一切經音義 4

English (machine translation) 4

Language: English

4.2

Phonetics and meanings for the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra from Fascicle 350 through Fascicle 410

Gathered foam (聚沫: the first character, qing [情] + yu [喻] fan. The Kaosheng says: “To amass.” The Yunying says: “To assemble.” The Shuowen says: “To gather together; formed from 𠂢 with 取 phonetic.” 𠂢 has the sound yin [吟]. The second character, mo [摩] + bo [鉢] fan. The Yupian says: “Foam floating on water.” Zhuangzi says: “Bubbling water floating on water.” Formed from water [水] with 末 phonetic).

4.5

Floating bubble (浮泡: the first character, fu [輔] + wu [無] fan. The Guangya says: “浮 means to drift.” Zheng's commentary to the Liji says: “Being on the surface is called 浮.” Jia's commentary to the Guoyu says: “浮 means light.” The Shuowen says: “To drift; formed from water [水] with 孚 phonetic.” The Wu pronunciation is bao [薄] + mou [謀] fan, not adopted here. The second character, pu [普] + bao [包] fan. The Kaosheng says: “Bubbles floating on water.” The Shuowen says it is formed from water [水] with 包 phonetic).

4.6

Plantain (芭蕉: the first character, bu [補] + jia [加] fan; the second character, zi [子] + yao [姚] fan. The Zizhi says: “The plantain grows in Jiaozhi; its leaves are like mats, and when boiled can be spun and woven into cloth; its sap can be used to retting hemp. The leaves are two to three spans wide, seven to eight spans long.” The Shuowen says: “The jiāo vegetable.” Both are formed from grass [草] with 巴 and 尗 phonetic, losing the correct character [...]. In vulgar modern usage it is traditionally written as 蕉, which was not originally a character).

4.7

Swift and rapid (迅速: sun [笋] + jun [俊] fan. The Erya says: “迅 means swift.” The Shuowen says it is formed from walking [辵] with 卂 phonetic; 卂 has the sound xin [信]. The second character, su [素] + lu [祿] fan. The Erya says: “Rapid.” The Kaosheng says: “To summon.” The Shuowen says it is formed from walking [辵] with 束 phonetic; 辵 has the sound of chou [丑] + lüe [略] fan).

4.8

Walls (牆壁: the first character, jing [淨] + yang [陽] fan; also written as 廧. Gu Yewang says: “A wall or enclosure.” The Zishu says: “Rammed earth is called 牆; woven bamboo and wood smeared with mud is called 壁.” The Shuowen says it is formed from 嗇 with 爿 phonetic; 嗇 has the sound se [色], 爿 has the sound jiang [匠] + yang [陽] fan. In the sūtra written with earth [土] as 墻, which is incorrect. The second character, bei [卑] + mi [覓] fan. Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: “A wall or parapet.” The Zishu says: “What is exposed outside is called a 牆; what is inside a room is called a 壁; both are walls.” The Shuowen writes it as 廦, formed from shelter [广] with 辟 phonetic; 广 has the sound yan [儼]).

4.9

Like a torch (如燎: both fanqie liao [遼] + diao [銚] and liao [遼] + niao [鳥] are used. The Zhouli mentions: “Large torches and courtyard flares (庭燎).” Zheng Zhong says: “Making torches from hemp.” Zheng Xuan says: “Fén (墳) is like ‘large.’ Setting up a great torch outside the gate is called a large torch; inside the gate it is called a courtyard flare; both shine on many people to provide light.” The Jixun says: “Burning firewood to sacrifice to Heaven.” The Shuowen says: “To set fire to; formed from fire [火] with 尞 phonetic.” The character 尞 is formed from fire [火] and from 昚; 昚 has the sound shen [慎], an ancient character for 慎).

4.10

Melt and dissolve (銷雪: the first character has the sound of xiao [消]. Wang's commentary to the Chuci says: “銷 means to destroy.” The Yupian says: “To disperse.” The Shuowen says: “To smelt metal; formed from metal [金] with 肖 phonetic.” It is also interchangeably written as 焇).

4.11

To touch and stroke (捫摩: the first character has the sound of men [門]. The Shenglei says: “捫 means to stroke.” The Jixun says: “To stroke and caress with the hand.” The Shuowen says: “To caress and hold; formed from hand [手] with 門 phonetic”).

4.12

Concealed and covered (隱蔽: the first character, yu [於] + jin [謹] fan. The Guangya says: “隱 means obscured.” The Kaosheng says: “To hide; deep and far.” The Analects says: “To conceal.” The Posthumous Titles law says: “Harbouring feelings without exhausting them is called 隱.” The Shuowen says: “To cover; formed from mound [阜] with 㥯 phonetic.” In the sūtra written with 㥯 as 隱, an error. The second character, bei [卑] + mei [袂] fan. Gu Yewang says: “Concealed, dark and not bright.” Du's commentary to the Zuozhuan says: “To screen.” The Guangya says: “To hide.” The Kaosheng says: “To cover.” The Shuowen says it is formed from grass [草] with 敝 phonetic; 敝 has the sound pi [毘] + mei [袂] fan).

4.13

Disgust and loathing (厭惡: the first character, yi [伊] + yan [焰] fan; the second character, wu [烏] + gu [固] fan).

4.14

Rejoicing and delight (欣樂: the first character, xiang [香] + yin [殷] fan; the second character, wu [五] + jiao [教] fan).

4.15

Reciting and chanting (諷頌: the first character, feng [風] + meng [夢] fan; the second character, xu [徐] + yong [用] fan. The Zhouli says: “Teaching the sons of the state to foster the Way through recitation and cantillation (諷頌).” Zheng Xuan says: “Reciting by heart is called 諷; modulating it with voice and rhythm is called 頌.” Also written as 誦. The Shenglei says: “Chanting (誦) means singing poetry of abundant virtue, praising and eulogizing someone's appearance.” The Shuowen writes it as 訟).

4.16

Appearance and visage (狀貌: the first character, 狀, is formed from dog [犬] with 爿 phonetic. The Yunying says: “狀 means shape and appearance.” The Shuowen says it is formed from dog [犬] with 爿 phonetic. The second character, mao [茅] + bao [豹] fan. The Shangshu's Five Affairs says: “The first is called appearance (貌).” Kong's commentary says: “Comportment.” The Guangya says: “Visible.” The Shuowen says: “Formed from 貌, depicting a human face, with human [人] below; a pictographic character.” The Zhou script writes it from beast [豸] as 貌, an ancient character; it is also written as 貌, formed from head [頁] with an abbreviated 豹. Zhou has the sound zhou [宙]; 豸 has the sound zhi [雉]).

4.17

Able to pierce (能剌: the first character, nu [奴] + deng [登] fan. The Guangya says: “能 means capable.” The Boya says: “Able to undertake a task.” The Shuowen says: “能 is of the bear genus; its legs resemble a deer, hence formed from two bǐ [匕], from flesh [肉], with [└@(┐/┐)] phonetic.” [└@(┐/┐)] is the ancient character for 以. Modern clerical script, due to cursive abbreviation, reduces it to 々, which is not only an erroneous abbreviation but incorrect. In the sūtra written as 能 in cursive error, which is also wrong. The second character, qing [青] + yi [亦] fan. The Shuowen says: “To wound directly; formed from knife [刀] with 朿 phonetic.” In the sūtra written with 夾 as 㓨, an erroneous vulgar character. Bear has the sound xiong [雄]).

4.18

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, Fascicle 351

4.19

Encroach and oppress (侵[(土/儿/夕)*力]: the first character, qi [七] + lin [林] fan. Liu Zhao's commentary to the Gongyang zhuan says: “To encroach and harm.” The Shuowen says: “To advance gradually; formed from person [人] holding a broom [帚] in hand (sound zhang [章] + liu [柳] fan), like advancing by sweeping.” Clerical script abbreviates it to 侵. The second character, li [力] + jing [兢] fan. The Cang Jie Pian says: “To encroach and insult.” The Guangya says: “To violate; to oppress.” The Shuowen writes it as 夌, meaning to encroach).

4.20

Damaged and destroyed (沮壞: the first character, ci [慈] + yu [與] fan. The Mao commentary to the Book of Odes says: “沮 is like broken.” The Guangya says: “Wet.” The Shuowen says it is formed from water [水] with 且 phonetic; 且 has the sound zi [子] + yu [餘] fan. The second character, huai [懷] + guai [怪] fan; the character 壞 was already explained above in Fascicle 330).

4.21

Stirrup and armor (鐙甲: kai [開] + gai [葢] fan. The Shuowen says: “Armor.” Already fully explained above in Fascicle 47 of the sūtra).

4.22

Salty taste (醎味: the first character, xian [陷] + yan [巖] fan; a vulgar character in current use. The Guangya says: “The taste of water in the north.” The Erya says: “醎 means bitter.” The standard form in the Shuowen is formed from brine [鹵] as 鹹, a phonogram).

4.23

General-treasure (將寶: jing [精] + yang [樣] fan. The Kaosheng says: “A commander (將帥).” The Wenzi jilüe says: “The master of an army.” The Shuowen says: “To lead; formed from inch [寸] with an abbreviated 醬 phonetic.” 帥 has the sound of shuai fan. The sūtra speaks of the General-treasure (pariṇāyaka-ratna), the divine commander who directs the military for a wheel-turning sage king).

4.24

All dull (皆鈍: the first character, 皆, has white [白] beneath. The second character, 鈍, has the sound tu [徒] + hun [混] fan. The Cang Jie Pian says: “Dull and stubborn.” The Shuowen says it is formed from metal [金] with 屯 phonetic; 屯 has the sound du [度] + lun [論] fan).

4.25

Heart and marrow (心髓: [髓 is] pronounced *sui* + *[tian]* [suǐ]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "The fat within bone." It is classified under bone (骨), with *sui* (隨) abbreviated for phonetic value).

4.26

Canes and clods [of earth] (杖塊: the upper character [杖] is pronounced *zh[ang]* + *[l]iang* [zhàng]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Wood held in the hand." It is classified under wood (木) with *zhang* (丈) phonetic; the character *zhang* (丈) is composed of *shi* (十) and *you* (又). The lower character [塊] is pronounced *k[ang]* + *[w]ai* [kuài]; it was already glossed in the text of the preceding sūtra, fascicle 39. In ancient script it was written 𠙽, an ideographic character classified under earth (土)).

4.27

From fascicle 352 down to fascicle 355,

4.28

there are altogether no characters that need pronunciation or gloss.

4.29

Fascicle 356

4.30

Āmra fruits, panasa fruits (菴沒羅果半娜娑果: both are Sanskrit, names of fruits of the Western countries; neither exists in this country. The panasa fruit resembles a winter melon in shape and is very delicious in taste; it is also called *mānasa*).

4.31

To plant and set upright (種植: [植 is] pronounced *ch[eng]* + *[l]i* [zhí]. The *Zuanyun* says: "*Zhi* means to multiply." The *Kaosheng* says: "To grow; to amass." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "*Zhi* means to plant." It is classified under wood (木) with *zhi* (直) phonetic; it is also written 殖, classified under *dai* (歹)).

4.32

Irrigating and watering (溉灌: the upper character [溉] is pronounced *j[u]* + *[q]i* [gài]. The *Yunying* says: "To water." The *Kaosheng* says: "To soak." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "To irrigate." It is classified under water (水) with *ji* (既) phonetic. The lower character [灌] is pronounced *g[uan]* + *[h]uan* [guàn]. The *Guangya* says: "*Guan* means to soak; to pour." The *Yunying* says: "To drench." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under water (水) with *guan* (雚) phonetic; the character *guan* (雚) has the same pronunciation as above).

4.33

Not relying upon (不藉: [藉 is] pronounced *q[ing]* + *[y]e* [jiè]. The *Yunying* says: "To cover the ground with grass." It is a phonetic loan character here).

4.34

Sprouts and stalks (牙莖: the upper character [牙] is pronounced *y[a]* + *[j]ia* [yá]. The lower character [莖] is pronounced *x[ing]* + *[g]eng* [jīng]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "The stem of a plant is called *jing*." It is classified under grass (艸) with *jing* (巠) phonetic).

4.35

Skilled in archery (善射: [射 is] pronounced *sh[i]* + *[y]e* [shè]. In the *Zhouli*, of the Six Arts, the third is called the Five Types of Archery. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it as 䠶, classified under arrow (矢), and explains: "A bow or crossbow discharged from the person that hits at a distance is called *she*." Li Si's Small Seal script wrote it with *cun* (寸) as 射; *cun* signifies measure, and *cun* also signifies the hand).

4.36

Enemies and foes (惌敵: the upper character [惌] is pronounced *y[uan]* + *[y]uan* [yuān]; the character *yuan* was already glossed in the preceding sūtra, fascicle 303. The lower character [敵] is pronounced *t[ing]* + *[l]i* [dí]. The *Wenzi dian* says: "*Di* means an adversary." The *Zuo zhuan* says: "An equal." The *Guliang zhuan* says: "Double [the enemy] then stop them; equal to them then fight; fewer then defend." It is classified under *pu* (攴) with *shang* (商) phonetic; *shang* here is pronounced *d[ing]* + *[l]i* [dì]).

4.37

In the sūtra, from fascicle 357 down through 362, altogether six fascicles, there is nothing that needs pronunciation or gloss.

4.38

Fascicle 363

4.39

Luxuriant and flourishing (茂盛: the upper character [茂] is pronounced *m[o]* + *[h]ou* [mào], which is the pronunciation of Wu and Chu; the *Yunying* gives the pronunciation as *m[o]* + *[b]u* [mù]; of grass and trees, luxuriantly growing. The *Erya* says: "Abundant." The Mao commentary to the *Odes* says: "Fine." The *Yunquan* says: "Lush and luxuriant." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under grass (艸) with *wu* (戊) phonetic. The lower character [盛] is pronounced *ch[ang]* + *[zh]eng* [shèng]. The *Guangya* says: "*Sheng* means numerous." The *Kaosheng* says: "High; strong." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under dish (皿) with *cheng* (成) phonetic).

4.40

Without leisure (无暇: the upper character [无] is pronounced *wu* (無); it appears in the *Guwen qizi* as the ancient form of the character *wu* (無). The lower character [暇] is pronounced *x[ia]* + *[j]ia* [xià]. Jia [Kui]'s commentary to the *Guoyu* says: "*Xia* means peaceful." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Leisure." It is classified under sun (日) with *jia* (叚) abbreviated for phonetic value).

4.41

Fascicle 364 together with fascicle 365, the above two fascicles, their text being easy, have nothing that needs pronunciation or gloss.

4.42

Fascicle 366

4.43

Living in vain (枉生: [枉 is] pronounced *w[ei]* + *[w]ang* [wǎng]. The *Fangyan* says: "Between Qi and Lu, sunshine and shadow are called *wangshi*." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under wood (木) with *wang* (王) phonetic. In ancient script it was written 𱛲, classified under *wen* (文)).

4.44

Joyfully seeking (忻求: [忻 is] pronounced *x[i]* + *[y]in* [xīn]. The *Kaosheng* says: "Delighted." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "The good rejoice in the goodness of others." The standard form is written 欣, or written 訢; both are acceptable).

4.45

Ridiculing and scolding (嘲誚: the upper character [嘲] is pronounced *zh[ao]* + *[j]iao* [zhāo]; *zh[ao]* (䝤) is pronounced *zh[e]* + *[j]iao* [zhǎo]. The *Erya* says: "*Chao* means to mock; to tease." It is also written with speech (言) as 謿. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it with *zhou* (周) as 啁, pronounced *zh[u]* + *[b]ao* [zhāo]. The lower character [誚] is pronounced *q[iao]* + *[y]ao* [qiào]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: "*Qiao* means to reprimand." The *Kaosheng* says: "To mock and laugh at." The *Yunying* says: "To blame." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "To harass." It is also written 譙; both are phono-semantic characters. *Jue* (謔) is pronounced *x[iang]* + *[y]ue* [xuè]).

4.46

Without cowardice (無怯: [怯 is] pronounced *q[ian]* + *[y]e* [qiè]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: "*Qie* means fearful and inferior." The *Jixun* says: "Frightened." The *Yunquan* says: "Weak." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it under dog (犬) as 㹤, because dogs are mostly fearful, hence it is classified under dog (犬) with *qu* (去) phonetic; it is a phono-semantic character).

4.47

Samāhita (三摩呬多: [呬 is] pronounced *sh[eng]* + *[y]i* [xì]; this is Sanskrit. Here it is translated as "cessation" (止), meaning the mind's resting in cessation. It is also called concentration (定) and has many names, such as meditative equipoise (等持, samādhi) and meditative attainment (等引, samāpatti); this is one of them).

4.48

Voracious gluttony (饕餮: the upper character [饕] is pronounced *t[ang]* + *[g]ao* [tāo]. Du [Yu]'s commentary to the *Zuo zhuan* says: "Coveting wealth is called *tao*." It is also written 叨, a vulgar character. The lower character [餮] is pronounced *t[ian]* + *[j]ie* [tiè]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Coveting food is called *tie*." The *Boya* writes it as 飻. Both characters above have the signific below and the phonetic above).

4.49

Noisy and mixed (諠雜: the upper character [諠] is pronounced *x[iang]* + *[y]uan* [xuān]; it was already fully glossed in fascicle 1 of the preceding sūtra. The lower character [雜] is pronounced *c[ai]* + *[l]ing* [zá]; it was already fully glossed in fascicle 181 of the preceding sūtra).

4.50

Confused and disturbed (紛擾: the upper character [紛] is pronounced *f[u]* + *[w]en* [fēn]; the character *fen* was glossed in Preface 1 of the preceding sūtra. The lower character [擾] is pronounced *[e]r* + *[zh]ao* [rǎo]; the character *rao* was glossed in fascicle 3 of the preceding sūtra).

4.51

Not shrinking from (不憚: [憚 is] pronounced *d[an]* + *[d]an* [dàn]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the Mao *Odes* says: "*Dan* means hard to face." The Han school *Odes* says: "To fear." The *Jixun* says: "To decline." The *Cang Jie pian* says: "Startled." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Distressed." It is classified under heart (心) with *dan* (單) phonetic).

4.52

Arrogant and haughty (據慠: the upper character [據] is pronounced *j[u]* + *[y]u* [jù]. The Mao commentary to the *Odes* says: "*Ju* means to rely on." The *Kaosheng* says: "To lean on." Du [Yu]'s commentary to the *Zuo zhuan* says: "At ease." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "To support." It is classified under hand (手) with *ju* (豦) phonetic; it is also written 倨. *Ju* (豦) is pronounced *q[u]* [qú]. The lower character [慠] is pronounced *w[u]* + *[g]ao* [ào]. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary to the *Shangshu* says: "*Ao* means disrespectful." The *Guangya* says: "Unrestrained." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Haughty." It is classified under heart (心) with *ao* (敖) phonetic; it is also written with person (人) as 傲. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* has it classified under *chu* (出) and *fang* (放). Now the sūtra text writes 傲 with *tu* (土), which is a gradual corruption and abbreviation).

4.53

In ridicule (於譏: the upper character *yu* (於), the *Shuowen [jiezi]* has it classified under [方*(企-止)][方*(企-止)], pronounced *y[an]* [yǎn]; in the sūtra it is written with hand (手), which is an error. The lower character [譏] is pronounced *j[u]* + *[y]i* [jī]. The *Guangya* says: "*Ji* means to remonstrate." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "To slander." It is classified under speech (言) with *ji* (幾) phonetic).

4.54

Of the sūtra, fascicle 367 and fascicle 368, these two fascicles have no characters that need pronunciation.

4.55

Fascicle 369

4.56

Echo in a valley (谷響: [響 is] pronounced *x[iang]* + *[l]iang* [xiǎng]. The *Kaosheng* says: "An echo is the response of sound." Kong [Anguo]'s commentary to the *Shangshu* says: "Like an echo responding to a sound." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under sound (音) with *xiang* (鄉) phonetic; it is also written 響, or classified under speech (言) as 譍. In the sūtra it is written with *xiang* (向) as 嚮, which is incorrect).

4.57

In the sūtra, from fascicle 370 down through 375, the above altogether six fascicles, none have pronunciations or glosses.

4.58

Fascicle 376

4.59

Carriages and chariots (車乘: the upper character [車] is pronounced *ch[ang]* + *[zh]e* [chē]. For the character *che*, the *Shuowen [jiezi]* gives the pictograph as 車; written horizontally, the character 車 is the ancient script form for chariot. The lower character [乘] is pronounced *sh[i]* + *[zh]eng* [shèng]. Kong [Anguo]'s commentary to the *Shangshu* says: "*Sheng* means to overcome." The Mao commentary to the *Odes* says: "*Sheng* means to ascend." Zheng Zhong's commentary to the *Zhouli* says: "Four horses make a *sheng*." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "*Sheng* means to cover." It is classified under *ru* (入) and *jie* (桀); *jie* is pronounced *j[ie]* [jié], meaning clever and fierce. Military law says: *sheng*. In clerical script it is written 乘, a variant form).

4.60

Marrow and brain (髓惱: the upper character [髓] is pronounced *s[ui]* + *[tian]* [suǐ]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "The fat within bone." It is classified under bone (骨) with *sui* (隨) abbreviated for phonetic value. The lower character [惱, for 腦] is pronounced *n[eng]* + *[l]ao* [nǎo]. The *Wenzi jilüe* says: "The solid substance within the head." This character has many corrupt forms: written with three *zhi* (止), with *yue* (月), with *kou* (口), with *hu* (忽), or with *shan* (山)—all are incorrect. The standard form in the *Shuowen [jiezi]* is classified under *bi* (匕) and *xin* (囟); *xin* is pronounced *x[in]* [xìn], meaning the top of the head; it is classified under *chuan* (巛), which depicts hair, while *bi* means adhering together; [甾-十+乂] is phonetic; [甾-十+乂] is pronounced *n[eng]* + *[l]ao* [nǎo], originally an ancient character).

4.61

In the sūtra, from 377 down through 380, altogether four fascicles, there are no difficult characters and no pronunciations or glosses.

4.62

Fascicle 381

4.63

Bottom of a casket (匳底: [匳 is] pronounced *l[i]* + *[y]an* [lián]. The *Cang Jie pian* says it is the name of a utensil. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "A mirror box." Examining *lian* (奩): these are incense caskets, weiqi piece caskets, and the like. It resembles a flat-bottomed container with edges and corners on top. In the sūtra it is written with *da* (大) and *pin* (品) as 奩, which does not form a proper character. When the sūtra speaks of "the bottom of a casket", it takes the flat bottom as a simile. The character *lian* (匳) is classified under *fang* (匚) with *qian* (僉), which is also phonetic. *Fang* (匚) is pronounced *f[ang]*).

4.64

Where one treads (所蹈: [蹈 is] pronounced *t[u]* + *[d]ao* [dào]. Liu Zhao's commentary to the *Guliang zhuan* says: "*Dao* means to tread." The *Guangya* says: "*Dao* means to walk." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "*Dao* means to step on." It is classified under foot (足) with *yao* (舀) phonetic; *yao* is pronounced *y[ang]* + *[x]iao* [yǎo]).

4.65

Level and even (坦然: [坦 is] pronounced *t[a]* + *[l]an* [tǎn]. The *Cang Jie pian* says: "*Tan* means manifest." The *Guangya* says: "*Tan* means level." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Peaceful." It is classified under earth (土) with *dan* (旦) phonetic; the character *dan* (旦) is composed of *ri* (日) above *yi* (一)).

4.66

Rims and hubs (𨊾轂: [𨊾 is] pronounced *m[ang]* + *[f]ang* [wǎng]. The *Kaosheng* says: "The outer rim of a wheel (𨎶)." *Wang* (𨎶) is pronounced *q[u]* [qú]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the *Liji* says: "The circumference of the outer wheel-rim is two zhang and seven chi, which is what is now called *wang* (𨊾). Its diameter is nine chi; these are all ancient regulations. The circumference of present-day wheel-rims is one zhang and eight chi, with a diameter of six chi; that is, the wheel rim." The lower character [轂] is pronounced *g[ong]* + *[w]u* [gǔ]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Where the spokes converge." Laozi says: "Thirty spokes share one hub." It is classified under carriage (車) with *gu* (穀) abbreviated for phonetic value).

4.67

Tūla cotton (覩羅緜: Sanskrit; fine cotton of the Western countries. The old translation has *douluomian* (兜羅綿). It was already fully explained in fascicle 310 of the preceding sūtra).

4.68

Webbed membrane (鞔䋄: the upper character [鞔] is pronounced *m[o]* + *[p]an* [mán]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the *Zhouli* says: "Grass sandal covering is called *man*." The *Guangya* says: "To patch." The lower character [䋄] is pronounced *w[u]* + *[f]ang* [wǎng]. This refers to the webbed membranes between the Tathāgata's ten fingers, resembling a net. The *Yijing* says: "Baoxi knotted cord to make nets (䋄)." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* writes it as 𱻆, an ancient character; it is also written simply as 冈, a pictographic character).

4.69

Brocade patterns (綺畫: [綺 is] pronounced *q[i]* + *[j]i* [qǐ]. *Fanzi jiran* says: "Damask silk is produced in Qi commandery; now it is produced in Wu and Yue." The lower character [畫] is pronounced *h[ua]* + *[m]a* [huà]. The *Erya* says: "To draw (畫) means to delineate forms." Guo Pu says: "Pictures and paintings are that by which forms are depicted." Character books originally did not have this character, using the character 畫 as a phonetic loan).

4.70

Slender and long (纖長: [纖 is] pronounced *x[iang]* + *[y]an* [xiān]. The *Guangya* says: "*Xian* means minute." The *Fangyan* says: "Small." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Fine." It is classified under silk (糸) with *xian* (韱) phonetic. Another explanation says of the character 韱 that it is classified below under *fei* (非) with *jian* (箋) phonetic; *jian* is pronounced *j[ie]* + *[y]an* [jiān]; two people follow each other, pronounced *c[ong]* [cóng], and it has *ge* (戈). In the sūtra it is written with earth (土) and *fei* (非) as [韱-(人*人)], which does not form a character. The lower character [長] is pronounced *zh[ang]* + *[l]iang* [cháng]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the *Odes* says: "*Chang* means distant." The *Guangya* says: "Constant." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Enduring." It is classified under *wu* (兀); *wu* conveys the sense of high and distant. It is also classified under *bi* (匕), pronounced *h[ua]* [huà]; after a long time things transform. Above, it is classified under 𰀄, with *wang* (亾) phonetic; *wang* (亾) is a reversed character. In ancient Seal script it was written [巢-果+(厂@(夕*ㄆ))]; in modern clerical script it is written 長, with the upper part like the vulgar character 云; *wu* and *hua* below have both become variant shapes that can no longer be distinguished).

4.71

The shanks of the aineya royal stag (瑿泥耶仙鹿王腨: the upper character [瑿] is pronounced *y[i]* + *[x]i* [yī]; it is Sanskrit. The coat on the body of this king of deer is of various distinct colours, glossy and brilliant, and its shanks and knees are round, slender, and properly formed; hence it is cited as a simile. *Shuan* (腨) is pronounced *ch[uan]* + *[r]uan* [shuàn]).

4.72

Round and well-proportioned (傭圓: [傭 is] pronounced *ch[i]* + *[l]ong* [chóng]. The *Kaosheng* says: "Upper and lower parts equal; large." The *Yunying* says: "Well-proportioned and straight." In the sūtra text it is written with flesh (肉) as 𦟛, a vulgar character. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Even and straight." It is classified under person (人) with *yong* (庸) phonetic).

4.73

Dark blue and pure (紺𤯝: the upper character [紺] is pronounced *g[an]* + *[a]n* [gàn]. The lower character [𤯝] is pronounced *q[i]* + *[y]ing* [qīng]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Silk dyed dark blue with a reddish luster." It is also written 絟 or 𦇝, with the same pronunciation as above; these are ancient characters used by Ma [Rong] and Zheng [Xuan]. For the character below, *qing* (青), the *Shuowen [jiezi]* has it classified under *sheng* (生) and *dan* (丹); in modern clerical script it has become corrupted and abbreviated).

4.74

Moist and smooth (潤滑: the upper character [潤] is pronounced *r[u]* + *[sh]un* [rùn]. The *Shangshu* says: "Water is said to moisten downwards; moistening downwards produces saltiness." *Xian* (鹹) is pronounced *x[ian]* [xián]. The *Guangya* says: "Moist." The lower character [滑] is pronounced *h[uan]* + *[g]ua* [huá]. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "*Hua* means smooth and slippery." The *Kaosheng* says: "Availing oneself of smoothness." *Gua* (刮) is pronounced *k[ai]* + *[h]ua* [huā]. Both characters are phono-semantic, classified under water (水)).

4.75

Dazzling and radiant (晃燿: the upper character [晃] is pronounced *h[uang]* + *[g]uang* [huǎng]. The *Guangya* says: "Brilliance." The *Kaosheng* says: "Sunlight." It is also written 晄. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "Bright." It is classified under sun (日) with *guang* (光) phonetic. The lower character [燿] is pronounced *y[ao]* + *[zh]ao* [yào]. The *Guangya* says: "*Yao* means to shine." The *Yunying* says: "Radiant light." It is also written 曜, which is also acceptable. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* has it classified under fire (火) as 燿; writing it with light (光) as 耀 is a vulgar character, not the standard form).

4.76

Shoulders and armpits (髆腋: the upper character is pronounced *b[o]*; the lower character is pronounced *y[i]*. Both characters were already fully glossed in fascicle 1 of the preceding sūtra).

4.77

Nyagrodha (諾瞿陀: [諾 is] pronounced *n[a]* + *[g]e* [nuò]; it is Sanskrit, the name of a tree, also called *nyagrodha* (尼俱陀). This tree is upright, straight, round, full, and lovely. It does not exist in this country; those who claim it is the willow are mistaken).

4.78

Jaw and chest (頷臆: the upper character is pronounced *h[e]* + *[g]an* [hàn]; the lower character is pronounced *y[u]* + *[l]i* [yì]. Both were already glossed in fascicle 1 of the preceding sūtra).

4.79

Surpassing mother-of-pearl and snow (逾珂雪: the upper character [逾] is pronounced *y[u]* + *[j]u* [yú]. The *Yunquan* says: "*Yu* means to surpass." It is also written 踰. The lower character [珂] is pronounced *k[e]* + *[h]e* [kē]. The *Yunquan* says: "White jade pendant; its colour is like white snow").

4.80

Sharp point (鋒利: [鋒 is] pronounced *f[ang]* + *[k]ong* [fēng]. The *Kaosheng* says: "The tip of a blade." It is also written 鏠. The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "The end of a weapon's blade." It is classified under metal (金) with *feng* (峯) abbreviated for phonetic value).

4.81

Embracing curvature (擁曲: [擁 is] pronounced *y[ong]* + *[g]ong* [yǒng]. Zheng [Xuan]'s commentary to the *Yili* says: "*Yong* means to embrace." The *Kaosheng* says: "To hold; to protect." The character books say: "To screen." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says it is classified under hand (手) with *yong* (雍) phonetic; the standard ancient form was written 𢹭).

4.82

Graceful and restrained (婉約: the upper character [婉] is pronounced *y[uan]* + *[y]uan* [wǎn]. Du [Yu]'s commentary to the *Zuo zhuan* says: "*Wanyue* means ornate and elegant." The *Yunquan* says: "Charming and graceful." The *Shuowen [jiezi]* says: "*Wan* means yielding and obedient." It is classified under woman (女) with *wan* (宛) phonetic; both are phono-semantic characters).

4.83

Kalaviṅka voice (頻伽音: Sanskrit, the name of a Western bird. In full it should be *kalaviṅka* (迦陵頻伽). While still inside its eggshell, this bird can produce beautiful sounds that make people delight to hear).

4.84

眼睛 [eyeballs] (The second character has the fanqie [積+盈] jīng; it is a phonetic loan character, for originally this character did not exist. Examining it: the jīng is the pearl-like pupil. The Zuanyun says: it is the black essence of the eye. Ancients called it móuzi; the vulgar call it mùtóngzi, and also mùtóngrén. In the treatises, it is called the eye faculty; it takes as its substance the refined material form created from the four great elements).

4.85

烏瑟膩沙 [uṣṇīṣa] (Sanskrit; the designation of the Tathāgata's cranial protuberance. The Guan fo sanmei hai jing says: the fleshy protuberance atop the Tathāgata's crown is round, surging up in the center, elevated and magnificent, resembling a heavenly canopy. Another translation renders it 'the invisible cranial protuberance'; each carries a profound meaning).

4.86

陿長 [narrow and long] (The first character has the fanqie [咸+甲] xiá; it was already explained in the earlier sūtra text in fascicle 304. Writing it with the dog radical [狁/狹] is incorrect).

4.87

筋脈 [sinews and veins] (The first character has the fanqie [居+銀] jīn; it is composed of 'bamboo', 'flesh', and 'strength'. The second character has the fanqie [麻+佰] mài; it is composed of 'blood' and 𠂢, or with 'flesh'. In the sūtra text it is written with 'moon/flesh' and 'everflowing' as 脉, which is a vulgar character. Both characters were fully explained earlier in fascicle 53).

4.88

惇肅 [sincere and solemn] (The first character has the fanqie [都+昆] dūn. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: dūn means simple and large. The Fangyan says it means trustworthy. Both the Erya and the Shuowen state it means generous; it is composed of 'heart' with [古/日/羊] phonetic; [古/日/羊] has the sound chún. The Shuowen notes [古/日/羊] has 畗 [xiǎng] with 'sheep' underneath. In the present sūtra text it is written with 'pattern' as 敦, which means pressed or urgent; this is not the meaning intended by the sūtra. Writing it with 'heart' as 惇 is correct. The second character has the fanqie [嵩+育] sù. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: sù means reverent and solemn. The Erya says: sùsù means peaceful. The Shifa says: 'Firm virtue overcoming righteousness is called sù; holding the mind with decisive resolve is called sù.' The Shuowen says: 'attending to affairs with cautious reverence'; it is composed of 𦘒 (pronounced niè) and 𣶒 (pronounced yuān); 𦘒 over an abyss indicates trembling with fear, solemnly reverent in awe; it is an ideogrammatic compound. It is explained in the same way below in fascicle 470).

4.89

怯弱 [timid and weak] (The first character has the fanqie [欺+業] qiè. The Yunying says: qiè means terrified. The Kaosheng says it means frail and weak. Gu Yewang says it means fearful and inferior. The Shuowen writes it with 'dog' as 㹤, meaning full of fear; because dogs are prone to fright, it takes 'dog' with qù phonetic; writing it with 'heart' as 怯 is also acceptable. The second character has the fanqie [穰+灼] ruò. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: feeble and inferior. The Kaosheng says: lacking strength. The Shuowen says: weak and yielding; the upper part depicts bending; to be weak is to bend. When things are weak, they must combine forces, hence it is formed from two bows and 彡, depicting tiny, fragile hairs).

4.90

稠密 [dense and thick] (The first character has the fanqie [長+流] chóu. The Cang Jie pian says: chóu means numerous. The Guangya says: dense. The Shuowen says: many; it is composed of 'grain' with zhōu phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [岷+筆] mì).

4.91

離翳 [free of cataract] (The first character has the sound lì. The second character has the fanqie [尹+計] yì. The Yunying says: yì means covered. The Guangya says: obstructed. The Shuowen says: a flowering canopy).

4.92

不窊 [not sunken] (The second character has the fanqie [烏+爪] wā. The Yunquan says: low and wet land; it is also written with 'water' as 窪. The Shuowen says: it is composed of 'cave' with guā phonetic; it is a pictographic character).

4.93

不垤 [not ant-mounded] (The second character has the fanqie [田+涅] dié. The Yunquan says: raised high. The Shuowen says it is a pictographic character; it is also written as 垤, the mounded earth of an anthill).

4.94

疥癬 [scabies and ringworm] (The first character has the fanqie [皆+隘] jiè. The Zhouli mentions: in summer there is the disease of itchy scabies. The Jixun says: sores caused by wind. The Wenzi jilüe writes it with 'insect' as 蚧. The Shuowen says: scratching; it is composed of 'sickness' with jiè phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [先+剪] xiǎn. The Jixun says: spreading; invading, drifting, and moving. The Shuowen says: dry ulcer; it is composed of 'sickness' with xiān phonetic. The character for scratching has the fanqie [掃+刀] sāo. The character for 隘 has the fanqie [櫻+介] yīng).

4.95

黶點 [black spots and speckles] (The first character has the fanqie [伊+琰] yǎn. The Kaosheng says: a mole. The Shuowen says: blackness within the flesh; it is composed of 'black' with yàn phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [丁+琰] diǎn. The Kaosheng says: to extinguish. Wang's commentary on the Chuci says: a stain. The Shuowen says: a small black mark; it is composed of 'black' with zhān phonetic).

4.96

疣贅 [warts and excrescences] (The first character has the fanqie [有+憂] yóu. The Cang Jie pian says: yóuzhuì is a disease; it is also written with 'flesh' as 肬; in ancient script it is written 𱱌. The second character has the fanqie [隹+苪] zhuì. The Boya says: zhuì is also a wart. The Zishu says: a wind-knotting disease. The Shuowen says: it is composed of áo and bèi).

4.97

緻而 [fine and dense] (The first character has the fanqie [池+利] zhì. The Kaosheng says: silk fabrics woven finely and closely. The Jixun says: stitched and patched garments. The Guangya says: mended wrapping; also 'reaching'; it is composed of 'silk' with zhì phonetic).

4.98

輪埵 [earlobe] (The second character has the fanqie [當+果] duǒ. The Tongsu wen writes it as 垛, which is also acceptable).

4.99

頟廣 [broad forehead] (The first character has the fanqie [雅+格] é. Writing it with 'guest' as 額 is a vulgar character. The Fangyan says: é is the brow. The Shiming says: people of Youzhou call the forehead è; today in Wu dialects south of the Yangtze they pronounce forehead as yà; these are all dialectal corruptions of border regions. The Shuowen says: it is composed of 'head' with an abbreviated gé phonetic).

4.100

褫落 [stripped and fallen away] (The first character has the fanqie [池+里] chǐ. The Kaosheng says: chǐ also means fallen away. The character 敓 has the fanqie [土+捋] duó. The Shuowen says: chǐ means stripping garments. The sūtra text writes it as [垝-厄+(冗-几+巾)], which does not form a legitimate character).

4.101

諸竅 [the various apertures] (The second character has the fanqie [輕+叫] qiào. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: there are seven yang apertures and two yin apertures. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: qiào means holes. The Shuowen says: empty openings; it is composed of 'cave' with an abbreviated jiào phonetic; 敫 is pronounced jiào).

4.102

𤡜足 [satiated] (The first character has the fanqie [伊+閻] yàn. The Shuowen says: when a dog relishes meat, it is never satiated; hence it is composed of 'sweet', 'flesh', and 'dog'. In the sūtra it is often written with 'sun' and 'moon' as 猒, or with the radical 厂 (pronounced hǎn) as 厭; both are incorrect).

4.103

逶迆 [winding and meandering] (The first character has the fanqie [畏+韋] wēi. The second character has the fanqie [以+伊] yí. Xiao Gai's Hanshu yinyi says: the appearance of water flowing in bends. The Gujin zhengzi says: meandering along crooked paths. Both are composed of the movement radical with wěi and yě phonetics respectively).

4.104

Fascicle 382; Fascicle 383

4.105

(The two fascicles above contain no pronunciations or glosses.)

4.106

Fascicle 384

4.107

析除 [cleaved away] (The first character has the fanqie [星+亦] xī. The Yunying says: xī means divided. The Shuowen says: splitting wood; it is also written with chì as 柝. The Stone Classics write it with jīn as 析, a phono-semantic character).

4.108

逼迫 [pressed and coerced] (The first character has the fanqie [兵+棘] bī. The Erya says: bī also means pressed. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: bī means drawing near. The second character has the fanqie [補+格] pò. The Cang Jie pian says: pò also means drawing near. The Guangya says: narrow and urgent).

4.109

任持 [upholding] (The first character has the fanqie [入+針] rèn. Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: rèn means trusted; the character rèn has the fanqie [入+甚] rèn; it also means employed. The Kaosheng says: rèn means capable of bearing. The Guangya says: rèn means employed. The Shuowen says: to guarantee; it is composed of 'person' with rén phonetic).

4.110

Fascicle 385

4.111

There are no characters needing pronunciation or gloss.

4.112

Fascicle 386

4.113

俳優 [actors and jesters] (The first character has the fanqie [敗+埋] pái. The Shuowen says: playfulness and laughter; it is composed of 'person' with an abbreviated pái phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [憶+鳩] yōu. The Cang Jie pian says: páiyōu are musicians and entertainers. Gu Yewang says: playfulness and laughter made by entertainers to bring joy. The Shuowen says: pái means playful mockery; yōu means entertainer. Both are phono-semantic characters with the 'person' radical. In the sūtra text it is written with 'hand' or with 'step' as 徘𢖒; both are incorrect).

4.114

From Fascicle 387 to the end of Fascicle 391, five fascicles in all, there are no difficult characters needing pronunciation or gloss.

4.115

Fascicle 392

4.116

吠瑠璃 [vaiḍūrya] (The first character has the sound liú; the second character has the sound lí. Sanskrit: the name of a blue-colored jewel. It was already fully explained earlier in the second fascicle of the Yinyi, under fascicle 39).

4.117

頗胝迦 [sphaṭika] (Sanskrit; the name of a jewel. The correct Sanskrit sound is sàpòzhìjiā [sphaṭika]. Ancient translations say it is rock crystal, but this explanation is incorrect. Although it resembles rock crystal, it has four distinct colors: purple, white, red, and emerald green. Pure, lustrous, and transparent, it is the most supreme among jewels. Red and emerald green are the most precious, while purple and white follow. Like fine bright cinnabar, it is pure without blemish; claiming it is formed from thousand-year-old ice is an erroneous assertion).

4.118

蠃貝 [spiral shells] (The first character has the fanqie [盧+和] luó. The Erya says: sea creatures with shells. Guo Pu says: a kind of snail, large and white. The sūtra text writes it as 螺, which is a vulgar character. It was already fully explained earlier in fascicle 181).

4.119

醫藥 [medicine] (The first character has the fanqie [於+飢] yī. The Shuowen says: an artisan who cures illness; it is composed of 'wine' with yī phonetic, which has the fanqie [於+計] yì. In the sūtra text it is sometimes written with 'shaman' as 毉, which is a vulgar character. It was already fully explained earlier in the second fascicle of the Yinyi).

4.120

㸦起 [mutually arising] (The first character has the fanqie [胡+固] hù. The Zishu says: it means mutual. The Shuowen writes it with 'bamboo' as [竺-二+(牙-(必-心)+一)], an implement used to wind rope; in clerical script the bamboo was omitted to write 互. In the sūtra text it is written as 互, which is mistaken as a vulgar character; conflating it with the character hù is incorrect).

4.121

匱乏 [destitute and lacking] (The first character has the fanqie [逵+位] kuì. The Zishu says: kuì means exhausted; lacking. The Shuowen says: the character kuì is composed of 匚 with guì phonetic; 匚 has the sound fāng).

4.122

憤恚 [wrathful indignation] (The first character has the fanqie [紛+吻] fèn. The Kaosheng says: fèn means overflowing; the eruption of the heart's energy. Zheng Xuan says: the filling of angry energy. The Cang Jie pian says: fèn means resentful anguish. The Shuowen says: resentment; a phono-semantic character. The character mèn has the fanqie [沒+本] mèn).

4.123

尋伺 [investigation and scrutiny] (The first character has the fanqie [祥+淫] xún. The Kaosheng says: xún means calculating; pursuing. The Shuowen writes it as 尋: tracing and unfolding; ordering; it is composed of 'mouth', 彡, and 'work'; mouth and work indicate disorder; the upper part is formed from 又 and the lower from 'inch'. In current clerical script, the 彡 (pronounced shān) is omitted to write 尋, an ideogrammatic compound. In ancient script it is written with 'elbow' as 𡬰).

4.124

攀緣 [grasping conditions] (The first character has the fanqie [普+班] pān. The Gujin zhengzi says: pān means pulling. Ancient script wrote the inverted clasping character as [癸-天+艸], with 'hand' and pān phonetic).

4.125

柔耎 [pliant and soft] (The first character has the fanqie [而+周] róu. The Shuowen says: wood bending or straight is called róu; it is composed of 'wood' with máo phonetic. The second character has the fanqie [而+兖] ruǎn. The Shuowen says: ruǎn means weak; it is composed of 'great' with ér phonetic. In the sūtra it is written as 軟, which is incorrect).

4.126

Fascicle 393

4.127

There are no words needing gloss or explanation.

4.128

Fascicle 394

4.129

達䋈 [dāsyu] (The second character has the fanqie [奴+雅] nǔ. Sanskrit; a lowly outcast class, base and vile people of the same kind as the mleccha mentioned below).

4.130

篾戾車 [mleccha] (The first character has the fanqie [眠+鼈] miè. Ancient translations sometimes write mìlièchē, which are all corruptions. The correct Sanskrit sound is bìlìyīncuō [mleccha]. Here it is translated as 'the impure breed'; those who delight in committing evil deeds, a base caste, defiled people of border regions who do not believe in the true Dharma).

4.131

無翅 [without wings] (The second character has the fanqie [詩+異] chì. The two wings of a bird are called chì. Some write 𱻘 or 𦑧, both of which are ancient forms).

4.132

Fascicle 395; Fascicle 396; Fascicle 397 (The three fascicles above contain no characters needing pronunciation or gloss.)

4.133

Fascicle 398

4.134

常嗁 [always weeping] (The second character has the fanqie [弟+泥] tí. Both the Kaosheng and the Jixun state: wailing without regular measure is called tí. The Shuowen says: tí means wailing; it is composed of 'mouth' with sī phonetic; sī has the same pronunciation as above. The Shuowen says the character sī is composed of 'tiger' with the radical 厂 (pronounced yè) phonetic. In the sūtra it is written with 'emperor' as 啼, meaning sorrowful).

4.135

欻然 [suddenly] (The first character has the fanqie [暉+律] xū. The Jixun says: xū means abrupt. The Shuowen says: blowing upward; it is an ideogrammatic compound).

4.136

疲倦 [fatigued and weary] (The first character has the sound pí. Jia's commentary on the Guoyu says: pí means toil. The Guangya says: pí also means weary; exhausted. The second character has the fanqie [逵+願] juàn. The Guangya says: juàn means exhausted. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: juàn means indolent. The Yupian says: juàn means halted. It is also written with 'heart' as 倦 or with 'strength' as 券).

4.137

讚勵 [praising and encouraging] (The first character has the fanqie [臧+旦] zàn. The Fangyan says: zàn means to extol. Guo Pu says: eulogizing the beauty of virtue. The Shiming says: zàn is that by which the principles of things are explained. The second character has the fanqie [力+滯] lì. The Guiyuan zhucun says: lì means to strive. The Zuo zhuan says: to urge. It is presumably a phono-semantic character).

4.138

植眾 [cultivating the multitude] (The first character has the fanqie [承+力] zhí. Kong's commentary on the Shangshu says: zhí means to sprout. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: zhí means to grow. It is also written with the radical dǎi as 殖).

4.139

槌𰮢 [beating the chest] (The first character has the fanqie [墜+追] chuí; it is a vulgar character, properly written with 'wood' as 椎. The second character has the fanqie [勗+恭] xǐng. The Zishu says: chuíxǐng means cherishing sorrow and resentment in one's heart and beating one's own body).

4.140

黠慧 [clever and wise] (The first character has the fanqie [閑+戛] xiá. The Fangyan says: east of the Pass, between Zhao and Wei, wisdom is called xiá. The second character has the sound huì. Jia Kui says it means examining. Guo Pu says it means subtle intention. It was already explained earlier in the Yinyi, fascicle 3, under fascicle 303).

4.141

垣牆 [low walls and outer walls] (The first character has the fanqie [遠+元] yuán. Mao's commentary on the Shijing says: yuán is also a wall. The second character has the fanqie [匠+羊] qiáng. The Shenglei says: qiáng is also a wall. The Shangshu says: 'Do not dare to scale the yuán and qiáng,' which is this. The Shuowen says: yuán and qiáng are enclosures; it is composed of sè with qiáng phonetic. The character sè is composed of lái with lǐn. In the sūtra it is written variously as 墻, 廧, or 牆, which are all vulgar forms).

4.142

欄楯 [railings and balustrades] (The first character has the fanqie [勒+單] lán. The second character has the fanqie [垂+𨳝] shǔn. The Shuowen says: lán is a parapet. Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: the vertical bars are called lán, and the horizontal rails are called shǔn; the spaces between the balusters are called lattice openings).

4.143

寶塹 [jeweled moats] (The second character has the fanqie [七+艷] qiàn. The Shuowen says: qiàn is a trench; it is composed of 'earth' with zhǎn phonetic. The Kaosheng says: a long trench. The Yunying says: a small trench. The Yupian says: city moats are called qiàn; it is also written as 漸).

4.144

街巷 (Avenues and lanes: The upper character has the sound 皆 [jiē]. The Kaosheng says: "A great thoroughfare within a capital or city." The lower character has the fanqie 降 [xiàng]. The Mao commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "A path between hamlets." The Yunying says: "A small street." It is also written as 衖, both being ancient characters; now it is abbreviated as 巷).

4.145

市廛 (Marketplace shops: The fanqie 長連 [chán]. Zheng Zhong's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "Chan means a dwelling." Zheng's commentary on the Book of Rites says: "Chan refers to market stores and lodgings." The Yupian says: "A plot of vacant land measuring one and a half mu within a walled city is called a chan." The sūtra writes 厘, which is a vulgar character and omitted here).

4.146

亘以 (Spanning across: The fanqie 可鐙 [gèn]. The Yunying says: "亘 means to pass through." The Kaosheng says: "To traverse a long distance." The Mao commentary to the Classic of Poetry says: "All over." The Fangyan says: "To the end." It is also written as [百-日+(冉-十+(、/一/、))], which is an ancient character).

4.147

寶舫 (Jewelled boat: The fanqie 福望 [fàng]. The Erya says: "A fang is a boat." Guo Pu says: "Joining two boats together is called a fang").

4.148

却敵 (Repelling enemies: The fanqie 提的 [dí]. The Kaosheng says: "敵 means facing or opposing." Note that 敵 also means an adversary or a foe. "Repelling enemies" refers to places atop the city walls where concealed troops lie in ambush to fend off bandits).

4.149

雉堞 (Battlements: The upper character has the fanqie 池履 [zhì]. The Zishu says: "雉 means an array." The Gongyang zhuan says: "Five planks make a du; five du make a zhi; one hundred zhi make a city wall." He Xiu says: "Twenty thousand chi." The Kaosheng says: "A section of city wall thirty chi long and ten chi high is called a zhi." The Book of Rites says: "The Son of Heaven's city wall is one thousand zhi"—meaning it has an area accommodating a thousand walls of one hundred zhi. "A duke or marquess has a wall of one hundred zhi, an earl seventy zhi, and a viscount or baron fifty zhi." However, the walls of all feudal lords were left deficient on the southern side, so as to allow for egress, meaning they were intended for dwelling in rather than entrenched defence. The lower character has the fanqie 徒頰 [dié]. Du's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: "Die means the wall itself; it is the wall set atop [the rampart]." The Shuowen says: "A woman's wall (parapet). It takes its semantic element from 土 (earth) and an abbreviated form of 葉 for its sound").

4.150

鎣以 (Polishing with: The fanqie 縈併 [yìng]. 縈 has the fanqie 恚并. The Yunquan says: "To polish gems and jade." To polish a mirror to make it bright. The Yunying says: "鎣 is like grinding and polishing." It is also written as 瑩).

4.151

綴以 (Stringing with: The fanqie 追衛 [zhuì]. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: "綴 means to connect." Wang Yi's commentary on the Songs of Chu says: "綴 means to link." The Shuowen says: "綴 means to join together." It is also written as 畷; these are all ancient characters).

4.152

寶鐸 (Jewelled bells: The fanqie 徒各 [duó]. Zheng's commentary on the Rites of Zhou says: "A duo is a large bell." Kong's commentary on the Analects says: "A wooden clapper bell has a metal bell and a wooden clapper, used to proclaim cultural teachings." When the sūtra speaks of 'jewelled bells', it refers to proclaiming the sound of the Dharma; this was already explained in the first roll of the preceding sūtra).

First 152 of 287 passages. Read on

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一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese