The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III: Turks and Afghans v3: Volume 3
The Cambridge History of India, Vol. III: Turks and Afghans v3
- Language
- English
Contents
- v3.c1 Front matter
- v3.c2 The Cambridge History of India, Volume III: Turks and Afghans — 12 parts
- v3.c3 Preface — 10 parts
- v3.c4 Table of Contents — 9 parts
- v3.c5 Chapter III — 4 parts
- v3.c6 Chapter IV — 4 parts
- v3.c7 Chapter V — 3 parts
- v3.c8 Chapter VI — 3 parts
- v3.c9 Chapter VII — 18 parts
- v3.c10 Chapter XII — 25 parts
- v3.c11 Chapter XVIII — 4 parts
- v3.c12 Chapter XIX — 3 parts
- v3.c13 Chapter XX — 4 parts
- v3.c14 Chapter XXI — 4 parts
- v3.c15 Chapter XXII — 9 parts
- v3.c16 List of Maps — 2 parts
- v3.c17 List of Plates — 58 parts
- v3.c18 List of Bibliographies — 1 part
- v3.c19 Corrigenda — 35 parts
- v3.c20 Chapter II. The Yamīnī Dynasty of Ghaznī and Lahore, Commonly Known as the Ghaznavids — 558 parts
- v3.c21 Chapter VIII. The Sayyid Dynasty — 52 parts
- v3.c22 Chapter IX. The Lodī Dynasty — 67 parts
- v3.c23 Chapter X. The Kingdom of Jaunpur — 31 parts
- v3.c24 Chapter XI. The Kingdom of Bengal — 116 parts
- v3.c25 Chapter XIII. Gujarāt and Khāndesh — 179 parts
- v3.c26 Chapter XIV. The Kingdom of Mālwa — 83 parts
- v3.c27 Chapter XV. The Kingdom of the Deccan. 1347–1490 — 116 parts
- v3.c28 Chapter XVI. The Decline and Fall of the Kingdom of the Deccan. A.D. 1436–1490 — 88 parts
- v3.c29 Chapter XVII. The Five Kingdoms of the Deccan. A.D. 1527-1599 — 198 parts
- v3.c30 Chapter XXIII. The Monuments of Muslim India — 50 parts
- v3.c31 Bibliographies: Chapter II. The Yamīnī Dynasty of Ghaznī and Lahore — 103 parts
- v3.c32 Bibliographies: Chapters VIII, IX, X — 5 parts
- v3.c33 Bibliographies: Chapter XI. The Kingdom of Bengal — 17 parts
- v3.c34 Bibliographies: Chapters XIII, XIV — 9 parts
- v3.c35 Bibliographies: Chapters XV, XVI, XVII — 36 parts
- v3.c36 Bibliographies: Chapter XX. The Native States of Northern India — 47 parts
- v3.c37 Bibliographies: Chapter XXIII. The Monuments of Muslim India — 37 parts
- v3.c38 Chronology — 3 parts
- v3.c39 Dynastic Lists and Genealogical Tables — 214 parts
- v3.c40 Index — 185 parts
Volume 3
Front matter
The Cambridge History of India, Volume III: Turks and Afghans
v3.c2.1
IN SIX VOLUMES
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VOLUME III
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Cambridge University Press Fetter Lane, London
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*New York* *Bombay, Calcutta, Madras* *Toronto* Macmillan
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*Tokyo* Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha
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All rights reserved
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
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EDITED BY
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LT.-COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., C.B.E., M.A.
v3.c2.12
LECTURER IN PERSIAN IN THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
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CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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*The Syndics of the University Press are deeply indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his generous contribution towards the cost of the illustrations in this volume*
Preface
v3.c3.1
This volume deals generally with the history of India under Muhammadan rule from the time of the earliest invasions of the Muslims to the overthrow of the Lodī dynasty on the field of Pānīpat and the establishment of Bābur the Tīmūrid on the throne of Delhi, and covers the period unfortunately described by that usually careful scholar, the late Mr Edward Thomas, as that of the "Pathan Kings" of Delhi. Of the five dynasties which occupied the throne of Delhi during this period, from about 1200 to 1526, three were Turkish, or of Turkish descent; one claimed to be of Arab blood, and one was Afghān, but probably not Pathān.
v3.c3.2
Mr Thomas's misnomer, after clinging obstinately, for many years, to this period of Indian history, has been generally discarded, and the period is now known as that of the Sultanate, or Kingdom, of Delhi, as distinguished from the Empire of the Tīmūrids founded by Bābur. This distinction is not entirely accurate, or satisfactory, for it suggests that the earlier Muslim rulers were content with a comparatively small kingdom in the neighbourhood of their capital, whereas for nearly half a century they ruled virtually the whole sub-continent of India, two at least of them being emperors of India in a truer sense than any of the first four Tīmūrids, and the ruin of their empire covered the greater part of India with a number of independent Muslim states. Nevertheless the term will serve, for imperial rule was not characteristic of the sovereigns of Delhi during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. During the first century of their rule they were consolidating and extending their authority; then followed half a century of empire, and then the disintegration of that empire.
v3.c3.3
It is only in respect of Delhi, the historic capital of Muslim rule in India, that it has been found possible to adhere to the year 1526 as the termination of an epoch of that rule. In the case of other states, both Muslim and Hindu, it has been found necessary to carry the local history on, either to the termination of the state's independence or to a period at which it may conveniently be relinquished. The history of the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar, for instance, is continued to 1565, the date of its overthrow by the confederate Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan; that of the Muslim Kingdoms of Mālwa, Gujarāt, Bengal, and Kashmīr to the dates of their annexation by Akbar, and that of the independent Kingdoms of the Deccan to 1600, the date of the capture of Ahmadnagar by Akbar's third son, Sultān Dāniyāl.
v3.c3.4
Chapter I of this volume is introductory, and treats of the conquest of Sind by the Arabs in the eighth century. The Arabs never extended their authority or their influence beyond Sind and Multān, and their rule in those countries was a mere episode in the history of India. Chapter II treats of the Yamīnī or Ghaznavid dynasty. Mahmūd was a raider rather than a conqueror, but he and his successors were Indian rulers by virtue of their annexation and occupation of the Punjāb, the last of their great possessions which remained to them. Chapter III treats of the first actual Muslim conquerors of Northern India, Mu'izz-ud-dīn Muhammad b. Sām of Ghūr, his lieutenants, and his successors, the earlier Slave Kings of Delhi; and Chapter IV of the rule of Ghiyās-ud-dīn Balban and his worthless son. Chapter V treats of the Khaljī dynasty and the first Muslim conquest of the Deccan; Chapter VI of the first two Sultans of the Tughluq dynasty, and the second conquest and revolt of the Deccan; Chapter VII of the later Sultans of the Tughluq dynasty and the invasion of India by Tīmūr; Chapter VIII of the Sayyids; and Chapter IX of the Lodī dynasty. Then follows a series of chapters dealing with independent Muslim Kingdoms, all of which, with the exception of Kashmīr and Khāndesh, rose on the ruins of the great empire of Muhammad b. Tughluq; Chapter X with Jaunpur; Chapter XI with Bengal; Chapter XII with Kashmīr; Chapter XIII, which has been written by Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, with Gujarāt and Khāndesh; Chapter XIV with Mālwa; Chapters XV and XVI with the Bahmanī Kingdom of the Deccan; and Chapter XVII with the five independent Muslim Kingdoms of the Deccan. Chapter XVIII treats of Hindu states in Southern India, and Chapter XX with those in Northern India; and Chapter XIX treats of the states of Sind and Multān during their independent existence. Chapter XXI, which has been written by Mr G. E. Harvey of the Indian Civil Service, deals with the history of Burma between the years 1287 and 1531; and Chapter XXII, by Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, with the history of Ceylon from 1215 to 1527. Chapter XXIII, written by Sir John Marshall, C.I.E., Director General of Archaeology in India, who has also supplied the illustrations to this volume, deals with the monuments of Muhammadan rule in India between the years 1200 and 1526.
v3.c3.5
A few explanations remain to be offered. The system of transliteration adopted is that used by the Government of India in their official publications. Except in the chapter on Ceylon diacritical marks, with the necessary exception of the macron, have been avoided. The *hamza* is represented, when necessary, by ’, the letter ع by ‘, and the letter ق by *q*. It has not been considered necessary to distinguish between the letters خ and ख and غ and घ by underlining the combinations *kh* and *gh*, and, in order to preserve the correct pronunciation of names and titles in which the Arabic article occurs, such forms as ‘Alā-ud-dīn and Badī‘-uz-Zamān have been preferred, partly for typographical and partly for other reasons, to the more scholarly and correct ‘Alā-*al*-dīn and Badī‘-*al*-zamān, or ‘Alā’u’-d-dīn and Badī‘u-’z-zamān.
v3.c3.6
In place-names the spelling of the *Imperial Gazetteer of India* has, with few exceptions, been followed, but the adoption of *q* as the equivalent of ق necessitates the substitution of Qandahār for the better-known Kandahār, and *e*, representing no Arabic or Persian letter, has been omitted from such names as Fathābād and Fathpur, the *Gazetteer* spelling of which serves only to stereotype a vulgar and corrupt pronunciation. The name of the great river of Southern India is spelt *Krishna*, as there appears to be no justification for the *Gazetteer* spelling *Kistna*; *Awsa* has been substituted for *Owsa* as the name of a town in the Deccan hardly well enough known to entitle it to the honour of a conventionalized spelling; and the name of the founder of the Lodī dynasty is spelt Buhlūl, as there appears to be no reason to preserve the mispronunciation enshrined in the more familiar Bahlol.
v3.c3.7
In order to avoid, as far as possible, the use of foreign words the plural of the words *amīr* and *malik* has usually been translated by ‘nobles,’ which will not mislead the reader if it be remembered that there has never been a recognized hereditary aristocracy in Muslim Kingdoms. The ‘nobles’ were military officers, or officers of state with military rank, whose titles, though occasionally revived in favour of a deserving son, did not become hereditary until the crown became so weak that a son was able to assume his father’s office and title. In the chapters on the history of the Deccan the word ‘Foreigners,’ when spelt with a capital letter, denotes members of the Foreign party.
v3.c3.8
A few words, such as *Islam*, *Sultan*, and *Raja* have been treated as naturalized English words, and written without the macron, except when they form parts of names or titles.
v3.c3.9
My best thanks are due to Sir John Marshall and Sir E. Denison Ross for having kindly undertaken arduous work in connection with this volume in spite of heavy official duties. I must also acknowledge the assistance of Mr G. E. Harvey, Mr S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar, Don Martino de Zilva Wickremasinghe, and Mr W. E. C. Browne, who has prepared the index. In conclusion, I desire to express my gratitude for the advice and assistance which I have at all times received from Professor E. J. Rapson, the editor of Volumes I and II of this history.
v3.c3.10
W. H.
Table of Contents
v3.c4.1
CHAPTER I
v3.c4.2
THE ARAB CONQUEST OF SIND
v3.c4.3
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., C.B.E., M.A., Lecturer in Persian in the School of Oriental Studies, University of London.
v3.c4.4
| | PAGE |
| The rise of Islam . . . . . . . . . . | 1 |
| Provocation given to Hajjāj by Dāhir of Sind . . . . . . . . | 1 |
| Unsuccessful invasions of Sind . . . . . . . . . | 2 |
| Successful invasion of Muhammad ibn Qāsim . . . . . . . . | 2 |
| Capture of Debul, Nīrūn, and Sehwān . . . . . . . . | 3 |
| The Islamic law . . . . . . . . . . | 3 |
| Capture of Sīsam . . . . . . . . . . | 4 |
| Defeat and death of Dāhir . . . . . . . . . | 5 |
| Administration of Lower Sind . . . . . . . . . | 5 |
| Capture of Aror and Multān . . . . . . . . . | 6 |
| Fate of Muhammad ibn Qāsim . . . . . . . . . | 7 |
| Muslim governors of Sind . . . . . . . . . . | 8 |
| Effect of the establishment of the ‘Abbāsid dynasty . . . . . . . | 9 |
| Virtual independence of Sind . . . . . . . . . | 9 |
| Principalities of Multān and Mansūra . . . . . . . . | 9 |
| Effects of the Arab conquest of Sind . . . . . . . . | 10 |
v3.c4.5
CHAPTER II
v3.c4.6
THE YAMĪNĪ DYNASTY OF GHAZNĪ AND LAHORE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE GHAZNAVIDS
v3.c4.7
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c4.8
| Origin and rise of the Yamīnī Dynasty . . . . . . . . | 11 |
| Sabuktigīn . . . . . . . . . . | 12 |
| Mahmūd . . . . . . . . . . | 12 |
| First expedition into India, the Punjāb . . . . . . . . | 13 |
| Expedition to Uch . . . . . . . . . . | 14 |
| Defeat and flight of Anandpāl . . . . . . . . . | 15 |
| Submission of Dāūd of Multān . . . . . . . . | 15 |
| Apostasy and punishment of Nawāsa Shāh . . . . . . . | 15 |
| Invasion of India, and defeat of Hindu confederacy . . . . . . | 16 |
| Expedition to Ghūr . . . . . . . . . . | 16 |
| Invasion of India. Battle of Tarāorī . . . . . . . . | 17 |
| Expedition to Multān . . . . . . . . . | 17 |
| Expedition into the Punjāb, defeat of Bhīmpāl . . . . . . . | 17 |
| Expedition to Thānesar . . . . . . . . . | 17 |
| Invasion of Kashmīr . . . . . . . . . | 18 |
| Invasion of India . . . . . . . . . . | 18 |
| Submission of the Raja of Kanauj . . . . . . . . | 19 |
| Expedition to avenge the death of the Raja of Kanauj . . . . . . | 21 |
| Expedition into Dīr, Swāt, and Bajaur . . . . . . . | 22 |
v3.c4.9
| | PAGE |
| Expedition against Ganda of Kālinjar . . . . . . . | 22 |
| Expedition to Somnāth . . . . . . . . | 23 |
| Capture of Somnāth . . . . . . . . | 24 |
| Punitive expedition against the Jāts . . . . . . | 26 |
| Death of Mahmūd . . . . . . . . . | 26 |
| His character . . . . . . . . . . | 26 |
| Mas‘ūd . . . . . . . . . . . | 27 |
| Confusion in the Punjab . . . . . . . . | 28 |
| Expedition into India and capture of Hānsī . . . . | 31 |
| The Saljūqs . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
| Flight and death of Mas‘ūd . . . . . . . | 32 |
| Maudūd . . . . . . . . . . . | 32 |
| Hindu invasion of the Punjab . . . . . . . | 33 |
| Death of Maudūd . . . . . . . . . | 33 |
| Mas‘ūd II, ‘Alī, and ‘Abd-ur-Rashīd . . . . . . | 33 |
| Tughril, Farrukhzād, Ibrāhīm . . . . . . . | 34 |
| Expedition into India . . . . . . . . | 34 |
| Mas‘ūd III, Shīrzād, Arsalān, Bahrām . . . . . | 35 |
| Bahrām’s flight into India, the burning of Ghaznī . . . | 36 |
| Khusrav Shāh and Khusrav Malik . . . . . . | 37 |
| Capture of Khusrav Malik by Muhammad ibn Sām . . . | 37 |
Chapter III
v3.c5.1
MU‘IZZ-UD-DĪN MUHAMMAD *BIN* SĀM OF GHŪR AND THE EARLIER SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI
v3.c5.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c5.3
| Ghiyās-ud-dīn and Mu‘izz-ud-dīn of Ghūr . . . . . | 38 |
| Capture of Multān and Uch . . . . . . . | 38 |
| Expedition to Gujarāt . . . . . . . . | 39 |
| Annexation of the Punjab . . . . . . . | 39 |
| Defeat of Muhammad at Tarāorī . . . . . . | 40 |
| Muhammad’s victory at Tarāorī . . . . . . | 40 |
| Qutb-ud-dīn Aibak . . . . . . . . . | 41 |
| Capture of Delhi by Aibak . . . . . . . | 42 |
| Conquest of Bihār . . . . . . . . . | 42 |
| Conquest of the Doāb and capture of Benares . . . . | 43 |
| Conquest of Ajmer . . . . . . . . | 43 |
| Raid into Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 43 |
| Qutb-ud-dīn Aibak appointed viceroy . . . . . . | 44 |
| Capture of Bayāna . . . . . . . . . | 44 |
| Defeat of Aibak by Bhīm of Gujarāt . . . . . . | 44 |
| Raid into Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 44 |
| Muhammadan administration . . . . . . . | 45 |
| Five years’ peace in Northern India . . . . . . | 45 |
| Conquest of Bengal . . . . . . . . . | 46 |
| Capture of Kālinjar and Mahoba . . . . . . | 47 |
| Rebellion in the Punjab . . . . . . . . | 47 |
| Suppression of the rebellion . . . . . . . | 48 |
| Death of Muhammad b. Sām . . . . . . . | 48 |
| Qutb-ud-dīn Aibak Sultan of Delhi . . . . . . | 48 |
| Invasion of Tibet . . . . . . . . . | 49 |
v3.c5.4
| | PAGE |
| Death of Ikhtiyār-ud-dīn Muhammad | 50 |
| Aibak captures and is expelled from Ghaznī | 50 |
| Death of Qutb-ud-dīn Aibak and accession of Ārām Shāh | 50 |
| Affairs of Bengal | 51 |
| Accession of Iltutmish | 51 |
| Defeat and death of Tāj-ud-dīn Yildiz | 52 |
| Establishment of Iltutmish's authority in Bengal | 53 |
| Recovery of Ranthambhor and Multān | 53 |
| Suppression of two rebellions in Bengal | 54 |
| Recovery of Gwalior and invasion of Mālwa | 55 |
| The Qutb Mīnār | 55 |
| Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘īlī heretics | 56 |
| Death of Iltutmish. His character | 56 |
| Rukn-ud-dīn Fīrūz | 56 |
| Disintegration of the kingdom | 57 |
| Deposition of Fīrūz and enthronement of Raziyya | 58 |
| Suppression of a rising of Ismā‘īlī heretics | 59 |
| Suppression of a rebellion in the Punjāb | 60 |
| Deposition of Raziyya and enthronement of Bahrām | 60 |
| Death of Raziyya | 60 |
| The Forty Turkī nobles | 61 |
| Mughul raids, and capture of Lahore | 62 |
| Deposition and death of Bahrām | 63 |
| ‘Alā-ud-dīn Mas‘ūd | 64 |
| Defeat of the Muslims in Bengal | 65 |
| Deposition of Mas‘ūd and enthronement of Nāsir-ud-dīn Mahmūd | 66 |
| Ghiyās-ud-dīn Balban | 66 |
| Expeditions into the Doāb and Mewāt | 67 |
| Disgrace of Balban | 68 |
| Balban's restoration to favour | 70 |
| Rebellion in Multān and Uch | 71 |
| Rebellion in Multān and Uch is crushed | 72 |
| Suppression of rebellions in the Doāb and Mewāt | 72 |
| Treaty of peace with the Mughuls | 73 |
| Death of Nāsir-ud-dīn Mahmūd and accession of Balban | 73 |
Chapter IV
v3.c6.1
GHIYĀS-UD-DĪN BALBAN, MU‘IZZ-UD-DĪN KAIQUBĀD, AND SHAMS-UD-DĪN KAYŪMARS
v3.c6.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c6.3
| Severity and austerity of Balban | 74 |
| The Mughul menace | 75 |
| Submission of Bengal, restoration of order in the Doāb and subjugation of Katehr | 76 |
| Re-establishment of royal authority in the Punjāb | 77 |
| Disorganization of the army | 77 |
| Muhammad Khān appointed heir apparent and governor of the Punjāb | 78 |
| Rebellion in Bengal | 79 |
| Suppression of the rebellion, Bughrā Khān appointed to Bengal | 81 |
v3.c6.4
Death of Balban and accession of Kaiqubād . . . . . . 82 Weakness of Kaiqubād . . . . . . . . . 83 Mughul raids . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Meeting between Kaiqubād and his father, Bughrā Khān . . . . 85 Death of Kaiqubād . . . . . . . . . . 87 Condition of the kingdom of Delhi . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter V
v3.c7.1
THE KHALJĪ DYNASTY AND THE FIRST CONQUEST OF THE DECCAN
v3.c7.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c7.3
Unpopularity of the Khaljīs . . . . . . . . . 91 Weakness of Jalāl-ud-dīn Fīrūz . . . . . . . . 92 The *Thags* . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Death of Sīdī Maulā . . . . . . . . . . 94 Mughul invasion . . . . . . . . . . 95 Designs of ‘Alā-ud-dīn . . . . . . . . . 95 ‘Alā-ud-dīn’s invasion of the Deccan . . . . . . . 96 Death of Fīrūz . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Accession of ‘Alā-ud-dīn . . . . . . . . . 99 Conquest of Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . . 100 ‘Alā-ud-dīn’s religious schemes . . . . . . . . 101 Mughul invasion . . . . . . . . . . 102 Rebellion of Ākat Khān . . . . . . . . . 103 Rebellion in Delhi . . . . . . . . . . 104 Capture of Ranthambhor . . . . . . . . . 105 ‘Alā-ud-dīn’s ordinances . . . . . . . . . 106 Capture of Chitor . . . . . . . . . . 108 Unsuccessful expedition to Warangal . . . . . . . 108 Mughul invasion . . . . . . . . . . 109 ‘Alā-ud-dīn’s scale of prices . . . . . . . . . 110 Mughul invasion . . . . . . . . . . 110 Conquest of Mālwa . . . . . . . . . . 111 Rescue of Ratan Singh of Chitor . . . . . . . . 111 Mughul invasion . . . . . . . . . . 112 Expedition to Deogīr . . . . . . . . . 112 Capture of Deval Devī . . . . . . . . . 113 Subjection of Mārwār . . . . . . . . . 114 Subjugation of Warangal . . . . . . . . . 115 Subjugation of Dvāravatipūra and the Peninsula . . . . . 116 Massacre of the Mughul “New Muslims” . . . . . . 117 Sickness of ‘Alā-ud-dīn . . . . . . . . . 118 Death of ‘Alā-ud-dīn . . . . . . . . . . 119 Death of Malik Nāib and accession of Qutb-ud-dīn Mubārak . . . 120 Plot against Mubārak . . . . . . . . . 121 Debauchery of Mubārak, his assumption of the title of Caliph . . . 122 Treason of Khusrav Khān . . . . . . . . . 123 Death of Mubārak and accession of Khusrav . . . . . . 124 Defeat of Khusrav by Ghāzī Malik Tughluq . . . . . . 125 Accession of Ghiyās-ud-dīn Tughluq . . . . . . . 126
Chapter VI
v3.c8.1
THE REIGNS OF GHIYĀS-UD-DĪN TUGHLUQ AND MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ, AND THE SECOND CONQUEST AND REVOLT OF THE DECCAN
v3.c8.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c8.3
| | PAGE |
| Restoration of order by Tughluq | 127 |
| Encouragement of agriculture | 128 |
| Administration of Tughluq | 129 |
| Expedition to Warangal | 130 |
| Rebellion of Muhammad, Ulugh Khān | 131 |
| Second expedition to Warangal | 131 |
| Tughluq's expedition to Bengal | 132 |
| Subjugation of Bengal | 133 |
| Death of Tughluq | 134 |
| Accession of Muhammad | 135 |
| Amīr Khusrav the poet | 135 |
| Character of Muhammad | 136 |
| Revenue administration | 139 |
| Rebellion of Gurshāsp | 140 |
| Transfer of the capital to Daulatābād | 141 |
| Rebellion in Multān | 142 |
| Mughul invasion | 143 |
| Compulsory transfer of the populace of Delhi to Daulatābād | 144 |
| Muhammad's fictitious currency | 145 |
| Rebellion in Bengal | 147 |
| Ibn Batūtah | 147 |
| The kingdom of Madura established | 149 |
| The farming of the revenue | 151 |
| Rebellion of Hūshang | 151 |
| Rebellion in the Panjāb | 152 |
| Famine | 152 |
| Rebellion in Hānsī | 153 |
| Rebellion in Bīdar | 154 |
| Foundation of Sargadwāri | 154 |
| Expedition into the Himālaya | 155 |
| Successful rebellion in Bengal, and unsuccessful rebellion in the Deccan | 156 |
| Rebellion of 'Ain-ul-Mulk, Governor of Oudh | 157 |
| Mission to the Caliph | 158 |
| Reception of Ghiyās-ud-dīn the 'Abbāsid | 159 |
| Rebellion in Multān. Famine | 160 |
| Muhammad's Regulations | 161 |
| Ibn Batūtah's mission to China | 163 |
| Reception of the Caliph's envoy | 164 |
| Rebellion in Kara | 165 |
| Partition of the Deccan | 165 |
| Rebellion in Gujarāt | 166 |
| Muhammad marches into Gujarāt | 167 |
| Revolt of the Deccan | 168 |
| Rebellion of Taghī in Gujarāt | 169 |
| Independence of the Deccan | 170 |
| Operations in Gujarāt | 171 |
| Death of Muhammad | 172 |
Chapter VII
v3.c9.1
THE REIGN OF FĪRŪZ TUGHLUQ, THE DECLINE AND EXTINCTION OF THE DYNASTY, AND THE INVASION OF INDIA BY TĪMŪR
v3.c9.2
| | PAGE |
| Accession of Fīrūz | 173 |
| Fīrūz enters Delhi | 174 |
| Public works of Fīrūz | 175 |
| Expedition to Bengal | 176 |
| Foundation of Fīrūzābād | 176 |
| Plot against the life of Fīrūz | 177 |
| Second expedition to Bengal | 177 |
| Capture of Kāngra | 179 |
| Expedition to Sind | 180 |
| Conquest of Sind | 181 |
| Rebellion in Gujarāt | 182 |
| Devastation of Katehr | 183 |
| Regency of Muhammad Khān and death of Fīrūz | 184 |
| Character of Fīrūz | 185 |
| The Pillars of Asoka | 187 |
| The *jizya* | 188 |
| Accession of Tughluq II | 189 |
| Enthronement of Abū Bakr | 190 |
| Accession of Muhammad | 191 |
| Death of Muhammad and accession of Sikandar Shāh | 192 |
| Death of Sikandar Shāh | 192 |
| Enthronement of Nāsir-ud-dīn Mahmūd | 193 |
| Nāsir-ud-dīn Nusrat proclaimed king | 194 |
| Tīmūr crosses the Indus and captures Multān | 195 |
| Tīmūr’s advance towards Delhi | 196 |
| Tīmūr reaches Lonī | 197 |
| Defeat of Mallū and Mahmūd before Delhi | 198 |
| Tīmūr enters Delhi | 198 |
| Tīmūr’s retreat | 199 |
| Tīmūr crosses the Indus | 200 |
| Famine and pestilence in Delhi | 200 |
| Temporary restoration of Nusrat Shāh | 201 |
| Return of Mahmūd to Delhi | 201 |
| Mahmūd escapes from Mallū and establishes himself in Kanauj | 202 |
| Death of Mallū, and return of Mahmūd to Delhi | 203 |
| Death of Mahmūd: Khizr Khān captures Delhi and overthrows Daulat Khān Lodī | 204 |
| Disruption of the kingdom of Delhi | 205 |
v3.c9.3
CHAPTER VIII
v3.c9.4
THE SAYYID DYNASTY
v3.c9.5
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c9.6
| Khizr Khān establishes himself on the throne | 206 |
| Rebellions in the kingdom of Delhi | 207 |
| Rebellion of a pretender personating Sārang Khān | 208 |
| Rebellion of Malik Tughān | 209 |
v3.c9.7
| | PAGE |
| Death of Khizr Khān and accession of Mubārak | 210 |
| Expedition into the Panjāb | 211 |
| Jasrat the Khokar invades the kingdom | 212 |
| Rebellion in Mewāt | 213 |
| War between Delhi and Jaunpur | 214 |
| Rebellion in the Panjāb | 215 |
| Invasion of the kingdom by Shaikh 'Alī of Kābul | 216 |
| Rebellion in Multān | 217 |
| Rebellions in the Panjāb and Mewāt | 218 |
| Recovery of the Panjāb | 219 |
| Death of Mubārak and accession of Muhammad | 220 |
| Overthrow of Sarvar-ul-Mulk | 221 |
| Successful rebellion in Multān | 222 |
| Rise of Malik Buhlūl Lodī | 222 |
| War between Delhi and Mālwa | 223 |
| Retreat of the army of Mālwa | 224 |
| Death of Muhammad and accession of 'Ālam Shāh | 225 |
| Retirement of 'Ālam Shāh to Budaun | 226 |
| Buhlūl Lodī ascends the throne | 227 |
v3.c9.8
CHAPTER IX
v3.c9.9
THE LODĪ DYNASTY
v3.c9.10
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c9.11
| Overthrow of Hamīd Khān | 228 |
| Buhlūl defeats Mahmūd Shāh of Jaunpur | 229 |
| Truce between Delhi and Jaunpur | 230 |
| Renewal of hostilities between Buhlūl and Husain Shāh of Jaunpur | 231 |
| Three years' truce between Delhi and Jaunpur | 232 |
| Buhlūl defeats Husain Shāh of Jaunpur | 233 |
| Recovery of Jaunpur | 234 |
| Death of Buhlūl and accession of Sikandar | 235 |
| Suppression of Bārbak's rebellion in Jaunpur | 236 |
| Suppression of Hindu rebellion in Jaunpur | 237 |
| Invasion of Bihār and Tirhut | 238 |
| Turbulence of the nobles | 239 |
| Bigotry of Sikandar | 240 |
| Capture of Dholpur | 241 |
| Campaign against Gwalior | 242 |
| Submission of Nāgaur | 244 |
| Intervention in the affairs of Mālwa | 245 |
| Death of Sikandar. His character | 246 |
| Accession of Ibrāhīm | 246 |
| Rebellion of Jalāl Khān Lodī | 247 |
| Collapse of Jalāl Khān's rebellion. His death | 248 |
| Suppression of the rebellion of the Afghān nobles | 249 |
| Disaffection of Daulat Khān Lodī | 250 |
| Defeat and death of Ibrāhīm at Pānīpat | 250 |
v3.c9.12
CHAPTER X
v3.c9.13
THE KINGDOM OF JAUNPUR
v3.c9.14
| | PAGE |
| Malik Sarvar establishes his independence in Jaunpur . . . . . | 251 |
| Death of Sarvar and accession of Ibrāhīm . . . . . . | 251 |
| Death of Ibrāhīm and accession of Mahmūd . . . . . | 252 |
| War between Jaunpur and Mālwa . . . . . . . | 253 |
| Death of Mahmūd and accession of Muhammad . . . . . | 254 |
| Death of Muhammad and accession of Husain . . . . . | 255 |
| Invasion of Orissa . . . . . . . . . | 255 |
| Invasion of Delhi . . . . . . . . . | 256 |
| Husain is defeated by Bahlūl . . . . . . . | 257 |
| Husain flees to Bengal . . . . . . . . | 258 |
| Review of the Sharqī dynasty of Jaunpur . . . . . . | 259 |
v3.c9.15
CHAPTER XI
v3.c9.16
THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL
v3.c9.17
By Lt.-Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
v3.c9.18
| Ancient divisions of Bengal . . . . . . . . | 260 |
| The house of Balban in Bengal . . . . . . . | 261 |
| Tughluq restores the authority of Delhi . . . . . . | 262 |
| Successful revolt against Muhammad Tughluq . . . . . | 262 |
| Iliyās re-establishes the independence of Bengal . . . . . | 263 |
| Sikandar Shāh and Ghiyās-ud-dīn A‘zam . . . . . . | 264 |
| Character of Ghiyās-ud-dīn A‘zam . . . . . . . | 265 |
| Raja Ganesh . . . . . . . . . . | 266 |
| Jalāl-ud-dīn Muhammad . . . . . . . . | 267 |
| Assassination of Fath Shāh and accession of Bārbak . . . . | 268 |
| Assassination of Bārbak and accession of Fīrūz . . . . . | 269 |
| Death of Fīrūz and accession of Mahmūd . . . . . . | 270 |
| Assassination of Mahmūd and accession of Muzaffar . . . . | 270 |
| Death of Muzaffar and accession of Husain . . . . . | 270 |
| Extension of the frontiers of Bengal . . . . . . . | 271 |
| Death of Husain and accession of Nusrat . . . . . . | 272 |
| Effects of Bābur’s invasion on Bengal . . . . . . | 272 |
| The Portuguese in Bengal . . . . . . . . | 273 |
| Assassination of Nusrat and accession of Fīrūz . . . . . | 273 |
| Assassination of Fīrūz and accession of Mahmūd . . . . . | 273 |
| Sher Khān assumes the royal title in Bengal . . . . . | 274 |
| Humāyūn invades Bengal and occupies Gaur . . . . . | 275 |
| Humāyūn retires and is compelled to recognize Sher Khān as Sovereign of Bengal . . . . . . . . . . | 275 |
| Sher Shāh remodels the administration . . . . . . | 276 |
| General character of the Muslim kings of Bengal . . . . . | 276 |
Chapter XII
v3.c10.1
THE KINGDOM OF KASHMĪR
v3.c10.2
| | PAGE |
| Introduction of Islam into Kashmīr by Shāh Mīrzā | 277 |
| Accession and deposition of Jamshīd | 277 |
| Accession of ‘Alā-ud-dīn | 277 |
| Death of ‘Alā-ud-dīn and accession of Shihāb-ud-dīn | 278 |
| Death of Shihāb-ud-dīn and accession of Qutb-ud-dīn | 278 |
| Death of Qutb-ud-dīn and accession of Sikandar | 279 |
| Persecuting zeal of Sikandar the Iconoclast | 280 |
| Death of Sikandar and accession of ‘Alī Shāh | 280 |
| Accession of Zain-ul-‘Ābidīn | 281 |
| Tolerance, benevolence and enlightenment of Zain-ul-‘Ābidīn | 282 |
| Strife between the sons of Zain-ul-‘Ābidīn | 283 |
| Death of Zain-ul-‘Ābidīn and accession of Haidar Shāh | 284 |
| Death of Haidar and accession of Hasan | 285 |
| Death of Hasan and accession of Muhammad | 285 |
| Deposition of Muhammad and accession of Fath Shāh | 285 |
| The *Nūr-Bakhsh* Sect | 286 |
| Restoration of Muhammad | 287 |
| Restoration and second deposition of Fath Shāh | 287 |
| Second restoration of Muhammad | 287 |
| Third deposition of Muhammad and accession of Ibrāhīm | 287 |
| Death of Ibrāhīm and accession of Nāzuk Shāh | 287 |
| Third restoration of Muhammad | 287 |
| Death of Muhammad and restoration of Nāzuk Shāh | 288 |
| Conquest of Kashmīr by Mīrzā Haidar | 288 |
| Expulsion of the Foreigners and restoration of Nāzuk | 289 |
| Deposition of Nāzuk and enthronement of Ibrāhīm II | 289 |
| Deposition of Ibrāhīm II and enthronement of Ismā‘īl | 289 |
| Death of Ismā‘īl and accession of Habīb Shāh | 289 |
| Deposition of Habīb and usurpation of Ghāzī Chakk | 290 |
| Abdication of Ghāzī Shāh and accession of Husain | 290 |
| Abdication of Husain and accession of ‘Alī Shāh | 291 |
| Death of ‘Alī Shāh and accession of Yūsuf | 292 |
| Expulsion of Yūsuf, and his recovery of his throne | 292 |
| Invasion of Kashmīr by Bhagwān Dās | 293 |
| Annexation of Kashmīr by Akbar | 293 |
v3.c10.3
CHAPTER XIII
v3.c10.4
GUJARĀT AND KHĀNDESH
v3.c10.5
By Professor Sir E. Denison Ross, C.I.E., Ph.D., Director of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, and Professor of Persian
v3.c10.6
| Establishment of the independence of Khāndesh and Gujarāt | 294 |
| Muzaffar I of Gujarāt | 295 |
| Death of Muzaffar I and accession of Ahmad | 296 |
| Death of Rāja Ahmad of Khāndesh | 296 |
| Accession of Nasīr Khān in Khāndesh | 297 |
| Invasion of Gujarāt by Hūshang Shāh of Mālwa | 297 |
| Invasion of Mālwa by Ahmad I of Gujarāt | 298 |
v3.c10.7
| | PAGE |
| War between Gujarāt and the Deccan . . . . . . | 299 |
| Death of Nasīr Khān of Khāndesh and accession of ‘Ādil Khān I . . | 300 |
| Death of ‘Ādil Khān I and accession of ‘Ādil Khān II . . . . | 300 |
| Invasion of Gujarāt by Mahmūd I of Mālwa . . . . . | 301 |
| Defeat of the army of Gujarāt by Rānā Kūmbha . . . . . | 302 |
| Qutb-ud-dīn of Gujarāt invades the Rānā's territory . . . . | 303 |
| Death of Qutb-ud-dīn and accession of Dāūd . . . . . | 303 |
| Deposition of Dāūd and enthronement of Mahmūd Begarha . . . | 304 |
| Mahmūd Begarha marches to the aid of Nizām Shāh of the Deccan . . | 304 |
| Mahmūd's invasion of Sorath . . . . . . . . | 305 |
| Invasion of Sind by Mahmūd Begarha . . . . . . | 307 |
| Conspiracy against Mahmūd Begarha . . . . . . | 308 |
| Mahmūd besieges Chāmpāner . . . . . . . . | 309 |
| Capture of Chāmpāner . . . . . . . . . | 310 |
| Depredations of the pirate, Bahādur Gīlānī . . . . . | 311 |
| Defeat of the Portuguese fleet off Chaul . . . . . . | 312 |
| War of accession in Khāndesh . . . . . . . | 313 |
| Accession of ‘Ādil Khān III in Khāndesh . . . . . . | 314 |
| Death of Mahmūd Begarha. His character . . . . . | 315 |
| Defeat of the Egyptian fleet by the Portuguese off Diū . . . . | 316 |
| Designs of Muzaffar II of Gujarāt on Mālwa . . . . . | 317 |
| Campaign in Īdar . . . . . . . . . . | 319 |
| Massacre of the Rājputs in Māndū . . . . . . . | 319 |
| Muzaffar II invades the territories of the Rānā . . . . . | 320 |
| Flight of Bahādur, Muzaffar's second son, from Gujarāt . . . . | 321 |
| Death of Muzaffar II. Disputed succession in Gujarāt . . . . | 322 |
| Enthronement of Bahādur in Gujarāt . . . . . . | 323 |
| War between Gujarāt and Ahmadnagar . . . . . . | 324 |
| Bahādur retires from the Deccan . . . . . . . | 325 |
| Dispute between Bahādur and Mahmūd II of Mālwa . . . . | 326 |
| Conquest of Mālwa by Bahādur . . . . . . . | 327 |
| Completion of the conquest of Mālwa . . . . . . | 328 |
| Rupture between Humāyūn and Bahādur . . . . . . | 329 |
| Capture of Chitor . . . . . . . . . . | 330 |
| Defeat of Bahādur by Humāyūn . . . . . . . | 331 |
| Invasion of Gujarāt by Humāyūn . . . . . . . | 332 |
| Humāyūn is recalled from Gujarāt by events in Hindūstān . . . | 333 |
| Death of Bahādur at Diū . . . . . . . . | 334 |
| Accession of Muhammad Shāh of Khāndesh to the throne of Gujarāt . | 335 |
| Death of Muhammad and accession of Mahmūd III . . . . | 335 |
| The Egyptian fleet and the army of Gujarāt besiege the Portuguese in Diū . . . . . | 336 |
| Raising of the siege of Diū . . . . . . . . | 337 |
| Mahmūd III frees himself from Daryā Khān . . . . . | 338 |
| Overthrow of ‘Ālam Khān . . . . . . . . | 339 |
| Defeat of the army of Gujarāt by the Portuguese . . . . | 340 |
| Successes of the Portuguese . . . . . . . . | 341 |
| Death of Mahmūd III . . . . . . . . . | 342 |
| Accession of Ahmad II . . . . . . . . . | 343 |
| Death of Ahmad II . . . . . . . . . | 344 |
| Accession of Muzaffar III . . . . . . . . | 345 |
| Civil war in Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 346 |
| Akbar invades Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 347 |
| Akbar annexes Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 348 |
v3.c10.8
CHAPTER XIV
v3.c10.9
THE KINGDOM OF MĀLWA
v3.c10.10
| | PAGE |
| Dilāvar Khān establishes his independence in Mālwa | 349 |
| Death of Dilāvar Khān and accession of Hūshang | 349 |
| Invasion of Mālwa by Muzaffar I of Gujarāt | 349 |
| Hūshang's two invasions of Gujarāt | 350 |
| Hūshang's expedition to Orissa | 351 |
| Death of Hūshang and accession of Muhammad Shāh | 352 |
| Mahmūd Khaljī usurps the throne | 353 |
| Mahmūd's expedition to Delhi | 354 |
| Mahmūd invades the dominions of Rānā Kūmbha | 355 |
| Mahmūd's second invasion of the Rānā's dominions | 356 |
| Mahmūd's two invasions of Gujarāt | 356 |
| Mahmūd's invasion of the Deccan | 356 |
| Mahmūd recovers Ajmer from the Rāna | 357 |
| Mahmūd invades the Deccan but is compelled to retreat | 358 |
| Mahmūd's third invasion of the Deccan | 358 |
| Kherla is captured by the army of the Deccan but recovered by Mālwa | 359 |
| Death of Mahmūd I. His character | 360 |
| Accession of Ghiyās-ud-dīn | 361 |
| Folly of Ghiyās-ud-dīn | 362 |
| Fratricidal strife between Ghiyās-ud-dīn's sons | 363 |
| Accession of Nāsir-ud-dīn | 364 |
| Death of Nāsir-ud-dīn and accession of Mahmūd II | 365 |
| Predominance of the Rājputs in Mālwa | 366 |
| Revolt of Bihjat Khān of Chanderī | 367 |
| Mahmūd II flees from the Rājputs and takes refuge with Muzaffar of Gujarāt | 368 |
| Mahmūd II is defeated by the Rānā, Sangrama | 368 |
| Bahādur Shāh of Gujarāt annexes Mālwa | 369 |
| Shujā'at Khān appointed viceroy of Mālwa by Sher Shāh | 370 |
| Annexation of Mālwa by Akbar | 371 |
v3.c10.11
CHAPTER XV
v3.c10.12
THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN, a.d. 1347-1436
v3.c10.13
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c10.14
| Bahman Shāh establishes his independence in the Deccan | 372 |
| Consolidation of the kingdom by Bahman | 373 |
| Suppression of a revolt and establishment of Gulbarga as the capital | 374 |
| Division of the Deccan into four provinces | 375 |
| Death of Bahman Shāh and accession of Muhammad I | 376 |
| Administration of the kingdom | 377 |
| The rise of Vijayanagar | 377 |
| Muhammad I issues a gold currency | 378 |
| War with Kānhayya of Warangal | 380 |
| First war with Vijayanagar | 381 |
| Peace with Vijayanagar | 382 |
v3.c10.15
| | PAGE |
| Suppression of the rebellion of Bahrām . | 382 |
| The great mosque of Gulbarga . | 383 |
| Death of Muhammad I and accession of Mujāhid . | 383 |
| Second war with Vijayanagar . | 383 |
| Assassination of Mujāhid and accession of Dāūd . | 384 |
| Assassination of Dāūd and accession of Muhammad II . | 384 |
| Famine in the Deccan . | 385 |
| Rebellion of Bahā-ud-dīn of Sāgar . | 385 |
| Death of Muhammad II and accession of Ghiyās-ud-dīn . | 386 |
| Deposition of Ghiyās-ud-dīn and accession of Shams-ud-dīn . | 386 |
| Deposition of Shams-ud-dīn and accession of Fīrūz . | 387 |
| Third war with Vijayanagar . | 387 |
| The exploit of Qāzī Sirāj-ud-dīn . | 388 |
| Defeat of the Hindus . | 389 |
| War with the Gonds of Kherla . | 390 |
| Mission sent by Fīrūz to Tīmūr and its results . | 391 |
| The goldsmith's daughter of Mudgal . | 391 |
| Fourth war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus . | 392 |
| Expeditions into Gondwāna and Telingāna . | 393 |
| Fifth war with Vijayanagar, and defeat of Fīrūz . | 394 |
| Abdication and death of Fīrūz and accession of Ahmad . | 395 |
| Sixth war with Vijayanagar . | 396 |
| Defeat of the Hindus and massacres in the Vijayanagar kingdom . | 397 |
| Peace with Vijayanagar. Famine in the Deccan . | 398 |
| Expeditions to Warangal and Māhūr . | 399 |
| War between the Deccan and Mālwa . | 399 |
| Defeat of Hūshang Shāh of Mālwa . | 400 |
| Ahmad I selects Bīdar as his capital . | 400 |
| War between the Deccan and Gujarāt . | 401 |
| Kherla is annexed by Mālwa . | 402 |
| Death of Ahmad I . | 402 |
| The "Foreign" question in the Deccan . | 403 |
v3.c10.16
CHAPTER XVI
v3.c10.17
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE DECCAN, A.D. 1436-1490
v3.c10.18
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c10.19
| Accession of 'Alā-ud-dīn Ahmad II . | 405 |
| Expedition to Vijayanagar and the Konkan . | 405 |
| War with Khāndesh . | 406 |
| Seventh war with Vijayanagar. Defeat of the Hindus . | 407 |
| Unsuccessful expedition into the Konkan . | 408 |
| Massacre of the Foreigners by the Deccanis . | 409 |
| Rebellion of Jalāl Khān . | 409 |
| Death of 'Alā-ud-dīn Ahmad II and accession of Humāyūn . | 410 |
| Rebellion of Sikandar Khān and Jalāl Khān . | 410 |
| Humāyūn the Tyrant . | 411 |
| Death of Humāyūn and accession of Nizām Shāh . | 412 |
| Mahmūd I of Mālwa invades the Deccan . | 413 |
| Retreat of the army of Mālwa . | 413 |
| Second invasion of the Deccan by Mahmūd I of Mālwa . | 413 |
| Death of Nizām Shāh and accession of Muhammad III . | 413 |
v3.c10.20
Rise of Mahmūd Gāvān to power. . . . . . . . . 414 War in the Konkan and Orissa . . . . . . . . 415 Foreigners and Deccanis . . . . . . . . . 416 Famine in the Deccan . . . . . . . . . 417 Campaign in Telingāna. . . . . . . . . 417 Invasion of the Carnatic . . . . . . . . 418 The subdivision of the Four Provinces . . . . . . . 419 Murder of Mahmūd Gāvān . . . . . . . . 420 Disaffection of the provincial governors . . . . . . 421 Death of Muhammad III and accession of Mahmūd . . . . 422 Contest between Foreigners and Deccanis. . . . . . . 423 Decline of the royal authority . . . . . . . . 423 Death of Malik Nāib, leader of the Deccanis . . . . . . 424 Partition of the kingdom . . . . . . . . . 425 Qāsim Barīd becomes regent . . . . . . . . 426 Rebellion of Bahādur Gīlānī. . . . . . . . . 427 Strife between the provincial governors . . . . . . 428 Strife between Sunnīs and Shiahs . . . . . . . 429 Mahmūd attempts to regain his freedom . . . . . . 430 Last days of the Bahmanī dynasty . . . . . . . 431 Extinction of the Bahmanī dynasty . . . . . . . 432
v3.c10.21
CHAPTER XVII
v3.c10.22
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN, A.D. 1527-1599
v3.c10.23
By Lt.-Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
v3.c10.24
The Five Kingdoms—Bījāpur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda, Berar, and Bīdar . . . . . . . . . 433 Events in Bījāpur and Ahmadnagar . . . . . . . 434 War between Ahmadnagar and Berar . . . . . . . 435 War between Vijayanagar and Bījāpur . . . . . . 435 Bahādur of Gujarāt invades the Deccan . . . . . . 436 Ismā‘īl ‘Ādil Shāh captures Bīdar . . . . . . . 437 Ismā‘īl ‘Ādil Shāh recovers the Rāichūr Doāb . . . . . 437 War between Bījāpur and Ahmadnagar . . . . . . 438 Death of Ismā‘īl and accession of Ibrāhīm ‘Ādil Shāh I . . . . 439 War between Bījāpur and Vijayanagar . . . . . . 439 The Shiah religion established in Ahmadnagar . . . . . 440 Assassination of Sultān Qulī Qutb Shāh of Golconda and accession of Jamshīd Qutb Shāh . . . . . . . . . 440 Bījāpur invaded by the armies of Vijayanagar, Ahmadnagar, and Golconda . . . . . . . . . 441 Plot to place ‘Abdullāh on the throne of Bījāpur supported by the Portuguese . . . . . . . . . 441 Burhān Nizām Shāh renews his alliance with Vijayanagar . . . 442 Death of Jamshīd Qutb Shāh and accession of Subhān Qulī. Deposition of Subhān Qulī and accession of Ibrāhīm . . . . 443 War between Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur . . . . . . 443 War between Bījāpur and the Portuguese . . . . . . 444 Death of Ibrāhīm I and accession of ‘Alī ‘Ādil Shāh I . . . . 444 Confederacy against Ahmadnagar . . . . . . . 445 Arrogance of the Raja of Vijayanagar . . . . . . 446
v3.c10.25
| | PAGE |
| Muslim confederacy against Vijayanagar | 447 |
| War between the confederacy and Vijayanagar | 448 |
| The battle of Talikota | 449 |
| Defeat of the Hindus and destruction of Vijayanagar | 450 |
| Death of Husain I and accession of Murtazā Nizām Shāh I | 450 |
| War between Bījāpur and Ahmadnagar | 451 |
| Confederacy against the Portuguese. Its discomfiture | 452 |
| Invasion of Berar by Murtazā Nizām Shāh I | 453 |
| Annexation of Berar by Ahmadnagar | 454 |
| Intrigues between Golconda and Ahmadnagar against Bījāpur | 455 |
| Campaign in Berar | 456 |
| Rebellion of Burhān, brother of Murtazā Nizām Shāh | 457 |
| Death of ‘Alī I and accession of Ibrāhīm ‘Ādil Shāh II | 458 |
| War between Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur | 458 |
| Troubles in Bījāpur and imprisonment of Chānd Bībī | 459 |
| Bījāpur is besieged by the armies of Ahmadnagar and Golconda. The siege is raised | 460 |
| Death of Murtazā and accession of Husain Nizām Shāh II | 461 |
| Death of Husain II and accession of Ismā‘īl Nizām Shāh | 461 |
| Burhān Nizām Shāh II, countenanced by Akbar, attempts to return to Ahmadnagar. His discomfiture | 461 |
| Battle of Rohankhed. Deposition of Ismā‘īl and accession of Burhān Nizām Shāh II | 462 |
| Burhān unsuccessfully attacks the Portuguese in Chaul | 462 |
| Death of Burhān II and accession of Ibrāhīm Nizām Shāh | 463 |
| Death of Ibrāhīm Nizām Shāh. Civil war in Ahmadnagar | 463 |
| A faction in Ahmadnagar appeals to Sultān Murād, son of Akbar | 463 |
| Appeal to Ibrāhīm ‘Ādil Shāh II | 464 |
| Sultān Murād and the Khān Khānān besiege Ahmadnagar | 464 |
| The siege is raised and Berar is ceded to Akbar | 465 |
| Renewal of hostilities between Ahmadnagar and the Empire | 465 |
| Murder of Chānd Bībī. Ahmadnagar is captured by Sultān Dāniyāl, Akbar's youngest son | 466 |
Chapter XVIII
v3.c11.1
HINDU STATES IN SOUTHERN INDIA, a.d. 1000–1565
v3.c11.2
By S. KRISHNASWAMI AYYANGAR, M.A., Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, and Fellow of the University of Madras
v3.c11.3
| Rāshtrakūtas, Cholas, and Chālukyas | 467 |
| Rājarāja Chola | 468 |
| Contest between the Cholas and the Chālukyas | 469 |
| Administration of the Southern Kingdoms | 470 |
| The Hoysalas | 471 |
| Contest between the Cholas and the Chālukyas | 472 |
| Vikramāditya Chālukya | 473 |
| Ballāla Hoysala I | 474 |
| Conquests of the Hoysalas | 475 |
| Supremacy of the Hoysalas in the Mysore territory | 476 |
| Decline of the Chālukyas | 477 |
| The Kākatiyas of Warangal | 478 |
v3.c11.4
The Yādavas of Deogīr. Vīra Ballāla II . . . . . . 479 Formal assumption of independence by Vīra Ballāla II . . . . 480 The Pāndyas . . . . . . . . . 481 Hoysala encroachments on the Chola kingdom . . . . . 482 Somesvara Hoysala . . . . . . . . 483 Invasion of the Hoysala kingdom by the Yādavas . . . . . 484 The four kingdoms of the South, Yādavas, Hoysalas, Kākatiyas, and Pāndyas . . . . . . . . . 485 Invasion of the Yādava kingdom by the Muslims . . . . . 486 Malik Kāfūr's campaigns in the Deccan and the Peninsula . . . 487 Conquests of Muhammad Tughluq . . . . . . 488 Foundation of the Vijayanagar State . . . . . . . 489 The Muhammadan kingdom of Madura . . . . . . 490 Wars between the Bahmanī kingdom and Vijayanagar . . . . 490 First Dynasty of Vijayanagar . . . . . . . . 491 Magnificence of Vijayanagar . . . . . . . . 492 Alliance between Orissa and the Deccan against Vijayanagar . . . 493 Usurpation of Virupaksha in Vijayanagar, and his deposition by Sāluva Narasimha . . . . . . . . . 494 Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar . . . . . . . 495 War between Vijayanagar and Orissa . . . . . . 496 Failure of the attempt of the Muslims to recover the Rāichūr Doāb . . 497 Usurpation of the 'Mad' Tirumala in Vijayanagar . . . . . 498 Fall of Vijayanagar . . . . . . . . . 499
Chapter XIX
v3.c12.1
SIND AND MULTĀN
v3.c12.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c12.3
Review of the history of Sind . . . . . . . . 500 Sammas and Arghūns . . . . . . . . 501 Tarkhāns . . . . . . . . . . 502 The Langāhs of Multān . . . . . . . . 503 Civil war in Multān . . . . . . . . . 504 Multān recovered by Kāmrān, brother of Humāyūn . . . . 505
Chapter XX
v3.c13.1
THE NATIVE STATES OF NORTHERN INDIA FROM A.D. 1000 TO 1526
v3.c13.2
By Lt.-Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig
v3.c13.3
The Hindu Shāhīs and the Punjāb . . . . . . . 506 Ajmer, Delhi, Chitor, Kanauj, Jijhoti, Chedi, Mālwa, Bengal, and Kāmarūpa . . . . . . . . . 507 The Solankīs of Gujarāt . . . . . . . . 508 Kanauj and Delhi . . . . . . . . . 509 Chedi, Mālwa, and Chitor . . . . . . . . 510 The Pālas and Senas of Bengal . . . . . . . 511 The Chauhāns and the Gaharwārs. The two battles of Tarāorī . . 512 Extinction of the Gaharwārs. The conquest of Bihār . . . . 513
v3.c13.4
| | PAGE |
| Kāmarūpa, or Assam | 514 |
| Decline of the Chandels | 514 |
| Ranthambhor | 515 |
| Invasion of Mālwa by Iltutmish. Independence of the Chauhāns in Ranthambhor | 516 |
| Conquest of Ranthambhor and Gujarāt by the Muslims | 517 |
| Chāmpāner, Sirohī, and Cutch | 518 |
| Surāshtra, or Sorath | 519 |
| The Gahlots of Chitor | 520 |
| The Rāhtors of Mārwār | 521 |
| Conquests of Chonda, the Rāhtor. His death | 522 |
| Rāhtor influence in Mewār. The Rāhtors of Baglāna | 523 |
| Legends of the Gahlots, or Sesodias, of Mewār | 524 |
| Capture of Chitor by ‘Alā-ud-dīn Khaljī and its recovery by the Sesodias | 525 |
| Kshetra, or Khet Singh, of Mewār | 526 |
| Expulsion of the Rāhtors from Mewār | 527 |
| Kūmbha Rānā of Mewār | 528 |
| Sangrama of Mewār | 529 |
| The Battle of Khānua. Death of Sangrama and accession of Ratan Singh II. Death of Ratan Singh and accession of Vikramāditya | 530 |
| The Jādons of Jaisalmer | 531 |
| Legendary siege of Jaisalmer by ‘Alā-ud-dīn Khaljī | 532 |
| The fortress of Gwalior | 533 |
| The Kachhwāhas of Amber and Jaipur | 534 |
| Gondwāna | 534 |
| Gond kingdoms | 535 |
| Garha-Katanga, or Garha-Mandla; Deogarh; Kherla; and Chānda | 536 |
| The kingdom of Chānda | 537 |
| The Gond kingdoms compared | 538 |
Chapter XXI
v3.c14.1
BURMA, 1287–1531. THE PERIOD OF SHĀN IMMIGRATION
v3.c14.2
By G. E. HARVEY, Indian Civil Service
v3.c14.3
| Decline in Burmese culture owing to Shān immigration | 539 |
| The kingdom of Āva | 540 |
| The Three Shān Brothers | 541 |
| Minkyiswasawke | 542 |
| Razadarit of Pegu | 543 |
| Arakan, Toungoo, and Pegu. Minrekyawswa | 544 |
| Ava and Pegu | 545 |
| Defeat and death of Minrekyawswa | 546 |
| Nicolo de’ Conti | 547 |
| The Ruby Mine State. Chinese trade on the Irrawaddy | 548 |
| Burmese literature | 549 |
| Massacres of monks in Āva. Decline of the kingdom | 550 |
| The kingdom of Pegu | 551 |
| Razadarit takes Pegu, Bassein, and Myaungmya | 552 |
| Razadarit puts his son, Bawlawkyantaw, to death | 553 |
| Death of Razadarit | 553 |
| “The Old Queen,” Shinsawbu | 554 |
v3.c14.4
Revival of religion . . . . . . . . . 555 Takayutpi, last king of Pegu . . . . . . . . 556 Talaings. Portuguese trade . . . . . . . . 556 Toungoo . . . . . . . . . . 557 Influx of Burmans into Toungoo . . . . . . . . 558
Chapter XXII
v3.c15.1
CEYLON, A.D. 1215-1527
v3.c15.2
By DON MARTINO DE ZILVA WICKREMASINGHE, Professor of Tamil in the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
v3.c15.3
Kalinga Vijaya-Bāhu, the invader . . . . . . . 559 Parakkama-Bāhu II expels the invaders from Ceylon . . . . 560 Reign of Parakkama-Bāhu II . . . . . . . 561 Bhuvaneka-Bāhu I, Parakkama-Bāhu III, Bhuvaneka-Bāhu II, Parakkama-Bāhu IV, and Bhuvaneka-Bāhu III . . . . 562 Bhuvaneka-Bāhu IV, Parakkama-Bāhu V, Vikkama-Bāhu III, Ārya Chakravarti of Jaffna, Bhuvaneka-Bāhu V . . . . 563 Overthrow of the Tamil, Ārya Chakravarti . . . . . 564 Chinese invasion . . . . . . . . . 565 Parakkama-Bāhu VI . . . . . . . . 565 Jaya-Bāhu II, Bhuvaneka-Bāhu VI, Parakkama-Bāhu VII, Parakkama-Bāhu VIII . . . . . . . . 566 Parakkama-Bāhu IX. Arrival of the Portuguese . . . . 567
v3.c15.4
CHAPTER XXIII
v3.c15.5
THE MONUMENTS OF MUSLIM INDIA
v3.c15.6
By Sir JOHN MARSHALL, C.I.E., M.A., Litt.D., Ph.D., Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India
v3.c15.7
Influence of India and of Islam on Indo-Islamic Art . . . . 568 Local styles of Muhammadan architecture . . . . . . 569 Hindu and Muslim art . . . . . . . . 570 Union of strength and grace in Indo-Islamic architecture . . . 571 Influence of Hindu on Muslim art . . . . . . . 572 The Delhi group of Islamic monuments . . . . . . 573 Persian architecture . . . . . . . . 574 Monuments at Ghaznī . . . . . . . . 575 The Quwwat-ul-Islām mosque . . . . . . . 576 The Qutb Mīnār . . . . . . . . . 578 Sultān Ghārī . . . . . . . . . 580 Arhāī-din-kā-Jhompra at Ajmer . . . . . . . 581 Appearance of the true arch . . . . . . . 582 Jamā'at Khāna Masjid and 'Alāī Darvāza . . . . . 583 Defences of Sīrī . . . . . . . . . 584
v3.c15.8
| | PAGE |
| Tughluqābād . . . . . . . . . | 585 |
| Public works of Fīrūz Shāh . . . . . . . | 587 |
| Monotony of the architecture of the Tughluqs . . . . | 589 |
| Fīrūzābād . . . . . . . . . | 590 |
| College and tomb of Fīrūz Shāh . . . . . . | 591 |
| Tomb of Tilangānī . . . . . . . . | 592 |
| The Lāl Gumbad . . . . . . . . | 593 |
| Tombs of the Sayyids . . . . . . . | 594 |
| Tombs of the Lodī period . . . . . . . | 595 |
| The Moth-kī-Masjid . . . . . . . . | 596 |
| Multān . . . . . . . . . . | 597 |
| Bengal . . . . . . . . . . | 599 |
| The buildings of Gaur . . . . . . . . | 601 |
| The Ādīna Masjid of Pāndua . . . . . . . | 602 |
| Buildings of Sikandar Shāh's reign and the Eklākhī tomb at Pāndua . | 603 |
| The Dākhil Darwāza at Gaur . . . . . . | 604 |
| The Tāntipāra mosque . . . . . . . | 605 |
| The Gunmant mosque . . . . . . . | 606 |
| The monuments of Husain Shāh . . . . . . | 607 |
| Gujarāt . . . . . . . . . | 608 |
| The Jāmi‘ Masjid at Cambay. Ahmadābād, Songarh, Dohad, and Ahmadnagar . . . . . . . . . | 609 |
| The Jāmi‘ Masjid of Ahmadābād. . . . . . | 610 |
| Tombs of the kings at Sarkhej . . . . . . | 611 |
| Mahmūd Begarha . . . . . . . . | 612 |
| Chāmpāner . . . . . . . . . | 613 |
| The step-wells of Gujarāt . . . . . . . | 614 |
| The minarets of Gujarāt . . . . . . . | 615 |
| Mosque of Siddī Sayyid . . . . . . . | 616 |
| Dhār and Mānadū . . . . . . . . | 617 |
| The Hindolā Mahall and Jāmi‘ Masjid at Mānadū . . . | 619 |
| Tomb of Hūshang . . . . . . . . | 620 |
| The Jahāz Mahall . . . . . . . . | 621 |
| Bayāna and Nāgaur . . . . . . . | 622 |
| Fathābād and Chanderī . . . . . . . | 623 |
| Badaun . . . . . . . . . | 624 |
| Īrich and Kālpī . . . . . . . . | 625 |
| Jaunpur . . . . . . . . . | 626 |
| The Jhanjhrī Masjid, the Lāl Darwāza, and the Jāmi‘ Masjid at Jaunpur . . . . . . . . . | 627 |
| The Deccan . . . . . . . . . | 629 |
| Daulatābād . . . . . . . . . | 630 |
| Gāwilgarh, Narnāla, Māhūr, and the fortresses of the Deccan . . | 631 |
| Bīdar and Parenda . . . . . . . . | 632 |
| Narnāla. Gulbarga . . . . . . . . | 633 |
| The Jāmi‘ Masjid of Gulbarga . . . . . . | 634 |
| Bīdar . . . . . . . . . . | 635 |
| The College of Mahmūd Gāvān. The Solā Khamb Mosque, and the Gāgan, Tarkash, Chīnī, and Nagīna Mahalls . . . | 636 |
| Berar, Bīdar, Bījāpur, and Golconda. Khāndesh . . . | 637 |
| Kashmīr . . . . . . . . . | 638 |
| The Jāmi‘ Masjid at Srīnagar . . . . . . | 639 |
| The mosque of Shāh Hamadān . . . . . . | 640 |
v3.c15.9
| | | | PAGE |
| Bibliographies | . . . . . . . . . . . | . | 641 |
| Chronology | . . . . . . . . . . . | . | 664 |
| Index | . . . . . . . . . . . | . | 716 |
| Plates I—LI | . . . . . . . . . . . | . | *at end* |
List of Maps
v3.c16.1
| 1. India in 1022 | | *between pp. 16 and 17* |
| 2. India in 1236 | | *between pp. 64 and 65* |
| 3. India between 1318 and 1338 | | *between pp. 144 and 145* |
| 4. India in 1398 | | *between pp. 192 and 193* |
| 5. India in 1525 | | *between pp. 240 and 241* |
| 6. The Five Kingdoms of the Deccan | | *between pp. 432 and 433* |
| 7. South India, about 1100 | | *between pp. 480 and 481* |
| 8. The Indian Empire and Ceylon | | *in pocket at end of volume* |
v3.c16.2
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