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Indian Epigraphy c13: Appendix II. Stanzas on Bhūmi-Dāna Quoted in Rāja-Śāsanas

Indian Epigraphy c13

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Appendix II. Stanzas on Bhūmi-Dāna Quoted in Rāja-Śāsanas

c13.2

¹ See JRAS, 1912, pp. 248 ff., p. 476; 1913, pp. 388-89; IHQ, Vol. III, p. 432; Vol. VI, pp. 775 ff. ; S. Lévi, Le Népal, III, pp. 122 ff.; P. V. Kane, History of Dharmaśāstra, Vol. II, pp. 1271 ff. G. H. Khare quotes, without references, a large number of stanzas in his Marāṭhī work Saṁśodhakācā Mitra, pp. 20-37. But many of the verses quoted by him have nothing to do with gift of land and are apparently not quotations from ancient works. By way of illustration, we may refer to the stanza Karmaṇā manasā vācā, etc. (p.24), quoted from the charters of Harṣavardhana (cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. IV, p. 211, text lines 13-14) and the two verses Yasy=ānvaye bhūpatir=eṣa jātaḥ, etc. (p. 32), which really form part of an endorsement at the end of the Mahada plates (cf. ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 292, text lines 32-38). An early copper-plate grant quoting two of the stanzas, Bahubhir=vasudhā dattā, etc. (No. 23, note) and Sva-dattāṁ para-dattāṁ vā, etc. (No. 132), is the Gunapadeya plates (c. third quarter of the 4th century) of the time of Pallava Skandavarman (Select Inscriptions, p. 445). The inscription is in Prakrit and the quotation has not been referred to any source. For such verses in an early Śālaṅkāyana charter of about the same age, see Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXI, p. 6.

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We have seen above how, while making grants of land, the donor often emphasized the virtue of giving such gifts, especially to Brāhmaṇas, and the sacred nature of rent-free holdings created by past rulers, by inserting one or more benedictory and minatory verses in the deeds of grant. The stanzas generally extoll the donor of gifts and affirm the merit accruing to those who respect the inviolability of grants made by others and denounce the inequity of those who deprive donees of the gift land, and declare the punishment which awaits those who resume such gifts. The verses are sometimes also quoted in connection with the sale of land since there was a tendency to represent a sale of land also as a gift by a sort of popular fiction.²

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² See Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 48, note 2; Mitākṣarā on Yājñavalkyasmṛti, II, 114; above, p. 111, note 1.

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The verses are sometimes quoted without any introduction³ and often without any reference to the source, merely introducing them by a passage like uktañ=ca, "It has also been said”.¹ But they are very often assigned to Vyāsa² and are sometimes attributed specifically to the Mahābhārata.³ Some of the stanzas quoted in the inscriptions are actually found in the Mahābhārata (especially in the Dānadharma section⁴ of the Anuśāsana-parvan) as well as in the Purāṇas. In some cases, they are stated to be the sayings of Manu,⁵ Brahman⁶ or Bṛhaspati⁷ and often of the sages.⁸ They are represented in a few cases as quotations from the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra⁹ or Vaiṣṇava-Dharmaśāstra,¹⁰ but often from the Dharmaśāstras and rarely from the Smṛtis and the Purāṇas.¹

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³ See e. g., Ep. Ind., Vol. XVIII, p. 257, text lines 149 ff.; p. 292, text lines 25 ff.; Vol. XXIX, pp. 156, 189. Many of them were so well known that they are sometimes quoted by the first foot only (cf. Ep. Carn., Vol. XI, Dg. No. 68).

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¹ See, e.g., CII, Vol. III, p. 289, text line 12. Other such passages are api c=oktam, tathā c=oktam, api c=āpi ślokāḥ, bhavanti c=atra dharm-ānu-śamsinaḥ ślokāḥ, bhavanti c=atra puṇya-ślokāḥ (also pūrta-ślokāḥ), bhavanti c=atra prāg-abhihitāḥ ślokāḥ, bhavanti c=atra bhūmi-dāna-sambandhāḥ ślokāḥ, etc. See Lévi, op. cit., p. 132; IHQ, Vol. VI, pp. 775-76; Ep. Ind., Vol. XI, p. 145; Vol. XII, p. 3; Vol. XXIX, p. 8; etc.

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² Vyāsa is mentioned in a large number of early inscriptions such as those of the Traikūṭakas, Maitrakas, Parivrājakas, Uccakalpiyas, Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśis, Early Cālukyas, Gurjaras of Nāndipurī, Vākāṭakas and others (Lévi, op. cit., pp. 130-31).

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³ See, e.g., the inscriptions of Jayanātha and Sarvanātha of Uccakalpa (CII, Vol. III, p. 119, text line 13; p. 122, text line 15; F. 127, text line 22).

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⁴ The section is in the form of a dialogue between Bhīṣma and Yudhiṣṭhira, while it contains smaller dialogues such as that between Bṛhaspati and Indra. A large number of stanzas from this section are quoted by Hemādri in the Dānakhaṇḍa (of his Caturvargacintāmaṇi), Banaras, Vol. II, pp. 477 ff. Some scholars think that the stanzas quoted in inscriptions belonged to a recension of the Mahābhārata, which is now lost (IHQ, Vol. III, p. 432). The Itihāsamuccaya (cf. XIX, 38-39, 44, 52), stated to have been composed in verses taken from the Mahābhārata, has some of these stanzas (IHQ, Vol. VI, p. 777).

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⁵ See, e.g., Ind. Ant., Vol. VI, p. 29, text line 13; Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 18, text line 20; p. 97, text line 47 (Man-ādayo mah-arṣayaḥ). For an explanation of Manu's mention, see IHQ, Vol. VI, pp 777-78. Sometimes people were not quite confident and ascribed the stanzas to both Manu and Vyāsa; cf. Manu-Vyāsa-gitau ślokau in Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 179, text line 14. See No. 164.

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⁶ Ep. Ind., Vol III, p. 146; Vol. VIII, p. 235, 240; etc. It is difficult sometimes to say whether Brahman is the god of that name or the word means the Brāhmaṇa class (i. e. the sages) or a Brāhmaṇa par excellence.

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⁷ Ibid., Vol. III, p. 146; Vol. XXII, p. 95, text lines 12-13. In medieval records, the grant is sometimes stated to have been made according to the recommendations of Bṛhaspati (ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 245).

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⁸ See, e.g., ibid., Vol. XXIV, p. 303, text line 23; Gauḍalekhamālā, p. 36. See also Ep. Ind., Vol. II, p. 219, where some of the stanzas are represented as the sayings of the sages Parāśara, Vatsa, Kutsa, Āṅgirasa, Gautama, Manu and Yājñavalkya.

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⁹ See, e.g., Ep. Ind., Vol. III, p. 45; p. 268, text line 40. Out of the stanzas quoted below, only No. 164 (Yo='nitam, etc.) belongs to the Manusmṛti.

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¹⁰ Cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. XVII, p. 304, text line 150.

c13.17

¹ See, e. g., ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 263 (text line 34: dharmaśāstre); p. 282 (text line 24: dharmaśāstreṣu). For reference to Smṛti, cf. ibid., Vol. XXXI, p. 248, text lines 35, 38, and to Purāṇa, see ibid., Vol. II, p. 360, text line 17; Vol. III, p. 68. Ep. Carn., Vol. XII, Si. No. 95 speaks of Itihāsa-Purāṇa and quotes from Rāma, Āditya and Bṛhaspati. A particular verse (No. 117, Sāmānyo='yam etc.), found in the Skanda Purāṇa in a story associated with Rāma is sometimes attributed to him (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXII, p. 55, text line 42; Skanda Purāṇa, Brahma-Khaṇḍa Dharmāraṇya-khaṇḍa, Ch. 34, verse 40). In a few cases, it is wrongly ascribed to Vālmīki, the author of the Rāmāyaṇa (cf. Ep. Carn., Md. No. 113). Similarly, the stanza Bahubhir=vasudhā, etc. (No. 23) is sometimes ascribed to Rāma (Ep. Carn., Vol. XII, Si. No. 95). Certain medieval records speak of attainment of the fruits of making grants of land as described in the Śiva Purāṇa (N. G. Majumdar, Ins. Beng., Vol. III, p. 137, text lines 46-47).

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The subject of gifts of all kinds is dealt with more or less elaborately in the epics and the Purāṇas² as well as in the Dharmaśāstras.³

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² Mahābhārata, III, 199; XIII, 57-81; Agni Purāṇa, Chapters 208-13, 271; Garuḍa Purāṇa, Chapters 51, 98; Kūrma Purāṇa, II, Chapter 26; Liṅga Purāṇa, Chapters 28-44; Matsya Purāṇa, Chapters 82-91, 223, 274-89; Padma Purāṇa, III, 24; VI, 33; Varāha Purāṇa, Chapters 148-202; cf. also Saura Purāṇa, Chapter 10; etc. For gifts of land, cf. Mahābhārata, XIII, 62; Agni Purāṇa, 213; Kūrma Purāṇa, II, 26, 12-15; Matsya Purāṇa, 284; Padma Purāṇa, III, 24; VI, 33; Bhaviṣya Purāṇa, IV, 164; Brahma Purāṇa, 155, 5-9; etc. See also Skanda Purāṇa, op. cit., Chapter 34; Bhār. Vid., Vol. VI, 1945, p. 237, note 4.

c13.20

³ See, e.g., the Saṃhitās of Bṛhaspati, Saṃvarta, etc., quoted below. See also the numerous quotations from various sources in the Dānakhaṇḍa in Hemādri's Caturvargacintāmaṇi, Banaras, Vol. I, pp. 4 ff.; for grants of land, cf. Vol. II, pp. 477 ff. Ballālasena's Dānasāgara, Bib. Ind. ed., pp. 316-38.

c13.21

Since the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas, both of which are regarded as Dharmaśāstra, are ascribed to the authorship of the sage Vyāsa, it is interesting to note that some of the imprecatory and benedictory stanzas generally quoted in the copper-plate grants have been traced to the said sources and also that some of these charters specifically mention Vyāsa as the author of the verses. Thus some records introduce a few of the stanzas with the words Vyāsa-gītāmś=c=ātra ślokān=udāharanti,⁴ while others have uktam ca bhagavatā paramarṣiṇā Vedavyāsena.⁵ The Mahābhārata is particularly mentioned in another group of early charters in which we have uktam ca Mahābhārate bhagavatā Vedavyāsena Vyāsena⁶ or more fully uktaṃ ca Mahābhārate śata-sāhasryāṃ saṃhitāyāṃ param-arṣiṇā Parāśara-sutena Vedavyāsena Vyāsena.¹ As will be seen below, some of the stanzas are found in the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas. The fact that all the stanzas specifically attributed to the Mahābhārata cannot be traced in the present texts of the work may be due to the confusion of the scribes or to the loss of the version that contained the verses. The second alternative is not improbable since some verses assigned to the Mahābhārata by Hemādri in the thirteenth century cannot be traced in the available versions.

c13.22

⁴ CII, Vol. III, pp. 194, 198, 238, 247, 296. See also Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 358 (Vyāsa-bhaṭṭāraka); Vol. XXI, p. 81 (Vedavyāsa-mahātman); etc.

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⁵ CII, Vol. III, pp. 96, 104, 108, 115, 167, 179.

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⁶ Ibid., pp. 119, 122, 127.

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¹ Ibid., p. 137. As has been noticed by scholars, the epithet śata-sāhasrī saṃhitā applied to the Mahābhārata refers to the large text such as we have it today.

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The few stanzas ascribed to Vyāsa or his Mahābhārata in the earlier records were later quoted often along with various additional verses which were assigned to Vyāsa or any of the other sources referred to above.² The introduction of Bṛhaspati as the author of the verses is easily explained by the fact that the Mahābhārata puts some of the stanzas in Bṛhaspati's advice to Indra³ and that they are also found in the Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā. This double authorship ascribed to some of the stanzas gradually led to further confusion. It seems that the word 'sage' as the author of the stanzas, which was originally intended for Vyāsa or Bṛhaspati or both of them, was later confused with a sage in general and therefore sometimes used in the plural. This may have also been due to the fact that some of the verses are found in works ascribed to various sages. Similarly, the expression Dharmaśāstra, originally intended for the Mahābhārata or the Purāṇas or a work of Bṛhaspati, was later confused with the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra and, as a result, the sage Manu was confused with the author of the stanzas in question. It is not impossible that the earlier inscriptions influenced the later compilations of the Purāṇas and Dharmaśāstras which themselves influenced the imprecatory section of the medieval inscriptions.¹

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² In a few cases, the verses are separately ascribed to Vyāsa and to the old sages (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 60, line 51; p. 62, line 79; p. 63, line 86).

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³ Cf. op. cit., XIII, 62, 51 ff. See also Ep. Carn., Vol. XII, Si. No. 95 for a number of stanzas ascribed to Bṛhaspati.

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¹ Of the stanzas quoted below, Nos. 3-6, 78,80-81, 93, 106, 119, and 155-59 have been traced in the *Mahābhārata*, while Nos. 127 and 150 are assigned to the *Mahābhārata* by Hemādri (cf. Nos. 93,96). Nos. 5, 20, 23, 29, 98, 106, 119, 123, 132 and 137 have been traced in the *Padma Purāṇa*. Nos. 20, 23, 43, 53, 90, 117, 123, 137 and 150 in the *Skanda Purāṇa*, and Nos. 103, 106, 131-32 and 150 in the *Bhaviṣya Purāṇa*. Nos. 4-5, 13, 20, 23, 29, 34, 55, 64, 100, 106, 119, 121, 123, 126, 132, 137, 142 and 158 have been traced in the *Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā*, Nos. 5, 121 and 161 in the *Saṃvartasaṃhitā* and Nos. 4, 29, 124 and 164 respectively in the works of Atri, Vṛddha-Hārīta, Laghu-Śātātapa and Manu. No. 132 occurs in the *Brahma Purāṇa* and No. 98 in the *Baudhāyana Dharmaśūtra* and *Vasiṣṭhasmṛti*.

c13.30

While many records quote only one or a few of the stanzas, certain medieval charters quote 20 or more verses.² The most frequently quoted stanzas are the two in the Anuṣṭubh metre, viz., *Bahubhir=vasudhā bhuktā*, etc. (No. 23) and *Ṣaṣṭim varṣa-sahasrāṇi* (No. 123), though they are often quoted with the addition of one or more of the other verses. The two stanzas beginning with *Sva-dattām para-dattām vā* (Nos. 131-32) in the same metre are equally popular, though they are not generally found together in the earlier epigraphs. Most of the other verses are also in Anuṣṭubh. Among these, some are found in the records of different parts of India, while some occur occasionally in those of a particular area. Certain royal families (e. g. the Imperial Gaṅgas of Orissa) generally favoured a group of stanzas, a few of which are not usually met with elsewhere. The stanzas such as Nos. 30 (*Bhūmi-pradā*, etc.) and 99 (*Niśamya doṣam*, etc.) and others like Nos. 80-81 (*Kṣudra-paśv-aṇite*, etc.; *Hanti jātān*, etc.) are rarely quoted. Sometimes verses quoted from works other than the Dharmaśāstras are also noticed. Thus No. 88 (*Madhu-Kaiṭabha*, etc.) is quoted from Murāri's *Anargharāghava* in an inscription of 1521 A. D. There are many other stanzas of this nature, which do not appear to be quotations, but were probably composed by the court poets of the donors, who were responsible for drafting the documents.³ This seems to be supported by the fact that a few of the stanzas are sometimes found outside the usual list of imprecatory and benedictory verses.¹

c13.31

² Cf. *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XII, pp. 321 ff.; Vol. XXV, pp. 199 ff.

c13.32

³ See, e. g., *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. V, p. 207, text lines 13-14: Vol. VI, p. 12, text line 14; p. 29, text lines 9-10; Vol. XIV, p. 73, text lines 112-13; *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIX, p. 45, text lines 32 ff.; p. 73, text lines 32-33, 38 ff.; Vol. XXII, p. 157, text lines 46-48; p. 191, text lines 28-34; *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. XI,

c13.33

¹ See, e.g., Calā vibhūtiḥ, etc. (No. 36). cf. No. 30.

c13.34

In some cases, stanzas which look like the composition of the court poets are mixed up with the usual benedictory and minatory verses to create the impression that they are also quotations from ancient authors.² A number of pseudo-quotations of this kind have been omitted by us. They do not appear to be quotations from the Dharmaśāstras, although some of them may be quoted from poetical works. Stanzas not directly connected with gift have often been omitted.³

c13.35

² Cf. the following stanza among those ascribed to Vyāsa (Ind. Ant., Vol. VI, p. 209) : Yātā yānti mahibhujah kṣitim=imām yāsyanti bhuktv=ākhilām no yātā na ca jāti na yāsyati na ken=āpi sārdham dharā | yat=kiñcid=bhuvi tad=vināśi sakalam kirtiḥ sthāyinī matv=aivam vasudhādhipāḥ para-kṛtā lopyā na sat-kīrtayaḥ || For another stanza in a similar position, see Iha hi, etc., ibid., p. 207. Cf. Ep. Ind., Vol. XVII, p. 303, verse 19 (lines 144-46); Vol. XXII, p. 191. See also Chhabra, Antiquities of Chamba State, II, p. 177 : Ye c=aitad=grāma-ratnam, etc.

c13.36

³ See Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, p. 186 : N=āyam=atyanta-saṃvāsah kasyacit=kenacit=saha | asti svena śarīreṇa kim=ut=ānyaih pṛthag-janaiḥ || Prānena dhāryate kāyaḥ sa ca prāṇaḥ samīraṇāt | samīraś=c=āti-capalaḥ kṛtam=apy=āyur=adbhutam || Sapta-loka-nāthasya Viṣṇor=api mahātmanaḥ | n=eyam niyata-vāsā Śrīḥ kim=ut=ānyasya kasyacit || See also Ep. Carn., Vol. XV, HN. No. 123.

c13.37

There are cases where two consecutive stanzas have to be read together in order to get the complete sense. We have kept them together, although the position of the second verse in the couplet has also been indicated in its proper place in the alphabetical order.⁴ But there are a few instances where more than two stanzas have to be read together for the sake of sense and we have found it difficult to accommodate them in our scheme.⁵

c13.38

⁴ See, e. g., Nos. 37-38.

c13.39

⁵ The following verses are often found in the inscriptions of the Kannada-speaking area (cf. Ep. Carn., Vol. III, Sr. No. 64; Vol. XI, Jl. No. 41; Vol. XIV, Gu. No. 148, Nj. No. 295): Indraḥ pricchati Caṇḍālīm kim=idam pacyate śubhe | śra-māṃsaṃ surayā siktaṃ kapālena cit-agninā || kim=artham vada kalyāṇi karmaṇā pihitaṃ tvayā | Brahma-svaṃ Brāhmaṇa-kṣetram hārayanti haranti ye | teṣāṃ pāda-rajo-bhītyā karmaṇā pithitaṃ mayā ||

c13.40

Eg. No. 28 (Upāyan-ārtham, etc.): Vol. XII, Tp. No. 28 (Naṣṭam, etc.). Cf. below, Nos. 17, 30, 70, 86-87, 99, 108, 136, 138, 140, 153, 163, etc., a few of which are quoted in many records.

c13.41

The following stanzas, quoted from epigraphic records and arranged alphabetically, may be divided primarily into two groups, viz. (1) those extolling the merit accruing to gifts in general and particularly to gifts of land especially those made in favour of the Brāhmaṇas, and (2) those denouncing the resumption of gift land in the possession of Brāhmaṇas in particular. Some of the stanzas have been quoted after removing the linguistic and metrical errors in their texts as found in the inscriptions, while a few could not be quoted because their full texts are either not decipherable owing to unsatisfactory preservation¹ or too erroneous to be reconstructed.² It is felt that some genuine quotations from the Dharmaśāstras and medieval poems in epigraphic records may have escaped our notice.

c13.42

¹ See, e.g., Ep. Ind., Vol. XXII, pp. 156-57, verses 24-25, 32.

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² See, e.g., Ep. Carn., Vol. IX, Dv. No. 15 (Śivaṁ, etc., and Indrās=ca, etc. ); Vol. XI, Cd. No. 14 (Deva-svaṁ, etc. ); Vol. XI, Cd. No. 82 (Catuḥ-sāgara°, etc.). The following stanza quoted from the Atrisaṁhitā in Vol. XI, Cd. No. 82, does not give a complete idea :

c13.44

Adbhir=dattaṁ tribhir=bhuktaṁ sadbhiś=ca paripālitam |
etāni na nivartante pūrva-rāja-kṛtāni ca || ³
Āditya-candrāv=anilo=’nalaś=ca
dyaur=bhūmir=āpo hṛdayaṁ manaś=ca |
ahaś=ca rātrīś=ca ubhe ca sandhye
dharmasya jānanti narasya vṛttam || ⁴
Ādityā iva dīpyante tejasā divi mānavāḥ |
ye prayacchanti vasudhāṁ Brāhmaṇāya=āhit-āgnaye || ⁵

c13.45

³ See, e. g., Ind. Ant., Vol. VI, p. 26, lines 26-27.

c13.46

⁴ Ep. Carn., Vol. I, revised ed., p. 35; Ind. Ant., Vol. IV, pp. 333-34. See below, Nos. 37-38.

c13.47

⁵ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 218, verse 39. The Mahābhārata (XIII, 62, 46) has it with dīpyanti tejasā bhuvi in the first half and dadāti vasudhāṁ sphītāṁ ye veda-viduṣi dvije in the second. Ballāla’s Dānasāgara (op. cit., p. 332) seems to attribute the stanza to the Viṣṇudharmottara.

c13.48

We have kāka-māṁsaṁ surā-siktaṁ in op. cit., Vol. V, Arkalgud No. 9. For Brahma-svaṁ, etc., sometimes we have Deva-Brāhmaṇa-vittāni balād=apaharanti ye (ibid., Vol. III, Sr. No. 157; Tn. No. 64).

c13.49

Bhramanti suciraṁ kālaṁ kṣut-pipās-ādi-pīḍitāḥ |
aghora-narakaṁ yānti yāvac=candra-divākaram ||

c13.50

The verse is not found in the work as incorporated in the Ūnaviṁśati-saṁhitā, Calcutta.

c13.51

Ādityo Varuṇo Viṣṇur=Brahmā Somo Hutāśanaḥ | Śūlapāṇiś=ca bhagavān=pratinandanti bhūmidam ||¹

c13.52

¹ See, e. g., *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. VIII, p. 142, text lines 33 f. Often *abhinandanti* is found instead of *pratinandanti* and sometimes *Hutāśana-purogamāḥ* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXX, p. 278, text line 14) in the second foot. Sometimes we have *Ādityā Vasavo Rudrā* in the first and *Nārāyaṇaś=ca bhagavān* in the third foot (*Ep. Carn.*, Vol III, No. Sr.15). The stanza occurs in the *Mahābhārata*, XIII, 62, 48; *Atrisaṃhitā*, verse 330 (with *abhinandati*); *Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā*, 16 (with *abhinandati*, and *Vahnio* for *Viṣṇu*). Ballāla’s *Dānasāgara* (op. cit., p. 316) attributes the stanza to the Dāna-Bṛhaspati. A similar stanza is *Pitaraḥ pitṛ-lokasthā deva-loke divaukasaḥ | santarpayanti dātārām bhūmeḥ prabhavatām vara ||* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol XII, p. 97, lines 28-29).

c13.53

Agner=apatyam prathamam suvarṇam bhūr=Vaiṣṇavī Sūrya-sutāś=ca gāvaḥ | dattās=trayas=tena bhavanti lokā yaḥ kāñcanam gām ca mahīm ca dadyāt || 5²

c13.54

² *CII*, Vol. III, pp. 194, 198, 296. Sometimes we have *loka-trayam tena bhaved=dhi dattam* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXV, p. 60, text lines 51-52). The same stanza occurs in the *Mahābhārata*, III, 199, 128, *Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā*, verse 31, and *Saṃvartasaṃhitā*, verse 74, with *lokās=trayas=tena bhavanti dattā°*, while the *Padma Purāṇa*, VI, 33: 32, has the quarter as *teṣām=anantam phalam=aśnuvita*. Ballāla’s *Dānasāgara* (op. cit., p. 317) attributes it to Saṃvarta.

c13.55

Agniṣṭom-ādibhir=yajñair=iṣṭvā vipula-dakṣiṇaiḥ | na tat=phalam=avāpnoti yad=dattvā vasudhām nṛpa || 6³

c13.56

³ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXV, p. 218, verse 41. The second half is sometimes read as *yaṣṭā bhavati rājendra yo dadāti vasundharām* (ibid., Vol. XXV, p. 278, text lines 12-13). Sometimes we have the stanza as *Agniṣṭoma-prabhṛtibhir=iṣṭvā yajñaiḥ sa-dakṣiṇaiḥ | na tat=phalam=avāpnoti bhūmi-dānād=yad=aśnute ||* (*Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XIV, p. 319, text lines 108-09) while the *Mahābhārata* (XIII, 62, 73) shows this reading with *ca sv-āpta-dakṣiṇaiḥ* in the second foot.

c13.57

Aho Rāghava rājendra sapta kalpāni jīvinam | na śṛṇomi na paśyāmi svayam-datt-āpahāriṇam || 7⁴

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⁴ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. IX, Dv. No. 15; Vol. X, Goribidnur No. 3; cf. Vol. XIV, *Gu.* No. 126.

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Akara-kara-kāras=tu, etc. See No. 8, note. A-karasya kar-ādānam go-koṭi-vadha ucyate | sa-karasya kara-cchedī prāpnoti paramam padam || 8⁵

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⁵ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. V, Belur No. 74. Sometimes we have : *Akara-kara-kāras=tu go-sahasra-vadhaḥ smṛtaḥ | nivṛtta-kara-kāras=tu go-koṭi-phalam=aśnute* (ibid., Vol. VII, Sk. No. 323). For slight variations, see ibid., Vol. XII, Tp. No. 28. *Ibid.*, Vol. XII, Ck. No. 42 has : *Akareṣu karam kṛtvā bhiṣayitvā ca go-vrajam | sva-vaṃśaḥ kāla-sūtre ca kramaśo bhuri pātyate ||*

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Akareṣu, etc. See No. 8, note. Ānandanti ca, etc. See No. 20, note. Andhakaḥ, etc. See No. 9, note.

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Andho dvādaśa janmāni daśa janmāni śūkaraḥ | kuṣṭhī janma-sahasrāṇi bhūmi-dān-āpahārakaḥ || 9¹

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¹ Chhabra, Antiquities of Chamba State, II, p.

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Aṅgam=ekam, etc. See No. 132, note.

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Anityāni śarīrāṇi, etc. See No. 12, note.

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Anucintya śriyaṃ jīvyaṃ padma-patr-āṇu-binduvat | buddhv=ātr=odāhṛtaṃ sarvaṃ na lopyāḥ para-kīrtayaḥ || 10²

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² *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIX, p. 45, text lines 31-32. See No. 71 below.

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Anudakeṣv=araṇyeṣu, etc. See No. 150, note.

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Anya-gotra-samutpannam=api c=ānya-samudbhavam | mahāpātaka-yuktaś=cha yo dānaṃ parisamvaret || 11³

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³ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. XIV, Hg. No. 143.

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Anyaiś=ca charditaṃ, etc. See No. 14, note.

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Anya-kṣetre kṛtaṃ pāpaṃ puṇya-kṣetre vinaśyati | puṇya-kṣetre kṛtaṃ pāpaṃ vajralepena tiṣṭhati || 12⁴

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⁴ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. VII, Sk. No.

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Anyāyena hṛtā bhūmir=hāritā v=ānumoditā | atīt-āgāmi-pāpānāṃ dahaty=ā-saptamaṃ kulam || 13⁵

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⁵ *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XVII, p. 12 (text lines 25-26) reads the second and third feet as *anyāyena tu hāritā and harato hārayataś=ca*. The *Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā* (verse 36) has the stanza with: *yair=narair=apahāritā* in the second foot and *harato hārayataś=ca hanyus=te saptamaṃ kulam* in the second half. Cf. *Padma Purāṇa*, VI, 33, 34. See below, No. 100.

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Anyeṣāṃ charditaṃ bhuṅkte śv=āpi sva-charditaṃ na tu | tataḥ kaṣṭataro nīcaḥ sva-dattasy=āpahārakaḥ || 14⁶

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⁶ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. III, ML. No.

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A-pānīyeṣv=araṇyeṣu, etc. See No. 150, note.

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Api Gaṅg-ādi-tīrtheṣu hantur=gām=athavā dvijam | niṣkṛtiḥ syān=na devasva-brahmasva-haraṇe nṛṇām || 15⁷

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¹⁷⁷ Sometimes we have *Andhakaḥ sapta janmāni* in the first foot and *svayaṃ datt-āpahārakaḥ* in the last.

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⁶³ For *vajra-lepaṃ bhaviṣyati* in the last foot, see ibid., Vol. XII, Tp. No.

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²⁸ This stanza is not specially related to dāna as also the verse : *Anityāni śarīrāṇi vibhavaṃ n=aiva śāśvatam | nityaṃ sannihito mṛtyuḥ kartavyo dharma-saṃgrahaḥ ||* (*A. R. Ep.* 1946-47, No. B 208).

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¹²¹ Sometimes we have : *Anyais=tu charditaṃ kṣudraiḥ śvabhiś=ca charditaṃ na tu | tataḥ kaṣṭas=tato nīcaḥ svayaṃ-datt-āpahārakaḥ ||* (*Ind. Ant.*, Vol. IV, p. 334).

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⁷ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIII, p.

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²² Cf. *Śāstreṣu pāpīnāṃ dṛṣṭaṃ prāyaścittaṃ dvijottama | na dṛṣṭaṃ bhūmi-hartṛṇāṃ prāyaścittaṃ dvija kvacit || Śivaputro jano dātā pālakah=paraṃ | lopakṛc=ca mahāpāpī vicārya=aivam prapālayet ||* (*Khare*, op. cit., p. 34); *Aṣṭaviṃśati-koṭyo yā narakānāṃ su-dāruṇāḥ | kramena tāsu pacyante deva-brahma-sva-hāriṇaḥ ||* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXI, p. 110).

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Api hasta-mitāṁ bhūmiṁ yo viprāya prayacchati | ṣaṣṭiṁ varṣa-sahasrāṇi svarga-loke mahīyate || 16¹ Ārāmāṇāṁ sahasreṇa, etc. See No. 137, note. Ārya-saṅghāya dattāṁ yo vṛttiṁ rakṣati mānavaḥ | sa divaṁ prāpya divy-ātmā kalpa-koṭiṣu modate || 17² A-saṅkheyāni varṣāṇi, etc. See No. 123, note. Asāre=pi ca saṁsāre jīvitasya phala-dvayam | pālanaṁ para-kīrtīnāṁ svayaṁ-kartṛtvam=eva ca || 18³ Asmat-kula-kramam=udāram=udāradbhir= anyaiś=ca dānam=idam=abhyanumodanīyam | lakṣmyās=taḍit-salila-budbuda-cañcalāyā dānaṁ phalaṁ para-yaśaḥ-paripālanañ=ca || 19⁴ Asmin=vaṁśe, etc. See No. 90, note. Āsphoṭayanti pitaraḥ pravalganti pitāmahāḥ | bhūmido=’smat-kule jātaḥ sa nas=trātā bhaviṣyati || 20⁵ Aṣṭaviṁśati, etc. See No. 15, note. Aśvamedha-sahasrāṇi vājapeya-śatāni ca | pauṇḍarīka-sahasrāṇi bhūmi-dān-ārdhikaṁ phalam || 21⁶ Aśvamedha-sahasreṇa, etc. See No. 137, note. Aviṣaṁ viṣam=ity=āhu, etc. See No. 98, note. Āyuḥ putrā dhanaṁ saukhyaṁ saubhāgyaṁ rājyam= akṣayam |

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¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. XIV, p. 73.

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² Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 75.

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³ Ep. Ind., Vol. XIX, p. 45, text lines 30-31.

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⁴ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 277, text lines 22-25; cf. Vol. XXXVI, p. 46.

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⁵ CII, Vol. III, p. 119. Sometimes we have naṇdanti tasya pitaraḥ or nṛtyanti pitaraḥ=tasya (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXIX, p. 194, text line 35; Vol. XXV, p. 218, verse 38) in the first foot and valgayanti for pravalganti, or valganti ca and sa naḥ santārayiṣyati (ibid., Vol. XXV, 60, text lines 52-53; p. 218, verse 38). For Ānandanti ca pitaraḥ in the first foot, see Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 164, text line 20. The stanza occurs in the Padma Purāṇa, VI, 33, 17 (with pitaro varṇayanti and bhūmi-dātā kule); Bṛhaspataisaṁhitā, verse 17 (with praharṣanti pitāmahāḥ); Skanda Purāṇa, op. cit., verse 24 (with kathayanti pitāmahāḥ and so=’smān=santārayiṣyati). Ballāla (Dānasāgara, op. cit., p. 317, with pravadanti and so=’smān=santārayiṣyati) and Aparārka (Yājñavalkiya-Dharmaśāstra-nibandha, Anandasrama Press, p. 370) assign it to Bṛhaspati and the Viṣṇudharmottara respectively.

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⁶ Ep. Ind., Vol. XII, p. 324, text lines 26-27. The second half is also given as kṛtvā yat=phalam=āpnoti bhūmi-dānat=tad=aśnute (Ep. Carn., Vol. X, Malur No. 57).

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ābhiśraiṣṭhyaṃ yaśaḥ svargaṃ bhūmido labhate phalam || 22¹

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¹ Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, p. 127.

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Bahubhir=vasudhā bhuktā rājabhiḥ Sagar-ādibhiḥ | yasya yasya yadā bhūmis=tasya tasya tadā phalam || 23²

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² CII, Vol. III, pp. 96, 104, 108. 115, 119, 122, 127, 133, etc., where this stanza is found together with Śaṣṭiṃ varṣa-sahasrāṇi, etc. (No. 123), which is also noticed in some cases without this one (cf. ibid., pp. 238, 247). Sometimes dattā (ibid., p. 296) appears instead of bhuktā and bahubhiś=anupālitā (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXI, p. 80, text line 43), or bhujyate ca punaḥpunaḥ (ibid., p. 66, text line 32), or rājabhiś=ca punaḥpunaḥ (ibid., Vol. XV, p. 1-39, verse 13), or bhujyate ca narādhipaiḥ (ibid., Vol. XVII, p. 304, verse 23), or bahudhā—ibid., Vol. XXI p. 25, text line 10) for rājabhiḥ Sagar-ādibhiḥ. Occasionally we have : Rājabhir=bahubhir=dattā (Iyaṃ rāja-śatair=dattā—ibid., Vol. XXII, p. 161, text line 22) diyate ca punaḥpunaḥ (ibid., Vol. XX, p. 159) in the first half which sometimes also reads as Manu-prabhṛtibhir=manyair=bhuktā yady=api rājabhiḥ (ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 75, text lines 11-12). For pārthivaiḥ instead of rājabhiḥ, see Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, p. 267. The stanza occurs in the Padma Purāṇa, VI, 33; 26-27; Bhaviṣya Purāṇa, IV, 164, 22 (with bhuktā, for dattā); Skanda Purāṇa, op. cit., verse 25 (with rājabhiḥ pṛthivī tv=iyam); Bṛhaspataisaṃhitā, verse 26; also Vṛddha-Gautama, according to Aparārka, op. cit., p. 541. Ballāla (op. cit., pp. 316-17) attributes the stanza (with dattā for bhuktā) to the Dāna-Bṛhaspati. Cf. two analogous stanzas: Yas=tu pālayate bhūmiṃ bhūmipālas=tath=etaraḥ | sa dātuḥ phalam=āpnoti samaṃ dīrghaṃ ca jīvati || Yānti kālena rājāno mahī punar=avasthitā | tad=etāṃ yo yadā bhuṅkte sa tadā phalam=aśnute || (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXVI, pp. 18, 46).

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Bahun=ātra kim=uktena saṃkṣepād=idam=ucyate | svalpam=āyuś=calā bhogā dharmo lokadvaya-kṣamaḥ ||24³

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³ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 216, text lines 25-26.

c13.99

Bho rājānaḥ, etc. See No. 117, note.

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Bhūmi-dānaṃ su-pātreṣu su-tīrtheṣu su-parvasu | agādh-āpāra-saṃsāra-sāgar-ottāraṇaṃ bhavet || 25⁴

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⁴ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 60, text lines 53-54.

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Bhūmi-dāna-samaṃ dānaṃ=iha-loke na vidyate | yaḥ prayacchati bhūmiṃ hi sarva-kāmān=dadāti saḥ || 26⁵

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⁵ Ep. Ind., Vol VIII, p. 303, text lines 23-24.

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Bhūmi-dāna-samaṃ dānaṃ na, etc. See No. 28, note.

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Bhūmi-dānasya yaḥ kartā yaś=ca kārayitā śuciḥ | pālakaś=c=ānumantā ca svargaṃ gacchati mānavāḥ || 27⁶

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⁶ Ep. Ind., Vol. IV, p. 170, line 121.

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Bhūmi-dānāt=paraṃ dānaṃ na bhūtaṃ na bhaviṣyati | tasy=aiva haraṇāt=pāpaṃ na bhūtaṃ na bhaviṣyati || 28

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⁷ See, e. g., Ep. Ind., Vol. VIII, p. 235, text lines 26-28. Sometimes we have iha-loke na vidyate for the second quarter and yaḥ prayacchati bhūmiṃ hi sarva-kāmān=dadāti saḥ in the second half (ibid., Vol. XXIV, p. 303, text lines 23-24). For Bhūmi-dāna-samaṃ at the beginning and dānena yat=phalam proktam pālanena tato='dhikam in the second half, see Ep. Ind., Vol. XIX, p. 42, text lines 25-26.

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Bhūmiṃ yaḥ pratigṛhṇāti yaś=ca bhūmiṃ prayacchati | ubhau tau puṇya-karmāṇau niyataṃ svarga-gāminau || 29¹ Bhūmi-pradā divi lalanti patanti hanta hṛtvā mahīṃ nṛpatayo narake nṛśaṃsā | etad=dvayaṃ parikalayya calāñ=ca lakṣmīm= āyus=tathā kurutha yad=bhavatām=abhīṣṭam || 30² Bhūmi-pradānān=na paraṃ pradānaṃ dānād=viśiṣṭaṃ paripālanañ=ca | sarve='tiṣṭāṃ paripālya bhūmiṃ nṛpā Nṛg-ādyās=tridivaṃ prapannāḥ || 31³ Bhūṣv=aṭavīṣv=atoyāsu, etc. See No. 150, note. Brāhmaṇebhyaḥ, etc. See No. 55, note. Brahma-svaṃ dur-anujñātām, etc. See No. 32, note. Brahma-svaṃ praṇayād=bhuktvā dahaty=ā-saptamaṃ kulam | vikrameṇa yo bhokṣyate daśa pūrvān=daś=āvarān || 32⁴ Brahma-svaṃ putra-pautraghnaṃ, etc. See No. 98, note. Brahma-svaṃ tu viṣam, etc. See No. 98, note. Brahma-sva-paripuṣṭāni vāhanāni balāni ca | yuddha-kāle viśiryante saikatāḥ setavo yathā || 33⁵

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¹ Ep. Ind., Vol. III, p. 343, text lines 30-31; p. 348, text lines 24-25. Sometimes we have yas=tu for yaś=ca (ibid., Vol. XI, p. 312) and niyatau (ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 292, text line 26) or dvāv=etau (ibid., Vol. XXII, p. 194, text line 19) for niyataṃ. The stanza is found in the Padma Purāṇa, VI, 33, 35-36; Vṛddha-Hāritasmṛti, VII, 164; Bṛhaspatisaṃhitā, verse 33 (with bhūmiṃ yasya in the second foot). It is attributed to the Dāna-Bṛhaspati in Ballāla's Dānasāgara (op. cit., p. 317), to the Kūrma Purāṇa in the Dānacandrikā (with tāv=ubhau puruṣau loke sūrya-maṇḍala-bhedinau) and to Bṛhaspati in Halāyudha's Brāhmaṇasarvasva (IHQ, Vol. VI, p. 777). See also the Mitākṣarā on the Yājñavalkyasmṛti, II, 114. A verse modified from this stanza (cf. also No. 27) seems to be : Upadeśi ca dātā ca niyatau svarga-vāsinau | upadeśi prathamam yāti paścād=dātā Dhanañjaya || (A. R. Ep., 1946-47, No. B 205). Another such stanza is Dātā ca prerakaś=c=aiva ye dharma-pratipālakāḥ | te sarve puṇya-karmāṇo niyataṃ svarga-gāminaḥ || (Ind. Ant., Vol. XI, p. 243, text lines 40-41).

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² Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXI, p. 221, text lines 21-24. The stanza is sometimes quoted separately from the Vyāsa-gīta group of verses (ibid. Vol. XXXIV, p. 114).

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³ CII, Vol. III, p. 115, text lines 22-23.

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⁴ Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 102 text lines 33-34. Ibid Vol. XXV, p. 219, verse 52 has it as : Brahma-svaṃ dur-anujñātaṃ bhuktaṃ hanti tri-puruṣam | praśahya tu balād=bhuktaṃ daśa pūrvān=daś=āparān || while the second half is given in Ind. Ant., Vol. XV, p. 176, text lines 48-49 as : tad=eva cauryarūpeṇa dahaty=ā-candra-tārakam. For variations, see Ep. Carn., Vol. X, Mulbagal No. 157.

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⁵ Ep. Carn., Vol. III, Sr. 12.

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Brahma-sve mā matiṁ kuryāḥ prāṇaiḥ kaṇṭha-gatair=api | agni-dagdhāni rohanti brahma-dagdhaṁ na rohati || 34¹ Calā lakṣmīś=calāḥ prāṇāś=calaṁ jīvita-yauvanam | cal-ācale hi saṁsāre dharma eko hi niścalaḥ || 35² Calā vibhūtiḥ kṣaṇa-bhaṅgi yauvanaṁ kṛtānta-dant-āntara-varti jīvitam | tath=āpy=avajñā para-loka-sādhane nṛṇām=aho vismayakārī ceṣṭitam || 36³ Candr-ārkau ca tathā bhūmir=nabhas=tāpanam=anilaḥ | tārakāś=c=ānalaś=c=aiva Dharmarājas=tath=aiva ca || tisraḥ sandhyās=trayo vedās=trayo devās=trayo= 'gnayaḥ | aho rātraṁ ca dānasya ete vai sākṣiṇaḥ smṛtāḥ || 37-38⁴ Dānād=viśiṣṭaṁ paripālana-jaṁ purāṇā dharmeṣu niścita-dhiyaḥ pravadanti dharmam | tasmād=dvijāya suviśuddha-kula-śrutāya dattāṁ bhuvaṁ bhavatu vo matir=eṣā goptum || 39⁵ Dānaṁ vā, etc. See No. 40, note. Dāna-pālanayos=tāvat=phalaṁ sugati-durgatī | ko nāma svargam=utsṛjya narakaṁ pratipadyate || 40⁶ Dātā c=aiv=ānumantā ca svargasy=opari tiṣṭhati | hartā hārayitā bhūmeḥ pacyate Raurave dhruvam || 41⁷ Dātā ca preraka°, etc. See No. 29, note. Dātā daś=ānugṛhṇāti daśa, etc. See No. 42, note.

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¹ *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XIX, p. 310, text lines 30-32. The first half of the stanza is found in the *Bṛhaspatisaṁhitā*, verse 45 (with *ratim* for *matiṁ*).

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² *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXII, p. 194, text lines 17-18.

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³ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXII, p. 70, text lines 9-11.

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⁴ *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XII, p. 121. See above No. 2.

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⁵ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. IX, p. 173, text lines 12-14.

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⁶ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXI, pp. 221-22, text lines 24-25. We have *Rakṣā* for *Dāna* at the beginning in *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXIII, p. 121, line 20; cf. ibid., Vol. XXXIV, p. 114 (where the stanza has been quoted separately from the *Vyāsa-gīta* group of verses). The second half is sometimes quoted as *dānāt=svargam=avāpnoti pālanād=acyutaṁ* (*śaṅkaraṁ* in *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. VIII, Tl. No. 73) *tadam* and we have *madhye* for *tāvat* in the first foot (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XVI, p. 351). Sometimes we have *Dānaṁ vā pālanaṁ v=ātra* and *dānāc=chreyo*='*nupālanaṁ* in the first and second feet (*Ep. Carn.*, Vol. II, Nos., 253, 327; Vol. III, My. Nos. 7, 32). The third foot sometimes reads *dānād=Indratvam=āpnoti* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIV, p. 104, text lines 103-105).

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⁷ *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XII, p. 127.

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Dātā daś=anugṛhṇāti yo hared=daśa hanti ca | atīt-ānāgatān=iha kulāni Kurunandana || 42¹

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¹ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XVII, p. 303, verse 21. Sometimes we have : *Dātā daś=anugṛhṇāti daśa hanti tathā kṣipan | pūrva-dattāṃ haran=bhūmiṃ narakāy=opagacchati* (*Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XIV, p. 319, text lines 111-12).

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Dattāni yān=iha purā narendrair= dānāni dharm-ārtha-yaśaskarāṇi | nirmālaya-vānta-pratimāni tāni ko māma sādhuḥ punar=ādadīta || 43²

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² *CII*, Vol. III, p. 180, text lines 73-74; *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. III, p. 322, text lines 25-26; Vol. XXII, p. 109, text line 63; p. 120, text line 60; etc. Sometimes we have *Yān=iha dattāni and dharmāya* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXII, p. 134), *purātanāni for purā narendraih* (*Ind. Ant.*, Vol. VII, p. 64), *Yān=iha dāridya-bhayān=narendhair* and *dānāni* (*dhanāni* in *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. V, p. 207 text line 12) *dharmāyatanī-kṛtāni, nirbhukta (nirvānta; ibid., Vol. VI, p. 16, text line 19)-mālya-pratimāni tāni* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. I, p. 88; Vol. XXI, p. 211), etc. For *nirmālyavānti*, see *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XVIII, p. 323, text line 21; for *nirmālyavat=tāni ca mānitāni*, cf. *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. VI, p. 56, text line 11, and *nirmālya-tulyāni bhavanti tāni*, *ibid.*, Vol. XVII, p. 122, text line 49. The stanza is found in the *Skanda Purāṇa*, op. cit., verse 36, with *Yān=iha dattāni punar=dhanāni* in the first foot and *audāryato vipra-niveditāni* in the third.

c13.127

Dattvā bhūmim, etc. See No. 117, note.

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Deva-dravya-vināśena brahma-sva-haraṇena ca | tad=dhanaṃ kula-nāśāya bhaved=ātma-vadhāya ca || 44³

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³ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. V, Belur No. 58.

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Deva-dravy-opabhoktā ca deva-kārya-vighātakaḥ | devatā-nindakaś=c=aiva aputraś=c=opajāyate || 45⁴

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⁴ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. V, .Hassan No. 115. Sometimes we have *Vipra-dravy-āpahartāro deva-dravy-āpahārakāḥ | . . . . . n=ātra saṃśayaḥ ||* (*ibid.*, Channarayapatna No. 259) or *Deva - śāsana-loptāro deva-dravy-āpahāriṇaḥ | pacyante narake rakte janma-janma na saṃśayaḥ ||* or *Devasya śāsanaṃ ye tu lumpanti pāpa-karmāṇaḥ | patanti narake ghore sa-putra-paśu-bāndhavaiḥ ||* (*ibid.*, *Sb.* No. 191). A few similar stanzas are: *Vipra-grāmeṣu yaḥ kuṛyād=-anyāyena karaṃ karaiḥ |.........naro bhuṅkte narakān=kalpa-pañcasu ||* and *Vipra-grāme kar-ādāne yo=numantā sa pāpa-kṛt |.........brahma-haty-āyutaṃ śatam ||* (*ibid.*, Channarayapatna No. 259). See also *Yaṃ vināśayitum*, etc., in Vol. XII, *Ck.* No. 42. Cf. *Yath-oktaiḥ pañcabhir=ghorair=mahāpātaka-vahnibhiḥ | nirda-gdhā narakāṃ yānti brahmadey-āpahāriṇaḥ ||* (R. S. Panchamukhi, *Karnataka Inscriptions*, Vol. II, p. 3).

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Deva-dvija-gatāṃ bhūmiṃ pūrva-bhuktāṃ hareta yaḥ | praṇaṣṭam=api kālena tam=āhur=brahma-ghātakam || 46⁵

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⁵ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIII, p. 173. Sometimes we have *gavāṃ for gatāṃ* and *praṇaṣṭāṃ for praṇaṣṭam* (R. S. Panchamukhi, *Karnataka Inscriptions*, Vol. II, p. 102).

c13.134

Deva-śāsana-loptāro, etc. See No. 45, note.

c13.135

Deva-svaṃ tu viṣaṃ ghoram, etc. See No. 98, note.

c13.136

Deva-svatvaṁ yav-āṁśaṁ ca brahma-svatvaṁ til-āṁśakam apekṣayañ=ca narakaṁ bhakṣayañ=ca kula-kṣayam || 47¹ Deva-svāni harant=īha narā naraka-nirbhayāḥ | brahma-svāni tu ye mohāt=pacyate narake tu te || 48² Devasya, etc. See No. 45, note.

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¹ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. XII, Tm. No. 37.

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² *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XII, p. 121.

c13.139

Dharmād=vivardhate rājyaṁ dharmāt=kīrtiś=ca śāśvatī | dharmāt=tṛpyanti pitaro dharmāt=tuṣyanti devatāḥ || tasmād=dharmaḥ prayatnena rakṣaṇīyo mahīkṣitā | sva-kṛto=’nya-kṛto v=āpi loka-dvaya-hitaiṣiṇā || 49-50⁴ Dharmāt=Paijavano rājā cirāya bubhuje bhuvam | adharmāc=c=aiva Nahuṣaḥ pratipede rasātalam || 51³ Dhavalāny=ātapatrāṇi, etc. See No. 119, note.

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³ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. VI, p. 344, verses 45-46.

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⁴ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. VI, p. 343; verse 43.

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Dvijāś=ca n=āvāmantavyās=trailokya-miti-hetavaḥ | devavat=pūjanīyāś=ca dāna-mān-ārcan-ādibhiḥ || 52⁵ Ek-āhany=api, etc. See No. 82, note.

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⁵ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XIX, p. 213, text lines 34-35.

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Ek=aiva bhaginī loke sarveṣām=eva bhūbhujām | na bhojyā na kara-grāhyā vipra-dattā vasundharā || 53⁶ Ekaviṁśat-kulasy=eva kaṣṭaṁ hi narake sthitam | bhūmi-pradāna-mātreṇa tvac=ev=āher=vimucyate || 54⁷ Gām=ekāṁ ca, etc. See No. 55, note.

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⁶ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XVI, p. 351, text lines 78-80; p.

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⁷ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XII, p. 324, line 33. The same stanza occurs again in lines 27-28 of the same epigraph with *ūrdhvaṁ yānti matā divi* in the last quarter.

c13.147

Gām=ekāṁ ratnikā°, etc. See No. 55, note.

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Gām=ekāṁ svarṇam=ekaṁ vā bhūmer=apy=ardham=aṅgulam | haran=narakaṁ=āyāti yāvad=ā-bhūta-saṁplavam || 55⁸

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³¹⁸ Sometimes we have *bhogyā* (ibid., p. 253). The same stanza occurs in the *Skanda Purāṇa*, op. cit., verse 39.

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⁸ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXI, p. 128, verse 111. *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. VI, Kp. No. 53 has *Brāhmaṇebhyaḥ pradattāyā°* at the beginning. Sometimes we have *ca* for *vā* and *Hiraṇyam=ekaṁ gām=ekāṁ* (*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXVIII, p. 114, text line 28); *āpnoti* or *āyāti* (ibid., p. 292); *ā-hūta°* or *ā-bhūti* for *ā-bhūta°* (see, e.g., ibid., Vol. XXIX, p. 57, text line 44; Vol. XIX, p. 19, text line 33); also *Suvarṇam=ekaṁ gām=ekāṁ* (or *Gām=ekāṁ ca suvarṇaṁ ca bhūmer=apy=eka°*) and *haranto hārayanta=cha* (or *hṛtvā narakam=āyāti*, or *haran=naraka-vāsī syāt*—*Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXIII, p. 212, text lines 56-57)

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Gām=ekāṁ svarṇa-raktim, etc. See No. 55, note. Gaṇyante pāṁsavo bhūmer=gaṇyante vṛṣṭi-bindavaḥ | na gaṇyate Vidhātr=api dharma-saṁrakṣaṇe phalam || 56¹ Gāvo bhūmiṁ tathā bhāryāṁ ākramya hara mā naya | śrāvayanti hi rājānaṁ Brahma-hatyā ca limpati || 57² Gayā-Godāvarī-Gaṅgā-Prayāg-ādiṣu dānataḥ | yat=phalaṁ tat=phalaṁ sarvaṁ bhaved=bhūmi-prapālanāt || 58³ Go-hatyā brahma-hatyā ca bāla-hatyā tath=aiva ca | vipra-haty=ārṣi-haty=āvabhañjakas=tayā lipyate || 59⁴ Gṛhṇanti yāvataḥ pāṁsūn=krandatām=aśru-bindavaḥ | viprāṇāṁ hata-vṛttīnāṁ vadānyānāṁ kuṭumbinām || rājāno rāja-kulyāś=ca tāvato=’bdān-niraṅkuśāḥ kumbhīpākeṣu pacyante Brahma-bhūmy-apahārakāḥ || 60-61⁵ Haṁsair=yutaṁ yānam=āruhya divyaṁ bhūmer-dātā yāti lokaṁ surāṇām | tapte kumbhe prajvalat-taila-pūrṇe tasyā hartā pācyate Kāla-dūtaiḥ || 62⁶ Hanti jātān=ajatāṁś=ca, etc. See No. 81. Harasya prīṇan-ārthaṁ tu Śiva-bhaktāya dīyate | dānaṁ tad=vimalaṁ proktaṁ kevalaṁ mokṣa-dāyinam || 63⁷

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¹ Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 97. Ep. Carn., Vol. VIII, Tl. No. 5 has dharma-saṁsthāpane.

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² Ep. Ind., Vol. IV, p. 197, lines 31-32.

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³ Ind. Ant., Vol. VII, p. 121.

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⁴ Ep. Ind., Vol. XIII, p. 208, text lines 6-8.

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⁵ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p.219, verses 53-54. For slight variations, see Ep. Carn., Vol. XI, DG. No. 28.

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⁶ Chhabra, Antiquities of Chamba State, II, p. 179.

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⁷ Ep. Carn., Vol. VIII, Tl. Nos. 6, 46, 47. This stanza is usually preceded by the verse : Yatra yogīśvaraḥ kuryāc=Chiva-liṅg-ārcanaṁ sakṛt | vasanti tatra tīrthāni sarvāṇi satataṁ (or saptakaṁ) Guha ||

c13.159

dahaty=ā=saptamaṁ kulaṁ (ibid., Vol. XXXI, pp. 248, 281; or yāvac=candra-divākarau—Vogel, Antiquities of Chamba State, I, p. 167). The first half is sometimes given as : Kanyāṁ=ekāṁ gavāṁ=ekāṁ bhūmer=ardhārdham=aṅgulam (Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, p. 203). Sometimes we have Gām=ekāṁ svarṇa-raktim=ca (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 67, text line 38) or Gām=ekāṁ ratnikām==ekāṁ (ibid., Vol. XIII, p. 251, text lines 232-33). The stanza is found in the Bṛhaspatisaṁhitā, verse 40 (with rundhan for haran). Caṇḍeśvara’s Gṛhastharatnākara (Bibliotheca Indica, p. 514) assigns it to Yama while Viśvarūpa (Bālakrīḍā, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, on the Yājñavalkyasmṛti, III, 252) quotes the second half as : apahṛtya dvij-āgrebhyo na cirād=vadhyate dhruvam.

c13.160

Harate hārayed=yas=tu manda-buddhis=tamo-vṛtaḥ | sa baddho Vāruṇaiḥ pāśais=tiryaṅ-yoniṁ ca gacchati || 64¹ Hareta, etc. See No. 64, note.

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¹ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. III, p. 343; text lines 32-33; pp. 348-49, text lines 26-27; p. 353, text lines 49-50; ibid., Vol. XXVIII, p. 50. Often we have hārayante or hāryate for hārayed°, bhūmiṁ for yas=tu, subaddho for sa baddho and yoniṣu for yoniṁ ca. The first foot is sometimes read as Hartā hārayitā bhūmeḥ (*Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XIV., p. 255, text lines 30-31). For Hareta at the beginning of the first, and sa-vaṁśo at that of the second half, see *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. V, p. 56. The Bṛhaspati-saṁhitā (verse 37) has the stanza with hārayed°, sa vadhyo and °yoniṣu. Cf. *Mahābhārata*, XIII, 62, 75.

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Hartā devasya yo bhūmiṁ Brāhmaṇa-guror=api yaḥ | sva-dattāṁ para-dattāṁ vā sa yāti narakaṁ naraḥ || 65² Hartā hārayitā bhūmeḥ, etc. See No. 64, note.

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² *Ind. Ant.*, Vol. XII, p. 121.

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Hinasti viṣam=attāraṁ vahnir=adbhiḥ praśāmyati | kulaṁ samūlaṁ dahati Brahmasv-āraṇi-pāvakaḥ || 66³

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³ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXV, p. 219, verse 51. The first half is given sometimes as: *Vanaṁ vana-caro iahnir=dahan=mūlāni rakṣati* (cf. *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. VIII, Tl. Nos. 130 and 133).

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Hiraṇya-maṇi-muktāni vastrāṇy=ābharaṇāni ca | tena sarvam=idaṁ dattaṁ yena dattā vasundharā || 67⁴ Hiraṇyam=ekam, etc. See No. 55, note.

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⁴ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXIII, p. 229, verse 17.

c13.168

Hṛṇa-hartā bhūmi-hartā hārayitā hi te trayaḥ | ete ca narakaṁ yānti yāvad=Indrāś=caturdaśa || 68⁵

c13.169

⁵ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XI, p. 313. The second half is sometimes read as: narakān=na nivartante yāvad=ā-bhūta-saṁplavam (ibid., Vol. XIII, p. 281).

c13.170

Iha-loka-kṛtaṁ karma tat=paratr=opabhujyate | tala-siktasya vṛkṣasya phalaṁ śākhāsu dṛśyate || 69⁶

c13.171

⁶ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. XXXIII, p. 213, verse 9.

c13.172

Imaṁ dharmaṁ ca ye ghnanti ye ca tat-sahakāriṇaḥ | Kirāta-Mleccha-Cāṇḍāla-Carmakār-ātmajās=tu te || 70⁷

c13.173

⁷ *Ep. Carn.*, Vol. III, TN. No. 63; Sr. No. 64.

c13.174

Iti kamala=dal-āmbu-bindu-lolāṁ śriyam=anucintya manuṣya-jīvitaṁ ca | sakalaṁ=idam=udāhṛtaṁ ca buddhvā na hi puruṣaiḥ para-kīrtayo vilopyāḥ || 71⁸

c13.175

⁸ *Ep. Ind.*, Vol. III, p. 343; text lines 37-39; p. 349, text lines 32-34; etc. For the third foot, we have occasionally ctivimala-manobhiḥ=ātmanānair° (ibid., Vol. XXII, p. 109, text lines 65; p. 186, text line 62; cf. ātma-līnai° in Vol. XXXII, p. 134). The sense of this popular stanza is rarely conveyed in the following verse: *Taḍit-taraṅga-bahulāṁ śriyaṁ matvā ca martyānāṁ | na dharma-sthitayaḥ sadbhir=yuktā loke vilopitum ||* (*Select Inscriptions*, p. 364, text lines 23-24). See also No. 10 above.

c13.176

Iṣṭaṃ dattaṃ, etc. See No. 126, note.

c13.177

Iyaṃ rāja-śatair-dattā, etc. See No. 23, note.

c13.178

Jñātva=aivaṃ mat-pradatto=‘yaṃ bhūmi-dāyo manīṣibhiḥ | n=ochedyo bhāvi-bhūpālaiḥ sarvair=ātma-hitaiṣibhiḥ || 72¹

c13.179

¹ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXII, p. 54, text lines 55-56.

c13.180

Kalpa-koṭi-sahasrāṇi kalpa-koṭi-śatāni ca | nivased=Brahmaṇo loke dharma-dāyaṃ karoti yaḥ || 73²

c13.181

² Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXII, p. 70, text lines 21-22.

c13.182

Kanyāṃ=ekāṃ, etc. See No. 55, note.

c13.183

Karmaṇā manasā vācā yaḥ samartho=‘py=upekṣate | sa syāt=tad=aiva Caṇḍālaḥ sarva-karma-bahiṣkṛtaḥ || 74³

c13.184

³ Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 97, text lines 52-53. We have also dharma for karma (Ind. Ant., Vol. IV, p. 276).

c13.185

Kartuḥ kārayitur=hetor=anumoditur=eva ca | karmaṇāṃ bhāginaḥ pretya bhūyo bhūyas=tu tat=phalam || 75⁴

c13.186

⁴ Ep. Carn., Vol. VIII, Tl. No. 5.

c13.187

Kharo dvādaśa, etc. See No 128, note.

c13.188

Khila-bhagnā tu yā bhūmir=yā ca bhuktā daś=āparā | śataṃ yāvat=tu yā bhuktā na rājā hartum=arhati || 76⁵

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⁵ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXIII, p. 213, verse 6.

c13.190

Koṭis=tu vājapeyānāṃ lakṣaṃ viśvajitāṃ tathā | sahasram=aśvamedhānāṃ sva-hastaś=c=aiva tat-samaḥ || 77⁶

c13.191

⁶ Ind. Ant., Vol. XII, p. 186. The word sva-hasta here seems to mean the donor’s signature in approval of a grant.

c13.192

Kṛśāya kṛśa-vṛttāya vṛtti-kṣīṇāya sīdate | bhūmiṃ vṛttikarīṃ dattvā sukhī bhavati kāmadaḥ || 78⁷

c13.193

⁷ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXI, pp. 65-66, text lines 31-32. Sometimes we have bhṛtyāya for vṛttāya and chatrī for sukhī and the following half verse preceding the stanza : Santarpayati dātāraṃ bhūmeḥ prabhavatāṃ vara (ibid., Vol. XXV, pp. 218-19). The stanza is found in the Mahābhārata, XIII, 62, 29 (with mriyamāṇāya vṛtti-glānāya for kṛśa-vṛttāya vṛtti-kṣīṇāya and sattri bhavati mānavah, for which Hemādri has kliśyamānāya c=ātyartham vṛtti-glānāya). Cf. Mahābhārata, XIII, 59, 11.

c13.194

Kṛta-Tretā-Dvāpareṣu, etc. See No. 97, note.

c13.195

Kṣitir=iyaṃ kulaṭ=eva bahu-priyā hata-śarīram=idaṃ ca vinaśvaram | sukṛtaṃ=adya na cet=kriyate dhruvaṃ vipadi dhakṣyati vo=‘nuśay-ānalaḥ || 79⁸

c13.196

⁸ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXV, p. 156, text lines 30-33.

c13.197

Kṣudra-paśv-anṛte pañca daśa hanti gav-ānṛte | śatam=aśv-anṛte hanti sahasraṁ puruṣ-anṛte || hanti jātān=ajātāṁś=ca suvarṇasy=ānṛte prabhoḥ | sarvaṁ bhūmy-anṛte hanti mā sma bhūmy-anṛtaṁ vadet || 80-81¹

c13.198

¹ Mys. Arch. Rep., 1910, paragraphs 47-50. The second stanza is sometimes found as : Hanti jātān=ajātāṁś=ca bhūmy-arthe yo='nṛtaṁ vadet | sa baddho vārunaiḥ pāśais=tiryag=yonyāṁ tu jāyate || (Ep. Ind., Vol. XIX, p. 213, text lines 33-34). Cf. Mahābhārata, Udyoga-parvan, Calcutta ed., Chapter 35, verses 33-34; Kumbakonam ed., Chapter 35, verses 44-45, where the first foot of the first stanza and the second foot of the second read respectively as Pañca paśv-anṛte hanti and hiraṇy=ārthe='nṛtaṁ vadan, while the second stanza ends with vadeh instead of vadet. For the first verse, cf. Rāmāyaṇa, IV, 34: 9: Śatam=aśv-anṛte hanti sahasraṁ tu gav-ānṛte | ātmānaṁ svajanaṁ hanti puruṣaḥ puruṣ-anṛte || See also Bṛhaspatisaṁhitā, verse 43 ff. : Pañca kany-ānṛte hanti daśa hanti gav-ānṛte | śatam=aśv-anṛte hanti sahasraṁ puruṣ-ānṛte || hanti jātān=ajātāṁś=ca hiraṇy-ārthe='nṛtaṁ vadet | sarvaṁ bhūmy-anṛte hanti māsma bhūmy-anṛtaṁ vadīḥ || Sometimes we have janiṣyān for ajātān.

c13.199

Kulāni tārayet=kartā sapta sapta ca sapta ca | adho-dhaḥ pātayed=dhartā sapta sapta ca sapta ca || 82² Lobhād=gṛhṇāti mand-ātmā yaḥ pumān=pāpa-mohitaḥ | narake pacyate ghore sa hi kalpān=anekaśaḥ || 83³ Loha-cūrṇ-āśma-cūrṇaṁ ca viṣaṁ ca jarayen=naraḥ | Brahma-svaṁ triṣu lokeṣu kaḥ pumān=jarayiṣyati || 84⁴ Mā bhūd=a-phala-śaṅkā vaḥ para-datt=eti pārthivāḥ | sva-dānāt=phalam=ānantyaṁ para-datt-ānupālane || 85⁵ Mad-dāna-phala-siddhy-artham tad-rakṣā-phalasiddhaye | mad-dharmaḥ paripālyo='yaṁ bhūpair=ā-candra-tārakam

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² Ep. Ind., Vol. VI, p. 97, text lines 50-51. Similar style is noticed in the stanza: Ek-āhany=api Kaunteya bhūmistham=udakaṁ kuru | tāraya pūrva-kulāni sapta sapta ca sapta ca || (A.R. Ep., 1946-47, No. B 205).

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³ Ep. Ind., Vol. XXVIII, p. 75.

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