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Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c14.s2: Central India.

Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c14.s2

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Central India.

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P. 375 (327). Its Skr. name is मध्यदेश (Madhyadesa). It has been defined in the *Manusamhitâ* (II) as the land between the Himalayas (N) and the Vindhyas (S) and between the Sarasvatî (W) and Prayâga or Allahabad (E). The *Kûrmavibhâga* also follows this system. Its eastern boundary changed gradually. The *Kâvya-mîmâmsâ* (p. 93) giving Benares as the W. limit of Eastern India extends Madhyadesa up to that. The "Middle Country" of the Buddhist Literature (see Introduction) has been described here as the Central India of Y. Ch. Its eastern boundary was Pundravardhana ( पुण्ड्रवर्धन ). Y. Ch. described it as divided into 37 states. He refers to *Harshavardhana* as its emperor. Other kings mentioned by him are those of Pâryâtra (a Vaisya), Matipura (a non-Buddhist Sûdra), Nepal (Amsuvarman), Magadha (Pûrnavarman, the last descendant of Asoka), Ujjayini, Mahesvarapura and Chi-chi-to. The rulers of the last three states had been described as Brahmanas.

1. Sthâneswara.

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P. 376 (328). The Skr. name is *Sthânvisvara* from *Sthânu* (Siva) and *Isvara* (ईश्वर Lord). It was the capital of the state named *Srikantha-janapada* (श्रीकण्ठजनपद) [Bâna's Harsha Charita]. The founder of its royal family was *Pushyabhûti* whose illustrious descendant was *Harshavardhana* who transferred the capital to Kanauj. For Y. Ch.'s description of this state read Watters, Vol. I, p. 314. For its identification with *Sthuna*, the W. boundary of the Middle country, read Introduction.

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The country immediately around Thaneswar between the *Sarasvatî* (mod. Sarsuti) of Rigvedic fame and the *Drishadvatî* or Rigvedic *Asmanvatî* (अश्मन्वती) (mod. Râkshî; C. A. S. R. XIV, p. 88) is *Brahmâvarta* (Manu, II. 17-18) or *Kurukshetra* or the Holy land of the Kurus.

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The famous battle-field of Kurukshetra is situated on the S. side of Thaneswar, about 30 miles to the S. of Ambala and 40 miles N. of Panipat. (C. A. S. R., XIV, p. 86; this Report pp. 86-88, C. A. S. R. II, p. 212 and I. A., 1904, pp. 298-300 describe some three hundred places of pilgrimage connected with the Kuru-Pândava war).

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The kingdom of Kuru extended from the Sarasvatî to the Ganges, and was divided into three parts, Kurukshetra, the Kurus (*i.e.*, the country of the Kurus) and Kurujângala (the forest tract included in the kingdom) (M. Bh. Adi—p. 109, 1). Its southern boundary was Khândava खाण्डव (Taittirîya Aranyaka) so famous in Epic lore. Its capital in the Vedic age was *Asandîvant* which was probably identical with *Hastinâpur* or *Gajasâhvaya* repeatedly referred to in the Mahâbhârata. (Ray Chowdhuri's P. H. A. I. pp. 5-6) and traditionally identified with an old town in Mawâna tahsil, 22m. N. E. of Merat. (Fürher's Monts. Antiq. p. 10).

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P. 385 (336). Prithûdaka.—Referred to in the Kâvya-mîmâmsa (p. 93) as the boundary between Northern and Central India.

2. Bairât.

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P. 387 (337). Po-li-ye-to-lo (Pâryâtra); 3000 *li* in circuit, above 500 *li* W. of Mathurâ; over 800 *li* from Satadru (Y. Ch. I. 300-1). Cunningham takes it to be Bairât. But it is double of 800 *li* from Satadru. It is said to be so called because it was the capital of Virâta, King of the Matsyas. (Its antiquities described in C. A. S. R., II, 242-9; vi. p. 98). The country of the Matsyas (R(i)gveda VII. 18. 6; Gopatha Br. I. 2. 9) lay to the S. or S.W. of Indra-prastha (Sabhâ-P. XXX. 1105-6) and to the S. of Sûrasena सूरसेन or Mathurâ (Virâta-p, v. 141-5); it thus corresponds to mod. Alwar state and the land around that (portions of Jaypur and Bharatpur). Pargiter thinks that its capital was Upaplavya, 2 days' journey by chariot from Hastinâpura (M. Bh. Udyoga-p. lxxxiii, 3010-17). But according to *Nilakantha* (नीलकण्ठ) (M. Bh. IV. 72, 14) Upaplavya was "Virâta (विराट)-nagara-samîpastha-nagarântaram" (Rai Chaudhury, p. 29).

3. Srughna.

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P. 395 (345). The position of this country is fixed unmistakably by the specification that it was bounded on the N. by high mountains and on the E. by the Ganges, while the Jumna flowed through the midst of it. (Y. Ch. I. 318).

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It thus corresponds to the Dehra district with probably a part of the Saharanpur district and some of the hill-states abutting on the Dehra (Watters Y. Ch. II., p. 338).

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C. A. S. R., I. p. 245 ; II. 226-31 ; xiv. p. 134 describe the antiquity of Sugh which is not far from Kâlsi (30° 32' N. and 77° 53' E.) where exist fourteen Rock Edicts of Asoka.

4. Madâwar.

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P. 399 (348). *Matipura*.—Mo-ti-pu-lo, 6000 *li* in circuit ; from Su-lu-kin-na Y. Ch. proceeded to it by crossing to the E. bank of the river (Ganges). [Y. Ch. I. 322]. Watters transcribed it as *Matipura*. It is represented by the Bijnor district or the Eastern part of it. Mr. Watters rejects St. Martin's identification of the capital with Mandawar (29° 29' N, 78° 8' E ; extensive Buddhist ruins) 8 m. N. of Bijnor ; for it is to the S. E. of Srughna and to the S. of Gangâdvâra whereas Matipura was to the E. of them (Watters I., 322.)

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The first considerable affluent of the Ganges in the Bijnor district is the Malin (Imp. Gaz. Ind. VIII., p. 193)—the *Mâlinî* of Kâlidâsa's *Sakuntalâ*.

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P. 402 (351). *Mo-yu-lo* : *Mâyâpura*.—Mo-yu-lo (Mayûra) was in the N. W. of this district and on the East bank of the Ganges. Near the city and close to the Ganges was a large Deva-temple of many miracles and within its enclosure was a tank fed by an artificial passage from the Ganges. This was called the Ganges-Gate, a place of pilgrimage (Y. Ch. I. 328).

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Watters objects to Cunningham's identification of *Mo-yu-lo* with Mâyâpura or Hardwar on the ground that Mâyâpura cannot be the transcript of the Chinese name and that it is on the W. bank of the river, whereas Mo-yu-lo was on the E. side (Y. Ch. I., p. 329). But Cunningham has (anticipating this criticism) remarked that the town may have also been called *Mayûra-pura* as thousands of peacocks are to be found in the neighbourhood and the river may have changed its course. However it may be Mo-yu-lo was close to Hardwar (29° 58' N. and 78° 10' E.)

5. Brahmapura

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P. 407 (355). Brahmapura.—Po-lo-ki-mo-pu-lo 4000 li in circuit, 300 li N. "from this" (Mayûra or Matipura ?) [Y. Ch. I. 329.]

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Cunningham (supported by V. Smith) treats the N. as a mistake for N.E. (for N. will take Y. Ch. back again to Srughna) and finds Brahmapura (located in the N.E. division of the Kûrmavibhâga) in the districts of Gharwal and Kumaon. In these districts reigned the Katur or Katuria Râjâs connected with Kortripura of Samudra-Gupta's Allahabad Pillar Inscription (J. R. A. S., 1898, p. 199).

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6. GOVISANA.

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P. 409 (357). Watters (I, 331) transcribes it as Govisanna. Dr. Führer identified its capital with Vairat-pattan (29° 28' N. and 79° 11' E), the Brahmapura of Cunningham (Mons. Antiq. p. 49).

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7. AHICHCHHATRA.

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P. 412 (359). Epic Panchâla.—Bounded by Sub-Himalayan tribes (N. and N.E.), Kosala कोशल (E), Sûrasena शूरसेन, the junction of the Jumna and the Chambal and Kânyakubja (S) (Adi-P. CXXXVIII. 5512-3 ; Virâta-P. V. 144) ; and by Sûrasena and the Kurus (W) (Sabhâ-P. XXVIII. 1061 ; Bhîshma-P. IX. 346). Divided into two kingdoms by the Ganges ; Ahichchhatra was the capital of North Panchâla and Kâmpilya (Mod. Kampil in Farokhabad dist. U. P.; C.A.S.R., XI, pp. 11-13) was the capital of South Panchâla.

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Pratyagrathâs-tv-Ahichchhatrâh (Hemachandra's Abhidhânachintâmani, IV. 26 ‘Ahichchhatra was also called Pratyagratha’). Panchâla roughly corresponds to the Budaon, Furrukhabad and the adjoining districts of U.P. Vedic texts refer to an eastern and western division of the country. (Vedic Index, I. 469. In Epic Age it was divided into northern and southern Panchâlas as has already been stated).

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The Panchâlas were also called Krivi in the Saptapatha Brâhmana. The Krivis appear in the Rig Veda as settled on the Sindhu (Indus) and Asiknî (Chenab). The Panchâlas also included Turvasas, Kesins, and Srinjayas. Thus Panchâla seems to mean ‘a combination of five’ (Camb. H. I., p. 118 ; Raichaudhuri, P.H.A.I., pp. 31-2).

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The old name of Ahi-chhatra (Serpent-umbrella) is Adhichchhatra (preserved in an inscription ; Lüder's List of Brâhmî Inscriptions, Index) which is nearer to the Greek form of Adisdara (Adisadra ?) of Ptolemy (p. 133). At Râmanagar (which has been identified with Ahichchhatra) has been found a large number of Sunga (?) Coins. (C.A.S.R., I. pp. 255-65 ; J.A.S.B., 1880, p. 21).

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8. PI-LO-SHAN-NA.

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P. 417 (364).—About 260 li S ('E', one MS.) of Ahichchhatra and then crossing the Ganges and then S. ('S.W.', one MS.) (Y. Ch. I. 332). Watters transcribes it as Bhilasana.

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The city is Bilsar or Bilsand (Etah district, U. P.) where were discovered the inscribed pillars of Kumâragupta (415-6 A.D. Fleet's G. I. p. 42). (C.A.S.R. xi. pp. 13-22 ; Cunningham himself rejected the site of Atranjikhera).

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9. SÂNKÂSYA ( सांकाश्य ) KAPITHIKÂ.

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P. 423 (369).—Sânkâsya on the Ikshumatî was the capital of Kusadhvaja, the brother of Janaka. (Râmâyana, Bâlakânda, LXX). A sacred Buddhist place; Buddha descended here from the Trayastrimsa heaven (F. H., xvii ; 18 yojanas S.E. of Mathurâ). Some 200 li S.E. of Pi-lo-shan-na was Kah-pi-ta (Skr. Kapitthikâ of the Madhuvan plate of Harshavardhana ; E.I., vii, p. 157 ; Kâpitthaka of Varâhamihira ; J.R.A.S., 1897, p. 422) the old name of which was (according to a note added to the text of Y. Ch.) Seng-ka-she. (Sânkâsya ; Y. Ch. I. 333).

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Cunningham (C.A.S.R. I, p. 271 ; xi. p. 22) identifies it with Sankisa or Sankisa-Basantapur (27° 20' N. and 79° 16' E.) on the Ikshumatî (Furrukhabad district, U.P.), —a village on a mound of ruins. V. Smith does not believe in this identification. "The Elephant pillar at Sankisa cannot be the Lion-pillar seen by Y. Ch." He would look for it in the N.E. corner of the Ita district. (Watters, II, p. 338 ; I. A. 1909, p. 153-154 ; J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 508 F. N.).

10. Mathurâ.

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P. 427 (373).—It was the capital of Sûrasena शूरसेन, which was to the S. of Indraprastha (Sabhâ-P. XXX. 1105-6) and E. of Matsya (Virâta-P., V. 144-5); it extended from the Chambal to about 50 miles N. of Mathurâ. Madhu, king of the Daityas, and his son Lavana reigned here ; Satrughna, the brother of Râma, killed Lavana and built Madhurâ or Mathurâ which is its Paisâchî form. (Hari-V. LV. 3061-3 ; 3083-96 ; XCV 5243-7). A son of Satrughna was Sûrasena after whom the country is so called (Vâyu-Purâna). It subsequently passed into the hands of the Yâdavas. (Hari-V., XCV—5247-8).

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Mod. Mathurâ (27° 30' N. and 77° 41' E.), is not on the ancient spot ; it has moved to the N. owing to the encroachment of the river. Its antiquities—inscriptions of the Kushanas, Saka Saptras, Guptas, pillars, sculptures, Kanishka's statue, Jaina stupas at Kankâli etc.

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(C.A.S.R., III, plates I-XVI. A.S.I., N.I.S., Vol. XX ; An. R.A.S.I., 1911-12, part I, p. 14 &c.)

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P. 429 (375). *Clisobora* or *Klisoboras*.—Cunningham here transcribed it as *Kâlikâvarta* (identified with वृन्दावन 27° 33′ N. and 77° 42′ E.). But it is philologically impossible. Lassen transcribed it as *Kr(i)shnapura* (Ind. Alt , I., p. 127, n.3.) and that is the correct form. As for its location, Gokul, on the left bank of the Jumna and 5 miles S.S.E. of Mathurâ, has better claim. (Lassen located it at Agra. Cunningham identified it, in C.A.S.R., XX, p. 45, with *Kesavapura* Mahalla of Mathurâ.)

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11. KÂNYAKUBJA (Crooked maiden).

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P. 430 (376). It is so called because the Wind-God transformed, here, the 99 Kanyâs of its King, Kusanâbha, to Kubjas for scorning him. (Râmâyana). Mentioned in the Mahâ Bh. and the Mahâbhâshya. Ptolemy's *Kanogiza*? (Probably not ; J.R.A.S., 1908, p. 760). 200 *li* N.W. (correct "S.E." with text D., F.H., Cunningham and Watters) of Sânkâsya was *Ka-no-ku-she* or the "city of flowers" (Y. Ch. I. 35). The site of *Kânyakubja* is a fixed one. The correction of the direction shows that Sânkâsya has not been properly located.

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Kânyakubja was also called *Gâdhipura*, *Mahodaya* and *Kusasthala*. It was the capital of the (Guptas ?) Maukharis, Harsha Vardhana, Yasovarman (the patron of *Bhavabhûti*), Pratihâras and Gâhadavâlas. Mahmud of Ghazni plundered and destroyed it (1016-7 A.D.) ; the capital was then transferred to Bâri, 3 or 4 days march from Kanouj. (Alberuni, XVIII.)

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12. A-YU-TE.

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P. 438 (382).—5000 *li* in circuit ; from the neighbourhood of Navadevakula city ("Records"; from Kanouj—"l ife"), Y. Ch. travelled 600 *li* to the S.E., crossed the Ganges to the S. and reached *A-yu-te*. (Y. Ch. I. 354). *Navadevakula* has been identified with Newal (an ancient site where Dr. Hoey found Kushan coins) a little N. of Bangarman in Unao district, U. P. (C.A.S.R., XI., p. vi and J.A.S.B., 1900, p. 74).

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The name sounds like *Ayodhyâ* (1 m. from Fyzabad, U. P.), the capital of Kosala bounded by *Panchâla* (W), the *Sarpikâ* or *Syandikâ* (Sai) River (S), the *Sadânîrâ* (E) and Nepal hills (N). (Raichaudhuri, P.H.A.I., p. 48).

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But in making this identification Watters has to take Ganges to be a mistake for its affluent Ghogrâ. Other sites proposed: (1) Kakupur (C.A.S.R., I., p. 295) ; (2) Patanvihar (C.A.S.R., XI., pp. 54-6) ; (3) Asnî in Fatepur (Führer's Mons., Antiq., pp. 157-8) ; (4) Aphuni 29 m. S.E. of Fatepur, on the old road from Kanauj to Prayâga along which the pilgrim is travelling (V. Smith in Watters, Y. Ch. Vol. II.)

13. Ayomukhî ( अयॊमुखी )

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P. 443 (387).—This Skr. form is mentioned in the Kâsikâ commentary on Pânini (Section dealing with feminine suffixes). The state was Partabgarh and Rai Bareilly districts. (V. Smith in Watters, vol. II.). The city identified by Cunningham (C.A.S.R., XI., p. 68) with Tusaran Bihar (30 m. S.W. of Partabgarh).

14. Pryâga ( प्रयाग )

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P. 445 (388).—The holy place of *Gangâ-Yamunâ-sangama* ; a clearing in a forest, probably the *Kâlakavana*, the E. boundary of the land of the Aryans (Râmâyana, Ayodhyâ, LIV., LV.; my Introduction).

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In the midst of the city was a Deva temple in front of which was a large tree where the Hindus sacrificed their lives. (Y. Ch.) Cunningham (C.A.S.R., I., p. 297) takes the tree to be the Akshaya or Syâmavata, अक्षय or श्यामवट, (of Râmâyana) which is now situated within a dark subterranean chamber in the fort due N. from the Asoka pillar. In Y. Ch.'s time it was in the midst of the city, but now on the very brink of the river.

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15. KAUSÂMBÎ ( कौशाम्बी )

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P. 448 (391).—About 500 *li* S.W. from Prayâga (through a forest infested by wild elephants and other fierce animals) was Kiao-shang-mi : 6000 *li* in circuit. (Y. Ch. I., 365.)

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F. H. (who did not visit it) locates it 13 *yojanas* N.W. of the Deer Park (mod. Sarnath), (F. H. Chap. XXXIV). In Buddhist Literature it is sometimes mentioned with Srâvastî and Kosala. Hence Watters was inclined to place it to the *N.* of Prayâga. But the Epics indicate that the Jumnâ flowed through *Vatsa* (c. Kausâmbî—the capital of the descendants of Parîkshit after the destruction of Hastinâpura). Certain Buddhist texts also give the same indication. (Hardy's Manual of Buddhism, 2nd edn., p. 520).

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Cunningham located the capital at Kosam (an old village on the Jumnâ, 30 m. S. W. of Allahabad) which is still called Kausâmbî by the Jainas (C.A.S.R., I., 303 ; Führer's Mons., Antiq., p. 142, I.A., II., p. 244) and where are extensive ruins.

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As 30 m. is too short for 500 *li*, the location has been doubted; the country taken to be (1) Rewah (Major Vost, J.R.A.S., 1904, p. 249; Smith's objection, *ibid*, p. 545); (2) the district round the Buddhist ruins at Bharhut (V. Smith in J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 511); (3) the city to be searched for at the extremity of the Banda district to the N.E. of Ajaigarh (Watters II., 339).

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VATSA is referred to in Pâli literature as Vamsa (Rhys David's Buddhist India, p. 23), one of the sixteen countries. As Skr. TSA is changed into Pâli CHCHHA (cf. Matsya and Machchha), there is some difficulty in deriving Vamsa from Vatsa, though there is no doubt about their identity. So Vamsa seems to be derived from Vasa वश, which I take to be the old Vedic form of Vatsa. The Vasas of Vedic literature have been mentioned together with the Usinaras, Kuru-Panchalas and Matsyas and as such they can be identified with the Vamsas (वशादित्वात् नुम्) or Vatsas, a "t" being introduced on the analogy of Matsya.

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16. KUSAPURA.

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P. 456 (398).—Read C.A.S.R., I., p. 313 and Mons. Antiq., p. 329. Sites proposed: (1) Jhusi (Vost in J.R.A.S., 1903, p. 543); (2) ruins near Mohanlalganj, S. of Lucknow (V. Smith in J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 510).

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17. PI-SHO-KA.

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P. 459 (401).—Cunningham (C.A.S.R., I., p. 318), Dr. Hoey (J.A.S.R., 1900, p. 75), and Dr. Fuhrer (Mons., Antiq., p. 274; but his location is different, viz., Sanchankot in Unao) identify Pi-sho-ka (Skr. Visakha—Cunningham; Visoka—Watters) with Sha-che where F. H. (Chap. XIX) located a similar "tooth-stick-tree". Sha-che = Saketa or Ayodhya. (Note that Cunningham, in his Bhilsa Tope, p. 180, wrongly identified Sanchi with the capital of Sha-che).

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Watters objects to the identification of Pi-so-ka with Sa-che; for Sa-che was 3 yojanas S. then 3 yojanas S.E. of Kanauj and 8 yojanas N. of Sravasti (F. H. XVIII—XX), while Pi-so-ka was 500 li E. of Kausambi and 500 li S.W. of Sravasti (Y. Ch., I., p. 373-4). As for the toothbrush tree, similar trees have been located by Y. Ch. at two other places also.

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V. Smith (Watters, II., p. 339) takes Pi-so-ka to the ancient site of Nimkhar (20 m. S. of Sitapur) or Naimisharanya नैमिषारण्य on the Gomati, the famous place of pilgrimage (27° 20' N. and 80° 35' E.)

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18. SRÂVASTÎ (श्रावस्ती)

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P. 467 (407). Founded by Sravasta, an ancestor of Râma; it is in the Gauda-desa गौड़-देश (Matsya Purâna, XII., 30).

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Cunningham (C.A.S.R., I., pp. 330-337; XI., pp. 84-98) located the capital at Sahet-Mahet on the borders of the Bahraich and Gonda (= गौड़ "Gauda") districts of the Fyzabad division, U. P. This identification is based on topographical evidence and on the discoveries of (i) a colossal Bodhisattva image in a shrine at Sahet with an inscription that it was set up at Srâvastî (C.A.S.R., I., pp. 330-7); (ii) the inscribed parasol-post of the above image; (iii) a copper-plate grant discovered in a cell of the large ruined monastery at Sahet recording the grant by Govindachandra, the king of Kanauj, to the community of Buddhist friars residing in the great convent of Holy Jetavana (Vogel in J.R.A.S., 1908); (iv) another statue of Kushana date bearing the name of the Jetavana at Srâvastî (Annual Report A.S.I., 1907-8, p. 38, p. 81 ff; 1910-11, pp. 1-24; for V. Smith's attempt to disprove this identification, Read his articles in J.R.A.S., 1898, 1900).

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19. KAPILAVÂSTU.

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P. 475 (414). Read F. H. Chap. XXI-XXII; Y. Ch. II., p. 1. It was above 500 li S.E. from the neighbourhood of Srâvastî; Y. Ch. (who found it in ruins) visited Kapilavâstu, Krakuchandra's Town, Konâgamana's Town, and La-fa-ni (Lumbini) the birthplace of Lord Buddha.

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The Rummin-dei pillar of Asoka (Approx. E. long. 80° 20'; N. lat. 27° 29') locates, beyond doubt the Lumbini-grove. The inscription on the Nigliva pillar (now situated 38 m. N.W. of the Uska Bazar station of B. N.

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W. Railway) shows that it was erected near the stûpa of Konâgamana; but it is not in situ. The village of Piprâwâ (Birdpur Estate, Basti District)—the findspot of the famous Piprâwâ Vase—marks, according to Dr. Fleet, the site of Kapilavâstu. (J. R. A. S., 1906, p. 180).

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As there are differences between the "Life" and "Records" of Y. Ch. and F. H., V. Smith thinks that the remains at Piprâwâ were shown to F. H as those of Kapilavâstu, while the guides of Y. Ch. identified the town with Tilaura Kot. But when he admits that the two pilgrims must have seen the same towns of Krakuchandra and Konâgamana or Kanakamuni, his theory that they saw two different Kapilavâstus is thin. (Dr. Hoey, J. R. A. S. 1906, 454). Dr. Rhys Davids takes Tilaura Kot to be the old Kapilavâstu and Piprâwâ to be the new city built after the destruction of the old city by Vidudaha. Vost (J.R.A.S. 1906) tries to establish that (i) the pilgrims knew one city only, viz. Tilaura Kot and the ruins S. of it, (ii) Krakuchandra's town is mod. Sisanihava; Konâgamana's is Gutanihava; and (iii) the Arrow Well is now in the Basti District.

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It is to be noted in this connection that Dr. Führer, in his Monograph on Buddha Sâkyamuni's birth, fabricated evidence and described ruins which existed in his imagination only. The Government had to withdraw his Report from circulation. [V. Smith's note (p. 4) added to A.S.I., N.I.S., XXVI, part I.]

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20. KUSINAGARA. (कुशीनगर).

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P. 493 (430). As for the scene of Buddha's Mahâparinirvâna, the Chinese pilgrims gave three distinct bearings with distances:—

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(i) Lumbinî to Râmagrâma, E. 5 yojanas (F. H.), 200 li (Y. Ch.). Râmagrâma to Chhandaka's Return, E. 3 yojanas (F. H.), 100 li (Y. Ch.), Chhandaka's Return to Ashes Stupa, E. (F.H.) or S.E. (Y. Ch.). 4 yojanas (F. H.) 180 li (Y. Ch.) ; Ashes Stupa to Kusinagara, E. (F. H.) or N.E. (Y. Ch.) 12 yojanas (F. H.).

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(ii) Kusinagara to the Scene of Lichhavi-farewell, S.E. (F. H.) 12 yojanas (F. H.) ; Lichhavi-farewell to Vaisâli, E. (F. H.), S.E. (Y. Ch.) 5 yojanas (F.H.), 60 li (Y. Ch.).

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(iii) From the vicinity of Kusinagara 200 li or so S.W., then 500 li away was the kingdom of Benares (Y. Ch.).

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200 li or 5 yojanas, E. from Lumbini will be E. of the Little Gandak and W. of the Gandak. Hence, Lan-po or Râmagrâma (F. H. XXIII, Y. Ch. II. p. 20) may be Dharmauli (Dharmapurî) where Dr. Hoey discovered a stupa and other remains. [Vost located it at Bhuilâ-dih J. R. A. S., 1903, p. 367.]

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3 yojanas or 100 li further E. was the place where Siddhârtha (Buddha) sent back his Charioteer Chhandaka (F. H. XXIV.). 17 or 18 m. S.E. from Dharmauli is the village of Bihar in the Champâran District.

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4 yojanas E. or 180 or 190 li S.E. from it was the Ashes or Charcoal stupa—Nyagrodha or Pippalavana ; here was a ruined stupa of Asoka. (Y. Ch. II. pp. 20—23).

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It may be identified with the remarkable remains at Lauriyâ-Nandangarh. (Asoka's inscribed pillar, a score of stupas &c. prove its antiquity).

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Thence 12 yojanas E. or N.E. was Kusinagara. As 12 yojanas on the map-line extends far beyond Kâthmandu, we must take the yojanas in the hilly country to be shorter ones. The kingdom was the valley of the little Rapti (Achiravatî). H. H. Prince Khadga Shamsher Jung Bahadur has located the city at the confluence of the little Rapti with the Gandak (Hiranyavatî), near Bhavasâr Ghat. On the route from Nandangarh is the Rampurwa pillar of Asoka. [V. Smith in J. R. A. S., 1902, p. 140 ff.; I. A. 1909, p. 155 ; Vost's locations in J. R. A. S., 1903, pp. 367-8.]

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Cunningham located Kusinagara at *Kasia* ; the site has been excavated (An. R. A. S. I., '04-5, pp. 43-58 ; '05-6, pp. 61-85 ; '06-7, pp. 44-85) ; ruins of monasteries, ancient coins, 464 clay-seals with the legend " *Srī-Mahāparinirvāna-Vihāre Bhikshusamghasya* " and a seal-die "*Srī-Vishnudvīpa-Vihāre Bhikshusamghasya*"; so probably Kasia is Vishnudvīpa or Vethadīpa which received a portion of the relics of Buddha. [Dr. Vogel.] Fresh excavation (An. R. A. S. I. for 1910-11, p. 63 ff ; p. 73 ; 1911-12, Part I. pp. 17-18) ; a number of clay seals with "Buddha's Coffin" and the legend *Srī-Mahāparinirvāna-Vihāra* in "Gupta Characters" and a copper-plate inscribed in ink ending with "*Nirvāna-Chaitye tāmrapatta iti*" निर्वाण-चैत्ये ताम्रपट्ट इति (recovered from the central stupa at Kasia). These discoveries support Cunningham. [Dr. Vogel, however, thinks that a Nirvāna-Chaitya may be erected at other places also.]

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P. 496 (433). *Kahaon*.—Skr. *Kakubha* mentioned in Skand-Gupta's inscription on a pillar discovered here [Fleet's G. I.; C.A.S.R., I., pp. 85-95]. Carlleyle has identified the great city, where Y. Ch. was hospitably treated, with Rudrapur in Gorakhpur district. (C.A.S.R., XVIII, p. 41).

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P. 497 (434). *Pâwâ*.—Between it and Kusinagara was a stream called the *Kukuttha* where Buddha bathed himself. Mr. Carlleyle has pointed out that there exists a river now known as Kuku. To its S. W. are the ruins at Fazilpur (Gorakhpur district ; 10 miles S. E. of Kasia) with which he proposes to identify Pâwâ. (C.A.S.R., XVIII, p. 106).

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21. BENARES ( काशि ).

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P. 499 (435). The kingdom of Kâsi was 300 leagues in extent (*Jātaka* No. 391). It had its capital at Bârânasî also called Surundhana, Sudassana, Brahmavaddhana, Pupphavatî, Ramma City and Molini (Prof. D. R. Bhandarkar, Carmichæl Lectures, 1918, pp. 50-51).

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The Kâsis first appear in the Paippalâda recension of the Atharvaveda. [Roychowdhuri, P.H.A.I., pp. 33-34.]. In the Brâhmanas we hear of the city of Kâsi on the Varanâvatî river (Camb. H. I. p. 117) which is evidently identical with the modern Varunâ. This mention of Varanâvatî in Brâhmana literature indicates that Vâranâvata of the Mahâ Bhârata was either identical with Benares or was a village on the Varunâ. According to the Râmâyana Kâsi was a kingdom while Prayâga and the country around was still forest. (Adi-K.-XII. 20). Krishna burnt it for a succession of years (Udyoga-P. XLVII. 1883 ; Hari-V. CLXI. 9142-3 ; see also Hari-V. XXIX. and XXXII.). The वायु पुराण states that the kingdom of Benares stretched up to the Gomatî or Goomti. It is the Kassida of Ptolemy (p. 228).

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Mod. Benares and Sarnath. (An. R. A. S. for '04-5 ; pp. 59-104 ; '07-8, p. 43 ff.). Monograph on Sarnath published by the Archæological department gives its full account.

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22. CHEN-CHU (GAZIPUR).

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P. 502 (438). Y. Ch. II, p. 59 ; Watters objected to Cunningham's identification which has been supported by V. Smith. (Y. Ch. II, Appendix).

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The most important place in Gazipur is Bhitari where have been discovered various ruins including bricks inscribed with the name of Kumâra-Gupta and the famous inscription of Skanda-Gupta on a pillar 15 ft. high. (C.A.S.R., I, pp. 97-100 ; Fleet's G. I.).

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P. 503 (439). Baliya.—Read C.A.S.R., XXII., pp. 76-87 ; Führer's Mons. Antiq., pp. 190-1.

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Mr. Carlleyle believed that close to it was Dharmâ-ranya or the Vast Solitude of F. H.

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P. 504 (440). Mo-ho-so-lo.—Its identification with Masâr in Shahabad district (Bihar & Orissa) is confirmed by an inscription in which the place has been called Mahâsâra. Another modern local inscription calls the territory Karûshadesa. (C.A.S.R., III., pp. 66-71). Mr. Pargiter has shown that the Râmâyana (Bâla, XXVII, 8-23) suggests that the Karushas or Kârushas once dwelt in the Shahabad district; but they migrated towards the S.W. and according to the Mahâ Bhârata (Bhîshma, LVI, 2415; Drona, XI, 396; Sabhâ, XIII, 575-7 &c.) they occupied the hilly country to the S. of Kâsi and Vatsa, W. of Chedi, E. of Magadha and enclosing the Kaimur hills—i.e. the hilly tract of which Rewah is the centre, from the Ken (W.) to the confines of Bihar (E.).

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Two other important sites in Shahabad are Sahasram, famous for its inscription of Asoka (C.A.S.R., XI, p. 132) and Arrah which is, according to the local tradition, the Ekachakrâ of the Mahâbhârata. Close by it (Arrah) is the village of Bakri where बकासुर dwelt. As Yuan Chwang also has alluded to the Demon of the desert, this identification may be accepted. [C.A.S.R., III., p. 12 ; p. 73]. Ekachakrâ is mentioned, in the Mahâvamsa, as one of the ancient capital cities of India in the time of Buddha. [Ibid, p. 77. F. N.].

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Temple of Nârâyana.—Carlleyle (C.A.S.R., XXII., pp. 76-77) identifies it with Narayan, a small village where is the usual ferry for travellers going north from Masâr. About 8 miles N.E. (and not E. as stated by Y. Ch.) of Narayan is Godena with which he proposes to identify Asylum tope. (Ibid, p. 78).

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P. 507 (442). Deghwâra.—As the true name is Dighwara (and not Degh) and as there are no ruins here so Carlleyle objected to this identification and proposed Cheran or Cherand (in Saran district) which is said to be the site of Chyavana's hermitage. (C.A.S.R., XXII, pp. 78-79 ; for the hermitage of Chyavana, Read J.A.S.B., 1903, p. 89).

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23. VAISÂLÎ ( वैशाली ).

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P. 507 (443). The city of Vaisâlî, famous in Buddhist literature, has been identified by St. Martin and Cunningham (C.A.S.R., I, 55 ; XVI., 6, 34, 89-91) with the ruins at and near Besârh or Basâr (Muzaffarpur district, Bihar ; 25° 58' N. and 85° 11' E.) [For objection against this location and other identifications proposed, Read J.A.S.B. 1900 ; J.R.A.S., 1902, p. 267 ; J.R.A.S., 1903, p. 583 &c.].

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Basâr was excavated by Dr. Bloch ; he writes :—

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Tîrabhuktau Vaisâlî-Târâ of a 12th century MS. points out that Vaisâlî was in Tîrabhûkti or Tirhut ; its position with regard to other places fits exactly with the description of the Chinese ; here are two groups of ruins which correspond with two similar groups seen by Y. Ch. at Vaisâlî in a striking way—‘Râjâ Bisâl kâ garh’ [1580 ft. × 750 ft.; C.A.S.R., I. p. 56] and the ‘‘Lion-pillar’’ stupa and tank E. of Bakhra, 2 m. N. of Besâr. [Here have been found seals of Gatotkacha-Gupta, Dhruvasvâminî and many other Gupta Princes. An. R. A. S. I. for 1903-4, p. 81.]. An inscription in early Brâhmi (200 or 300 B.C.) ‘‘Vesâli anusamyânaka Takâre’’ discovered here (An. R. A. S. I. 1911-12, part I., pp. 18-19 ; 1913-14, p. 98 ff.).

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This identification has also been supported by the following facts (Pargiter): Visvâmitra, when taking Râma from the scene of the slaughter of Tâdakâ in the Shahabad district to Mithilâ, stopped at Visâla on the way. Their route was—crossing the river Sona from the Shahabad district and travelling N.E., they reached the Ganges near the site of Patna (Adi XXXVII, 1-7); and then crossing the Ganges by boat, and travelling N. towards Mithilâ the whole of one day, they reached Visâla at evening. (Ibid. XLVI, 5-11; XLVIII, 21-5; XLIX, 1-8). This agrees with the situation of Basâr, 27 m. N. N. E. of Patna.

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Tirhut or Tirabhukti is Videha (Trikândasesha); so named after Mâthava the Videgha who colonized it. [Satapatha Br. I. IV. 1.] It is bounded by the Kausikî (Kosi) (E.), the Ganges (S), the Sadânîrâ [“Gandak”—Muir; “Rapti”—Pargiter; “Little Gandak”—Fleet in J.R.A.S., 1907, p. 644.] (W), and the Himâlayas (N.).

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Mithilâ (मिथिला) was the name of both the country and the capital. (Adikânda XLIX, 9-16; Sânti-P. CCCXXVII, 12233-8). Cunningham (C.A.S.R. XVI. 34) identifies the city with Janakapura, a small town within the Nepal border, north of which the Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga districts meet.

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24. VRIJI.

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P. 512 (447). This country seems to be roughly equivalent to the N. part of Darbhanga and the adjacent Nepal Terai. As for Y. Ch.'s Chen-shu-na, the capital of the country, V. Smith proposes the ruins at Bâligarh about 16 m. N. of Madhuvâni. (Watters, II. App.)

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25. MAGADHA.

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P. 518 (452). “Kîkata कीकट a district of the Non-Aryans whose Chief was Pra-Maganda” (Rigveda III, 53, 14) is said to be identical with Magadha. [Kîkatah Magadhâhvayâh; Abhidhânachintâmani, IV. 26]. Its name might have some connection with Maganda. Atharva Veda V. 22. 14. and Gopatha Brâhmana II, 9. mention the Magadhas. The Vagadha of the Aitareya Aranyaka [Keith's Ed. 200] may be a mistake for it or it may refer to the Bâgdi caste of Bengal. (H. P. Sastri).

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The Kingdom (C. Girivraja) established by Vasu son of Kusa (Visvâmitra to Râma, Adikânda XXXV. 1-10 ; 35). The Mahâ Bhârata informs us that Vasu Uparichara of Chedi conquered it and established his son, Vrihadratha, as king over it. It is the scene of Buddha's early career. Its history is the history of the whole of N. India. The districts of Patna and Gayâ formed this territory proper.

Pâtaliputra.

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(For putra cf. Satiyaputa and Ketalaputa of Asoka's R. E. II.; legend of the name in Kathâsaritsâgara and Y. Ch.).

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Erannaboas.—Skr. Hiranyavâha (Son river) occurs in Bâna's Harshacharita.

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F. H. (XXVI-XXVII) travelled 4 yojanas E. from Vaisâli to "the confluence of the five rivers," crossed a river (Ganges) 1 yojana to the S. of which was Pâtaliputra. [There can never have been in historical times any actual meeting of five rivers near Pâtaliputra ; hence F. H. means the place where the fifth of the five rivers (Gangâ, Yamunâ, Achiravatî, Sarabhu (Sarabos of Ptolemy) i.e. Sarayu or Ghogra, and Mahî (or Mhye in Saran district, Bihar) famous in Buddhist literature (Vinaya Culla., 9, 1, 3 and 4 ; Milinda., 4, 1, 35) flows into the already united stream of the other four. Dr. Hoey in J.R.A.S., 1907, p. 41.].

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Lt. Col. Waddel (Report on the excavations at Pâtaliputra, Calcutta, 1903) has shown that nearly the whole of the site of the city is intact ; much lies below Patna, Bankipore and the E. I. Railway ; buried at a depth of from 10 to 20 feet. The old city was on the north bank of the old Sona, but it was several miles distant from the Ganges which shifted later to the south. Dr. Spooner's excavation (1912-13) has resulted in the discovery of traces of the Maurya "Hall of a Hundred Columns." [Annual Report A. S. I. 1912-13, Part I. pp. 24-27 ; 1912-13, pp. 53-86.]

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P. 521 (455). From Patnâ to Bodh Gayâ.—Cunningham has remarked that both distance and direction supplied by Yuan Chwang are wrong. But if that Chinese pilgrim's record be so corrupt as to require such manipulation in so short a distance, it is no use going further with it, for no satisfactory conclusion can possibly be arrived at from it. [Fergusson, J.R.A.S., 1872-73, pp. 222-223]. Here I point out certain identifications which can be accepted.

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Ti-lo-shi-kia.—(Watters, II, p. 105): Its identification with Telâra is supported by the discovery of two inscriptions containing its Skr. name—Telâdhaka तलाढक [C.A.S.R. VIII, p. vii.; XI, Plate XLII]. 90 li S.W. from it was a lofty mountain from the summit of which Buddha had contemplated the kingdom of Magadha. [Watters, II, p. 107]. It has been identified by Beglar with Barâbar hill (Skr. Pravaragiri), famous for its cave inscriptions of Asoka (16 miles to the N. of Gayâ. C.A.S.R., VIII., p. 36) 30 li N.W. of it was Gunamati's monastery (Y. Ch., II., p. 108). Beglar's location of it in the village of Dharawal or Dharmapura (in Kunwa) where were discovered Punch-marked coins, a colossal statue of Padmapâni in situ with an inscription in Kutila characters (C.A.S.R., VIII., pp. 37-39 ; XVI, pp. 39-48) has been accepted by Cunningham. (Ibid., XV., p. iv.).

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Buddha-Gayâ.—About six miles S. of Gayâ ; hamlet "Urel" represents the name of Uruvilva (C.A.S.R., XI, p. vi.; p. 147). Its ruins described in Cunningham's Mahâbodhi ; Annual Rep. A.S.I., 1908-1909, p. 139 ff.

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P. 526 (459). Kukkuta-pâda कुक्कुटपाद or Gurupâda-Giri (the mt. of the venerable teacher Mahâkâsyapa) F. H. XXXIII ; Y. Ch. II. p. 140-3). Cunningham (C.A.S.R.I., pp. 14-16) identified it with the three *insignificant* rugged hills (which rise boldly and touch each other at their bases) near the village of Kurkihar (16 m. N.E. of Gayâ).

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Dr. Stein (I. A., 1901, p. 88) and Keith [Bengal, Past and Present, 1910] identify it with Sabhnath (15 miles E. N. E. of Bodhgayâ). Mr. R. D. Banerjee's (J.A.S.B., 1906) identification with Gurpâ Hill 20 m. E. S. E. of Bodhgayâ is probable, for it has preserved the name of Gurupâda.

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P. 528 (461). *Buddhavana*.—It cannot be identified with Buddhain [C.A.S.R., III., p. 139] for Jeshtivan is not to the E. but S.W. of it. [Stein, I.A., 1901, p. 62].

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*Yashtivana*.—Stein (Ibid) confirms its identification with Jeshtiban (and not Jakhtiban).

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*The House of Vyâsa*.—Stein identifies it with Pansabda recess in the hill which forms the S.W. end of the Handia range. (Ibid, p. 82).

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P. 535 (467). *Râjagriha*.—Girivraja, the ancient capital of Magadha. [Mahâ Bhârata, Sabhâ, XX., 798-80; Râmâyana, Adi, XXXV, 1-9]; also called Râjagriha [Adi, CXIII, 4451-2; Asvamedha, LXXXII, 2435-63]. It is to be distinguished from the old capital of Kekaya which has been located at Jalalpur.

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For the Chinese account, Read F H., XXVIII; Y. Ch., II., pp. 146-153.

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For an excellent map and topography of Râjagriha (mod. Râjgir) vide Annual Rep. A.S.I., 1905-6, pp. 84-106; 1913-14, p. 265 *ff*.

Nâlandâ ( नालन्दा )

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P. 536 (468). Cunningham's identification with Baragâon [or Badgaon (बटगांव)] as spelt by Dr. Bloch in J.R.A.S., 1908, p. 440] was based on the discovery of two acute-angled inscriptions (found on the spot) naming the place Nâlandâ. [C.A.S.R., I., plate XIII.; ruins described in *Ibid*, pp. 28-35 ; An. Rep. A.S.I., 1915-16, part I, pp. 12-13.]

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P. 539 (471).—*Indra-silâ-guhâ*.—The rugged hill rising immediately to the W. of the village can be shown beyond all doubt to be identical with it. (Stein, I.A., 1901, p. 54.)

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27. I-LAN-NA-PO-FA-TA.

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P. 545 (476). Watters (II., p. 178 *ff.*) correctly transcribes it as Irinaparvata (इरिणपर्वत) or Barren Hill. Y. Ch. (II., p. 178 *ff.*) mentioned that on the W. frontier of this country to the S. of the Ganges was a solitary mt. where Buddha subdued the Yaksha Vakula. Dr. Waddel (J.A.S.B., 1892, p. 1) identifies it with Mt. Uren [=I-lan-na ; about 20 m. S.W. from Mungir City and 7 m. S. of the present course of the Ganges] where are ruins, statues, old inscriptions and a foot-print of Buddha.

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Mungir is the Mudgagiri of Pâla inscriptions and it is said to be the Modâgiri (the capital of an eastern kingdom near Vanga ; Mahâ Bhârata). Madgurakas of E. India [Matsya CXIII. 44] seem to be connected with it.

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28. ANGA, CHAMPÂ.

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P. 546 (477). *Anga*.—The easternmost country named in the Atharva-Veda (V. 22, 14) ; so called after its king Anga (Mahâ Bhârata, Adi-p. CIV., 4179-*ff*) who seems to be identical with Anga Vairochani mentioned in Aitareya Br. (VIII., 4, 22) ; [Anga (body) of the Love-god Kâma was consumed here and so it is so called (Râmâyana, Adi-k. XXIII). It became an appendage of Magadha in Jarâsandha's time. (Sabhâ—P. XXIX. 1090-3.)]

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Its capital—Mâlini or Mâlina ; this name was superseded by Champâ [after king Champa, great-grandson of Loma-pâda ; Sânti—P. V.] ; it was on the Ganges. [Vana—P. LXXXV., 8156]. Anga proper of the Epics comprised the modern districts of Bhagalpur and Monghyr and extended northwards up to the Kosi river (Pargiter). The *Anga* dominions at one time included Magadha and extended to the shores of the sea. The Vidura Pandita Jâtaka (No. 545) describes Râjagriha as a city of Anga. The Sânti Parvan of the Mahâ Bhârata (29, 35) refers to an Anga king who sacrificed on Mount Vishnupada at Gayâ. The Sabhâ Parvan (44, 9) mentions Anga and Vanga as forming one kingdom. The Kathâ-sarit-sâgara says that Vitanka-pura, a city of the Angas, was situated on the shore of the sea.

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Champâ, the famous capital of Anga, stood on the river of the same name (Jâtaka 506 ; Modern Chândan) and the Ganges (Y. Ch. II., 181). (Raychowdhuri, P.H.A.I., p. 23.)

29. Kajangala.

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P. 548 (478). Above 400 *li* E. from Champâ ; Ka-chu-wen-ki-lo ; 2000 *li* in circuit. (Y. Ch. II., 182).

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Julien and Cunningham sanskritized it as Kajughara ; but the real form is Kajangala—the E. boundary of the Middle Country (Vinaya II., 38). Jâtaka, IV., 310 tells us that Kajangala was, even in Buddha's time, an ancient place famous for its *kusa* grass. (J. R. A. S., 1904, pp. 86-88 ; 538). It is mentioned as Kayangala in the Com. on the Râmapâlacharita. C. A. S. R., XV., pp. 37-9 locates its capital at Rajmahal.

30. Pundravarddhana. ( पुण्ड्रवर्धन )

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P. 549 (480). The Pundras—outcasted descendants of Visvâmitra (Aitareya Br. VII. 18) ; various spellings—Pundraka, Paundra, Paundrika—in the Mahâ Bhârata ; these names sometimes used as equivalents (Sabhâ—P. XIII, 584) ; but sometimes a distinction is made between the Pundras and Paundras (Bhîsma—P. IX., 358 ; 365 ;

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Sabhâ—P. LI., 1872-4) ; the *Pundras* (पुण्ड्र) are linked with the Vangas and Kirâtas (hilly tribes of Mongolian affinity from the Punjab to Assam) [Sabhâ—P. XIII, 584], with Angas and Vangas [Sabhâ—P. IV., 119]. Thus the Pundras occupied some intermediate position between the Angas, Vangas and the Himâlayas. So their country is to be identified with Mâldah, portions of Purnea east of the Kosi, part of Dinajpur and Rajshahi.

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The *Paundras* (पौण्ड्र) are linked with the Udras, Utkalas, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras. [Vana—P., Li., 1988 ; Bhîsma—P., IX., 365 ; Drona—P., IV., 122.] Thus the Paundras dwelt in and to the W. and S.W. of Bengal Proper, *i.e.* the modern districts of Santal Parganas and Birbhum and the N. portion of Hazaribag. (Pargiter).

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Pundravarddhana was the E. boundary of the "Middle Country." [Divyâvadâna ; J.R.A.S., 1904, p. 86], capital of a district in Bengal (Râjataranginî IV.) ; Pun-na-fa-tan-na above 600 *li* E. from Kajangala ; circuit 4000 *li*. (Y. Ch. II., p. 184). Mentioned in Pâla and Sena inscriptions. (E. I. IV. 247 ; J.A.S.B., 1900, p. 71 ; I.A. XII., 251 etc.). It included Varendra—one of the 4 divisions of Bengal—bounded by the Mahânandâ (W.), Brahmaputra (E.), Ganges (S.), and Kuch Bihar (N.). [C.A.S.R., XV. 145-6.]

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Sites proposed for the capital :—(1) Gauda, Lakshmanâvatî or Lakhnauti (ruined city in Maldah district, 24° 54' N.; 88° 8' E.)—the capital of the Hindus and the Mussalmans down to 1350. (J.A.S.B. '08).

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(2) Pândua, Hazrat Pândua or Firozabad (deserted town, 25° 8' N.; 88° 10' E.) built of Hindu ruins (An. R.A.S.I., 1902-3, pp. 51-3 ; I. A., 1874, p. (63): [Objections against 1 and 2 :—their distances from Kajangala would be less than 600 *li*.]

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(3) Mahâsthâna, on the W. bank of the Karatoyâ, 7 m. N. of Bogra ; the remains at Bhâsu Bihar, 4 m. W.

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of it, answer to Y.Ch.'s description of Po-shi-po monastery 20 *li* W. of Pundravarddhana. [Y. Ch. II., 184 ; C.A.S.R., XV., pp. 104-11.]

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31. CHIH-CHI-TO.

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P. 550 (480). Above 1000 *li* N.E. of Ujjayinî ; 4000 *li* in circuit. (Y. Ch. II., 251).

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Cunningham took it to be the Jajhoti of Abu Rihân, Skr. *Jejâkabhukti* or Bundelkhand with *Kharjjûravâhaka* or Khajuraho [24° 51' N. and 79° 56' E.] as capital (of the Chandellas). But as its distance from Ujain (300 miles) is almost double of that recorded by Y. Ch., Watters rejects it and locates it at Chitor.

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32. MA-HI-SSU-FA-LO-PU-LO.

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P. 559 (488). Above 900 *li* N. (Records) or N.E. (Life) from Chih-chi-to ; 3000 *li* in circuit (Y. Ch. II., p. 251-2).

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Mahesvarapura was probably Gwalior. [Smith in Y. Ch. II., App.] Cunningham took it to be Mâhishmatî-pura, the capital of the Chedis.

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The Chedis.—Mentioned in the Rigveda (VIII., 5, 37-39). Their country has been located by Pargiter along the S. bank of the Jumna from the Chambal (*Charman-vatî*) on the N.W., to Karwi (N.E. of Chitrakûta) on the S.E. Its limit southwards seems to be the plateau of Malwa and the hills of Bundelkhand. Its capital in the Epic age is said to be Suktimatî or Suktisâhvayâ (Vana-parvan, XXII., 898 ; Asvamedha—P. LXXXIII., 2466-7) on the river of the same name identified by Pargiter with Ken. The same city has been referred to in Pali Literature (Chetiya Jâtaka, No. 422) as Sotthivati-nagara which is to be located somewhere near Banda.

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The other Chedi cities referred to in Skr. literature are *Tripurî* or *Chedi-nagarî* (Hemachandra), mod. Tewar about six miles from Jabalpur and Mâhishmatîpura which has been described in Buddhist Literature as one of the regular stages (the others being Ujjain, Gonarda, Bhilsa, Kausâmbî and Sâketa) on the route from Paithan to Srâvastî. (Imp. Gaz. Ind., XVII., p. 9). Pargiter has identified it with Mandhata on the Narmadâ (also called Mekalasutâ, Revâ, Somodbhavâ, Muralâ—Trikândasesha, 1, 2, 31).

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Hemachandra's Abhidhâna-Chintâmani, IV, 22 gives Dâhala (डाहल), [the older form of which is Dabhâlâ (डभाला) occurring in inscriptions] and Chedi as synonymous terms.

33. Ujjayinî or Ujain.

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P. 560 (489). Capital of Mâlava or Avanti ; on the Siprâ (शिप्रा) ; (23° 11' N. and 75° 47' E.; in Gwalior state) ; one of the seven sacred Hindu cities ; famous for its celebrated temple of Mahâkâla or Kâlapriyanâtha. (Cambay Plates, E. I. VII). The first meridian of Indian astronomers. Capital of Pradyota, and of the viceroys of the Mauryas. 'Ozênê,' formerly a royal capital ; from this place is brought to Barygaza every commodity for local consumption or export. (Periplus, Schoff's Ed. p. 42). Ptolemy (p. 152) informs us that it was the capital of Tiastanes (Chastana). These Saka Satraps were conquered by Chandra-Gupta II. Vikramâditya. In Y. Ch.'s time it was the Katachchuri capital. Then we find the Paramâras.

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The country around Ujjayinî is full of ancient sites :— Bhilsa, Besnagar [An. R. A. S. I., '08-9, p. 126 ; 1913-14, p. 186], Sanchi, Andher, Mandasore, [Dasapura], Narwar (Nalapura, Padmâvatî). The most magnificent of the ruins discovered here is the great stupa of Sanchi [Marshall, Guide to Sanchi]. Narwar or Nalapura was the capital of Nala and Damayanti [Beglar in C. A. S. R., VII, pp. 95-102 records their romantic legend heard locally there which differs slightly from the Epic version].

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Its suburb is Padampawaya or *Padmâvatî*, the scene of Bhavabhûti's *Mâlatî-Mâdhava* which describes four rivers, *Pârâ*, (mod. Pârbati or Pârâ), *Sindhu* (Sindh on which stands Narwar), *Lavana* (Lun) and *Madhumatî* (Mohwar). (C. A. S. R., II., p. 307-9 ; XXI, 58 &c.).

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34—37. MO-LA-PO, KI-TA, ÂNANDAPURA, A-TA-CHI.

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Pp. 561—565 (490-494). 2000 *li* N. W. from *Bhrigukachchha* was *Mo-la-po* or (as a note added to the text tells us) South *Lo* (or *Lo-lo*); circuit 6000 *li*; capital situated on the S. E. side of the *Mo-ha* or *Mo-hi* (Mahi) river; *Mo-la-po* and *Magadha* were the two countries in India where learning was much prized. (Y. Ch. II. pp. 242-3).

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S. W. from it was an estuary; thence 2400 or 2500 *li* N.W. was *A-ta-(or Cha)-li* country (Eder, Cunningham; Middle Sindh—V. Smith); above 6000 *li* in circuit. (Ibid. p. 243).

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300 *li* N.W. from *Mo-la-po* was *Ki-ta* or *Ki-cha*: subject to *Mo-la-po*; 3000 *li* in circuit. (Ibid. p. 245).

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*Fa-la-pi* or North *Lo-lo* was above 1000 *li* N. from *Ki-cha*. (Ibid, p. 246).

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*A-nan-to-pu-lo* (*Anandapura*) was 700 *li* N.W. from *Fa-la-pi* (*Valabhi*); circuit 2000 *li* (Ibid. p. 247).

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V. Smith remarks "Cunningham being convinced of the identity of *Mo-la-po* with *Mâlava*, disregards both the bearing and distance given by Y.Ch. and identifies it with Western Malwa with Dhar (धारा) as Capital. Taking this to be correct, he identifies *Ki-ta* with Kheda (Khetaka-pura खेटपुर mentioned in the *Dasakumâracharita*, mod. Kaira, a large town in Gujrat, situated between Ahmedabad and Cambay). *Anandapura*, he identifies with the triangular tract lying between the mouth of the *Banâs* river on the W. and the *Sâbarmatî* on the E." Thus criticizing Cunningham, Dr. Smith identifies *Mo-la-po* with the tract lying between *Bhrigukachchha*, *Kachchha* (=Ki-cha), *Valabhi* and *Vadnagar* (=*Anandapura*; St. Martin and Prof. D. R. Bhandarkar), and corresponding roughly to the modern districts of Kaira and Ahmedabad together with parts of the Baroda state and some adjoining territory. (Watters II., p. 341). But in making this identification Dr. Smith has really altered 2000 *li* of Y. Ch. to 200 and his 2800 *li* to about half; he has altogether ignored Y. Ch.'s account of the size of *Mo-la-po*. (J. R. A. S., 1906, p. 90). M. Sylvain Levi states that *Mo-la-po* may stand for nothing except *Mâlava* and *Kie-cha* for *Kheta* खेट (Jour. des Savants, 1905, Oct. p. 534-48). And as we know of no district in Gujrat proper that ever bore a name at all resembling *Mâlava*, it is absolutely impossible to place *Mo-la-po* as Dr. Smith has done. (Burgess in J. R. A. S., 1906, p. 220). Dr. Grierson also takes *Mo-la-po* to be *Mâlava*, or *Mâlwa*. (Ibid. p. 95).

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Thus did Levi, Burgess, and Grierson demolish the theory of Dr. V. Smith. But a 7th Century A. D. *Valabhi* record (E. I., VIII., No. 20) actually mentions a *Mâlavaka* in *Valabhi* dominion and as such proves the thesis of Smith. It was included within the territory of *Valabhi* and as such this *Mâlavaka* cannot be identical with *Mâlwa*. The diminutive suffix *Ka* also indicates that it was then known as Lesser *Mâlava* to distinguish it from *Mâlava* proper. It is rather curious that attention of scholars has not been directed towards it. It is dated 320 Valabhi Era—639 A. D.

Cites (38)