一切經音義 5

English (machine translation) 5

Language: English

5.2

Sounds for the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra from Fascicle 411 through 460, totaling 51 fascicles

5.3

Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra, Fascicle Four Hundred and Ten

Rejoicing and delight [忻樂] (the upper character is xu + jin fan [xin]. The Sima fa states: 'Regard good as good, and rejoice in the good of others.' Also written as 欣 or 訢; the three forms are all the same. The Picang says: 'Xin means to inspect.')

5.5

Fascicle Four Hundred and Eleven

5.6

Skeleton [骸骨] (the upper character is xing + jie fan [hai]. The Gongyang zhuan states: 'Hai means bone; the general name for the bones of the body is the character hai.' It has already been fully explained in the first fascicle of the previous sūtra.)

5.7

Armor of merit [功德鎧] (the lower character is ku + dai fan [kai]. The Shuowen jiezi states: 'Armor is cuirass; it takes the 'metal' radical and the abbreviated phonetic kai; kai is pronounced ku + gai fan [kai].')

5.8

Fascicle 412

5.9

Rescue and save (拯濟): [The first character has] no fanqie foot; take the rising tone of the character 蒸. It means to rescue from drowning.

5.10

Fascicle 413 (The text is easy and not glossed.)

5.11

Fascicle 414

5.12

Eliminate and remove (蠲除): The first character is read with the fanqie 决 + 緣. The Kaosheng says: '蠲 means to cleanse.' The Fangyan says: 'People of southern Chu call the recovery from illness 蠲.' Guo Pu says: '蠲 means to eliminate and remove.'

5.13

Contemplation of mindfulness of the body (循身觀): The first character is read with the fanqie 夕 + 遵. The Guangya says: '循 means to follow.' A character dictionary says: '循 means to circulate.' The Kaosheng says: '循 means to recount; to be good; to follow.' In some versions of the sūtra it is written [with the homophone] 循身, which is an error. The following character 觀 is in the falling tone.

5.14

Waking and sleeping (寤寐): The first character is read with the fanqie 吾 + 故. The Kaosheng says: 'To have seen something while sleeping, and upon awakening to speak of it with veracity.' The Cangjie pian also says: 'To awaken from sleep and have speech is called 寤.' The Shuowen says: 'It derives from an abbreviated 㝱 and from 爿 (pronounced like 牆), with 吾 providing the phonetic.' The second character is read with the fanqie 彌 + 庇. The Kaosheng says: '寐 means to sleep; to rest.' Gu Yewang says: '寐 means deep sleep.' The Shuowen says: 'It means to recline. It derives from 宀 (pronounced like 綿) and an abbreviated 㝱, with 未 providing the phonetic.' In some versions of the sūtra it is written with 穴 above as 𡩺寐, or with 小 (pronounced like 心) as 寤寐, or with [┴*├] (read with the fanqie 經 + 由) as 寤寐; none of these are standard character forms.

5.15

Cleaving to make (剖為): [The first character is read with the] fanqie 普 + 口. The Cangjie pian says: '剖 means to split (㭊, read like 昔).' Du [Yu]'s commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: 'To divide through the middle is called 剖.' The Shuowen says: 'It derives from 刀 and 咅 (咅 is read with the fanqie 土 + 口).'

5.16

Wrapped and bound (纏裹): The first character is read with the fanqie 徹 + 連. The Kaosheng says: 'To wind around; to bind.' The Shuowen says: '纏 means to bind. It derives from 糸 with 廛 providing the phonetic.' The second character is read with the fanqie 光 + 火. The Kaosheng says: '裹 means to wrap.' The Shuowen says: '裹 means to wrap and bind. It derives from 衣 with 果 providing the phonetic.' It is sometimes written as 褁, which is a vulgar abbreviated form.

5.17

Sinews and vessels (筋脉): The first character is read with the fanqie 居 + 銀. The Zhouli says: 'The physician uses acrid flavours to nourish the sinews.' The Shuowen says: 'The power of flesh. It derives from 肉 (flesh) and 竹 (bamboo)—bamboo being a thing with abundant fibres—and from 力 (strength), 力 depicting the sinews.' Those written with 草 as 莇 or with 角 as 䈥 are both incorrect. The Liji says: 'The elderly do not consider sinew and strength as their capability'; this is it. The second character is read with the fanqie 麻 + 伯. The Zhouli says: 'Salt is used to nourish the vessels.' The Shuowen says: 'The divisions of blood lines coursing through the body are called 脉. It derives from 血 (blood) and 𠂢 (read with the fanqie 普 + 賣)'—written as 衇, or as 𧖴, or also as 脈; all are standard forms. Now, those written in the sūtra text with 月 and 永 as 脉 are not standard character forms, but merely vulgar variants.

5.18

Heart and liver (心[肉*于]): The heart governs the fire of the south; it is red in colour and has petals (辦, read with the fanqie 白 + 慢). The Shuowen says: 'The earth organ; it governs the tongue.' The second character is read with the fanqie 古 + 安. The Guiyuan zhucong says: '[肉*干] governs the wood of the east; its form is green and has lobes.' The Shuowen says: 'The metal organ. It derives from 肉 with 干 providing the phonetic.' Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: 'The liver governs the eyes; therefore, when the liver is diseased, the eyes are not clear.'

5.19

Lungs and kidneys (𰮈𦜜): The first character is read with the fanqie 芳 + 吠; it is the essence of metal and white in colour. The Shuowen says: 'The fire organ. It derives from 肉 with 市 (read with the fanqie 非 + 未) providing the phonetic.' Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: 'The lungs govern the nose; if the lungs have sores, the nose smells foul.' The second character is read with the fanqie 辰 + 忍; it is the water organ, black in colour and yin; its shape is paired (偶, read with the fanqie 五 + 苟), hence the kidneys are a pair. The Shuowen says: 'It derives from 肉 with an abbreviated 臤 (read with the fanqie 口 + 千) providing the phonetic.' Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: 'The kidneys govern the ears; therefore, when the kidneys are deficient, the ears are deaf, being diagnosed by what they govern.'

5.20

Spleen and gall bladder (脾膽): The first character is pronounced like 毘; it is the essence of earth and yellow in colour. The Shuowen says: 'The wood organ. It derives from 肉 with 卑 providing the phonetic.' Master Wang's Maijing says: 'The spleen governs the lips.' The second character is read with the fanqie 都 + 敢. The Bohu tong says: 'The gall bladder is the receptacle of the liver. The liver governs humaneness; thus one who is humane necessarily possesses courage—hence we know it is the receptacle of the liver.' The Maijue says: 'When the gall bladder is diseased, the vital essence and spirit are not preserved.'

5.21

Bladder and stomach (脬𦝩): The first character is read with the fanqie 普 + 包. The Shuowen says: '脬 is the urinary vessel beside the bladder.' The Kaosheng says: 'The urinary bladder; the vessel containing urine.' Wang Shuhe's Maijing says: 'The bladder pouch holds five pints and three gills. When the bladder is diseased, urine is obstructed.' It is written in the sūtra text as 胞, which is incorrect; 胞 is the placenta of a child, not the meaning of the sūtra. The second character is read with the fanqie 韋 + 畏. The Yunying says: 'Intestines and stomach.' The Bohu tong says: 'The stomach is the receptacle of the spleen.' The Shuowen says: 'The receptacle of grain. It derives from 肉 and 胃, being a pictographic character.'

5.22

Large intestine (大膓): Read with the fanqie 除 + 良. The Bohu tong says: 'That there are the large intestine and the small intestine: [the small intestine] is the receptacle of the heart, and the large intestine is the receptacle of the lungs.' The Shiming says: '膓 (intestine) is the receptacle within the belly that circulates Qi.' In the Gujin zhengzi, 膓 derives from 肉 with 𬀷 providing the phonetic. The five viscera and six receptacles each have their respective associations.

5.23

Faeces and urine (屎[尸@(水/水)]): The first character is pronounced like 始. A character dictionary says: 'Excrement and faeces.' In the Gujin zhengzi it is written as 𡱁; that traditionally written as 屎 is a vulgar character. In ancient writing it was written as 𠂕; the standard form derives from an abbreviated 尾 with 𠂕 providing the phonetic. The second character is read with the fanqie 泥 + 弔. In the Shuowen, the standard form derives from 尾 and 水; it also says: 'Human urine.' The Kaosheng says: 'Urine; the water inside the belly.' In the sūtra text it is written as 尿, which is a vulgar and abbreviated form. The Tongsuwen says: 'What exits the intestine is called [犀-牛+(乏-之+夫)]; what exits the bladder is called 𡲘.'

5.24

Snot and spittle (涕唾): The first character is read with the fanqie 天 + 麗. The Shuowen says: 'Nasal fluid (fluid is pronounced like 亦).' The Mao Commentary on the Book of Odes says: 'What exits from the nose is called 涕.' It is also written as 洟, 洟, and䶏; the four forms are all the same. The second character is read with the fanqie 土 + 課. The Shuowen says: 'Oral fluid. It derives from 口 with an abbreviated 埵 providing the phonetic.' Written with 水 as 涶 is also acceptable.

5.25

Saliva and tears (涎淚): The first character is read with the fanqie 似 + 仙. The Shuowen says: 'Also oral fluid.' The second character is read with the fanqie 呂 + 墜. The Guangya says: 'Snot, weeping, and tears.' The Shuowen says: '淚 means snot.'

5.26

Phlegm and pus (痰膿): Read with the fanqie 徒 + 南. A character dictionary says: '痰 is an affliction of the chest.' The sūtra writes it with 水 as 淡, which means tasteless and is furthermore in the falling tone. The second character is read with the fanqie 奴 + 工. The Shuowen says: 'Blood erupted from carbuncles and ulcers. It derives from 肉 with 農 providing the phonetic.' Written in the sūtra as 淡 does not suit the meaning of the sūtra.

5.27

Fat and grease (肪𦚻): The first character is pronounced like 方. The second character is read with the fanqie 桑 + 安. The Shuowen says: '肪 means fat.' The Yunying says: 'Congealed grease.' The Guangcang says: 'Fat, grease, and tallow.' The Ziyu says: 'It derives from 肉 with 𠕋 providing the phonetic.' The Tongsuwen says: 'What is at the waist is called 肪; what is at the stomach is called 𦚻'; this is it.

5.28

Brain and membrane (腦膜): The first character is read with the fanqie 乃 + 倒. The Shuowen says: 'The marrow within the head.' In ancient script it is written as 𱑄, or as [甾-十+乂], or also as [女*(巢-果+(离-禸))] or 𢙉, which are erroneous. The Shuowen has it deriving from 肉 with [甾-十+乂] providing the phonetic. The second character is read with the fanqie 忙 + 博. The Shuowen says: 'The membrane inside the head.' The Zitong says: 'What lies inside the skin and outside the flesh is called 膜. It derives from 肉 with 莫 providing the phonetic.'

5.29

Rheum and earwax (眵聹): The first character is read with the fanqie 尺 + 支. The Yunquan says: 'The congealed fluid of the eye.' In the sūtra text it is written as 𭿇; checking all character dictionaries, none contains this 𭿇; it is not yet clear where it originates, and is presumably a reckless error invented at will by later people. The Shuowen says: 'The character 眵 derives from 目 with an abbreviated 侈 providing the phonetic.' The second character is read with the fanqie 寧 + 頂. The Yunying also writes it as 𩕳. 盯聹 means earwax.

5.30

Tranquil and calm (憺怕): The first character is read with the fanqie 徒 + 濫. The second character is pronounced like 魄. The Yunying says: '憺怕 means quiet and calm.' When the sūtra text says 'tranquil path' (憺怕路), it refers to a quiet, solitary place. Both derive from 心, with 詹 (pronounced like 占) and 白 providing the phonetic respectively.

5.31

Eagles and vultures (鵰鷲): The first character is read with the fanqie 丁 + 遙. The second character is pronounced like 就. The Shuowen says: '鵰 means an osprey (鶚, pronounced like 咢).' The Guangya says: '鷲 means an eagle.' The Shanhaijing says: 'Mount Jing has many vultures.' The Picang says: 'The vulture resembles an eagle but is smaller; it eats the flesh of dead corpses; it is a monstrous bird.'

5.32

Kites and horned owls (鴟梟): The first character is read with the fanqie 昌 + 之; it is a kite (鳶, pronounced like 緣), a bird. The second character is read with the fanqie 擊 + 姚. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Odes says: 'The horned owl is an ominous bird.' The Shuowen says: 'An unfilial bird.'

5.33

Tigers and leopards (虎豹): The first character is read with the fanqie 呼 + 古. The Shuowen says: 'The king of mountain beasts.' The second character is read with the fanqie 補 + 教. A leopard resembles a tiger but is smaller, with round markings of mottled black.

5.34

Foxes and wolves (狐狼): The first character is pronounced like 胡. The Shuowen says: 'A demonic beast, mounted by ghosts, possessing three virtues.' The second character is pronounced like 即. The Shuowen says: 'It resembles a dog with a white head and white forehead; those that are white correspond to auspicious omens.'

5.35

Or peck (或啄): Read with the fanqie 丁 + 角. The Shuowen says: 'The feeding of birds.' The Guangya says: '啄 means to bite (嚙, read with the fanqie 霓 + 結).'

5.36

Or seize (或爴): Read with the fanqie 俱 + 籰 or 王 + 約. A character dictionary says: 'It means to seize and strike (搏, pronounced like 博).' The Wenzi yinyi says: 'When birds are in distress, they peck; when beasts are in distress, they seize (俱 + 籰 fanqie); holding with claws is called 爴.' It is also pronounced with the fanqie 居 + 碧, which is also acceptable.

5.37

Tear and pull (摣掣): The first character is read with the fanqie 側 + 加. The Guangya says: '摣 means to take.' It also says: '摣 means to grab.' It is also written as [(虎-儿+目)*又]. The second character is read with the fanqie 尺 + 制. The Yunying says: '掣 means to drag.'

5.38

Festered and rotten (潰爛): The first character is read with the fanqie 黃 + 外. The Shuowen says: '潰 means to leak.' The Yunying says: 'To disperse.' The second character is read with the fanqie 勒 + 旦. The Fangyan says: 'What is cooked soft by fire is called 爛.'

5.39

Worms and maggots (蟲䏣): The first character is read with the fanqie 逐 + 融. The Erya says: 'Those with feet are called 蟲.' Now written in the sūtra text as 虫, which is an abbreviation. The second character is read with the fanqie 七 + 余. A character dictionary says: 'Maggots bred by flies (蠅, read with the fanqie 以 + 蒸) in meat.' The Shuowen says: 'The character 䏣 derives from 肉 with 且 providing the phonetic.'

5.40

Putrid flesh (腐肉): Read with the fanqie 扶 + 甫. The Kaosheng says: 'Spoiled meat.' The Shuowen has it deriving from 肉 with 府 providing the phonetic.

5.41

Interlinked bones (骨𤨏): Read with the fanqie 蘇 + 果. The Guangya says: '𤨏 means continuous, meaning the joints of bones hook into each other.' The Zilin says: '𤨏 means linked; a ring.' The Shuowen says: '𤨏 derives from 王 with 𧴲 (read with the fanqie 蘇 + 果) providing the phonetic.' Those in the sūtra written with 𧴲 as 鎻 or as 𤨏 are all incorrect.

5.42

Hip bone (髖骨): Pronounced like 寬. The Picang says: '髖 means the buttocks (尻, read with the fanqie 苦 + 高).' The Shuowen says: 'The hip above the thigh. It derives from 骨 with 寬 providing the phonetic.'

5.43

Rib bone (脇骨): The first character is read with the fanqie 虛 + 業. It is also written as 脅, which is identical. The Shuowen says: 'The two flanks of the belly. The character derives from three 力.'

5.44

Shoulder-blade bone (髆骨): Read with the fanqie 補 + 各. The Shuowen says: '髆 is the shoulder blade. It derives from 骨 with 尃 (read with the fanqie 芳 + 無) providing the phonetic.' That written in the sūtra with 肉 as 膊 (read with the fanqie 普 + 各) is incorrect.

5.45

Jaw bone (頷骨): Read with the fanqie 胡 + 感. The Fangyan says: '頷 is the chin (頤).' Guo Pu says: '頷 is the cheek and jawbone.'

5.46

Skull (髑髏): The first character is pronounced like 獨. The second character is pronounced like 婁. The Shuowen says: '髑髏 is the parietal bone.' The Picang says: 'The skull bone.' A character dictionary says: 'The brain cover.' It is also called 髑髏, or named 頭顱, or named 𲊮 (read with the fanqie 徒 + 各; 顱 is pronounced like 盧)—all share one meaning; it is merely that the sounds of Chu and Xia differ, resulting in light and heavy phonetic shifts and corruptions.

5.47

Exposed to the sun (日㬥): Read with the fanqie 蒲 + 胃. The Yunying says: 'To sun-dry; to air-dry.' The Shuowen says: 'It derives from 曰, from 出, from 大 (pronounced like 代), and from 米; it is an ideographic compound.' Written in the sūtra with 田 and 恭 is incorrect.

5.48

Fascicle 415

5.49

(Next below are glossed the forty-three Sanskrit letters. Although it was briefly stated in Fascicle 53 of the preceding sūtra not to alter the forms of the characters in the sūtra, here the old text is emended and the new translation used to attain accuracy. The original characters of the sūtra are fully provided in the notes. The wise should examine this closely; subsequent copyists of the sūtra should follow the new version. The sūtra says:)

5.50

The entry letter *a* (入𧙃字): Read with the fanqie 烏 + 可.

5.51

The letter *ra* (囉字): The character 羅 in the rising tone, pronounced while flicking the tongue, is correct. Written as the character 洛 in the sūtra does not correspond and is incorrect.

5.52

The letter *pa* (跛字): Read with the fanqie 波 + 可; it corresponds exactly.

5.53

The letter *ca* (左字): Read with the fanqie 𮍏 + 可. Written in the sūtra as the character 者 is irregular, as its phonetic pronunciation is inaccurate.

5.54

The letter *na* (曩字): Read with the fanqie 囊 + 朗, pronounced together with a nasal sound. Written in the sūtra as the character 娜 is not exact.

5.55

The letter *ka* (砢字): Read with the fanqie 勒 + 可; this is precisely it.

5.56

The letter *da* (娜字): Read with the fanqie 那 + 可. Written in the sūtra as the character 柁 is not exact; the character 娜 is standard.

5.57

The letter *ma* (麼字): Read with the fanqie 莫 + 可. Written in the sūtra as the character 婆 is not exact; it should be changed.

5.58

The letter *ṅa* (䋈字): Read with the fanqie 奴 + 雅. Written in the sūtra as the character 荼 is incorrect.

5.59

Deceptive and impure (矯穢): (These two are not Sanskrit characters.) The first character is read with the fanqie 居 + 夭; the standard form is written as 撟. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhouli says: '撟 means deceitful.' A character dictionary says: '矯 means to extort.' Written in the sūtra text as 矯 is a vulgar character. The second character is read with the fanqie 迃 (read with the fanqie 於 + 雨) + 衛. The Yunying says: '穢 means vile.' The Kaosheng says: 'Overgrown weeds.'

5.60

The letter *ṣa* (沙字): Pronounced taking the rising tone, it is precisely correct; it can also be written with the character 灑.

5.61

The letter *va* (嚩字): Read with the fanqie 無 + 可; follow this henceforth.

5.62

The letter *ta* (䫂字): Read with the fanqie 多 + 可; it accurately represents the Sanskrit sound.

5.63

The letter *ya* (野字): This character 野 corresponds exactly to the Sanskrit sound.

5.64

The conjunct letter *ṣṭa* (瑟䋾字): A conjunct. The upper is read with the fanqie 所 + 乙; the lower is read with the fanqie 摘 + 賈. The two characters are combined and pronounced as a single sound. Written in the sūtra as the conjunct 瑟吒 is the old usage, which is also acceptable.

5.65

The letter *kha* (迦字): Read with the fanqie 居 + 佉, pronounced in the rising tone. No such sound exists in the various character dictionaries; adopting this phonetic rendering makes it standard.

5.66

The letter *sa* (娑字): Pronounced taking the rising tone; the standard pronunciation is the fanqie 桑 + 可.

5.67

The letter *ma* (麼字): Read with the fanqie 莫 + 可, combined with a nasal sound; it differs slightly from the preceding character.

5.68

The character 誐 (fanqie: 魚 + 佉; pronounced in the rising tone. Writing 加 in the scripture texts is very inaccurate).

5.69

The character 他 (pronounced taking the rising tone; fanqie: 他 + 可).

5.70

The character 惹 (fanqie: 慈 + 砢 or 勒 + 可; writing 闍 in the scripture texts is quite divergent and inexact).

5.71

The compound syllable character 𠹿嚩 (the upper character has the fanqie 尸 + 入; the lower character has the fanqie 無 + 可; the two characters are combined and pronounced as a single sound).

5.72

The character 馱 (fanqie: 徒 + 賀; writing 達 in the scripture texts is divergent).

5.73

The character 捨 (fanqie: 尸 + 也; properly corresponds to the Sanskrit letter).

5.74

The character 佉 (pronounced taking the rising tone, which is correct).

5.75

The compound syllable character 乞灑 (the two characters combine into a single sound; writing 羼 in the scripture texts is simply a phonetic shift).

5.76

The compound syllable character 薩䫂 (the lower character 䫂 has the fanqie 多 + 可; the two characters are combined and pronounced as a single sound).

5.77

The compound syllable character 吉孃 (the two characters combine into a single sound; writing 若 in the scripture texts is an erroneous abbreviation and inexact).

5.78

The compound syllable character 囉他 (the two characters combine into a single sound; writing 若 in the scripture texts is an erroneous abbreviation and inexact).

5.79

The compound syllable character 囉他 (the upper character 囉 is in the rising tone and pronounced with a rolled tongue; combined with the character 他 into a single sound, it is what is written in the scriptures as 辢 [fanqie: 盧 + 割] and 他; their sounds are mostly the same).

5.80

The character 賀 (fanqie: 胡 + 箇; writing 呵 in the scripture texts is too light; the Sanskrit original lacks this letter).

5.81

The character 𠴸 (fanqie: 婆 + 賀; writing 薄 in the scripture texts is very inexact).

5.82

The character 瑳 (fanqie: 蹉 + 可, which is the rising tone of 蹉; writing 綽 [fanqie: 處 + 藥] in the scripture texts is inexact).

5.83

The compound syllable character 䬃麼 (the two characters combine into a single sound, additionally having a nasal sound; writing 䬃磨 in the scripture texts is an error in transmission).

5.84

The compound syllable character 㗐嚩 (the upper character is pronounced 合; the lower character has the fanqie 無 + 可; the two characters make a single sound).

5.85

The compound syllable character 䫂娑 (the upper character has the fanqie 多 + 可; the lower character has the fanqie 娑 + 可; the two characters combine into a single sound; writing 蹉 in the scripture texts is acoustically insufficient).

5.86

The character 伽 (pronounced taking the departing tone, which precisely corresponds).

5.87

The character 侘 (taking the rising tone; fanqie: 勅 + 賈; writing [擔-(八/言)+(二/巾)] [fanqie: 勅 + 皆] in the scripture texts is extremely divergent and inappropriate).

5.88

The character 拏 (fanqie: 奴 + 雅; pronounced with an accompanying nasal sound; it differs from the preceding character 䋈; writing 絮 in the scripture texts should be pronounced in the rising tone).

5.89

The character 頗 (fanqie: 普 + 我; properly corresponds to the original sound).

5.90

The compound syllable character 塞迦 (the lower character 迦 is pronounced with the fanqie 居 + 佉 in the rising tone; the two characters combine and are pronounced as a single sound).

5.91

The compound syllable character 拽娑 (the upper character has the fanqie 延 + 結; the lower character 娑 takes the rising tone; the two characters are combined and pronounced as a single sound).

5.92

The compound syllable character 室者 (the two characters combine into a single sound; writing 酌 in the scripture texts is a gross error).

5.93

The character 䋾 (fanqie: 竹 + 賈; writing 吒 in the scripture texts should take the rising tone).

5.94

The character 𢴉 (taking the rising tone; fanqie: 宅 + 賈; writing 擇 in the scripture texts is divergent and not appropriate).

5.95

(The corrected characters given above are quite precise and appropriate. The reader need only carefully examine the phonetic annotations, delicately follow the four tones, and observe the fanqie base characters when pronouncing them, and they will produce the original Sanskrit sounds. Later, in fascicle 490 of the sūtra, forty-three Sanskrit letters are expounded again, which do not differ from these).

5.96

不𢓈 (fanqie: 旬 + 俊. The Kaosheng says: '𢓈 means to seek.' The Yunying says: 'To pursue external things in person is called 𢓈.' The Shuowen says it is analyzed from 彳 [fanqie: 丑 + 尺] and 勻 [fanqie: 聿 + 均]. The scripture text has it written with 亻 [person] and 旬, which is incorrect).

5.97

阿練若 (also written as 阿蘭若, or 阿蘭那, or simply 蘭若; these are all phonetically corrupt variations of the Sanskrit word. In correct Sanskrit it should be pronounced 阿蘭 [with a rolled tongue and in the rising tone] 孃. In the semantic translations of this land it is rendered 'quiet place' or 'place free of dispute.' Their locations are not uniform: some dwell in sandy wastes, mountain forests, or open wilderness, or among charnel grounds and cemeteries where corpses are discarded, all of which are situated at least one krośa beyond settlements, far removed from the clamour and din of cows, livestock, chickens, and dogs, where one may calm the mind in tranquility to cultivate and practice dhyāna concentration).

5.98

傲慢 (the upper character has the fanqie 我 + 告. The Kaosheng says: 'Arrogant and haughty.' Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: 'Disrespectful.' It also says: 'Not courteous.' The Guangya says: 'Haughty; dissipated.' It is also written 嫯).

5.99

愁慼 (the lower character has the fanqie 青 + 績; correctly written as 慼. The Lunyu says: 'The petty person is always full of distress.' Zheng Xuan says: '慼慼 means full of worry and fear.' He Xiu's commentary on the Gongyang [zhuan] says: '慼 means pain.' Mao's commentary on the Shijing says: '慼 means sorrow.' The Shuowen says: '慼 is analyzed from 戉 [pronounced 越], from 心 [heart], with 𡧯 [pronounced 寂] as an abbreviated phonetic element').

5.100

矯誑 (the upper character has the fanqie 居 + 夭; 矯 means deceptive. The correct character is written with 夭 as 矯; the scripture text has it written with 右 as 𰦝, which is a vulgar character. The lower character has the fanqie 俱 + 况. Jia Kui's commentary on the Guoyu says: '誑 means to delude.' Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan says: '誑 means to deceive.' The Shenglei records it written as 㤮, which is an ancient character).

5.101

諠雜 (fanqie: 虛 + 袁. The Shenglei says: '諠 means clamorous.' Also: '諠 means to forget.' The correct character is 讙; the scripture text has 喧, which is a vulgar character).

5.102

迫迮 (the upper character has the sound 伯; fanqie: 補 + 格. The Yupian says: '迫 means pressed.' Wang Yi's commentary on the Chuci says: '迫 means attached.' The Cangjie pian says: '迫 means close.' The Guangya says: '迫 means narrow; 迫 means urgent.' It is also written 𤽐, an ancient character found in the Shenglei. The lower character has the fanqie 阻 + 格. The Shenglei says: '迮 means pressed.' The Shuowen omits it. It is also written 窄, meaning boards atop a roof. The Picang says that 窄 is also written 厏, and 厏 is a wine vessel; these are not the meaning here).

5.103

纔一 (fanqie: 在 + 栽. The Kaosheng says: '纔 means briefly.' It is also written 栽. The scripture text has 纔, which is a vulgar character. The Shuowen writes it as 才).

5.104

Fascicle 416

5.105

杜多 (a Sanskrit word, also termed 頭陀; translated here as 'shaking off' [dhūta]. It refers to cultivating the practice of detachment, of which there are twelve kinds; it has already been explained in detail above in fascicle 2 of the Sounds and Meanings, under fascicle 53 of the sūtra).

5.106

鬚髮 (the upper character has the fanqie 相 + 瑜; originally written 須, modern vulgar usage adds the water radical to make 須, which is incorrect. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhouli says: '須 refers to the beard and whiskers below the chin.' The Shuowen says: 'Facial hair.' The Gujin zhengzi writes it with 髟 as 鬚, which is the orthodox character. The lower character has the fanqie 番 + 韈. The Zishu says: '髮 is the hair on top of the head.' The Yunying says: '髦 [sound: 毛] means hair.' It is also written [廷-壬+頁] or [廷-壬+(甾-田+貝)], both of which are ancient forms of 髮. The Shuowen says: '髮 is the hair on top of the head; it is analyzed from 髟 with 犮 as phonetic').

5.107

Fascicle 417

5.108

無變無易 (the upper character is pronounced 無; the lower character is pronounced 亦. The subsequent text's 有變有易 follows these pronunciations).

5.109

Fascicle 418

5.110

碧綠 (fanqie: 兵 + 戟. The Guangya says: 'A bluish-white color.' The Shuowen says: 'A fine variety of jade-stone; hence it is analyzed from 玉 and 石, with 白 as phonetic.' The lower character has the fanqie 力 + 足. The Shuowen says: 'A bluish silk.' It is also written 碌, meaning malachite. It is also written 𢅞, an ancient character).

5.111

縹等 (fanqie: 疋 + 曉. The Shuowen says: '縹 refers to silk dyed a bluish-yellow color.' The Tangyun also says: '縹 is a bluish-yellow color').

5.112

From fascicle 419 down to 423, five fascicles in all (none contain words requiring phonetic gloss or explanation).

5.113

Fascicle 424

5.114

極爆 (fanqie: 補 + 教. The Shuowen says: '爆 means to scorch.' The Guangya says: '爆 means hot.' The Erya says: '爆 means to fall.' The Kaosheng says: 'The sound produced when burning firewood; a raging fire.' The Yunying says: 'Crackling of fire; fanqie: 陟 + 嫁.' The Yunquan says: 'The sound of raging fire.' The Shuowen has it analyzed from 火 with 暴 as phonetic).

5.115

Fascicle 425

5.116

如㿈 (fanqie: 擁 + 恭. The Zhuangzi says: 'Skin ulcer, gangrene, scabies, and abscesses.' Sima Biao says: 'Superficial heat causes ulceration; obstruction causes an abscess.' The Shuowen says: '㿈 is a swelling; it is analyzed from 疒 [fanqie: 女 + 厄] with 𱁈 as phonetic').

5.117

竊作 (fanqie: 千 + 結. Zheng Xuan says: '竊 means to steal.' The Kaosheng says: 'To take privately; shallow; wanton').

5.118

Fascicle 426

5.119

迦多衍那 (a Sanskrit name of an arhat; formerly known as 迦旃延 [Kātyāyana]).

5.120

Fascicle 427

5.121

掩泥 (fanqie: 於 + 撿; also written 揜. The Zishu says: '掩 means to conceal.' The Shuowen says: '掩 means to gather up.' The Yunying says: '掩 means to cover over').

5.122

顧命 (fanqie: 光 + 戶. The Maoshi says: 'Looking back (顧) along the road to Zhou.' Zheng Xuan says: 'To turn around and look.' The Guangya says: '顧 means facing toward.' It also says: 'To show solicitous concern.' The Cangjie pian says: '顧 means revolving.' We note: 'Turning the body back' is 顧. King Cheng's making of the Testamentary Charge (Gu ming) in the Shangshu is an example. It is also written 𮨇, a vulgar character).

5.123

兵戈 (fanqie: 古 + 和. The Shuowen says: 'A flat-headed halberd.' The Yunying says: 'A hooked spear or halberd').

5.124

僚佐 (the upper character has the fanqie 力 + 彫. Kong Anguo says: '僚 means officials.' The Erya agrees. The Zuozhuan says: 'Servant-officials.' It also says: 'Those serving in the same office are called 僚.' It is also written 寮, meaning colleagues in an official department [sound: 釆]. The lower character has the fanqie 子 + 箇. The Zhouli says: 'Thereby assisting (佐) the king to regulate the states.' Zheng Xuan says: '佐 means to assist.' The Maoshi says: 'The prince marches forth to assist the Son of Heaven,' which is an example).

5.125

甘蔗 (fanqie: 支 + 夜; subsequent occurrences follow this).

5.126

蘆葦 (the upper character is pronounced 盧; the lower character has the fanqie 于 + 鬼. Sugarcane, reeds and rushes, bamboo groves, rice and hemp, etc., are all used as metaphors for dense thickets and great abundance).

5.127

韋拒 (the upper character has the fanqie 羽 + 危. The scripture writes 違, which is a vulgar character. Originally written 韋, later scribes added the walking radical 辵 [fanqie: 丑 + 略] to make 違; the top and bottom oppose each other with a phonetic component 韋 in the middle. The lower character has the fanqie 渠 + 圄, pronounced 語. The Shuowen says: '拒 means to resist [fanqie: 康 + 浪].' The Guangya says: '拒 means to defend [fanqie: 何 + 旦].' The Yunying says: '拒 means to obstruct.' The Yunquan says: '拒 also means to oppose').

5.128

Moqi (莫耆) (Sanskrit; the name of a divine medicinal drug that can eliminate manifold poisons. Its medicinal efficacy is explained in the sūtra itself. In this country, it is of the class of the white, yellow, and black poison-dispelling medicines of the Chen family in Lingnan).

5.129

Poisonous vermin (毒蟲) (The first character has the fanqie zhu + rong [zh-], the regular form of the character. The sūtra text writes 䖝, which is a vulgar form, an abbreviation).

5.130

Stinging and devouring (螫噉) (The first character has the fanqie shu + yi [sh-]; also pronounced he + ge [h-]; both pronunciations are acceptable).

5.131

Awe-inspiring and solemn (威肅) (The second character has the fanqie xing + yu [x-]. The Liji says: 'Su (肅) means to admonish.' Kong Anguo's commentary on the Shangshu says: 'Su means reverence.' The Yunying says: 'Su means respectful.' The Kaosheng says: 'Song (竦), [with the fanqie] xi + yong [x-], meaning respectful.' Dictionaries say: 'Austere and orderly.' The Shuowen says: 'Derived from 帇 [with the fanqie] nü + zhe [n-], standing above an abyss (𣶒), trembling with fear.' 𣶒 is pronounced yuan).

5.132

Fascicle 428

5.133

Gu-poison sorcery (蠱道) (The first character is pronounced gu; also pronounced ye; sometimes called 'wild sorcery' (野道). Fully explained previously in Fascicle 102).

5.134

Demons and spirits (鬼鬽) (The second character has the fanqie mei + bi [m-]. Fully explained and discussed previously in Fascicle 102).

5.135

Curses and sorceries ([示*厭]禱) (The first character has the fanqie yi + yan [y-]; the second has the fanqie dang + zhe [d-]. Already explained previously in Fascicle 102 of the sūtra).

5.136

Incense pouch ([(暴-(日/共)+夭)/甘]囊) (The first character is pronounced xiang, the regular form of the character. The Shuowen says: 'Derived from shu (黍) and gan (甘).' The second character has the fanqie nuo + dang [n-], a vessel for burning incense. The Gujin zhengzi says: 'A bag with a bottom.' Derived from 曩 with abbreviated phonetic).

5.137

Jambudvīpa (贍部洲) (The first character has the fanqie chang + yan [ch-]. Sanskrit; the general name of this continent. It takes this name on account of the gold and the tree).

5.138

Stūpa (窣堵波) (Sanskrit. The first character has the fanqie su + gu [s-]; the second is pronounced du. Translated here as 'high and manifest', that is, a futu, pagoda, and the like).

5.139

Fascicle 429

5.140

Floating and drowning (漂溺) (The first character has the fanqie pi + yao [p-]. The Shuowen says: 'Piao (漂) means to float.' The Guangya says: 'Piao means to skim (潎), [with the fanqie] pian + mie [p-].' The second character has the fanqie ni + de [n-]. The Shuowen says: 'Ni (溺) means to sink.' Sometimes written 㲻, an ancient character).

5.141

Punishment and reprimand (譴罰) (The first character has the fanqie qi + jian [q-]. The Guangya says: 'Qian (譴) means to reprimand.' The Shuowen says: 'Qian means to interrogate and blame.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Qian means to scold.' The Guiyuan zhucong says: 'Qian means anger.' The second character has the fanqie fan + wa [f-]; fa (罰) means to penalize).

5.142

Butchering and mincing (屠膾) (The first character has the fanqie tang + hu [t-]. The Shuowen says: 'Tu (屠) means to disembowel (刳), pronounced ku; disemboweling means slicing.' The Kaosheng says: 'Dividing and cutting sacrificial meats is called tu.' The second character has the fanqie gu + wai [g-]. The Guangya says: 'Kuai (膾) means to slice.' Dictionaries say: 'To mince meat').

5.143

Pukkasa (補羯娑) (The first character has the fanqie bo + mu [b-]; the next has ju + ye [j-]; the last has sang + he [s-]. Sanskrit. Translated here as the outcast class of the borderlands who do not believe in karmic cause and effect, who kill living beings, plunder and steal, and delight in wrong views).

5.144

Śūdra (戍達羅) (Sanskrit. Also written 首陀羅 or simply 首陀, all of which are corrupt and abbreviated Sanskrit phonetic transcriptions. They take farming and tilling the fields as their occupation, and are the lowest among the four castes of the Brahmins).

5.145

Barter and trade (貿易) (The sūtra writes 貿 as a vulgar character; it has the fanqie mo + hou [m-]. The Kaosheng says: 'Exchanging goods is called mao (貿)').

5.146

Spelling out and seeking (伺求) (The first character has the fanqie si + zi [s-]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Si (伺) means to scrutinize.' The Yunying says: 'Si means to watch for; that is, observing someone's successes and failures').

5.147

Turbulent and wicked (勃惡) (The first character has the fanqie pu + mo [b-]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Liji says: 'Bo (勃) means rebellious.' The Shuowen says: 'Bo means chaotic.' The second character has the fanqie e + ge [è]. The Shuowen says: 'E (惡) means fault; derived from xin (heart) with ya as phonetic.' In sūtra texts it is often written with 覀 as 𢙣, which is a vulgar character).

5.148

Licchavi clan (栗𣠞肶種) (The first character has the fanqie chi + ye [ch-]; the third has bi + yi [b-]. Formerly called Licchavi kumāra, the name of a kṣatriya royal clan, consisting of retinue, nobility, and young scions).

5.149

Cowardly and terrified (怯怖) (The first character has the fanqie kuang + ye [q-]; also written 㹤. The Shuowen says: 'Having much fear.' The Liji says: 'The courageous suffer from cowardice.' The Yupian says: 'Qie (怯) means fearful and weak; qie means to retreat.' The second character has the fanqie pu + bu [b-]; also written 悑. The Guangya says: 'Bu (怖) means frightened.' The Kaosheng says: 'Bu means hurried (遽), [with the fanqie] qu + yu [j-], meaning terrified; properly written 遽.' The Shuowen says: 'Bu is like being panic-stricken; derived from xin (heart) with bu as phonetic').

5.150

Blessings and protection (福祐) (The second character has the fanqie you + jiu [y-]. The Zhouyi says: 'Blessed from heaven.' Confucius said: 'You (祐) means to assist.' The Kaosheng says: 'A blessed assistance.' Also written 佑; anciently written 𨳾; all are the same).

5.151

Fascicle 430

5.152

Fragrant and sweet-smelling (芬馥) (The first character has the fanqie fang + wen [f-]. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Mao Shi says: 'Fen (芬) means fragrant.' The Fangyan says: 'Fen means harmonious.' Guo Pu says: 'Fragrant and harmoniously tempered is called fen.' The Shuowen says: 'Derived from 屮 with fen as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie wei + mu [f-]. The Han Shi says: 'Fu (馥) describes the appearance of fragrant scent').

5.153

Plastering and repairing (塗治) (The second character has the fanqie zhi + li [zh-]; it means to put in order and repair).

5.154

Banners and bells (幡鐸) (The second character has the fanqie tang + luo [d-]. Resembling a bell but with a clapper inside. According to authorities, a large handbell is called a duo (鐸)).

5.155

Entertainers' music (妓樂) (The first character has the fanqie qu + qi [j-]; also written 技, meaning craftsmanship; or written 伎, meaning talents and skills. Dictionaries say: 'Female musicians; written 妓 with nü (woman).' When sūtras write it with the person radical or hand radical (扌), both are erroneous. The second character has the fanqie wu + jiao [y-]).

5.156

Remote borderland (邊鄙) (The second character has the fanqie bei + mei [b-]. The Shiji says: 'Bi (鄙) means rustic and crude.' Du Yu's commentary on the Zuo zhuan says: 'Bi refers to a border settlement; that is, situated outside the outskirts of the border towns, far away from the national capital, hence called crude and remote. A rustic person (鄙人) who does not understand the Odes, Documents, rites, or music is called a vulgar fellow (鄙夫).' The Shuowen says: 'Five za (酇) make a bi; derived from yi (settlement) with [口/(百-日+回)] as phonetic; za has the fanqie zu + duan [z-]').

5.157

Dāsa (達䋈) (The second character has the fanqie nu + ya [n-]. Some sūtra texts write 絮 with si + yu [x-], which is an error by scribes. This is Sanskrit, denoting low, despised, and evil classes of barbarian outcasts who know neither etiquette nor righteousness, resembling birds and beasts).

5.158

Mleccha (蔑戾車) (The first character has the fanqie mian + bie [m-]; the next has lian + jie [l-]; the last has chi + zhe [ch-]. This is an inaccurate, corrupt abbreviation of the Sanskrit spoken in peripheral regions. The correct Sanskrit sound should be mleccha. Translated here as 'those who covet and delight in defiled filth', base and lowly people of the border regions who do not believe in the True Dharma).

5.159

Or phlegm (或痰) (The second character has the fanqie tu + han [t-]. The Shuowen says: 'Derived from chuang (疒) with yan as phonetic; chuang is pronounced nuo').

5.160

Swelling and boils (腫疱) (The first character has the fanqie zhi + yong [zh-]. Zheng's commentary on the Zhouli says: 'Flesh swelling up into sores.' Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Zhong (腫) means knobby swellings (瘣), pronounced hui.' The Shuowen says: 'Zhong means an abscess (㿈), with the fanqie yu + gong [y-]; derived from rou (flesh) and chuang (disease) with zhong (𱁈) as phonetic').

5.161

Blurred vision and cataracts (目眩瞖) (The second character has the fanqie hui + juan [x-]. Jia Kui says: 'Xuan (眩) means confused.' Cang Jie says: 'Seeing unclearly.' The third character has the fanqie ying + ye [y-]. In sūtra texts it is written 𥊇, which does not form a proper character).

5.162

Withered and dried up (枯涸) (The first character has the fanqie kang + gu [k-]. The Kaosheng says: 'Wood dried up and dead.' Sometimes written 𭮆, an ancient character).

5.163

Chests and boxes (箱篋) (The first character has the fanqie xi + yang [x-]. The Yunying says: 'A xiang (箱) is sometimes said to be a vessel for books, or a clothes chest.' The Kaosheng says: 'Xiang means a chest.' The second character has the fanqie qing + jia [q-]. The Shuowen says: 'Qie (篋) means a round bamboo basket (笥), pronounced si.' Dictionaries say: 'Qie is of the class of chests').

5.164

Stems and stalks (莖稈) (The first character has the fanqie xing + geng [j-]. The Kaosheng says: 'Jing (莖) is the base.' The Bencao says: 'Jing.' The Jixun says: 'The stalk of herbs and trees.' The Shuowen says: 'The trunk of branches; derived from cao with jing as phonetic.' The second character has the fanqie gan + lan [g-]. The Zuo zhuan says: 'Grain straw.' The Guangya says: 'Rice stems are called gan (稈).' The Kaosheng says: 'Stems of grain and millet.' The Shuowen also says: 'Stalk of grain; derived from he (grain) with gan as phonetic.' Sometimes written 䄨, which is the same. When sūtra texts write it with gan (𠏉) as [卓*人], although commonly interchanged, that is not its primary meaning).

5.165

Crushed gold (碎金) (The first character has the fanqie su + dui [s-], meaning broken. The Kaosheng says: 'Sui (碎) means scattered, ruined.' Sometimes written 𤭢; 𤭢 comes from pottery shards, which is not this meaning).

5.166

Fascicle 431 (No glosses provided)

5.167

Fascicle 432 (No glosses provided)

5.168

Fascicle 433

5.169

Availing oneself of (假藉) (The second character has the fanqie qing + ye [j-]; the subsequent text follows this. The Kaosheng says: 'Jie (藉) means to cushion or rely on').

5.170

Fascicle 434 (Entirely without character glosses)

5.171

Fascicle 435

5.172

Cluttered and mixed (猥雜) (The first character has the fanqie wu + hui [w-]; also hu + mei [h-]. The Guangya says: 'Wei (猥) means numerous.' Dictionaries say: 'Wei also means mixed; wei means vile').

5.173

Sallow and dark (黧黮) (The first character has the fanqie li + chi [l-]. The Tongsuwen says: 'Mottled black is called li (黧).' The Kaosheng says: 'The face turning dark and bruised (䫂), [with the fanqie] qing + xun [q-]; aged; dark yet yellowish.' The Kaiyuan wenzi yinyi has li + xi [l-], which is not adopted here. The second character has the fanqie ta + gan [d-]. The Chuci says: 'Though the sun and moon shine bright, they are still dim and flawed.' Wang Yi's commentary says: 'Meaning not clear and bright.' The Shuowen says: 'The dark color of mulberries.' The Kaosheng says: 'Resembling the color of lacquer').

5.174

Destitute and haggard (窮顇) (The second character has the fanqie qiang + zui [c-]. Already explained in Fascicle 180. It also says: 'Qiao (顦), [with the fanqie] jing + yao [j-], and cui (顇) describe an emaciated, wretched appearance.' The Cangjie pian says: 'Cui means sorrow.' Sometimes written 悴, 瘁, or [(巢-果+(一/自))*卒]; of these three forms, the latter two are ancient characters).

5.175

Stubborn and calumnious (頑嚚) (The first character has the fanqie wa + guan [w-]; the second has yu + jin [y-]. Already explained in Fascicle 108).

5.176

Scornful reprimand (輕誚) (The second character has the fanqie qing + xiao [q-]. The Kaosheng says: 'To reproach with ridicule.' The Cangjie pian says: 'To scold.' The Shuowen says: 'To harass.' Sometimes written 譙; anciently written [(采-木+ㄎ)*頁]).

5.177

Snail (蝸[蠃-亡+(└@人)]) (The first character has the fanqie gua + hua [g-]. The Erya says: 'A small snail (蠃).' The second character has the fanqie lu + he [l-]. Sūtras write 螺, a vulgar character).

5.178

Fascicle 436 (Nothing to gloss)

5.179

Fascicle 437

5.180

Donning armor (擐鎧) (The first character is pronounced huan. The Guiyuan zhucong says: 'Putting one's body into armor is called huan.' The second character has the fanqie ku + dai [k-]. The Shuowen says: 'Kai (鎧) means armor.' The Wenzi jilüe says: 'Covering the body with metal and leather is called kai').

5.181

Toil and exhaustion (劬勞) (The first character has the fanqie qi + qu [q-]. The Mao Shi zhuan says: 'Qulao (劬勞) means illness and distress').

5.182

Failing and senile (衰耄) (The first character has the fanqie shuai + zhui [shu-]. The Yunying says: 'Shuai (衰) means decline and exhaustion.' The second character has the fanqie mo + bao [m-]. The Yunying says: 'Mao (耄) means old.' The Liji says: 'Eighty and ninety are called mao (旄), pronounced mao.' Zheng Xuan says: 'Mao means confused and forgetful.' Sometimes written 耄 or 𧂕, both being ancient characters).

5.183

Drive away and dispatch (驅遣) (The first character has the fanqie qu + yu [q-]. The Shuowen says: 'A team of four horses.' The Wenzi jilüe writes 駈, a vulgar character; also written 敺, an ancient character. It also has a falling tone).

5.184

Fascicle 438

5.185

Slander and revile (毀訾) (The second character has the fanqie zi + er [z-], zi + yi [z-], and also zi + ci [z-]; all three fanqie are acceptable. Sometimes written 訿, 𱎷, 呰, or 𢋀, which are mostly ancient forms. The Yunying says: 'Zi (訾) means abusive speech.' Zheng's commentary on the Liji says: 'Zi-slanderers (訾毀者) are those who curse evilly').

5.186

Cover and conceal (覆蔽) (The first character has the fanqie fang + wu [f-]; the second has bei + mei [b-]. It also means to shroud and hide).

5.187

Habituated and practiced (慣習) (The first character has the fanqie kai + huan [k-]. The Kaosheng says: 'Meaning practiced.' In the Zuo zhuan it is written 貫 as a phonetic loan character. The Shuowen writes 遦, which is interchangeable. In the sūtra it is written 串, an ancient character that is also interchangeable).

5.188

Pastoralist (牧人: [first character fanqie] 蒙卜反; the Yupian states: "Mu (牧) is a general term for rearing livestock; it does not refer solely to tending cattle and horses." The Erya states: "Outside the town is the suburb; outside the suburb is the pasture (mu);" this is it).

5.189

Pregnant (懷孕: [first character fanqie] 胡乖反; Kong [Anguo's] commentary on the Lunyu states: "Huai (懷) means to be at ease/comforted." The next character has the fanqie 餘證反; Zheng Xuan states: "Carrying a child is called yun (孕)." The Shuowen jiezi states: "Carrying a child." The Guangya states: "Huai means pregnancy (㑗);" 㑗 is pronounced like 身).

5.190

Fascicle 449 (No characters requiring phonetic gloss or semantic gloss).

5.191

Fascicle 440

5.192

Yawning (欠㰦: the second character has the sound 去. The Picang states: "Qianqu (欠㰦) means opening the mouth wide." The sūtra text writes it with the radical 口 as 呿. The Guiyuan zhucong states: "呿 is the sound of sleeping." The Yunquan states: "呿 is the sound of slumber." This is not the meaning here; it should properly be changed to have the radical 欠, written as 㰦. Note that both characters refer to expelling breath; interchangeable usage is also acceptable).

5.193

Agitated and restless (躁擾: [first character fanqie] 臧告反; the Kaosheng states: "Zao (躁) means hasty disposition; it means to move; it means to run swiftly." It is also written as 趮, which is likewise acceptable. The second character has the fanqie 如沼反; the Shuowen jiezi states: "Rao (擾) means troubled." Kong says: "Rao means disordered." In the Shuowen jiezi, the character 擾 takes the hand radical (扌) with 夒 (fanqie 奴刀反) as its phonetic element. In the sūtra text, it takes the heart radical (忄, sound 心) as [怡-台+夒], which is incorrect).

5.194

Suddenly (欻然: [first character fanqie] 輝筆反; Xue Zong states: "Xu (欻) means hurried." The Cang Jie pian states: "Xu means suddenly arising." The Shuowen jiezi states: "Blowing up [into motion]").

5.195

To be crafty (為黯 [read as 黠]: [fanqie] 遐軋反. The Fangyan states: "From the Pass eastward, between Zhao and Wei, wisdom is called xia (黠)." The Kaosheng states: "Xia means sharp; it means deceitful;" the sound is 姧. The Yunying states: "Crafty and cunning;" 軋 has the fanqie 烏八反).

5.196

Standard model (揆模: the first character has the fanqie 葵癸反; the Mao commentary on the Shijing states: "Kui (揆) means to measure (度);" 度 has the fanqie 徒各反. The Guiyuan zhucong states: "To deliberate and measure in affairs is called kui." The second character has the fanqie 莫胡反; the Zilin states: "Mu (模) means standard/model." The character takes the wood radical with 莫 as phonetic. The Kaosheng states: "Mo means form; it means a standard model." Character glossaries state: "Pattern." Some write it with the hand radical (扌, sound 手) as 摸, meaning to take by grasping; that is not the meaning here. It is also written as 㷻 or 㷻, both of which are ancient graphs).

5.197

Tares and weeds (稊稗: the first character has the fanqie 徒奚反; the Zilin states: "It resembles barnyard grass; another name is ying." The Erya states the same. The Kaosheng states: "Name of a weed." Wei Hong wrote it as 蕛. It is also written as 秩 or [禾*((厂@羊)/羊)], which are ancient graphs. The second character has the fanqie 蒲賣反; Du Yu's commentary on the Zuozhuan states: "Something resembling grain yet different." The Shuowen jiezi states: "A distinct variety of grain." It is also written as 粺, meaning fine grain).

5.198

Norm and model (軌範: the first character has the fanqie 俱葦反; the Yunying states: "Cart ruts." The Kaosheng states: "Cart tracks." The Shuowen jiezi states: "From the cart radical (車) and 宄 (sound 鬼) as an abbreviated phonetic." The second character has the fanqie 凡黯反; the Erya states: "Fan (範) means standard, constancy." Character glossaries state: "Fan means model." The Shuowen jiezi states: "From the cart radical (車) and 笵 as an abbreviated phonetic").

5.199

Rags from the refuse heap (糞掃: [first character fanqie] 分問反; the Yunying states: "To discard." It is also written as 𡊅, 𡊯, or 𡓴; all four forms are identical. The second character has the fanqie 蘇到反; the Yunying states: "To sweep away." It is also written as 掃. Note: fensao (糞掃, *pāṃsukūla*) is an alternative designation for a patched rag-robe).

5.200

Stingy and parsimonious (慳恡: [first character fanqie] 口閑反; the Yunquan states: "Qian (慳) means stubborn withholding." The Guiyuan zhucong states: "Holding onto wealth and not giving it away is called qian." It is also written as 掔 or 𩋆, which are ancient graphs. The second character has the fanqie 隣信反; the Guangya states: "Lin (恡) means miserly." The Yunying states: "Lin means sparing/grudging." It is also written as 𰐪, which is an ancient graph).

First 200 of 320 passages. Read on

Linked texts (1)

一切經音義 — 慧琳, Classical Chinese