhara-Dakṣiṇāmūrti, Madras Museum | ... | 291 |
| LXXXI— Do. Vaḍaraṅgam (A.S.M.) | ... | 291 |
| LXXXII—Kaṅkāḷamūrti, Dārāsuram (A.S.M.) | ... | 308 |
| LXXXIII— Do. Teṅkāśi (A.S.M.) | ... | 308 |
| LXXXIV—Kaṅkāḷamūrti, Suchīndram | ... | 308 |
| LXXXV—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 308 |
| LXXXV—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi | ... | 308 |
| LXXXVI—Fig. 1, Bhikṣhāṭanamūrti, Conjeevaram | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVI—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVII—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVII—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruvenkāḍu (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| LXXXVIII— Do. Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| LXXXIX— Do. Paṇḍanaṅallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 309 |
| XC—Gaṅgādharamūrti, Elephanta | ... | 317 |
| XCI— Do. Trichinopoly | ... | 318 |
| XCII—Fig. 1, Do. Ellora | ... | 319 |

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| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| XCII—Fig. 2, Gaṅgādharamūrti, Vaittiśvaran-kōyil (A.S.M.) | ... | 319 |
| XCIII— Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) | ... | 320 |
| XCIV—Arddhanārīśvaramūrti, Bādāmi | ... | 327 |
| XCV—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 328 |
| XCV—Fig. 2, Do. Mahābalipuram | ... | 328 |
| XCVI—Fig. 1, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 330 |
| XCVI—Fig. 2, Do. Tiruchcheṅgāṭṭaṅgudi | ... | 330 |
| XCVI—Fig. 3, Do. | ... | 330 |
| XCVII— Do. Conjeevaram | ... | 330 |
| XCVIII— Do. Madura | ... | 331 |
| XCIX—Haryarddhamūrti, Bādāmi | ... | 334 |
| C— Do. Poona (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 336 |
| CI—Kalyāṇasundaramūrti, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 344 |
| CII— Do. Ratanpūr (Bilāspur Dt.) (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 345 |
| CIII— Do. Elephanta (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 346 |
| CIV— Do. Ellora | ... | 347 |
| CV— Do. Ellora | ... | 347 |
| CVI— Do. Madura | ... | 351 |
| CVII— Do. Madura | ... | 351 |
| CVIII—Vṛishavāhanamūrti, Vēdāraṇyam (A.S.M.) | ... | 354 |
| CIX— Do. (From the Viśvakarma) | ... | 355 |
| CX— Do. Tāramaṅgalam (A.S.M.) | ... | 355 |
| CXI—Vṛishavāhanamūrti, Mahābalipuram | ... | 355 |
| CXII—Fig. 1, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 355 |
| CXII—Fig. 2, Do. Madura | ... | 355 |
| CXIII—Fig. 1, Sadāśivamūrti, Mr. Beardsell’s Collection | ... | 372 |
| CXIII—Fig. 2, Do. Mr. K. Kay’s Collection | ... | 372 |
| CXIV—Fig. 1, Mahēśamūrti, Gokak Falls (A. S. Bo.) | ... | 382 |

v2.c13.37

| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| CXIV—Fig. 2, Mahāsadāśivamūrti, Vaittiś- | | |
| | varaṅkōyil (A. S. M.) | ... | 382 |
| CXV—Sadāśivamūrti, Elephanta (from Viśva- | | |
| | karma) | ... | 372 |
| CXVI—Mahēśamūrti, Kāvēripākkam | ... | 380 |
| CXVII— Do. Elephanta | ... | 382 |
| CXVIII— Do. Chitorgarh | ... | 385 |
| CXIX—Fig. 1, Ēkapādamūrti, Jambukēśvaram | | |
| | (A.S.M.) | ... | 410 |
| CXIX—Fig. 2, Śiva as a sow suckling its | | |
| | young ones. | ... | 410 |
| CXX—Fig. 1, Pārvatī doing | | |
| | penance | | |
| CXX—Fig. 2, Pārvatī | P a t t i ś v a r a m | | |
| | embracing | (A.S.M.) | ... | 409 |
| | Śiva. | | |
| CXXI—Fig. 1, Skanda or Vēlāyudha Subrah- | | |
| | maṇya, Mr. M. K. Nārāyaṇa- | | |
| | sāmi Ayyar's Collection | ... | 444 |
| CXXI—Fig. 2, Kumāra, Tiruppālatturai (A.S.M.) | ... | 444 |
| CXXII—Subrahmaṇya with his consorts Dēva- | | |
| | sēnā and Vaḷḷi, Kumbhakōṇam. | ... | 444 |
| CXXIII— Do. Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 445 |
| CXXIV— Do. Ellora | ... | 445 |
| CXXV— Do. with his consorts Dēvasēna | | |
| | and Vaḷḷi, Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 446 |
| CXXVI—Fig.1, Do. Trivandram (T.S.A.) | ... | 447 |
| CXXVI—Fig. 2, Śikhivāhana, Kumbhakōṇam. | ... | 447 |
| CXXVI—Fig. 3, Sēnāpati, Madras Museum | ... | 447 |
| CXXVII—Shaṇmukha, Paṭṭīśvaram (A.S.M.) | ... | 447 |
| CXXVIII— Do. Nallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 448 |
| CXXVIIIa—Tārakāri-Subrahmaṇya, Aihoḷe | ... | 448 |
| CXXIX—Dēvasēna-Kalyāṇasundaramūrti, | | |
| | Tirupparaṅkuṇram | ... | 448 |

v2.c13.38

LIST OE ILLUSTRATIONS.

v2.c13.39

| PLATE | | TO FACE PAGE |
| CXXX—Dvārapālaka of the Subrahmaṇya shrine, Tanjore (A.S.M.) | ... | 450 |
| CXXXI—Adhikāra-Nandin, Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 460 |
| CXXXII—Nandi, Pañchanadikulam (Tanjore Dt.) (A.S.M.) | ... | 460 |
| CXXXIII—Fig. 1, Chandēśvara, Tirruvorriyūr | ... | 468 |
| CXXXIII—Fig. 2, Do. Marudāntanallūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 468 |
| CXXXIV—Kaṇṇappa Nāyanār, Madras Museum. | ... | 480 |
| CXXXV—Siruttoṇḍa Nāyanār and others, Tirucheṅgāṭṭaṅguḍi (A.S.M.) | ... | 475 |
| CXXXVI—Āḷvārs, Tāḍikkombu (A.S.M.) | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 1, Tirujñānasambandha, Padmanābhapuram | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 2, Māṇikkavāchakar | Tiruchcheṅ- | |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 3, Apparsvāmigaḷ | goḍū (A.S.M.) | 480 |
| CXXXVII—Fig. 4, Sundaramūrti, Padmanābhapuram | ... | 480 |
| CXXXVIII—Māṇikkavāchakar (*Viśvakarma*) | ... | 480 |
| CXXXIX—Fig. 1, Śāstā, Śāstānkōṭṭai | ... | 490 |
| CXXXIX—Fig. 2, Do. Tirupparaiyāru | ... | 490 |
| CXL—Fig. 1, Gajārūḍha Śāstā, Vaḷuvūr (A.S.M.) | ... | 491 |
| CXL—Fig. 2, Śāstā, Tiruppālatturai (A.S.M.). | ... | 491 |
| CXLI—Fig. 1, Kshētrapāla, Ajmere (A.S.Bo.)... | ... | 498 |
| CXLI—Fig. 2, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 498 |
| CXLII—Brahmā, Madras Museum | ... | 504 |
| CXLIII—Fig. 1, Brahmā, Tiruvorriyūr | ... | 505 |
| CXLIII—Fig. 2, Do. Madras Museum | ... | 505 |
| CXLIV— Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 506 |
| CXLV— Do. Sopāra (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 508 |
| CXLVI— Do. Aihoḷe (A.S.Bo.) | ... | 508 |
| CXLVII—Fig. 1, Do. Kumbhakōṇam | ... | 509 |
| CXLVII—Fig. 2, Do. Haḷebīḍu | ... | 509 |

v2.c13.40

--- | --- CXLVIII—Brahmā, Karachi Museum (A.S.Bo.) | 509 CXLIX—Do. Tiruvādi (A.S.M.) | 509 CL—Indra, Chidambaram (A.S.M.) | 520 CLI—Fig. 1, Indra, Do. | 520 CLI—Fig. 2, Do. Do. | 520 CLII—Agni, Kaṇḍiyūr (Travancore) | 524 CLIII—Fig. 1, Yama } Chidambaram (A.S.M.) | 524 CLIII—Fig. 2, Agni | 524 CLIV—Fig. 1, Kubēra, Dohad (A.S.Bo.) | 528 CLIV—Fig. 2, Nirṛuti, Ahōbilam (A.S.M.) | 528 CLV—Fig. 1, Gaṅgā } Do. (A.S.Bo.) | 531 CLV—Fig. 2, Yamunā | 531 CLVI—Gate of a temple, Kharod, Bilāspūr District (A.S.Bo.) | 531 CLVII—Fig. 1, Nāga and Nāginī, Haḷebīḍu | 557 CLVII—Fig. 2, Nāginī, Madras Museum | 557 CLVIII—Fig. 1, Dvārapālaka of the temple of Śiva, Kāvēripākkam | 561 CLVIII—Fig. 2, Apsaras, Srīnivāsanallūr | 561 CLIX—Figure of Naṭarāja showing the relative positions of the limbs | 573

List of Important Works Consulted Other Than Those Mentioned in the First Volume

v2.c14.1

Atharvaśirasōpaniṣad. Bharata-nāṭya-śāstra. Brahma-mīmāṃsā-śāstra. Dakṣiṇāmūrtyupaniṣad. Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba with Haradatta's commentary. Hālāsya-māhātmya. Harivaṃśa. Jīrṇōddhāra-daśakam. Kōyil-purāṇam (Tamil). Kūrma-purāṇa. Kuvalayānanda. Mallāri-māhātmya. Mālatī-mādhava. Manu-dharma-śāstra. Mayamata. Nāṭyavēda-vivṛti. Periyapurāṇam (Tamil). Prabōdhachandrōdayam. Prasthānabhēda. Pratyabhijñāsūtras. Śaṅkara-vijaya (Anantānandagiri's). Śarabhōpaniṣad. Sarvadarśana-saṅgraha. Śatarudrīya. Śivajñānasiddhiyār (Tamil). Śiva-liṅga-pratiṣṭhā-vidhi. Śiva-tatva-ratnākara. Sūta-saṃhitā. Tiruvaruḷpayan (Tamil). Tiruvāchakam (Tamil). Yaśōdharakāvyam.

Errata

v2.c15.1

| Page | Line | | For | | Read |
| 5 | 5 | ... | was | ... | were |
| 9 | 8 | ... | Śrikaṇṭha-Śivā- | ... | Śrīkaṇṭhā-Śivā- |
| | | | chārya | | chārya |
| 9 | 12 | ... | gamatvat | ... | gamatvāt |
| 17 | 12 | ... | Pati | ... | Pati |
| 19 | 6 | ... | Ātharva | ... | Atharva. |
| 32 | 4 | ... | was | ... | were |
| 35 | 15 | ... | though unneces- | ... | though it is un- |
| | | | sary to be de- | | necessary to de- |
| | | | tailed here | | tail them here |
| 41 | 24 | ... | to have attempted... | ... | to attempt |
| 42 | 22 | ... | Gaṅgā | ... | Gaṅgā |
| 43 | 14 | ... | an | ... | a |
| 44 | 26 | ... | Mahāndēva | ... | Mahādēva |
| 44 | 27 | ... | Iāśna | ... | Īśāna |
| 48 | 12 | ... | the stomach of Śiva | ... | Śiva's stomach |
| 48 | 13 | ... | the throat of Śiva... | ... | Śiva's throat |
| 48 | 16 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 50 | 14 | ... | Thou King | ... | Thou, King |
| 53 | 12 | ... | the vaidika | ... | the Vaidika |
| 58 | 25 | ... | Mārkaṇḍēya | ... | Mārkaṇḍēya. |
| 62 | 11 | ... | Śankara is | ... | Śankara who is |
| 65 | 1 & 2 | ... | which are believed... | ... | which Mr. Banerji |
| | | | by Mr. Banerji | | believes |
| 65 | 2 | ... | might | ... | may |
| 81 | 11 | ... | Vāmadēva | ... | Nigamajñānadēva |
| 81 | 15 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 81 | 25 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 82 | 25 | ... | Vāmadēvasivā- | ... | Vāmadēvasivā- |
| | | | chārya. | | chārya. |
| 85 | 21 | ... | Vindhyāparvata | ... | Vindhyaparvata. |

v2.c15.2

| Page | Line | For | Read |
| 86 | 20 | ... Sthāvarā lingas ... | Sthāvara lingas |
| 105 | 19 | towhich | to which. |
| 110 | 20 | ... are sculptured against | are not sculptured in accordance with |
| 111 | 1 | ... Fig 2, Pl. XIV ... | Fig 1, Pl. XIV. |
| 113 | 8 | ... and and the skull... | and the skull |
| 119 | 16 | ... makara-kuṇḍala ... | makara-kuṇḍala, |
| 121 | 18 | ... The first comes ... | The first, fig. 1, Pl. XV |
| 125 | 19 | ... carry on | carry an |
| 131 | 4 | ... a utpala flower ... | an utpala flower |
| 137 | 11 | ... with creeper orna-... ment | with a creeper ornament. |
| 140 | 20 | ... catching hold of ... | catching hold |
| 145 | 2 | ... or a pacific, ... | or as a pacific, |
| 148 | 5 | ... of Śiva | of Kāma by Śiva. |
| 148 | 20 | ... and in the com-... pany | and being in the company |
| 150 | 5 | ... said to have told ... | said to have mentioned |
| 152 | 17 | ... piece of sculpture,... | piece of sculpture, Pl. XXX, |
| 157 | 12 | ... says, to Tirukka-... davūr | says, Tirukkaḍavūr |
| 161 | 20 | ... see later on, the ... | see later on that the |
| 163 | 6 | ... with hands ... | with his hands |
| 164 | 12 | ... they desired and ... | they desired and that |
| 165 | 9 | ... with a half of ... | with one half of |
| 165 | 10 | ... stronger than all... other | stronger than all the other |
| 166 | 16 | ... who destroyd ... | who destroyed |
| 168 | 10 | ... upon Apasmāra-... purusha | upon the Apasmārapurusha |

v2.c15.3

| Page | Line | | For | | Read |
| 168 | 16 | ... | *Apasmāra* | ... | Apasmāra |
| 168 | 20 | ... | should be held so... as the | ... | should be held that |
| 168 | 26 | ... | *Apasmārapūrusha* | . | Apasmārapūrusha |
| 170 | 3 | ... | and padmāpāśa | ... | the padma-pāśa |
| 171 | 24 | ... | belongs to the... modern times. | ... | belongs to modern times. |
| 172 | 14 | ... | skin of Narasimha, | ... | skin of Narasimha |
| 173 | 5 & 6 | ... | as carrying with... two of his legs Narasimha | ... | as carrying Narasimha with two of his legs. |
| 174 | 11 | ... | and a face of the... lion | ... | and the face of a lion |
| 175 | 5 | ... | and wearing an | ... | and wearing a |
| 176 | 5 | ... | learnt at the | ... | learnt by the |
| 176 | 8 | ... | Sritatvanidhi | ... | *Sritatvanidhi*. |
| 176 | 16 | ... | in the garments | ... | in garments |
| 177 | 26 | ... | as that of its master. | ... | as its master |
| 178 | 1 | ... | so far for the | ... | so much for the |
| 179 | 17 | ... | should have an | ... | should have |
| 184 | 26 | ... | of demons which | ... | of demons who |
| 185 | 18 | ... | made to the | ... | made for the |
| 187 | 3 | ... | as his underwear | ... | as underwear. |
| 189 | 1 | ... | by dēvas | ... | by the dēvas. |
| 189 | 4 | ... | to Vishnu about... their lot | ... | about their lot to Vishnu |
| 189 | 6 | ... | extorted Vishnu's | ... | evoked Vishnu's |
| 191 | 4 | ... | and the feet of Śiva. | ... | and his feet |
| 192 | 7 | ... | in his ears white, | ... | in his ears white |
| 201 | 15 | ... | stay away in their... midst | ... | stay in their midst |
| 201 | 17 | ... | stopped away at | ... | stopped at |
| 201 | 20 | ... | Lalitōpākhyāna | ... | *Lalitōpākhyana*. |
| 205 | 3 | ... | a Anugrahamūrti... | ... | an Anugrahamūrti. |
| 206 | 16 | ... | was offering | ... | was offering to |

v2.c15.4

| Page | Line | | For | | Read |
| 211 | 16 | ... | the other two ones... | ... | the other two |
| 214 | 11 | ... | a utpala flower | ... | an utpala flower |
| 217 | 6 | ... | Kubēra was | ... | Kubēra, was |
| 218 | 15 | ... | return to Lanka | ... | to return to Lanka. |
| 218 | 15 | *insert* | " at the time" after | " | he cried " |
| 220 | 7 | ... | praising him. | ... | praising Mahādēva. |
| 225 | 9 | ... | and stand | ... | and these stand |
| 226 | 10 | ... | with | ... | holding |
| 227 | 1 | ... | a tortoise shell | ... | tortoise shell. |
| 229 | 12 | ... | Apasmārapurusha... | ... | the Apasmārapuru- |
| | | | | | sha |
| 231 | 3 | ... | Siva | ... | Śiva |
| 231 | 8 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 231 | 9 | ... | turmed | ... | turned |
| 231 | 13 | ... | and if | ... | and, if |
| 235 | 27 (f.n.) | ... | wears | ... | wears. |
| 252 | 10 | ... | extorts | ... | evokes |
| 252 | 16 | ... | The second photo-... | ... | The original of the |
| | | | graph, Pl. LVII, | | second photo- |
| | | | the original of | | graph, Pl. LVII, |
| | | | which was | | which was |
| 252 | 17 | ... | in earth | ... | in the earth |
| 252 | 18 | ... | and is | ... | is |
| 256 | 22 | ... | to carry | ... | should carry |
| 257 | 13 | ... | but rest | ... | but should rest |
| 258 | 6 | ... | dance | ... | dancing |
| 260 | 11 | ... | is known | ... | known |
| 260 | 27 | ... | other | ... | others |
| 263 | 1 | ... | arms | ... | hands |
| 263 | 3 | ... | arm | ... | hand. |
| 269 | 15 | *omit* | ' and ' after ' side ' | | |
| 269 | 18 | ... | on the left | ... | to the left |
| 269 | 19 | ... | Pl. LXIX, | ... | Pl. LXIX |
| 269 | 26 | ... | Kailāsanatha- | ... | Kailāsanatha- |
| | | | svmin | | svāmin. |

v2.c15.5

| Page | Line | | For | | Read |
| 270 | 10 | ... | is | ... | are |
| 273 | 13 | ... | have | ... | has |
| 278 | 20 | ... | has its | ... | has as its |
| 279 | 4 | ... | descend | ... | descends |
| 284 | 7 | ... | a utpala | ... | an utpala |
| 286 | 7 | ... | to be | ... | that it is |
| 286 | 14 | ... | arm | ... | arms |
| 286 | 24 | ... | is | ... | has been |
| 286 | 25 | ... | Śaṅkarāchārya ; | ... | Śaṅkarāchārya. |
| 286 | 25 | ... | on | ... | On |
| 287 | 22 (f.n.) | ... | with thin coat | ... | with a thin coat |
| 289 | 2 | ... | vīṇā, | ... | vīṇā ; |
| 290 | 21 | ... | are added also | ... | are also added |
| 291 | 2 | ... | on the | ... | on a |
| 295 | 21 | ... | accepted | ... | and accepted |
| 297 | 14 | ... | kūrma-purāṇa | ... | Kūrma-purāṇa |
| 299 | 24 (f.n.) | ... | intimated | ... | informed of |
| 300 | 5 | ... | brāhmaṇa | ... | Brāhmaṇa. |
| 300 | 6 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 301 | 5 | ... | at | ... | as |
| 301 | 18 | ... | brāhmaṇas | ... | Brāhmaṇas |
| 305 | 27 | ... | according | ... | according to |
| 307 | 8 | *omit 'the' after 'under'* | | | |
| 308 | 19 | ... | have | ... | has |
| 315 | 7 | *omit 'to' after 'Gaṅgā'* | | | |
| 315 | 16 | *omit 'the' before 'Gaṅgā'* | | | |
| 317 | 25 | ... | arm | ... | hand |
| 318 | 3 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 318 | 4 | ... | " | ... | " |
| 320 | 11 | *omit 'also' after 'is'* | | | |
| 322 | 2 | ... | Thitherto | ... | Until then |
| 322 | 27 | *omit 'over' after 'covered'* | | | |
| 324 | 21 | *insert 'be' after 'may'* | | | |
| 324 | 21 | ... | by | ... | in |
| 327 | 3 | ... | Pl. XCIII | ... | Pl. XCIV |

v2.c15.6

| Page | Line | For | Read |
| 328 | 8 | ... quite | ... quiet |
| 334 | 23 | insert 'that' after 'right' | |
| 335 | 18 | ... isa | ... is a |
| 337 | 6 | omit 'by' after 'but' | |
| 338 | 5 | insert 'even in rendering help' after 'meant' | |
| 338 | 5 | ... by others | ... by any other |
| 338 | 6 | omit 'that of' before 'her' | |
| 338 | 6 | omit 'even in helping others' | |
| 338 | 7 | ... was standing | ... stood |
| 338 | 19 | ... that of Śiva | ... his |
| 339 | 9 | ... in | ... at |
| 339 | 20 | omit the comma after 'gods.' | |
| 340 | 19 | ... to age | ... of age |
| 341 | 6 | ... for | ... to |
| 341 | 20 | omit 'that.' after 'and' | |
| 341 | 27 | ... with | ... in |
| 342 | 22 | insert 'the' after 'of' | |
| 345 | 25 | omit 'in.' after 'busy' | |
| 347 | 18 | omit 'got' after 'not' | |
| 347 | 27 | ... to obtain the hand... | to become Śiva's |
| | | of Śiva | spouse |
| 348 | 19 | insert 'she' after 'reluctance'. | |
| 348 | 21 | ... held | ... holds it |
| 349 | 21 | omit 'even' before 'during' | |
| 349 | 21 | ... two !! | ... two !!. |
| 350 | 1 | ... by | ... of |
| 350 | 2 | ... but | ... and had |
| 350 | 14 | ... outstretched | ... fingers outstret- |
| | | fingers | ched. |
| 353 | 27 | ... carrying | ... should carry |
| 353 | 27 | ... a utpala | ... an utpala. |
| 354 | 2 | ... done | ... sculptured |
| 355 | 25 | insert 'it' after 'find' | |
| 356 | 7 | insert 'hand' after 'right' | |
| 356 | 20 | ... considered | ... regarded as |

v2.c15.7

| Page | Line | | For | | Read |
| 357 | 9 | ... | sight | ... | gaze |
| 357 | 11 | ... | going | ... | about |
| 358 | 6 | ... | to be | ... | to have been |
| 362 | 14 | ... | destruction, (saṃhāra) | ... | destruction (saṃhāra), |
| 365 | 10 | ... | otherwise Īśvara | ... | otherwise called Īśvara |
| 365 | 15 | ... | lengh | ... | length |
| 366 | 22 | ... | beautiful | ... | beautiful, |
| 367 | 2 | ... | and is with a... smiling countenance | ... | and a smiling countenance |
| 367 | 4 | ... | have | ... | has |
| 371 | 23 | ... | ordinary mortals | ... | ordinary mortals, |
| 372 | 2 | ... | heads be adorned | ... | heads should be adorned |
| 372 | 17 | ... | Pl. CXII | ... | Pl. CXIII |
| 373 | 20 | ... | and since | ... | and, since |
| 376 | 8 | ... | authority | ... | authority, |
| 377 | 14 | ... | khaṭvāṅga | ... | khaṭvāṅga, |
| 391 | 21 | ... | an | ... | a |
| 400 | 12 | ... | S. India, | ... | S. India |
| 400 | 15 | ... | whose photograph | ... | and a photograph of it |
| 404 | 20 | ... | Īśvara | ... | Īśvara |
| 417 | 25 | ... | an | ... | a |
| 419 | 26 | ... | was | ... | were |
| 420 | 1 | ... | it | ... | them |
| 420 | 14 | ... | Agni Rudra | ... | Agni, Rudra |
| 429 | 15 | ... | the yajñōpavīta | ... | a yajñōpavīta |
| 433 | 9 | ... | with rubies, | ... | with rubies; |
| 438 | 5 | ... | Tārakāri, | ... | Tārakāri |
| 456 | 18 | ... | as also | ... | and also |
| 458 | 5 & 6 | ... | They informed... this sad news to the father of the boy. | ... | They informed the father of the boy of this sad news. |

v2.c15.8

| Page | Line | For | Read |
| 463 | 2 | ... attained to | ... attained |
| 508 | 6 | ... an | ... a |
| 509 | 6 | ... a | ... an |
| 509 | 15 | ... ana kṣamālā | ... an akṣamālā |
| 516 | 23 | ... and that | ... and it is also stated that |
| 518 | 2 | ... of | ... in |
| 521 | 4 | ... an | ... a |
| 521 | 4 | ... adorns | ... adorn |
| 529 | 14 | ... at the present | ... at the present time |
| 529 | 21 | ... an | ... a |
| 542 | 26 | ... had become | ... became |
| 543 | 20 | ... in | ... at |
| 549 | 13 & 14 | ... Besides, the pre-sent compilation being a close following of | ... Besides, since the present compilation closely follows |
| 551 | 24 | *Omit* 'they requested' after | 'whom' |
| 551 | 27 | ... being disposed | ... having been disposed |
| 552 | 1 | *Omit* 'then' after 'they' | |
| 554 | 10 | ... man | ... men |
| 554 | 14 & 15 | ... Svāyambhuva-manvantara | ... Svāyambhuvamanvantara. |
| 556 | 12 | ... hands | ... palms |
| 561 | 16 | ... pointed | ... pointed out |
| 561 | 16 | ... being | ... was |
| 562 | 4 | ... are | ... is |
| 562 | 15 | ... are | ... is |
| 568 | 2 | ... are | ... is |
| 569 | 3 | ... and is | ... and it is |
| 569 | 4 | ... to be given | ... to give it |

v2.c15.9

ONE of the oldest as also the most widely spread cult in India is that of Śiva. It consisted once of several sects, of which only a few have survived to the present day. Some of them had the sanction of the Vēdas while others were classed as outside the Vēdas or as opposed to them; again, some of them had milder forms of worship, while others practised horrible and shocking rites. The ideas about life, action and liberation differed from sect to sect. It will not be without interest to examine in some detail the history, the main tenets and the ceremonies of a few of the leading sects of Śiva in the following paragraphs.

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First, as regards the origin of the sects classed as outside the pale of the Vēdas, the following account taken from the Varāha-purāṇa will be of interest. In the forest of Daṇḍaka, situated in the middle of Bhāratavarsha, the ṛishi Gautama had his āśrama (hermitage), round which, he had abundant food-giving plants and trees. There once raged a twelve years' famine during which a number of *rishis* from various other *āśramas* flocked to that of Gautama for food and shelter, and were received with all kindness and treated with great hospitality by Gautama. After the famine abated and the country became again fertile, the *rishis* desired to start out on a pilgrimage to the several famous *tirthas*; one of the *rishis* named Marīcha, thinking that they should not leave the *āśrama* without informing Gautama, but fearing at the same time that he might, in his extreme kindness and hospitality, refuse permission for the pilgrimage, created from *māyā* an enfeebled, old cow and let it graze near Gautama's *āśrama*. Gautama went near the cow to water it; as he went near the cow, it fell down and died. The ungrateful *rishis* attributed to Gautama, the sin of killing a cow and refused to stay any longer in the abode of such a sinful one. Gautama, who did not know this trick of the *rishis*, really believed that he had committed the sin and asked them how he could raise the cow from death. Advising him to sprinkle on it water brought from the Ganges, they departed on their projected pilgrimage. Gautama repaired to the Himālaya and prayed to Śiva a hundred years and got from his *jaṭāmaṇḍala* a

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small quantity of the water of the Gaṅgā which he sprinkled on the dead cow. The water of this divine river revived the cow and itself began to flow as the river Gōdāvarī. Gautama at last perceived through his mind's eye that the death of the cow and other incidents connected therewith were a clear deceit practised on him by the *ṛishis* and cursed them to become *Vēdabāhyas* or those outside the pale of the Vēdic religion. On their entreaty to abate his anger against them, he was pleased to assure them that though they were outside the Vēdic cult, they would rise to heaven through *bhakti* or devotional love of God. The fallen *ṛishis* went to Kailāsa and prayed to Śiva to grant them some *śāstras* which had a few Vēdic rites at least. Thereupon, the *ṛishis* were decreed to be born to the Raudras, the lovers of spirituous liquors and flesh, who sprang up from the sweat-drops which flowed from Śiva while he was in the aspect of Bhairava, and to these he gave the Pāśupata Śāstra.

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From the above account one fact becomes clear, namely, that some at least of the followers of the Pāśupata and other non-Vēdic sects were at first followers of the Vēdic religion and gave it up and joined the *avaidika* cults. That the Pāśupata and a few other sects are indeed very ancient may be inferred from ancient authorities. The *Atharvaśiras Upanishad* describes the Pāśupata rite thus: “This is the Pāśupata rite: ‘Agni is ashes, Vāyu is ashes, water is ashes, dry land is ashes, the sky is ashes, all this is ashes, the mind, these eyes are ashes.’ Having taken ashes while pronouncing these preceding words, and rubbing himself, let a man touch his limbs. This is the Pāśupata rite, for the removal of the animal bonds.” Again the Bhīta liṅga and the Guḍimallam liṅga bear clear sculptural evidence of the antiquity of the Śaiva cults. From the summary of the philosophy of a few of the important Śaiva sects given below it would be clear that they have played a prominent part in the Religious History of India.

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Let us take first the Āgamānta or the Śuddha Śaiva sect. In the Āgamānta Śaiva works it is stated that the Śaivas flourished in a place called Mantrakāḷi situated on the banks of the Gōdāvarī river, that there were four *maṭhas*, beginning with the Āmarddaka *maṭha*, surrounding the temple of Mantrakāḷēśvara, that when Rājēndrachōḷa went to the Ganges on his victorious march in the north he met there these Śaivas, whom he, on his way back to his capital, induced to come and settle down in his kingdom and that from that time

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History of the Āgamānta Saivas.

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the Śaivas immigrated into the Toṇḍaimaṇḍala and the Choḷamaṇḍala. Since then an impetus was given to the spread of Śaivaism and a very large number of original works belonging to the Āgamānta school of Śaivaism was written. The Āmarddaka maṭha mentioned above is a famous one and had its branches all over India. For instance, mention is made of this in the Siddhāntasārāvaḷi and the Kriyākramadyōtini, as also in a number of inscriptions.

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The members of some of these maṭhas were great authors and exerted considerable influence over the sovereigns of various countries. The Kriyākramadyōtini of Aghōraśivāchārya, the Siddhāntasārāvaḷi of Trilōchanaśivāchārya, the Jīrṇoddhāra-daśakam of Nigamajñānadēva, son of Vāmadēvaśivāchārya and many another work will bear testimony to the above statement regarding the literary activity of the Śaiva Brāhmaṇa settlers in the Drāviḍa country. The first of these lived in the Śaka year 1080, the second lived sometime later, for he quotes the former, and the third in the beginning of the fourteenth century A.D. The great Rājarāja, the builder of the Bṛhadiśvara temple at Tanjore, is stated to have appointed a Sarvaśiva Paṇḍita-Śivāchārya as the priest of that temple and to have ordered that thenceforth the śishyas and their *śishyas* alone, belonging to the Āryadēśa, the Madhyadēśa and the Gauḍadēśa, shall be eligible for the office of chief priest.¹ Again, some of these Śaivāchāryas became *rājagurus* or the preceptors of kings, and appear to have wielded such great influence and power that they have sometimes set aside even the royal commandments and acted on their own authority. For example, Kulōttuṅgachōladēva III appointed two Śaivāchāryas for the service of the temple at Tirukkaḍavūr, but Svāmidēvar, the king's guru, cancelled the order and appointed two others, in recognition of their hereditary rights.² All the Āgamas declare that the Śaivāgamas flourished to the south of the Vindhya ranges, which is corroborated by the statement made by Aghōraśivāchārya; and it therefore appears quite certain that Rājēndrachōladēva implanted in the south a large colony of Śaiva Brāhmaṇas of Middle India.

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¹ S.I.I., Vol. II, Part II, p. 153.

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² No. 40 of 1906 of the Madras Epigraphist's collection. For an account of the origin and development of the Śaiva *maṭhas*, see *Kriyākramadyōtini*, *Siddhāntasārāvaḷi* and other works.

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These Śaivas should be carefully distinguished from the Vēdānta Śaivas, who base their philosophy on the Vēdas and the Upanishads. These two schools are diametrically opposed to each other

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on many points. From the statement, *Yasya-niśvasitam-vēdāh*, of the Advaitins the followers of the Āgamānta considered Vēdas as inferior to the Āgamas; for they assert that the former came out of Śiva as unconsciously as His breath, whereas the twenty-eight Āgamas were personally and consciously dictated by Śiva. Besides, the Āgamāntins consider the Advaitins and the Mīmāmsakas as *paśus* or unevolved souls and to be therefore unfit for receiving Śaiva *dīkshās* or initiations. The Āgamāntins are in their turn reviled by the Vaidikas as being heterodox; Kumārila-bhaṭṭa classes them among atheists and we read Amarasimha accordingly classing Dēvalas who are generally the Pāśupatas, the Pāñcharātras and other Tāntrikas that are addicted to image worship, among Śūdras.¹ At any rate, these Śaivas did not evidently hold a high place in the system of castes; the *Sūta-samhitā* also states that very low classes of Brāhmaṇas alone underwent the *dīkshā* or initiatory ceremony in the Pāśupata, the Pāñcharātra and other tantras. It is therefore clear that inferior Brāhmaṇas embraced some of the non-Āryan cults and became Pāśupatas and Pāñcharātras. At a later stage of their history, they probably adopted a few of the *hōmas* and the *mantras* appropriate to them from the *Gṛihya-sūtras* and created for themselves some others in imitation of the *mantras* of the *Vēda*. This explains the eagerness with which these *anārya-sampradāyas* were somehow classed in the *ārya-sampradāyas*. But, their system of *dīkshā*, *Ankurārpaṇa* with which the ceremonies are begun, the philosophy of *Shaḍadhvās*¹ and many others are not found in the Vaidik religions and therefore mark off *Āgamānta* as being different in essentials from the Vaidik religion. The *Āgamānta* has freely borrowed the philosophy of the *Sāṅkhya* and the *Yōga* schools. Unlike the *Vēdāntins* the *Āgamāntins* do not shut out women, *Śūdras*, and the *Pratilōmas* from participating in religious rites and ceremonies. They freely allow women to meditate upon the *pañchākshara-mantra*, and grant *dīkshā* to *Śūdras*, who might, in their turn, give *dīkshā* to others among them. "If the *Śūdra* is a *naishṭhika* (one who passes into *sannyāsa* without undergoing the intermediate stage of *gṛihastha*) he is entitled to consecrate the *svārtha-chala-liṅgas*, offer *dīkshā* to *Śūdras*, might recite

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¹ Amarakōśa, Kāṇḍa II, Śūdravarga.

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¹ For an explanation of this and of a summary of the Śaiva philosophy see the beginning of the Chapter on Miscellaneous Aspects of Śiva (Xth).

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with proper svaras all mantras, and study Śiva-jñāna. If he is a gṛihastha, he is privileged to utter the nityēshti mantras, and that too without proper intonation or nāda.” Though the Avaidika Śaivaism was essentially different in tenets at the beginning, attempts have been made at later times to identify Avaidikas with the Vaidikas. Srīkantha-Śivāchārya who wrote a Bhāshya on the Brahma-sūtras in accordance with the Āgamānta Śaiva teachings exclaims, na vayam vēda-śivāgamayōrbhēdam paśyāmah vēdasyāpi śivāgamatvat, (we do not perceive any difference between the Vēdas and the Śivāgamas, Vēdas are also as authoritative as the Śivāgamas); and at a later stage, that is, about the time of Appayya-dikshita (16th century A. D.), the Vēdantins began to study the Āgamānta philosophy and adopted several of their customs; at this day several of the anthropomorphic aspects of Śiva, which might, with propriety, be called peculiarly Āgamāntic, are worshipped by the Vēdic Śaivas, and they also get themselves initiated into the meditation on the Pañchākshara mantra. But they do not receive Tāntric dīkshā, nor do they interdine with those Tāntric Brāhmanas who are at present only priests in Śiva temples; the latter are always considered as low in the scale of Brāhmanas. The multiplication of images, both Śaiva and Vaishṇava, is due to the Tāntrikas who have devoted a great deal of attention to the description of images in their Tantras. The Vaidikas do not appear to have possessed so large a number of images for worship at the earlier stages at any rate.

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The one great peculiarity of all the *avaidik* Śaivas is their *dīkshā*. In performing this ceremony they need different shaped *kuṇḍas* or receptacles for fire and *maṇḍalas* or drawings, all of which are described in their works in great detail. They also invoke Śiva in *kumbhas* or vessels (filled with water), and perform different kinds of *hōmas* or fire offerings. It is their faith that he who has not received the Śaiva *dīkshā* does not attain *mōksha* or liberation. They believe that Śiva personally presents Himself before the disciple in the form of an *āchārya* for granting him *Śiva-dīkshā*. This *dīkshā* ceremony varies with the recipient. He who has renounced family life and is expectant of gaining *mōksha* by constantly adoring his *guru* is the fittest person for *dīkshā*. For attaining this state of mind he requires the divine grace of Śakti. The bestowal of this grace by Śakti on the aspirant for *dīkshā* is technically known as *Śakti-pātam*. The grace of Śakti is of four kinds, instantaneous, rapid, slow and very slow, and the *dīkshās* to be given differ with the modes, noted above, in which the grace of Śakti is received. To him who gets this grace very slowly, that kind of *dīkshā* called the *samayadīkshā* should be given. In this, the *guru* should invoke through *mantras* Śiva in his own person and perform several ceremonies; the *śishya*, with flowers in hand kept in the *añjali* pose, is taken out, blind-folded, so that he might not see sinners, round the *maṇḍapa* wherein is set up the *kumbha* or vessel in which is invoked Śiva, and after a certain number of rounds are gone through, his eyes are opened to light upon the *kumbha*, which he is asked to worship with the flowers in his hands. Before he begins the worship, the *guru*, considering his own right hand as *tejōrūpa* or the embodiment of enlightenment, and also as the hand of Śiva himself, and uttering the *mūla-mantra*, should place it on the head of his *śishya*. By this act of placing the hand which is the embodiment of enlightenment, first on the head, then over the whole body of the disciple the *pāśas*, bonds, the darkness of ignorance which enveloped him, are dispelled. After this ceremony the *guru* directs the *śishya* to throw the flowers which he holds in his hands on the *kumbha*. The disciple shall receive his *dīkshā-nāma* or the name bestowed on him on his initiation, according as the flowers fall on the top or on any one of the four cardinal directions round the *kumbha*, which correspond to the position of the Īśāna, Tatpurusha, etc., aspects of Śiva; the suffix, Śiva or Dēva, is to be added to the names according as the disciple is a Brāhmaṇa or a Kshatriya, and *gaṇa* if he is a Vaiśya or a Śūdra. Thus, if the flowers fall on the side of Īśāna, the disciple should be called Īśānaśiva if he is a Brāhmaṇa, Īśānadēva if a Kshatriya, and Īśānagaṇa if a Vaiśya or a Śūdra. If the disciple is a female, she should be called Īśāna or Īśāśiva-śakti, Īśadēvaśakti, Īśagaṇaśakti according as, she is of the Brāhmaṇa, Kshatriya, or, Vaiśya or Śūdra caste. Those that have undergone this *dīkshā* are known as Samayis and will attain Rudrapada. To these are prescribed the performance of duties contained in the *charyāpāda* of the *āgamas*. The description given above of the *Samaya-dīkshā* reads like a page from the ceremonials of the Freemasons of the present day; the claims of freemasonry to remote antiquity do not after all appear to be a pretension. It is perhaps an echo of a really ancient institution, like the ancient Āgamānta Śaivaism, that it is after all an Eastern institution engrafted upon Western soil.

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