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The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c6.s6: K

The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India c6.s6

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English

K

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Kâbul—1. Kubhâ of the Vedas. 2. Ortospana of the Greeks. 3. Urddhasthâna (Cunningham).

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Kâbul River—1. The river Kubhâ of the Vedas. 2. The river Kuhu of the Purâṇas.

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Kâbul Valley—See Cabul Valley.

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Kafristan—Ujjânaka; a country situated on the river Indus, immediately to the west of Kasmir.

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Kahalgâon—Same as Colgong.

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Kailâs—1 Kulasa 2 Hema kuṭa 3 Aṣṭapada The mountain is situated on the north of lake Manas sarovara beyond Gangri or Darchin It is also called Mount Tise Kaimur Hill—The range was called 1 Kimmritya 2 Kairamâli, between the rivers Sone and Tonse

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Kaira—Same as Kheda, Kheṭaka on the river Betravati (modern Vatrak), in Gujarat Kaithal—Kapiṣṭhala, in the Karnal district, Panjab, it is the Kambistholoi of Megasthenes Kajeri—1 Kubjagṛha 2 Kajugṛha 3 Kaninghara, ninety two miles from Champâ in the district of Bhagalpur in Bihar It is perhaps Kajra in the district of Monghyr, three miles to the south of which there are many Buddhist remains

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Kaladi—In Kerala, the birth place of Saṅkarâcharya according to the Śankara vijaya Kalhuâ—The Makula mountain of the Burmese annals of Buddhism, where Buddha passed his sixth year of Buddhahood The Kaluha hill is situated in the district of Hazaribagh, twenty six miles to the south of Buddha Gayâ and sixteen miles to the north of Châtrâ In the Vyaghri Jātaka it is said that Buddha in a former birth resided on the Mount Kulâchala as a hermit, he gave his own body to be devoured by a hungry tigress in order to save her new born cubs (Dr R Mitra’s Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, p 149) It is the Kolihali or Kolichala Parvata of the Vayu Purâṇa which has perhaps been erroneously identified with the Brahmayoni hill of Gayâ

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Kaliani—Kalyânapura, thirty six miles west of Bidar in the Nizam’s territory It was the capital of Kuntaladesa, the kingdom of the Chalukya kings (western branch) from Jaya Singh Vijayâditya to Tribhuvana Malla from the fifth to the twelfth century It was the birth place of Vijñânesvara, the author of the Mitâksharâ

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Kali-Nadī—1 The river Ikshumatī 2 The Kâli Gangâ 3 The Chakshushmati 4 The Mandâkinī, in Garwal and Rohilkhand Kanouj stands on this river Kâlindi—Same as Kalinadī

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Kalinjar—1 Kâliñjara 2 Pûrnadarva, in Bundelkhand It was the capital of Chedi under the Gupta kings It contains the temple of Nilakantha Mahâdeva Kâli-Sindh—1 The Dakshina Sindhu of the Mahabharata 2 Sindhu of the Meghadûta (pt I, v 30) 3 The Sindhupanâ, a tributary of the Chambal Its identification with the Nirvindhyâ (JBTS, vol V, pt III, p 46) does not appear to be correct Kalsi—Srughna, in the Jaunsar district, on the east of Sirmur Kaluha—Same as Kalhuâ Makula Parvata of the Buddhists and Kolâhala Parvata or Kolâchala of the Vâyu Purâṇa Kalyâṇa—Same as Kaliâni Kâmah—See Kunar Kambay—1 Stambha tirtha 2 Stambhapura, in Gujarat Kampil—Kîmpilya, twenty eight miles north east of Fathgarh in the district of Farrukhabad, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh It was the capital of South Pañchâla, the king of which was Drupada, the father of Draupadī of the Mahâbhârata It was the birth place of the celebrated astronomer Varahamihira (Brihat Jâtaka) Kampta—Karmmanta, the capital of Samataṭa, near Comilla, in the district of Tipârâ, Bengal Kamptânâthgiri—Chitrakûṭa, in Bundelkhand, on the river Pisuni, about four miles from the Chitrakot station of the G I P Railway Ramachandra resided here for some time, while on his way to the Dandakâranya Kampur—Kauishkapura, ten miles to the south of Srinagar in Kasmir, founded by Kanishka, king of Kâsmir Kânâ-Nadī—The Ratnakara nadī, on which Khânâkul Kristanagar, a town in the district of Hughli in Bengal, is situated, containing the temple of Mahâdeva Ghaṇṭeśvara Kanara—See Canara Kanarak—1. Arkakshetra. 2. Padmakshetra. 3. Konâditya. 4. Konârka, nineteen miles north-west of Puri in Orissa. It contains a temple of the Sun, built by Lânguliya Narasimha who reigned from 1237 to 1282 A.D.

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Kandahar—See Candahar.

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Kandy—1. Srîvarddhanapura. 2. Senakhaṇḍasela, in Ceylon.

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Kane—The river 1. Syenî. 2. The Karṇâvatî. 3. The Suktimatî. 4. The Kiyânâ (Lassen), in Bundelkhand. Same as Ken.

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Kangrâ—1. Nagarakoṭa. 2. Bhîmanagara. 3. Trigartta. 4. Susarma-pura, on the Râvi-Bângangâ river. It was the old capital of Kulûṭa.

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Kaṅkâli-Ṭilâ—Urumuṇḍaparvata, in Mathura, which was evidently an artificial hill or mound where Upagupta and his preceptor resided.

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Kaṅkhal—See Hardwar.

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Kaṅkoṭa—Kanakavatî, sixteen miles west of Kosam, on the southern bank of the river Jamuna near its junction with the river Paiśunî. It is also called Kanak-koṭ.

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Kanouj—1. Kânyakubja. 2. Gâdhipura. 3. Kusumapura. 3. Kuśasthala. 5. Mahodaya, on the river Kâlî, a branch of the Ganges, in the Farukhabad district, United Provinces.

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Kâorhari—The river Kumârî in Bihar.

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Kapilâ—The portion of the river Nerbuda near its source in the Amarakaṇṭaka mountain is called the Kapilâ.

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Kapiladhârâ—1. Kapila-âśrama, twenty-four miles to the south-west of Nâsik; it was the hermitage of Kapila Ṛishi. 2. The first fall of the Nerbuda from the Amarakaṇṭaka mountain.

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Kârâbâgh—1. Kârupatha. 2. Kârâpatha, on the Indus, mentioned in the Râmâyaṇa and the Raghuvamśa as being the place where Lakshmaṇa’s son Aṅgada was placed as king by his uncle Râmachandra, when he made a disposition of his kingdom before his death. Tavernier writes it as Carabat.

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Karachi—1. Karakalla. 2. Krokala of Megasthenes in Sindh.

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Karâḍa—Karahâṭaka of the Mahâbhârata, in the district of Satara in the province of Bombay.

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Karakal—Kâraskara, in South Kanara.

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Karakorum Mountain—1. Mâlyavâna-giri. 2. Kṛishṇa-giri, between the Kiunlun and Hindukush mountains.

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Karanbel—Same as Teor.

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Karatoyâ—The river Karatoyâ, which flows through the districts of Rungpur and Dinajpur. It formed the boundary between the kingdoms of Bengal and Kâmarûpa at the time of the Mahâbhârata. Same as Kuratî.

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Karmanâśâ—The river Karmanâśâ is situated on the western limits of the district of Shahabad in Bengal, and forms the boundary between the province of Bengal and the United Provinces. Its water is considered to have been polluted by the Hindus, being associated with the sins of Triśaṅku of the Râmâyaṇa.

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Karṇâli—Bhadrakarṇapura, a place of pilgrimage on the right bank of the Nerbuda near Chandod.

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Karṇa-Prayâga—At the confluence of the Alakânandâ and Pindar rivers. It is one of the five (Pañcha) Prayâgas.

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Kâroṇ—1. Kâma-âśrama. 2. Madana-tapovana, eight miles to the north of Koraṇṭeḍi, in the district of Baliâ in the United Provinces. Mahâdeva is said to have destroyed Madana, the god of love, at this place.

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Karra—Karkoṭaka-nagara, 41 miles north-west of Allahabad. It is one of the 52 Pîṭhas.

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Kârttikasvâmi—Same as Kumâra-svâmi.

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Karur—Same as Korur (II).

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Kârvân—1. Kârâvana. 2. Nakuleśvara. 3. Lakulîśa. 4. Nakulîśa. 5. Kâyâvarohaṇa, 15 miles south of Baroda, containing the principal shrine of the Pâśupata sect of Śaivaism, founded by Nakulîśa between the 2nd and 5th centuries A.D.

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Kâsai—The river 1. Kamśâvatî. 2. Kapisâ, in Bengal.

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Kashgar—Kharoshṭra.

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Kâshkâr—Same as Kâmah and Kunar (Elphinstone's History of India, p. 232).

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Kaśia—1. Kuśinagara. 2. Kuśinârâ. 3. Kuśâvatî, thirty-five miles to the east of Gorakhpur, on the old channel of the Hiranyavatî or Chhoṭa Ganḍak. It was at Kuśinagara that Buddha died.

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Kâsmir—1. Kâśmira. 2. Kâśyapapura; the hermitage of Ṛishi Kâśyapa was on the Hari mountain, three miles from Srinagar (Bhavishya P., Pratisarga, pt. I, ch. 6, v. 6).

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Kasur—Kuśâvatî, thirty-two miles to the south-east of Lahore, said to have been founded by Kuśa, son of Râmachandra.

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Kaṭak—1. Bârâṇasî-Kaṭaka. 2. Yayâtinagara. 2. Binîtapura, in Orissa, at the confluence of the Mahânadî and Kaṭjurî, founded by Nṛipa Keśarî, who reigned from 941 to 952 A.D.

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Kaṭâksha—Simhapura, sixteen miles from Pinḍi Dadan Khan, on the north side of the Salt Range in the Panjab. It is also called Kaṭâs and Keṭâs. According to Hiuen Tsiang, the country of Simhapura bordered on the Indus on the western side. It was conquered by Arjuna.

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Kaṭâs—See Kaṭâksha.

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Kâṭhiâwar—1. Saurâshṭra. 2. Surâshṭra. 3. Sulathika or Surâshṭrika of the Dhauli inscription. 4. Syrastrine of Ptolemy. The southern portion of Kâṭhiâwar was called Prabhâsa, containing the celebrated temple of Somnâth, at a short distance from which was situated the spot where Kṛishṇa passed away from this mortal world.

c6.s6.48

Kâṭmanḍu—1. Kâshṭhamandapa. 2. Kântipurî. 3. Mañjupattana. 4. Mañjupâṭan, the capital of Nepâl.

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Kâṭwâ—1. Kaṇṭaka-nagara. 2. Kaṇṭaka-dvîpa. 3. Kaṭadvîpa, in the district of Burdwan in Bengal.

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Kâverî—1. I. The river Arddhagangâ. 2. Sahyâdriyâ. 3. Kâverî. 4. Chela-Gangâ. II. A branch of the Nerbuda near Mândhâtâ was called Kâverî.

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Kâwâ-Dol—An isolated hill near Gayâ, on which the Silabhadra monastery was situated; it was visited by Hiuen Tsiang. It is a part of the Barâbar Hill (Khalâṭika Parvata), containing the Nâgârjuni caves.

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Kedârnâth—Kedâra, situated at the source of the Kâlî-Gangâ. The celebrated temple of Kedârnâtha is situated in the Rudra Himalaya in Garwal below the peak of Mahâpantha on the west of Badrinâth. The worship of Mahâdeva Kedârnâtha is said to have been established by Arjuna, one of the five Pânḍavas. The river Kâlî-Gangâ rises at this place and joins the Alakânandâ at Rudra-Prayâga.

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Keljhar—Chakranagara, seventeen miles north-east of Wardha in the Central Provinces. Perhaps it is the Chakrâṅkanagara of the Padma Purâṇa, Pâtâla khaṇḍa, ch. XVIII.

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Ken—Same as Kane.

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Keśariya—Isalia of the Buddhists, in the district of Champâran in the province of Bihâr, where Buddha passed the eighteenth and nineteenth Vassas of his Buddhahood.

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Keṭas—See Kaṭâksha.

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Khaira-Dih—Jamadagni-âśrama, thirty-six miles north-west of Balia; it is said to have been the residence of Jamadagni and the birth-place of his son Paraśurâma. See Zamania.

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Khajrâha—Khajjurapura, the capital of the Chandels, in Bundelkhand.

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Khandes—Khandes, Southern Malwa and parts of Aurangabad forming the ancient country of 1. Haihaya. 2. Anupadeśa, the kingdom of the myriad-handed Kârttavîryârjuna, who was killed by Paraśurâma. Its capital was Mâhishmatî (modern Maheswar or Mahes) on the river Nerbuda, forty miles to the south of Indore. It appertained also to the ancient kingdom of Bidarbha.

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Kheda—Khetaka of the Padma Purâna, between Ahmedabad and Kambay in Gujarat. It is the Kiecha of Hiuen Tsiang, which Cunningham has correctly restored to Kheta or Kheda, now called Kaira. Khetaka was situated on a small river called Betravatî (now called Vâtrak) near its junction with the Sâbarmatî (Sâbarmatî). Julien renders Kiecha by Khacha or Kachchha. Same as Kaira.

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Khiragrâma—Twenty miles to the north of Burdwan. It is one of the fifty-two Pîthas.

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Khiva—The Khanat of Khiva is the 1. Urjagunda of the Matsya P. (ch. 120), called Urgendj; 2. Country of the Surabhis or Kharasmü or Kharism (Vambery’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 339).

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Khorasan—Khurasan, celebrated for horses.

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Khotan—Kustana, in Eastern or Chinese Turkestan.

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Kiskindhyâ—A small hamlet on the north bank of the river Tungabhadra, not far from Anagandi. It was the ancient Kiskindhyâ of the Râmâyana, where Râmachandra killed Bâli, the king of monkeys.

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Kiyul—I. Rohinnâlâ. It has been identified by General Cunningham with Lo-in-ni-lo of Hiuen Tsiang; it is situated immediately to the south of Lakhi-serai on the E. I. Railway. It contains a large image of Padmapâni and several Buddhist figures (Cunningham’s Arch. S. Rep., vol. III). Lo-in-ni-lo included Jayanagar on the north containing the fort, and Rajaona or Rajjhana on the south containing many remains of the Buddhist period. See however, Rehuânâlâ. II. The river Rishikulyâ in Bihar.

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Koch-Bihâr—It appertained to the ancient Pundra-desa, especially to the eastern portion called Nivritti. For the history of Koch-Bihâr, see JASB., 1838, p. 1.

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Koh—The river Kutikoshtikâ of the Râmâyana, a small affluent of the Râma-Gangâ in Oudh.

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Koh-Mari—Gosrîuga Parvata in Eastern Turkestan, containing a Buddhist monastery and a cave, it was a celebrated place of pilgrimage at the time of Hiuen Tsiang.

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Koil—Kokilâ, a river which flows through the district of Shahabad in Bihar.

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Kolar—Kolâhalapura or Kolâlapura, on the east of Mysore where Kârttyavîryârjuna is said to have been killed by Parasurâma.

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Kolhâpur—I. Karavîrapura. 2. Kolâpura. 3. Kolhâpura. 4. Padmâvatî. 5. Agastya-âsrama, the hermitage of Rishi Agastya, but perhaps this is a mistake and the mistake originated by confounding Kolhâpur with Âkolha to the east of Nâsik, which is the reputed Kosam—1. Kausāmbi. 2. Kosambinagara. 3. Batsyapattana, about 30 miles to the west of Allahabad; it was the capital of 1. Batsya-deśa. 2. Baṃśa, the kingdom of Rājā Udayana. Harsha Deva places his scene of the Ratnāvalī at this place.

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Kośilā—The river 1. Kuṭikā. 2. Kuṭilā of the Rāmāyaṇa, the eastern tributary of the Rāmgangā in Oudh.

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Kotalgar—1. Umāvana. 2. Bānapura. 3. Sonitapura of the Harivaṃśa at Lohul in Kumaun, where Ushā was abducted by Aniruddha, the grandson of Krishna. See Bāṇa Rājā's Gad.

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Koṭa-Tirtha—In Kālañjara.

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Koṭeśvar—1. Koṭīśvara. 2. Kachchheśvara, the capital of Kachchha (Kutch), on the river Kori, a branch of the Indus.

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Koṭi-Tirtha—1. In Mathurā. 2. A sacred tank in Gokarna.

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Koṭṭayam—1. Neleynda of the Periplus. 2. Milkynda of Ptolemy. 3. Nalakānana. 4. Nalakālika, in Travancore, a celebrated port of ancient India.

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Kotwal—Kāntipuri, twenty miles north of Gwalior.

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Kṛṣṇā—1. The river 2. The Kṛṣṇā. Kṛṣṇaveṇī. 3. The Kṛṣṇaveṇā. 4. The Benwā. 5. The Beṇī. 6. The Binā. 7. The Tynna of the Greeks.

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Kuāri—The river 1. Kumārī. 2. Sukumārī, in the Gwalior State, it joins the river Sindh near its junction with the Jamuna.

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Kubattur—1. Kuntalakapura. 2. Kautalakapura. 3. Kuntalapura. 4. Surabhīpaṭṭana, 5. Sopatma of the Periplus, in Sorab in the Shimoga district of Mysore. It was the capital of King Chandrahāsa of the Jaimini-Bhārata.

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Kubjāmra—1. Kubjāmraka. 2. Raibhya-āśrama, at a short distance to the north of Hardwār.

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Kuenlun Mountain—1. Nīla Parvata. 2. Kṛṣṇa Parvata, in Tibet.

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Kolu—1. Kuluṭa. 2. Koluka. 3. Kulinda-deśa, 4. Kunindu. 5. Kalinda-deśa, in the upper valley of the Bias. Its capital was Nagarakota.

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Kumāra Svāmī—1. Subrahmaṇya. 2. Kārttikasvāmī. 3. Svāmi-tīrtha. 4. Bhaṭṭri-sthāna, about a mile from Tiruttani, a station of the Madras and Southern Marhatta Railway on the river Kumāradhārā; it was visited by Saṅkarāchārya.

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Kumāun—1. Kurmāchala. 2. Kurmavana. 3. Kumāravana. 4. A part of Brahmapura.

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Kumbhaconum—1. Kumbhakarṇa. 2. Kumbhaghonum, in the province of Madras. It was the ancient capital of Chola.

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Kunar—The Choaspes of the Greeks, which joins the Kabul river at some distance below Jalalabad. It is also called Kāmah and Kāshkār.

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Kuṇḍapura—1. Kuṇḍinapura. 2. Kuṇḍinanagara. 3. Bidarbhanagara. 4. Bhīmapura, forty miles east of Amarāvatī in Central India. Same as Koṇḍavir. But see Beder.

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Kurati—The river Karatoyā in North Bengal. Same as Karatoyā.

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Kurkihar—Kukkuṭapādagiri, in the district of Gayā, where the Buddhist saint Mahākāśyapa died. Kukkuṭapādagiri has also been identified with Gurpa hill (Gurupadagiri), about 100 miles from Buddha-Gayā. See Sobhnāth Hill.

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Kurum—Same as Koram.

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Kushān—Kapiśā, ten miles west of Opian on the declivity of the Hindu-kush.

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Kuśī—The river Kauśikī in Bengal. Its confluence with the Ganges was known as the Kauśikī Tīrtha or Kauśikī-Saṅgama.

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L.

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Lādak—It has been identified with Hātaka where Mānas-sarovara is situated (Barooah's Dictionary, vol. III, Preface, p. 50).

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Lāhari-Bandar—The ruins of Devala, the "Metamorphosed city" as it has been called, are situated at a very short distance to the north of Lāhari-bandar or Lāri-bandar in Sindh, in fact, Lāhari-bandar was built with the ruins of Devala (Cunningham).

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Lahor--Sâlâtura, the birth-place of Pânini, the celebrated grammarian. The village is situated at a distance of about sixteen miles to the north-east of Attok.

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Lahore--1. Lavapura. 2. Lavakoṭa. 3. Lavavara. 4. Lohawar, in the Panjab. It was founded by Lava, son of Râmachandra of the Râmâyaṇa.

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Lakhnor--Lakragar, an old fort situated in the Rajmahal hills in Bengal.

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Lamghan--1. Lampâkâ. 2. Muraṇḍâ. 3. Lampâka, on the northern bank of the Kabul river.

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Landai--The river Giri, in the Peshawar district, on which Pushkalâvatî was situated.

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Lânguliya--The river Lângulinî, on which Chicacole stands.

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Lenar--1. Biṣṇu-Gayâ, a celebrated place of pilgrimage in Berar, not far from Mekhar. 2. Loṇâra.

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Lhasa--The capital of Tibet, containing the celebrated Temple of Buddha the "Holy of Holies" built by Srongtsan Gampo, king of Tibet, in 652 A.D. This monarch became a convert to Buddhism and introduced that religion into Tibet, being influenced by his two Buddhist wives, one a princess of China and the other a princess of Nepal. The image in the temple is the image of Buddha as a youthful prince of sixteen in his house at Kapilavastu. The Dalai Lama resides in the palace at Potala hill in the town. The first Dalai Lama was Lobzang, he was of the yellow-cap order and was raised to power by the Tartar prince Gushi Khan in the middle of the seventeenth century A.D. (Dr. Waddell's Lhasa and its Mysteries).

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Lilâjan--1. The Nilâjana. 2. The Nilañchana. 3. The Nairañjana. 4. The Nirañjarâ. 5. The Nischirâ, the upper part of the Phalgu, which flows through the district of Gayâ.

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Little Gaṇḍak--Same as Chhoṭa-Gaṇḍaka.

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Little Thibet--Bolor. Little Thibet is also called Baltistan and Chitral. Its capital was Skardu.

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Lodh-Moona--1. Lodhra-kânana. 2. Garga-âśrama, in Kumâun.

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Lohughât--Lohârgala in Kumâun, on the river Loha.

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Lomasgir Hill--Lomaśa-âśrama, the hermitage of Lomaśa Ṛishi; it is four miles north-east of Rajauli in the sub-division of Nowadah in the district of Gayâ.

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Loṇâr--See Lenar.

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Looni--Same as Lun-nadî.

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Lucknow--Situated on the river Gumtî. It is said to have been founded by Lakshmaṇa, the brother of Râmachandra of the Râmâyaṇa, on an elevated spot now known as Lakshmaṇṭilâ or Lakshmaṇapura, where a mosque was afterwards built by Safdar Jang, Subadar of Oudh. It is now within the Machchhibhawan fort, overlooking the Asfi (stone) Bridge. Asaf-ud-dowlah made Lucknow his capital, the capital of his two predecessors being at Fyzabad. The Great Emambarah with the Raumi Gate and the Masjid were built by Asaf-ud-dowlah; the old Residency, Dilkhosha and the Lal Bâradâri were built by Saadat Ali Khan; the Moti Mahal and Shah Najaf were built by Nasir-uddin Hyder; the Chutter Manzil was built by Nasir-uddin Hyder; the Hossenabad buildings were constructed by Mahomed Ali Shah, the Chhoṭa Emambarah by Amjad Ali Shah, and the Kaisarbagh by Wajid Ali Shah. Mannua or Manpore, about 24 miles north of Lucknow, has a very high and extensive mound called the fort of Mândhâtâ. Nagrâon, in the district of Lucknow, is said to have been the city of Râjâ Nala, a descendant of Râmachandra (see Vâyu Purâṇa, II, ch. 26) whose episode is given in the Mahâbhârata (P. C. Mukerji's Pictorial Lucknow).

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Lun-Nadî--The river Lavaṇâ, which falls into the Sindh at Chandpur Sonari in Malwa. It is also called Nun-nadî.

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M.

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Madawar--1. Matipura. 2. Pralamba of the Râmâyaṇa, it is eight miles north of Bijnor in Western Rohilkhand.

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Madhyârjuna--Six miles east of Kumbhaconum, in the district of Tanjore, Madras Presidency.

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Madura—1. Mathurâ. 2. Dakshiṇa-Mathurâ. 3. Minâkshi, in the province of Madras. It was the capital of Pâṇḍya. The districts of Madura and Tinnevelly formed the ancient Pâṇḍya or Pâṇḍu. It is one of the 52 Pîṭhas where Sati’s eyes are said to have fallen.

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Mahâballpur—Bâṇapura, on the Coromandel coast. The “maths” of Mahâbalipur are the true representations of ancient Buddhist vihâras or monasteries.

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Mahâbana—1. Gokula. 2. Braja. 3. Klisoboras of the Greeks, a town about six miles from Mathurâ across the Jamuna, where Kṛishṇa was reared up during his infancy. It was sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni as the “fort of Raja Kulchand.” See Gokul (Purâṇa)

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Mahânadi—1. The river Chitropalâ. 2. The Chitrotpalâ. 3 The Mahânadî, in Orissa. The portion of the river before its junction with the Pyri or Pairi is called Utpaléśvara and the portion below its junction with the Pyri is called Chitropalâ or Chitrotpalâ.

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Mahânandâ—The river Nandâ, in Bengal, to the east of the river Kusi

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Mahârâshṭra—Same as Mârhâṭṭâ country.

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Mahâsthâna-Gaḍa—1. Mahâsthâna. 2. Śila-dhâpa. 3. Jamadagni-âśrama, 4. Paraśurâma âśrama. 5. Ugra, in the district of Bagura in Bengal, celebrated for the temple of Mahâdeva called Ugramâdhava.

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Mahendra-Mâli Hills—The Mahendra Hills of Ganjam and Southern India, where Paraśurâma retired after he was defeated by Râma. The hills include the Eastern Ghats.

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Maheś—Same as Maheśvar.

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Maheśvar—1. Mâhismatî. 2. Mâhissatî. 3. Agnipura, on the right bank of the Nerbuda, forty miles to the south of Indore; it is also called Chuli Maheśvar It was the capital of Haihaya or Anupadeśa or Mahishamandala, the kingdom of the myriad-handed Kârttayavîryârjuna of the Purâṇas. But see Mândhâtâ.

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Mahî—1. 1. The river Mahatî. 2. The Mâhî. 3. Mabita, in Malwa II. Mayuri, a town in the Malabar coast.

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Mâhî—The river Mahî of the Milinda-Pañha, it is a tributary of the Gandak.

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Mahoba—Mahotsava-nagara, in Bundelkhand.

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Mâllkoṭe—1. Dakshiṇa-Badarikâśrama. 2. Yâdava-giri, twenty-five miles to the north of Seringapatam in Mysore, containing one of the four principal Maṭhas (monasteries of Râmânuja and a temple of Kṛishṇa known as Chawalrâi 3 Tirunârâyaṇapura (S. K. Aiyangar’s Ancient India, p. 208). Same as Melukoṭe.

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Malabar—1. Mallâra-deśa. 2. Part of Aparântaka; Malabar and Koṅkaṇa formed the ancient Aparântaka. 3. Malabar, Travancore and Canara formed the ancient Kerala, called also Ugra and Chera. 4. Keṭalaputra of Asoka’s Inscriptions. 5. Keralaputra. 6. Muralâ

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Malabar Coast—1. Kerala. 2. Ugra (see Malabar). 3. Muralâ. 4. Damila of the Jaṭâka. 5. Limyrika (i.e, Damir-ike) of Ptolemy. 6 Keṭalaputra., 7. Keralaputra 'See Malabar.

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Malabar Ghats—Malaya-giri. 2. Chandana-giri, the southern portion of the Western Ghats, south of the river Kâverî.

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Malabar Hill—Bâlukeśvara hill in Bombay, containing the temple of Mahâdeva Bâlukeśvara.

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Malkhead—Mânyakshetra, on the river Kṛishṇâ.

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Mallaca—Upamallaka.

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Malvan—Melizigeris of Ptolemy, a town situated in the island of Medha in the Ratnagiri district of the Bombay Presidency.

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Malwa. 1. Mâlaya. 2. Avantî. 3. Dâśeraka. Its capitals were Ujjayinî and Dhârânagara. Eastern Malwa, including the kingdom of Bhopal, was called Daśârṇa and Dakshiṇagiri, its capital was Bidiśâ or Bhilsa. Northern Malwa was called Seka and Apara-Seka at the time of the Mahâbhârata.

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Manâl—A village near Badrinâth in Garwal, It was the hermitage of Rishi Vyâsa, the author of the Mahâbhârata.

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Mânas-Sarovar—The lake Mânasa-sarovara. 2. Mânasa. 3. Baibhrâja-sarovara. It is situated at the foot of that part of the Kailâsa range which is called Baidyuta-parvata.

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Mânbhum—The western portion of the district of Mânbhum in the province of Bengal appertained to the ancient country of Malla-deśa.

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Mandâgni—Same as Mandâkinî.

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Mandâkinî—1. Same as the river Kâli-nadî in Garwal. 2. The river Mandâkinî which flows into the river Paisunî (ancient Payoshnî) by the side of Chitrakûṭa in Bundelkhand. It was created by Anusuyâ, wife of Ṛishi Atri and daughter of Daksha, to avert the effect of a drought of ten years.

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Maṇḍala—1. Mahesmatî-maṇḍala. 2. Mahesmatî. 3. Maheśamaṇḍala. 4. Mahisha. 5. Mahishaka. 6. Mahishamaṇḍala. 7. Haihaya. 8. Anupadeśa, a country in Central India, of which Mâhishmatî was the capital.

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Mandâra-Giri—A hill in the Banka sub-division of Bhagalpur in Bihar, two or three miles from Bamśî. The gods are said to have churned the ocean with this hill as churn-staff.

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Mandasor—1. Daśapura. 2. Daśanagara, on the Chambal in Malwa, about ninety five miles south-east of Udayapur.

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Mândhâtâ—1. Mâhishmatî. 2. Omkâranâtha. 3. Baidurya-Parvata. 4. Omkâra. 5. Omkâra-kshetra. 6. Amareśvara, an island in the Nerbuda, five miles to the east of Maheś. The temple of Omkâranâtha, one of the twelve great Liṅgas of Mahâdeva, is situated at this place.

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Maṇḍu—Maṇḍapapura, in Malwa.

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Maṅgala-Giri—Pânâ-Nṛisiṃha, seven miles south of Bezwada, in the Kistna District, Madras Presidency, on the top of the hill is a temple of Nṛisiṃha, visited by Chaitanya.

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Maṅglâ-Gaurî—One of the fifty-two Pîṭhas in Gaya.

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Maṅgila Paithân—Same as Paithân.

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Manglora—1. Maṅgala. 2. Maṅgali. 3. Maṅgalapura, on the Swat river. It was the capital of Udyâna.

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Mânikalya—Mânikapura, in the Punjab, celebrated for its Buddhist topes, where Buddha in a former birth gave his body to feed a starving tiger.

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Maṇikaraṇ—1. Maṇikarṇa, 2. Maṇikarṇikâ, on the Pârvatî, in the Kulu valley.

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Maṇikarṇikâ—1. Brahmanâla, 2. Maṇikarṇikâ, in Benares.

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Mânikiala—Same as Mânikalya.

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Mânikapattan—Maṇipura of the Mahâbhârata, a seaport at the mouth of the lake Chilka. Maṇipura was once the capital of Kaliṅga. The situation of the capital of Kaliṅga as described in the Mahâbhârata and the Raghuvamśa as well as the name accord with those of Mânikapattan.

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Mañjerâ—The river Bañjulâ, a tributary of the Godâvarî, which is also mentioned as Mañjulâ.

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Mârhâṭṭâ Country—1. Mahârâshṭra. 2. Aśmaka. 3. Aśvaka. 4. Asakka. 5. Mulaka. 6. Alaka. 7. Maulika. 8. Devarâshṭra. 9. Mallarâshṭra. 10. Bidarbha (*Anargha-Râghava*, vii, 96, Barooah's *Dictionary*, vol. III, Pref., pp. 138, 139), the boundaries of which in the seventh century were: Malwa on the north, Kośala and Andhra on the east, Koṅkaṇa on the south, and the sea on the west. Its ancient capitals were Pratishṭhâna, Kalyâṇi and Devagiri.

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Mârkaṇḍa—The Aruṇâ, a branch of the Sarasvatî, in Kurukshetra. Its junction with the Sarasvatî, three miles to the north-east of Pehoa, is called the Aruṇa-saṅgama. But this identification is doubtful (see Oghavatî in Pt. I). It is perhaps the Oghavatî of the Mahâbhârata.

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Mar-Koh—The mount Meros of Alexander's historians, near Jalalabad in the Punjab.

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Mârta—1. Mârttikâvata, 2. Saubhanagara, 3. Sâlvapura, the capital of Mârttikâyata or Sâlva on the north-west of the Aravali range in Marwar, not far from Ajmer. It is also called Merta or Maitra. But see Alwar.

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Martan—Same as Matan.

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Mârwar—1. Mordua-deśa. 2. Maru-deśa. 3. Marudhanva. 4. Marusthalî. 5. Marusthala. 6. Mârava. 7. Gurjara of the seventh century, in Rajputana.

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Masâr—Mahâsâra, an ancient village six miles to the west of Arrah in the district of Shahabad in Bihâr, at a very short distance from the Karisat station of the E. I. Railway. It was visited by Hiuen Tsiang. It now contains only two temples.

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Maski—Suvarṇa-giri, situated to the west of Siddapur in Mysore; it was one of the four towns where Asoka placed a viceroy.

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Matan—Mârttaṇḍa, five miles to the north-east of Islamabad, in Kasmir. It is also called Bavan (see Bavan).

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Mathurâ—1. Madhupurî. 2. Surasena. 3. Sauripura. 4. Sauryapura. 5. Mathurâ. 6. Madhurâ. 7. Madhuvana. It was founded by Śatrughna, and was the birth-place of Kṛiṣṇa. Eighty miles all around Mathurâ was called the Braja-Maṇḍala. Mathurâ was the capital of the Bhojas.

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Maurawan—Six miles to the east of Unâo in Oudh. It is said to have been the capital of Mayuradhvaja of the Mahâbhârata.

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Mâyâpur—1. Mâyâpurî. 2. Mayura (see Hardwar).

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Maymene—Manimayî of the Râmâyaṇa (Uttara, ch. 23); see my Pâtala in the I. H. Q., vols. I, II. It is in Turkestan, 22 miles from Andkhuy, and to the south-west of Balkh.

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Mazaga—1. Māsakāvati of Pāṇini. 2. Massaga of Alexander's historians. 3. Mashanagar of Bābar, twenty-four miles from Bajore, on the river Swat in the Eusofzoi country.

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Media—1. Ariana. 2. Pahnava. 3. Pahlava. 4. Pallava. 5. Mada. 6. Madra or Uttara-Madra of the Purāṇas (see Azerbijan), now included in the Persian kingdom.

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Megnâ—1. The river Meghânaḍa. 2. Meghavâhana, in East Bengal.

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Melukoṭe—Same as Mâllkoṭe.

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Merv—Maru of the Bṛihat-saṃhitâ, the capital of Mṛiga of the Purāṇas, a country of Śâka-dvipa or Margiana.

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Mesopotamia—1. Mitanni of the Tel-el-Amara inscription. 2. Mitravana of the Bhavishya P. 3. Śâlmala-dvipa of the Purāṇas.

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Mewar—1. Śibi of the Buddhists; its capital was Jetuttara now called Nagari, eleven miles north of Chitore. 2. Medapâṭa.

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Midnapur—The southern portion of Bengal, including the districts of Midnapur, Hughli, etc. It was the ancient Sumha or Râdha.

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Mikula—1. Mekala hills. 2. Soma-parvata, in which the rivers Nerbuda and Son have got their source.

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Minagar—In Sindh, Pishenpopulo of Hiuen Tsiang, which is Bichavapura according to Julien, but which Reinaud restores to Basmapura (Beal). Saminagara (Tod).

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Mirâṭ—1. Mayarâshṭra, 2. Mayarâṭ, the residence of Maya Dânava, father of Mandodarî wife of Râvaṇa.

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Misrikh—Miśraka tîrtha in the district of Sitâpur in Oudh.

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Mithilâ—1. Bidcha. 2. Tirabhukti. 3. Trihuta. 4. Janakapura, the capital of Râjâ Janaka the father of Sîtâ.

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Mogrâpâḍâ—Suvarṇagrâma, the ancient capital of Eastern Bengal, in the Narainganj sub-division of the district of Dacca. It was famous for its fine muslins.

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Mohanâ—The river Mahî, a tributary of the Phalgu in the district of Gaya.

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Moharpur—1. Dharmâraṇya, 2. Moherakapura, fourteen miles to the north of Moharpur is the place where (town) in the district of Mirzapur. Three miles north of Moharpur is the place where Indra performed austerities after he was cursed by Rishi Gautama husband of Ahalyâ.

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Mohwar—The river Madhumatî in Malwa, which rises near Ranod and falls into the Sindh about eight miles above Sonari. The river has been mentioned in Bhavabhuti’s Mâlatî-Mâdhava.

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Mong—Nikai or Nikæa of the Greeks, on the Hydaspes in the Gujarat district, where the celebrated battle was fought between Alexander the Great and Porus (Puru).

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Monghir—1. Mudgalagiri, from Mudgalaputra, a disciple of Buddha. 2. Mudga-giri (a contraction of Mudgala-giri). 3. Modâgiri. 4. Madguraka. 5. Hiraṇyaparvata of Hiuen Tsiang.

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Morâ Hill—Prâgbodhi hill, near Buddha-Gayâ, across the river Phalgu.

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Mucharim—The Muchilinda tank, in Buddha-Gayâ.

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Mukhaliṅgam—Kaliṅganagarî, twenty miles from Parla-Kimedi, in the Ganjam district; it contains many Buddhist and Hindu remains.

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Muktınâth—A celebrated place of pilgrimage situated in Tibet or north of Nepal on the Sapta Gandaki range of the Himalaya, south of Śâlagrâma, not far from the source of the Gandak. The place is associated with the legend of Tulsi and Nârâyaṇa, and a temple of the latter exists at this place, hence the Gandak is called the Nârâyaṇî.

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Mulâ-muthâ—The river Muralâ, a tributary of the Bhîmâ in southern India.

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Multân—1. Mulasthânapura. 2. Mauli-snâna. 3. Prahlâdapurî. 4. Śâmbapura. 5. Mitravana. 6. Kâśyapapura. 7. Hiraṇyapura. 8. Malladeśa. 9. Mâlava, Panjab, where Nârâyaṇa incarnated as Nṛisiṃha and killed the Asura Hiraṇyakaśipu, the father of Prahlâda. It was the capital of Malla-deśa or the country of the Mallis of Alexander's historians, which was given to Lakshmaṇa's son Chandraketu by his uncle Râmachandra, when the latter made a disposition of his kingdom before his death. See Hindaun. Multan and Jahrawar were comprised in the ancient country of Sauvîra.

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Mundore—Same as Madawar.

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